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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymer polyol'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Ferro, Fabiane Salles, Diego Henrique de Almeida, Amós Magalhães de Souza, Felipe Hideyoshi Icimoto, Andre Luis Christofóro, and Francisco Antonio Rocco Lahr. "Influence of Proportion Polyol/Pre-Polymer Castor-Oil Resin Components in Static Bending Properties of Particleboards Produced with Pinus sp." Advanced Materials Research 884-885 (January 2014): 667–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.667.

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The aim of this research is to evaluate the influence of castor-oil based polyurethane resin formulation (particularly proportion pre-polymer/polyol) in static bending properties of particleboards produced with Pinus sp. wood specie. Results related to modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity were determined. Four proportions polyol/pre-polymer were evaluated: 0.75:1; 1:1; 1:1.25; 1:1.5. Results showed improvement in MOR and MOE with increase of pre-polymer component. Proportion 1:1.25 (poliol: pre-polymer) was considered the most interesting once employs the least amount of the petroleum-derived component.

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Han, Yan Ming, Te Fu Qin, and Fu Xiang Chu. "Preparation and Properties of Polyurethane Heat Insulating Building Materials Based on Lignin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.505.

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The synthesis of polymer materials from renewable biomass resources has attracted lots of attention. In this study, lignin based polyurethane heat insulating building materials were prepared from isocyanate and lignin polyol. Lignin was modified by polyethylene glycol and glycerol with 0.6% acid at 120°C to obtain lignin polyol containing reactive hydroxyl groups, and then polyurethane foams were prepared by the reaction between the above lignin polyol and isocyanate. Hydroxyl value of lignin polyol, gel time, apparent activation energy for polymerization, impact strength and thermal conductivity of lignin based polyurethane were investigated. The results showed that: (1) hydroxyl value achieved 397.0 mgKOH/g at temperature 120°C; (2) the apparent activation energy for lignin based polyurethane polymerization was 34.12 kJ/mol; (3) compressive strength reached 291 kPa with lignin polyol content 30%; (4) thermal conductivity was 0.02517 W/mK when lignin polyol dosage was 30%. It was detected that lignin could be used to prepare polyurethane heat insulating building materials in replacement of petroleum polyols.

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Andrade Breves, Rodolfo, Daniel Ajiola, Roseany de Vasconcelos Vieira Lopes, et al. "Bio-Based Polyurethane Composites from Macauba Kernel Oil: Part 1, Matrix Synthesis from Glycerol-Based Polyol." Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 9 (2024): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs8090363.

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Polyurethanes are the result of a reaction between an isocyanate and a polyol. The large variety of possible reagents creates many possible polyurethanes to be made, such as soft foams, rigid foams, coatings, and adhesives. This polymer is one of the most produced and consumed polymers in the world with an ever-increasing demand. Despite its usual petrochemical nature, research on bio-based polyurethanes flourishes due to the ease in creating bio-based polyols. This work covers the synthesis of a novel macauba kernel oil polyol by the epoxidation of the oil, followed by a ring-opening reaction of the epoxide with glycerol, used for the preparation of polyurethane foams using different NCO/OH ratios. The FTIR and H1 results confirm the formation of the epoxide and polyol, and the polymers in all NCO/OH ratios were confirmed by FTIR, showing great similarities between the samples, especially PU 1.0 and PU 1.2. Despite the TGs showing close behaviors for the three samples, their DTGs showed great difference between the samples, with PU 1.0 presenting a regular PU DTG profile with three degradation peaks while the other two sample presented five degradation peaks, indicating a higher crosslinking density in them.

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de Luca Bossa, Ferdinando, Letizia Verdolotti, Vincenzo Russo, et al. "Upgrading Sustainable Polyurethane Foam Based on Greener Polyols: Succinic-Based Polyol and Mannich-Based Polyol." Materials 13, no. 14 (2020): 3170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143170.

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It is well known that the traditional synthetic polymers, such as Polyurethane foams, require raw materials that are not fully sustainable and are based on oil-feedstocks. For this reason, renewable resources such as biomass, polysaccharides and proteins are still recognized as one of the most promising approaches for substituting oil-based raw materials (mainly polyols). However, polyurethanes from renewable sources exhibit poor physical and functional performances. For this reason, the best technological solution is the production of polyurethane materials obtained through a partial replacement of the oil-based polyurethane precursors. This approach enables a good balance between the need to improve the sustainability of the polymer and the need to achieve suitable performances, to fulfill the technological requirements for specific applications. In this paper, a succinic-based polyol sample (obtained from biomass source) was synthesized, characterized and blended with cardanol-based polyol (Mannich-based polyol) to produce sustainable rigid polyurethane foams in which the oil-based polyol is totally replaced. A suitable amount of catalysts and surfactant, water as blowing reagent and poly-methylene diphenyl di-isocyanate as isocyanate source were used for the polyurethane synthesis. The resulting foams were characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to control the cross-linking reactions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the morphological structure and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity to evaluate thermal degradation behavior and thermal insulation properties.

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Lee, Ju-Hong, Won-Bin Lim, Jin-Gyu Min, et al. "Synthesis of Room Temperature Curable Polymer Binder Mixed with Polymethyl Methacrylate and Urethane Acrylate for High-Strength and Improved Transparency." Polymers 16, no. 10 (2024): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16101418.

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Urethane acrylate (UA) was synthesized from various di-polyols, such as poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTMG, Mn = 1000), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, Mn = 1000), and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG, Mn = 1000), for use as a polymer binder for paint. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and UA were blended to form an acrylic resin with high transmittance and stress-strain curve. When PMMA was blended with UA, a network structure was formed due to physical entanglement between the two polymers, increasing the mechanical properties. UA was synthesized by forming a prepolymer using di-polyol and hexamethylene diisocyanate, which were chain structure monomers, and capping them with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate to provide an acryl group. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to observe the changes in functional groups, and gel permeation chromatography was used to confirm that the three series showed similar molecular weight and PDI values. The yellowing phenomenon that appears mainly in the curing reaction of the polymer binder was solved, and the mechanical properties according to the effects of the polyol used in the main chain were compared. The content of the blended UA was quantified using ultravioletvisible spectroscopy at a wavelength of 370 nm based on 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%, and the shear strength and tensile strength were evaluated using specimens in a suitable mode. The ratio for producing the polymer binder was optimized. The mechanical properties of the polymer binder with 5–10 wt% UA were improved in all series.

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Cabrera Anaya, Juan Manuel, Kelly Johanna Navas Gómez, Jorge Enrique Pulido Flórez, and Manuel Fernando Valero Valdivieso. "Synthesis and characterisation of simultaneous interpenetrating polymer networks (SIN) formed by polystyrene and polyurethane obtained from castor oil and cassava starch polyol-suspensions." Ingeniería e Investigación 27, no. 1 (2007): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v27n1.14780.

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Castor oil was modified by transesteritication with pentaerythritol and cassava starch was subsequently incorporated into this oil (oil modified by incorporating starch is called a polyol-suspension). Polyurethane/polystyrene SINs (simultaneously produced IPNs) were synthesized from them and styrene. Reactants used in the synthesis were MDI (methylene diphenyl diisocyanate) as diisocyanate, DVB (divinylbenzene) as crosslinking agent for polystyrene, dibutylamine as redox primer and benzoyl peroxide as styrene polymerisation primer. The variables considered in SIN synthesis were percentage weight ratio used in the modification (1.32%; 2.64% and 5.28%) to increase polyol hydroxyl functionality, starch species incorporated into polyol (Brazilian, Venezuelan and commercial) to vary the amount of amylopectin within the polyol-suspension, diisocyanate/hydroxyl NCO/OH (0.85 and 1) functional groups’ molar ratio and polyurethane/ polystyrene PU/PS weight ratio (70/30 and 80/20). A wide range of materials was obtained and characterised by tensile strength, hardness, chemical attack and Soxhlet extraction. The physical-mechanical properties of the materials produced with polyols (transesterified castor oil) were improved when starch was incorporated into the polyol. Several tests indicated that 24 hours as curing time were not enough, because the SINs showed lower physical-mechanical properties than the homologous polyurethane elastomers did; thus, the curing time had to be increased to 48 hours.

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Razali, N. I. M., F. Ali, A. S. Azmi, T. N. M. T. Ismail, M. E. S. Mirghani, and M. F. Omar. "Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Polylactic Acid-Diol for Polyurethane as Biodegradable Packaging Material." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1192, no. 1 (2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1192/1/012015.

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Abstract Since its discovery, plastic has been a part of human life and is widely employed in our daily lives. Excessive use of plastic has raised pollution rates around the world, with plastic ending up in landfills or the sea, posing a threat to both terrestrial and aquatic life. Considering this problem, the widespread use of polyurethanes (PUs) in many industries has resulted in unavoidable PUs pollution in everyday life. A reaction involving prepolymer, isocyanate, and polyol can be used to make PUs. Petroleum-based polyol and vegetable oil-based polyol are the two types of polyols available. Isocyanate will become the hard domain of the polymer in the PUs polymer chain, while polyol will become the soft domain. Polylactic acid-diol is the prepolymer used to make PU (PLA-diol). PLA-diol was previously made using a traditional heating approach, which takes a long time. To overcome this traditional method, microwave-assisted synthesis is proposed to synthesize the PLA-diol. The synthesis process involved synthesizing PLA-diol at different microwave power (450W – 900W) and at different reaction time (1 hour – 2 hours). The peak of hydroxyl group in synthesized PLA-diol was characterized via the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization to determine the functional groups of PLA-diol and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) characterization was done to determine the molecular weight of PLA-diol. The resulting PLA-diol will then be used to synthesis biodegradable PUs in the subsequence study.

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Hu, Dengping, Chunyan Wang, Zhe Luo, and Xuanxuan Chu. "Study on Parameter Optimization and Mechanism of Rigid-Flexible Coupling Underground Engineering Structure of Steel Panel and Polymer." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (December 11, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5145712.

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Polymer grouting is carried out between the steel panel and surrounding soil in underground engineering, and the polymer material consists of isocyanates and polyols. The isocyanate/polyol composite slurry expands rapidly due to chemical reaction and solidifies immediately. Then, a dense impermeable polymer layer is formed after rapid expansion of isocyanate and polyol, which is widely used for ground reinforcement and foundation remediation. Thus, a steel panel-polymer composite structure is developed. Mechanical properties of the steel panel-polymer structure are studied. The results show that the steel panel-polymer structure exhibited excellent mechanical properties. The steel panel and polymer layer should be designed above 3 mm and 10 mm in thickness, respectively. The steel panel showed superior mechanical properties to those of polymer layers. Considering good rigidity of the steel panel and good flexibility of the polymer layer, the steel panel and polymer layer presented perfect interfacial contact. It is concluded that the mechanical properties of the whole structure were increasingly enhanced with the increase of the steel panel thickness and the structural flexibility increased with the thickness of the polymer layer. Besides, the combination of the steel panel and polymer layer could also improve the mechanical properties of this coupling structure. This study provided an initial attempt for investigating the feasibility of applying polyurethane foam to steel panels in underground engineering. The stress analysis along the grouting direction inside the prefabricated wall was conducted. It may lay the foundation for further application of polymer grouting in underground engineering.

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Mohammed, Dhey Jawad, Nizar Jawad Hadi, and Zoalfokkar Kareem Alobad. "Investigation of the Epoxy Concentrations Effect on the Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Foams." Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research 9, no. 2 (2022): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol9i2id225.

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Thermosetting foam had a number of advantage in comparison with unfoamed polymer such as lightweights, higher specifics strength, and stiffness. In this work, preparations and characterizations of polymers foams from polyurethanes have carrying out by means of one shot methods for productions of microcellulars polymers that are using in the lower limp application. Many type of polyols (Local commercial market, Quickmast 110, and Quickmast 120) at equivalents ratios of (isocyanate:polyol) [1:1] mixing with 5 drops of distill water as chemicals blowing agent. Different amounts of epoxy resin [2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt%] mixing with polyol using a magnetic stirrer for 30 min at 50 °C and 30 rpm. The hardener mixing with isocyanates in another container. These two solutions were mixing together, then water was added and mixing by hand to form polyurethane/ epoxy blend foam sample. The mechanical characteristics [hardness, tensile and compression] tests were achieved to display the effects of polyol type, epoxy concentration on the mechanical characteristics of the final product. The results of mechanical characteristics increasing with additions of epoxy resin at the best ratio is 7.5 wt%.

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Rus, Anika Zafiah Mohd, Nurul Syamimi M. Salim, and M. F. Idaris. "Processing of Sustainable Polymer with Thermoplastics by Injection Moulding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.57.

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Among different natural oils, recycling of waste vegetable oils from palm oil is widely explored for polyol synthesis to prevent pollution of waterways and clogging private and municipal drain systems, restaurants and other food preparation. The polyol is solidifying using cross linker and known as Sustainable Polymer (SP). SP is compounded with High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) by melt-mixing using an injection molding machine. The effect of polymer compounding ratio on the mechanical properties was studied by tensile test. The result indicated that increasing the SP content in LDPE or HDPE was responsible to the reduction of tensile strength and elongation at break of the samples, if compared to pure thermoplastic LDPE and HDPE. This can be verified by increased in SP amount which gave a significant increase in density of the polymer compounds. Morphological of tensile specimens’ surface fracture is revealed the homogenous characteristic with high compatibility properties of sustainable polymer with its compounded polymers.

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Burmatova, Anastasia, Artur Khannanov, Alexander Gerasimov, et al. "A Hyperbranched Polyol Process for Designing and Manufacturing Nontoxic Cobalt Nanocomposite." Polymers 15, no. 15 (2023): 3248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15153248.

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A method for the design and synthesis of a metallopolymer composite (CoNP) based on cobalt nanoparticles using the hyperbranched polyol process was developed. It was shown that hyperbranched polyester polyols in a melted state can be both a reducing agent and a stabilizer of metal nanoparticles at the same time. The mechanism of oxidation of hyperbranched polyol was studied using diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy. The process of oxidation of OH groups in G4-OH started from 90 °C and finished with the oxidation of aldehyde groups. The composition and properties of nanomaterials were determined with FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), NMR relaxation, and in vitro biological tests. The cobalt-containing nanocomposite (CoNP) had a high colloidal stability and contained spheroid polymer aggregates with a diameter of 35–50 nm with immobilized cobalt nanoparticles of 5–7 nm. The values of R2 and R1 according to the NMR relaxation method for CoNPs were 6.77 mM·ms−1 × 10−5 and 4.14 mM·ms−1 × 10−5 for, respectively. The ratio R2/R1 = 0.61 defines the cobalt-containing nanocomposite as a T1 contrast agent. The synthesized CoNPs were nonhemotoxic (HC50 > 8 g/mL) multifunctional reagents and exhibited the properties of synthetic modulators of the enzymatic activity of chymosin aspartic proteinase and exhibited antimycotic activity against Aspergillus fumigatus. The results of the study show the unique prospects of the developed two-component method of the hyperbranched polyol process for the creation of colloidal multifunctional metal–polymer nanocomposites for theranostics.

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Kutyreva, M. P., A. E. Burmatova, A. A. Khannanov, and V. G. Evtugin. "High-temperature synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles in hyperbranched polyester polyol medium." Журнал общей химии 93, no. 1 (2023): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044460x23010171.

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The synthesis of CoNPs cobalt nanoparticles by the method of polyol- process was proposed, which consists in a high-temperature synthesis of polymer-stabilized metal nanoparticles in a matrix of a fourth-generation hyperbranched polyester polyol. Branched polyester polyol acts as both a reducing agent and a stabilizer at the same time. It has been found that the reduction of the precursor CoCl2 with a hyperbranched polyester polyol occurs at 210°C. The introduction of NaOH into the reaction mixture makes it possible to lower the synthesis temperature by 50°C and leads to a change in the mechanism of in situ ripening CoNPs from the digestive mechanism to direct Ostwald ripening.

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Hassan, Nik Normunira Mat, Anika Zafiah M. Rus, S. Nurulsaidatulsyida, and Siti Rahmah Mohid. "Acoustic Study Based on Sustainable Green Polymer Treated with H₂O." Advanced Materials Research 748 (August 2013): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.748.281.

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Green polymer foam was prepared by the reaction of green monomer based on vegetable oil with commercial Polymethane Polyphenyl Isocyanate (Modified Polymeric-MDI) and distilled water (H2O). The morphological study of green polymer foam was examined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and acoustic property by means of H2O composition ratio equivalent to weight of polyol. It was found that the cell size of green polymer foam has significantly increment as well as H2O loading increased. Increasing of H2O more than 50% equivalent to weight of polyol shows nonuniform pore distribution, large average pore size and smallest number of pore. Furthermore, the cell size of neat green polymer foam gives 400μm up to 1833.3μm with high loading of H2O. In addition, the cell size of green polymer foam influences by the increasing amount of H2O loading and enhanced the sound absorption property at low frequency level.

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Dinhane, Fernanda Christiane Rossetto, Isabela Imakawa de Araújo, Ivaldo de Domenico Valarelli, Marcus Antonio Pereira Bueno, Bruno Santos Ferreira, and Cristiane Inácio de Campos. "Particleboard Manufactured with Bamboo and Coconut Fibers in Different Ratios of Adhesive." Advanced Materials Research 1088 (February 2015): 672–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1088.672.

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This research aimed to develop and evaluation the mechanical properties of a particleboard produced with bamboo particles and coconut fiber in three different experimental conditions. The panels were manufactured with castor oil based polyurethane bi-component resin in three different ratios of the adhesive components (pre-polymer and polyol). Mechanical characterization was conducted to determine modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) in static bending. For the static bending test the better values were to the experimental condition 2, which relate de proportion of 1:1.5 of pre-polymer and polyol, respectively. This best solution is to reduce the amount of pre-polymer in the formulation of the adhesive, due to decreased of use of chemicals most polluting.

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Paez-Amieva, Yuliet, Noemí Mateo-Oliveras, and José Miguel Martín-Martínez. "Polyurethanes Made with Blends of Polycarbonates with Different Molecular Weights Showing Adequate Mechanical and Adhesion Properties and Fast Self-Healing at Room Temperature." Materials 17, no. 22 (2024): 5532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17225532.

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Dynamic non-covalent interactions between polycarbonate soft segments have been proposed for explaining the intrinsic self-healing of polyurethanes synthesized with polycarbonate polyols (PUs) at 20 °C. However, these self-healing PUs showed insufficient mechanical properties, and their adhesion properties have not been explored yet. Different PUs with self-healing at 20 °C, acceptable mechanical properties, and high shear strengths (similar to the highest ones reported in the literature) were synthesized by using blends of polycarbonate polyols of molecular weights 1000 and 2000 Da (CD1000 + CD2000). Their structural, thermal, rheological, mechanical, and adhesion (single lap-shear tests) properties were assessed. PUs with higher CD1000 polyol contents exhibited shorter self-healing times and dominant viscous properties due to the higher amount of free carbonate groups, significant carbonate–carbonate interactions, and low micro-phase separation. As the CD2000 polyol content in the PUs increased, slower kinetics and longer self-healing times and higher mechanical and adhesion properties were obtained due to a dominant rheological elastic behavior, soft segments with higher crystallinities, and greater micro-phase separation. All PUs synthesized with CD1000 + CD2000 blends exhibited a mixed phase due to interactions between polycarbonate soft segments of different lengths which favored the self-healing and mobility of the polymer chains, resulting in increased mechanical properties.

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AYODEJI, Kehinde Esther, and Oluwakemi Yinka ADEDEJI. "Investigation of the Properties of Polyol Derived from Epoxidized Cottonseed Oil." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science IX, no. I (2024): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2024.90128.

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This study explores the synthesis and characterization of a bio-based polyol derived from epoxidized cottonseed oil, shedding light on transformative changes in physical and chemical attributes. Executed meticulously in triplicate, the experiment encompasses cottonseed oil epoxidation, Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), acid value titration, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis. Results confirm a successful epoxidation process, yielding an epoxidized oil content (EOC) of approximately 5.88%. Acid values for cottonseed oil (CO), epoxidized cottonseed oil (EO), and polyol (PO) stand at 1.55 mgKOH/g, 1.440 mgKOH/g, and 1.88 mgKOH/g, respectively, indicating notable chemical transformations. FTIR analysis supports the conversion of epoxidized cottonseed oil into polyol, while GPC results affirm precise separation of polyol, epoxidized oil, and cottonseed oil components, signifying successful synthesis. The thorough analysis of polyol properties unveils distinctive changes, including increased viscosity at 25°C from 1.45 Pa.s (cottonseed oil) to 3.901 Pa.s (polyol), denoting enhanced molecular complexity. Additionally, the integration of 2% titanium dioxide (TiO2) filler underscores the potential for modifying and enhancing polyol properties. These findings enrich the understanding of polyol adaptability and versatility, constituting a pivotal advancement in comprehending sustainable and renewable sources for polyurethane production, with profound implications for polymer science and materials engineering.

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Dengping, Hu, Guo Chengchao, and Chu Xuanxuan. "Application, synthesis, isocyanate and polyol in underground seepage control engineering." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 97, No. 9b, Sept 2020 (2020): 1548–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5657114.

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School of Civil Engineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Civil Engineering, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Underground Space Development, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China Nottingham Transportation Engineering Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom E-mail: hudengping668@163.com Manuscript received online 09 July 2020, accepted 25 August 2020 The components of a waterproofing polymer are made up of isocyanate and polyol. The two components can react with each other, the isocyanate/polyol composite slurry expands rapidly after chemical reaction and solidifies immediately, a dense impermeable material was formed by rapid expansion of isocyanate and polyol, which is widely used for underground seepage control engineering. RNCO and ROH react to form RNHCOOR', RNCO reacts with water to produce RNHCONHR and carbon dioxide, the resulting carbon dioxide gas can promote the expansion of polymer materials. When carbon dioxide gas is produced, the reaction of two-component polymer will produce larger expansion force, as for the elastomer formed by the chemical reaction of the polymer, the expansion force peak value can reach more than 10 Mpa, gradually improving the crack resistance. At the same time, the composite material has good cementation with other structural materials after expansion. It will provide a good reference for specific engineering practice.

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Khannanov, Artur, Anastasia Burmatova, Klara Ignatyeva, et al. "Effect of the Synthetic Approach on the Formation and Magnetic Properties of Iron-Based Nanophase in Branched Polyester Polyol Matrix." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (2022): 14764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314764.

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This article shows the success of using the chemical reduction method, the polyol thermolytic process, the sonochemistry method, and the hybrid sonochemistry/polyol process method to design iron-based magnetically active composite nanomaterials in a hyperbranched polyester polyol matrix. Four samples were obtained and characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. In all cases, the hyperbranched polymer is an excellent stabilizer of the iron and iron oxides nanophase. In addition, during the thermolytic process and hybrid method, the branched polyol exhibits the properties of a good reducing agent. The use of various approaches to the synthesis of iron nanoparticles in a branched polyester polyol matrix makes it possible to control the composition, geometry, dispersity, and size of the iron-based nanophase and to create new promising materials with colloidal stability, low hemolytic activity, and good magnetic properties. The NMR relaxation method proved the possibility of using the obtained composites as tomographic probes.

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Simioni, F., M. Modesti, and C. A. Brambilla. "Polyester Polyols from Microcellular Elastomer Scrap for Rigid Polyurethane and Polyisocyanurate Foam Production." Cellular Polymers 8, no. 5 (1989): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248938900800503.

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Glycolysis products from microcellular elastomer polyurethane were used in the preparation of PUR-PIR rigid foams. Foams were generally good but, with a low NCO index, showed insufficient dimensional stability. The foam stability can be improved by an increase in the crosslinking density of the polymer, by using polyol components with an increased functionality or by increasing the isocyanurate content. The improved crosslinking induced by trimerisation is more efficient for stability than that derived by higher polyol functionality. The use of MDI with a high average functionality and glycolysis products with a relatively high equivalent weight, permit a more favourable MDI/polyol ratio and are therefore economical.

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Gondaliya, Akash, and Mojgan Nejad. "Lignin as a Partial Polyol Replacement in Polyurethane Flexible Foam." Molecules 26, no. 8 (2021): 2302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082302.

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This study was focused on evaluating the suitability of a wide range of lignins, a natural polymer isolated from different plant sources and chemical extractions, in replacing 20 wt.% of petroleum-based polyol in the formulation of PU flexible foams. The main goal was to investigate the effect of unmodified lignin incorporation on the foam’s structural, mechanical, and thermal properties. The hydroxyl contents of the commercial lignins were measured using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) spectroscopy, molar mass distributions with gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and thermal properties with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. The results showed that incorporating 20 wt.% lignin increased tensile, compression, tear propagation strengths, thermal stability, and the support factor of the developed PU flexible foams. Additionally, statistical analysis of the results showed that foam properties such as density and compression force deflection were positively correlated with lignin’s total hydroxyl content. Studying correlations between lignin properties and the performance of the developed lignin-based PU foams showed that lignins with low hydroxyl content, high flexibility (low Tg), and high solubility in the co-polyol are better candidates for partially substituting petroleum-based polyols in the formulation of flexible PU foams intended for the automotive applications.

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Zhu, Shangwen, Xiaohua Gu, Yan Liu, et al. "Recycling and Reuse Production Technology of Waste Polyurethane Foam." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2553, no. 1 (2023): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2553/1/012001.

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Abstract Waste polyurethane foam is a kind of manufacturing and construction industry waste used as raw material to produce polyol polymer with high added value. In this way, the recycling economy of waste polyurethane foam is developed. In this paper, a production process line for recycling waste polyurethane foam was designed and established. The economic benefits of the production line were evaluated with the production cost as the index and the actual production data. Compared with the price of commercial polyether polyol, the price of regenerated polyether polyol was 13, 920 CNY/t, which was reduced by 30.4%. The re-foaming of the regenerated polyether polyol was observed by scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the polyurethane foam foamed with regenerated polyether polyol had a complete bubble structure. The bubble structure is regular and completely hexagonal, with a strong skeleton, an excellent cross-linking structure, and a uniform and dense bubble distribution. Therefore, the production process can be widely promoted as a sustainable, green, and high-value-added waste polyurethane treatment process.

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Wei, You, Qi-lun Zhang, Hui-jun Wan, Ying-nan Zhang, Shu-wen Zheng, and Yong Zhang. "A facile synthesis of segmented silver nanowires and enhancement of the performance of polymer solar cells." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 27 (2018): 18837–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp02734j.

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Lawler, L. F., Y. Televantos, G. Combs, and S. N. Gabelman. "Fatigue Reduction through Optimum Use of Polymer Polyol." Journal of Cellular Plastics 25, no. 3 (1989): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x8902500303.

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Saidi, Abdullah Khamis Ali Al, Adibehalsadat Ghazanfari, Shuwen Liu, et al. "Facile Synthesis and X-ray Attenuation Properties of Ultrasmall Platinum Nanoparticles Grafted with Three Types of Hydrophilic Polymers." Nanomaterials 13, no. 5 (2023): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13050806.

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Ultrasmall platinum nanoparticles (Pt-NPs) grafted with three types of hydrophilic and biocompatible polymers, i.e., poly(acrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid), and poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) were synthesized using a one-pot polyol method. Their physicochemical and X-ray attenuation properties were characterized. All polymer-coated Pt-NPs had an average particle diameter (davg) of 2.0 nm. Polymers grafted onto Pt-NP surfaces exhibited excellent colloidal stability (i.e., no precipitation after synthesis for >1.5 years) and low cellular toxicity. The X-ray attenuation power of the polymer-coated Pt-NPs in aqueous media was stronger than that of the commercial iodine contrast agent Ultravist at the same atomic concentration and considerably stronger at the same number density, confirming their potential as computed tomography contrast agents.

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Ruamcharoen, Polphat, Chor Wayakron Phetphaisit, Ratree Bumee, Jareerat Ruamcharoen, Bussara Niyomdecha, and Supattra Nillawat. "The Chemical Modification of Waste PET and its Application for a Wood-Polymer Composite Binder." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.648.

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The application of hydroxyl terminated polyethylene terephthalate (PET-OH) as a starting pre-polymer to react with polymeric methylene di-isocyanate (p-MDI) for synthesis of polyurethane as a wood-composite binder was studied. The PET-OH was modified from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles by glycolysis reaction. The effect of weight ratios of binder and rubber-wood sawdust particles and the mole ratios of hydroxyl (OH) of PET-OH and isocyanate (NCO) of p-MDI on mechanical properties were investigated. The properties of wood-polymer composites from PET-OH were also compared with the polyurethane composites from polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a commercial polyol. It was found that mechanical properties of wood-polymer composites increased with the increase of binders and polyol contents and then decreased and PET-OH showed the greater properties than PEG. The ratio of wood particle and the binder of 60:40 by weight and the ratio of OH and NCO of 0.01:1 by mole gave the best mechanical properties.

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Chai, Kai Ling, Min Min Aung, Hong Ngee Lim, Ikhwan Syafiq Mohd Noor, Luqman Chuah Abdullah, and Hiroshi Uyama. "Synthesis, Characterisation, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Study of Green and Sustainable Polyurethane Acrylate from Jatropha Oil Using a Three Step Process." Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology 30, no. 3 (2022): 2127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/pjst.30.3.21.

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Bio-based polymer is a promising candidate to substitute conventional petroleum-derived polymer as it is sustainably produced from renewable resources, which helps reduce the production process’ carbon footprint. It also helps reduces humankind’s dependability on fossil fuel-based feedstock. In this work, a sustainable jatropha oil-based polyurethane acrylate (PUA) was successfully prepared and synthesised using a 3-steps process; epoxidation (formation of an epoxy group), hydroxylation (addition of–OH group to opened ring), and acrylation (addition of acrylate group into polyol). The yellowish PUA prepared has a gel consistency, which is sticky and slightly runny. The PUA was characterised by using wet chemical tests such as oxirane oxygen content (OOC), acid value (AV), hydroxyl number (OHV) and iodine value. OOC value for the PUA synthesised was 4.23 % at the 5 hr reaction time. At the same time, the Epoxidised jatropha oil (EJO) used to prepare polyol records a hydroxyl number of hydroxyl 185.81 mg KOH/g and an acid value of 1.06. The polyol prepared was mixed with 2, 4-toluene-diisocyanate (TDI) and Hydroetyhlmethacrylate (HEMA) to produce PUA. The PUA was characterised by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). TGA analysis shows that the polymer is stable up to 373 K, whereas the EIS analysis records an ionic conductivity of (5.60±0.03) × 10-6 S cm-1. This polymer’s great thermal stability properties make it suitable for outdoor application where high temperature due to sun exposure is common. Furthermore, PUA prepared gel-like properties to make it a suitable candidate for preparing a gel polymer electrolyte.

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Shim, In Keun, Young Il Lee, Kwi Jong Lee, and Jae Woo Joung. "Synthesis of High Concentration Cuprous Oxide Nanoparticles by Modified Polyol Process." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 1185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1185.

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Cuprous oxide nanoparticles at high concentration (up to 0.3M) were successfully synthesized by modified polyol process. The redispersion stability could be controlled by optimizing various conditions like polymer concentration, temperature, reductant, and catalyst. Reductant and catalyst play a crucial rule in redispersion of cuprous nanoparticles. Under poor conditions, particles grow to larger sizes due to aggregation of nanoparticles. This modified polyol process allows monodispersed cuprous oxide to be obtained on gram scale in a single reaction and make possible a high synthetic yield of more than 80%.

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Wang, Ju Wei. "Lignin Waste Polyurethane Cushion Packaging Materials Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.98.

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Polyurethane (referred to as PU) is a polymer made from polyisocyanate and a polyether polyol or polyester polyol and small molecule polyol, polyamine or water chain extenders or crosslinking agent, such as raw materials. By changing the type of material and composition, you can dramatically change the form of products and their performance, the final product from soft to hard. Lignin, a natural renewable resources, natural aromatic polymer has a hydroxyl-containing three-dimensional structural characteristics, the research and application has become increasingly active. The introduction of the lignin in the material, not only can improve the performance of the material but also reduce costs, resulting in considerable economic benefits. If we can combine the two advantages of the manufacture of composite materials to become a demand. The subjects explored the impact of the alkali lignin waste polyurethane foam and curing agent on the performance of the polyurethane foam through experiments that the above factors, the ratio of the manufacture of polyurethane foam: phenolic resin 250g, adding emulsifier 30g, foamagent alkali lignin 40g, waste polyurethane 30g, hardener 100g from the foam strength of 380KPa and low cost.

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Vieira, Fernanda Rosa, Sandra Magina, Dmitry V. Evtuguin, and Ana Barros-Timmons. "Lignin as a Renewable Building Block for Sustainable Polyurethanes." Materials 15, no. 17 (2022): 6182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15176182.

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Currently, the pulp and paper industry generates around 50–70 million tons of lignin annually, which is mainly burned for energy recovery. Lignin, being a natural aromatic polymer rich in functional hydroxyl groups, has been drawing the interest of academia and industry for its valorization, especially for the development of polymeric materials. Among the different types of polymers that can be derived from lignin, polyurethanes (PUs) are amid the most important ones, especially due to their wide range of applications. This review encompasses available technologies to isolate lignin from pulping processes, the main approaches to convert solid lignin into a liquid polyol to produce bio-based polyurethanes, the challenges involving its characterization, and the current technology assessment. Despite the fact that PUs derived from bio-based polyols, such as lignin, are important in contributing to the circular economy, the use of isocyanate is a major environmental hot spot. Therefore, the main strategies that have been used to replace isocyanates to produce non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) derived from lignin are also discussed.

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Shahdan, Siti Nurzubaida, and Radin Siti Fazlina Nazrah Hirzin. "Pre-Treatment of Used Cooking Oil Followed by Transesterification Reaction in the Production of Used Cooking Oil-Based Polyol." Scientific Research Journal 18, no. 2 (2021): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v18i2.13749.

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Used cooking oil has been considered as an economical and sustainable material that can be used widely as a starting material in the production of polymer precursors such as polyol for polyurethane. Since the composition of fatty acids and glyceride in the structure of used cooking oil remain the same as virgin vegetable oil, used cooking oil can be synthesized using the same method. However, there are certain physicochemical modifications to the oil properties that arise during the process of oil fryings such as increases in viscosity, acid value, and color changes that will affect the conversion of used cooking oil into bio-based polyol. Thus, various pretreatment methods that can be applied to used cooking oil such as adsorption, chemical bleaching, and treatment with solvents will be reviewed in this paper. Transesterification of used cooking oil with alcohol in the presence of catalyst will produce used cooking oil-based polyol which will have two or more hydroxyl groups per molecule. The formation of polyol can be confirmed with the formation of O-H peak in the FTIR spectrum during the FTIR spectroscopy analysis. This paper will also discuss the type of alcohol and catalyst used in the transesterification reaction. Used cooking oil-based polyol obtained from transesterification reaction has been reported to be comparable to the commercial polyol.

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binti Syed Mahmud, Syarifah Norsuhaila, Nur Iffah Zulaikha binti Azman, Nurjannah Salim, Kok Yeow You, and Mohamad Ashry Jusoh. "The Performance Study of Microstrip Patch Antenna Made of Polyurethane - Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Composite." Materials Science Forum 1114 (February 22, 2024): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-qch4ro.

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In this paper, the performance of microstrip patch antenna that is made of fully biodegradable materials has been studied. The polymer resins of Polyurethane as a binder agent were produced using polyol extracted from palm oil while the host composites were made from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber. The performance of Polyurethane – Oil Palm (PolyOP) Empty Fruit Bunch composite as a microwave dielectric substrate was tested by fabricating microstrip patch antenna on it. The performance of fabricated patch antenna was measured using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) and is compared with simulation results obtained from High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) simulator. The difference of percentage in resonant frequency, return loss, bandwidth and VSWR between simulation and measurement were found to be 0.4%, 75.2%, 67.9%, and 12.7%, respectively.

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Kim, Gayoung, Dong-Hyun Lee, Gyungse Park, et al. "Temperature Influence on the Synthesis of Pt/C Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells." Catalysts 14, no. 9 (2024): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal14090577.

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To reduce the manufacturing cost of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), tests targeting the decrease of reaction temperature and the amount of reducing agent in the polyol method for the synthesis of Pt/C catalysts were conducted. The reaction temperature in the polyol method was changed from 50 to 160 °C. Through XRD and TGA, it was determined that the reduction of platinum ions by the oxidation of ethylene glycol started at 70 °C. Below a 60 °C reaction temperature, Pt (1 1 1) peaks in XRD were barely visible, indicating that no deposition occurred. TEM revealed that Pt particles were well-dispersed above a 100 °C reaction temperature. For manufacturing platinum catalysts using the polyol method, it was found that 100 °C is the optimal synthesis temperature. Additionally, it was found that similar performance can be achieved by adding water to decrease the amount of ethylene glycol during synthesis. Finally, considering various analyses, it is evident that the dispersion, size, and crystallinity of platinum particles had the most significant impact on performance.

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M.K., Swain B. Satapathy &. N.C. Pal*. "THE SYNTHESIS AND FTIR, KINETICS, TG/DTG/DTA, SEM AND EDS STUDY OF INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS (IPNS) DERIVED FROM POLYURETHANES OF POLYOL MODIFIED COSTOR OIL AND HMDI AND CARDANOL BASED DYES." GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND RESEARCHES 5, no. 7 (2018): 58–71. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1305014.

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Agro based raw materials such as polyol modified castor oil polyurethanes and cardanol based dyes were used to synthesize interpenetrating polymer networks. Such polymers prepared using benzoyl peroxides as initiator and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linker and not studied intensively were characterized by FTIR study and various thermal technique such as TGA, DTG and DTA. The kinetic parameters such as activation energy (Ea) and order (n) of reaction were calculated by using the Freeman-Anderson method. The effects of change in PU/CD weight ratio and NCO/OH molar ratio of polyurethanes on thermal properties of such polymers were studied.

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Pomilovskis, Ralfs, Inese Mierina, Hynek Beneš, et al. "The Synthesis of Bio-Based Michael Donors from Tall Oil Fatty Acids for Polymer Development." Polymers 14, no. 19 (2022): 4107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194107.

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In this study, the synthesis of a Michael donor compound from cellulose production by-products—tall oil fatty acids—was developed. The developed Michael donor compounds can be further used to obtain polymeric materials after nucleophilic polymerization through the Michael reaction. It can be a promising alternative method for conventional polyurethane materials, and the Michael addition polymerization reaction takes place under milder conditions than non-isocyanate polyurethane production technology, which requires high pressure, high temperature and a long reaction time. Different polyols, the precursors for Michael donor components, were synthesized from epoxidized tall oil fatty acids by an oxirane ring-opening and esterification reaction with different alcohols (trimethylolpropane and 1,4-butanediol). The addition of functional groups necessary for the Michael reaction was carried out by a transesterification reaction of polyol hydroxyl groups with tert-butyl acetoacetate ester. The following properties of the developed polyols and their acetoacetates were analyzed: hydroxyl value, acid value, moisture content and viscosity. The chemical structure was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization analysis was used for structure identification for this type of acetoacetate for the first time.

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Ma, Wei Hua, Liu Yang, and Qin Zhong. "Purification of Polyether Polyols Made by Double Metal Cyanide Catalysis." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 660–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.660.

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Purification of polyether polyols made by double metal cyanide catalysis was studied. The removal effect of residual double metal cyanide in the polyols by the methods of adsorption and precipitation-filtration is characterized by the residual concentration of the zinc and cobalt ions which is measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Compared with precipitation-filtration, the method of adsorption was more practical and efficient for the purification of the polyols. And the optimum kind and amount of the adsorbent were obtained. The results showed that the combination of chelating fiber and attapulgus clay was the most favorable for the removal of zinc and cobalt ions and the appropriate weight ratio of chelating fiber and attapulgus clay was 1:1. The total concentration of zinc and cobalt ions can be reduced to lower than 1×10-6. And the amount of the adsorbent added was 3.33% by the weight of the polyether polyols. Also through Scanning Electron Spectroscopy the morphology of the chelating fiber was characterized before and after adsorption. The functional groups on the surface of the fiber could be coordinated with the catalyst attached to the polyol polymer chains to form the separable insoluble particles.

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Gomzyak, V. I., A. A. Puchkov, N. Е. Artamonova, et al. "PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODEGRADABLE HYPERBRANCHED POLYESTER POLYOL BASED ON 2,2-BIS(METHYLOL)PROPIONIC ACID." Fine Chemical Technologies 13, no. 4 (2018): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2018-13-4-67-73.

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Synthetic surfactants have a wide application in various areas from medicine to agriculture, with biodegradable surfactants holding the greatest promise. Promising compounds for the synthesis of such surfactants are polyethylene oxide and polymers are the poly(α-hydroxyacid)s: polylactide (i.e. PLA), polyglycolide (i.e. PGA), poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and their copolymers. Because the biodegradation of polymeric surfactants yields natural metabolites, their medical and biotechnological applications are most attractive. A number of studies shows advantages of branched polymer surfactants compared linear surfactants, however, systematic studies of the correlation between the branched structures of amphiphilic copolymers and their surface activities are absent. Hyperbranched polyester polyol based on 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid are widely used as modifiers of polymeric materials (for example, in the manufacture of paintwork materials), additives for polymers to improve extrusion and also as nanocontainers for targeted drug delivery. In the present study the colloidal chemical properties of the polyether polyol 2,2-bis (methylol) propionic acid of the fourth pseudo generation (trade name Boltorn H40) were studied and it was shown that they reduce the interfacial tension at the hydrocarbon solution of surfactant/water to low.

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Tormos, Bernardo, Vicente Bermúdez, Adbeel Balaguer, and Enrique Giménez. "Compatibility Study of Polyamide (PA6) with Lubricant Bases for Electric Vehicle Applications." Lubricants 12, no. 2 (2024): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12020054.

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This study explored the crucial relationship between base fluids and polyamide, a prevalent polymer in electric vehicle (EV) components, with the aim of enhancing the longevity and performance of EVs in the context of thermal management by immersion cooling. Focusing on polyalphaolefin and polyol ester as base fluids, an immersion test was conducted to assess their interaction with polyamide 6 using adapted ASTM standards. The results revealed the significant influences of both fluids on the physical properties and chemical structure of polyamide. Polyol ester demonstrated a lesser impact on the chemical and mechanical properties of polyamide 6.

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Voiland, Annie, and Georges Michel. "Structural studies of the cell wall polysaccharide of Nocardia asteroides R 399." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 31, no. 11 (1985): 1011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m85-191.

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As with other bacteria belonging to the corynebacteria, mycobacteria, and nocardia group, Nocardia possess in their cell walls a neutral polysaccharide. Structural analysis of the cell wall polysaccharide of Nocardia asteroides R 399 was undertaken. The carbohydrate polymer contained D-arabinose and D-galactose as in mycobacteria. Besides these two carbohydrates we pointed out the occurrence of two additional components: D-glucose and a polyol. This polyol, because of its small amount and its uneasy detection, had been for a long time ignored. It has been proven to be the 6-deoxy-D-altritol or 1-deoxy-D-talitol. The polymer consists of a main strand composed of →5 Araf 1→ and →4Galp1→ or→5Galf1→; oligoarabinosyl side chains were localized on C3 of an arabinosyl residue. Other shorter ramifications also occur on some galactosyl units. A characterization of the linkage between polysaccharide and peptidoglycan inside the cell wall has also been carried out. The two polymers are joined by a phosphodiester bond which involves 6-deoxyaltritol. As some corynebacteria previously analyzed were also shown to contain mannose (and sometimes glucose), we can conclude that the main skeleton of cell wall polysaccharides of the corynebacteria, mycobacteria, and nocardia group of bacteria is an arabinogalactan; however, individual structural features of the polysaccharide are varying according to the bacterial species. These results might be connected with variations that were observed in immunological analysis.

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Mo, Xiaoqun, and Xiuzhi Sun. "Plasticization of soy protein polymer by polyol-based plasticizers." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 79, no. 2 (2002): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-002-0458-x.

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Gomez, Javier Chavarro, Rabitah Zakaria, Min Min Aung, Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar, and Robiah Yunus. "Synthesis and Characterization of Polyurethanes from Residual Palm Oil with High Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acid Oils as Additive." Polymers 13, no. 23 (2021): 4214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13234214.

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In the effort to produce renewable and biodegradable polymers, more studies are being undertaken to explore environmentally friendly sources to replace petroleum-based sources. The oil palm industry is not only the biggest vegetable-oil producer from crops but also one the biggest producers of residual oil that cannot be used for edible purposes due to its low quality. In this paper the development of biopolymers from residual palm oil, residual palm oil with 10% jatropha oil, and residual palm oil with 10% algae oil as additives were explored. Polyols from the different oils were prepared by epoxydation with peroxyacetic acid and alcoholysis under the same conditions and further reacted with poly isocyanate to form polyurethanes. Epoxidized oils, polyols and polyurethanes were analyzed by different techniques such as TGA, DSC, DMA, FTIR and H-NMR. Overall, although the IV of algae oil is slightly higher than that of jatropha oil, the usage of algae oil as additive into the residual palm oil was shown to significantly increase the hard segments and thermal stability of the bio polyurethane compared to the polymer with jatropha oil. Furthermore, when algae oil was mixed with the residual palm oil, it was possible to identify phosphate groups in the polyol which might enhance the fire-retardant properties of the final biopolymer.

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Sang, Xiao Ming, Xing Gang Chen, Shou Wu Yu, and Gui Xiang Hou. "Preparation and Properties of Rigid Polyurethane-Imide Foams." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 1119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.1119.

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A series of rigid polyurethane foams are synthesized via the reaction of isocyanate terminated polyimide prepolymers with polyether polyol. Deionized water and n-pentane are used for blowing agents. The prepolymers and polymers are characterized by conventional methods, and physical, mechanical and thermal properties are studied. The results show that in comparison to pure polyurethane foams, these rigid polymer foams exhibit improved thermal stability as well as good compressive property. SEM of the compressed body of rigid polyurethane-imide foams show that the destructive forms are open-type tear of the film and the breakdown of the cell body wall.

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Patricio, Jonathan, Marco Laurence Budlayan, Susan Arco, Arnold Alguno, and Arnold Lubguban. "Tailoring the Properties of Polyurethane Coatings with Epoxidized Bio-Polyol Spin-Coated onto Glass and P-Type Si(100) Substrates." Materials Science Forum 1059 (April 25, 2022): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2dk7g3.

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High-performance plastics or engineering polymers have been actively studied for various microelectronic applications as the demand for faster processing speeds increases. Taking advantage of its high Young’s modulus ideal for inter-layer dielectric applications, polyurethane (PU), a class of linearly-segmented polymer primarily made by reacting isocyanate and polyol, were deposited on borosilicate glass and p-type Si (100) substrates via spin coating method utilizing epoxidized soybean oil as a bio-polyol replacement. Optical micrographs showed that 100% ESBO-based PU coatings exhibited homogeneous and superior quality coatings in contrast to 50% ESBO-and 100% petroleum-based PU coatings as confirmed by scanning electron micrographs and EDX analysis. Based on the surface profilometry data, we found out that PU coatings with film thickness ranging from 6 μm to 28.5 μm can be achieved. FTIR-ATR analysis revealed that maintaining the stoichiometric ratio between O–H and N–C–O vibrational modes closer to unity is a vital factor to produce a high-quality PU coating regardless of the choice of substrate. The average bandgap energy of 4.35 ± 0.03 eV was estimated from the UV-vis reflectance spectra, and the electrical resistance of 107–1010 orders of magnitude was measured using a two-probe method which are typical for dielectric materials. Preliminary insights about the dielectric response of the fabricated PU coatings were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and a low κ-value of 2.749 was calculated from the Nyquist plot of the 7.9-μm thick 100% ESBO-based PU coating deposited at 6000 rpm for 45 seconds. These promising results proved that PU coatings from bio-polyols can be tailored to achieve desired coating properties that are amenable for next-generation microelectronic packaging and curable photoresists.

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Simioni, F., and M. Modesti. "Glycolysis of Flexible Polyurethane Foams." Cellular Polymers 12, no. 5 (1993): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248939301200501.

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Flexible water blown polyurethanes are polymers with repeating urethane and urea groups. When they undergo heating in the presence of glycols the reaction of these groups leads to soluble products. The transesterification reaction of the urethane groups, that leads to the formation of new carbamate is faster than that of the urea groups. Carbamates in turn undergo aminolysis due to the amines formed in the glycolysis of the urea groups. The use of ethylene glycol (EG) allows the process to be carried out with high polymer/glycol ratio (up to 4:1). A polyphase product is obtained with a top liquid phase mainly formed by the polyether polyol from the polymer, an intermediate liquid phase formed by the solution of carbamates, ureas and amines in EG and a bottom solid phase with compounds with prevalent urea bonds.

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Gouveia, Júlia Rocha, Cleber Lucius da Costa, Lara Basílio Tavares, and Demetrio Jackson dos Santos. "Synthesis of Lignin-Based Polyurethanes: A Mini-Review." Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 16, no. 4 (2019): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570193x15666180514125817.

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Lignin is a natural polymer composed primarily of phenylpropanoid structures with an abundance of reactive groups: aliphatic and aromatic hydroxyls, phenols, and carbonyls. Considering the large quantity of hydroxyl groups, lignin has significant potential as a replacement for petroleum-based polyols in polyurethane (PU) synthesis and as a value-added, renewable raw material for this purpose. Several methods of lignin-based polyurethane synthesis are reviewed in this paper for reactive and thermoplastic systems: direct lignin incorporation, chemical lignin modification and depolymerization. Despite the unmodified lignin low reactivity towards diisocyanates, its direct incorporation as polyol generates highly brittle PUs, but with proper performance when applied as adhesive for wood. PU brittleness can be reduced employing polyols obtained from lignin/chain extender blends, in which glass transition temperature (Tg), mechanical properties and PU homogeneity are strongly affected by lignin content. The potential applications of lignin can be enhanced by lignin chemical modifications, including oxyalkylation and depolymerization, improving polyurethanes properties. Another PU category, lignin- based thermoplastic polyurethane (LTPU) synthesis, emerges as a sustainable alternative and is also presented in this work.

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Vy, Do Truc, Dao Phi Hung, Nguyen Tuan Anh, Tran Dai Lam, and Nguyen Thien Vuong. "Curing process, mechanical property and thermal stability of acrylic polyurethane/Fe2O3 nanocomposite coatings." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 62, no. 3 (2024): 486–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/17553.

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The effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) on the curing and properties of acrylic polyol HSU 1168 based coating were investigated. The SEM images showed that Fe2O3 NPs with the content £ 2 wt.% were dispersed regularly in the polymer matrix. The obtained results indicated that Fe2O3 NPs slowed down the curing process of acrylic polyol coating. Without nanoparticles, the neat HSU 1168 based coating has completely cured after 96 hours, whereas in the presence of 2 wt.% Fe2O3 NPs in coating matrix it needed 120 hours for a full curing. In addition, the relative hardness of nanocomposite coating has reduced with increasing the Fe2O3 NPs content. Without nanoparticles, the relative hardness of neat acrylic polyol coating was 0.88, whereas it was 0.75 when 4 wt.% Fe2O3 NPs was added into the coating matrix. Besides, incorporation of Fe2O3 NPs into the acrylic polyol coating also enhanced its abrasion resistance and impact resistance with 2 wt.% Fe2O3 NPs being the best content (i.e. 200 kG.cm of impact resistance and 408.8 L/mil of abrasion resistance). On the other hand, incorporation of Fe2O3 NPs into the coating matrix improved its thermal stability. The starting temperature for degradation of nanocomposite coating (with 2 wt.% Fe2O3 NPs) was 15 oC higher than that of the neat coating (without nanoparticles)

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Zubir, Syazana Ahmad, Ernie Suzana Ali, Sahrim Haji Ahmad, Norazwani Muhammad Zain, and Soo Kai Wai. "Polyurethane/Clay Shape Memory Nanocomposites Based on Palm Oil Polyol." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.236.

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Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanocomposites were prepared using polycaprolactonediol as the soft segment, 4,4’-diphenylmethane diisocyanate as the hard segment, 1,4-butanediol and palm oil polyol. Nanoclay with certain weight percent (wt%) was reinforced as filler to improve both mechanical and shape memory behavior of the nanocomposites. Palm oil polyol was introduced in order to provide hyperbranched structure for better dispersion of filler in the matrix as well as aiding the crosslinking process. The experimental results showed that the mechanical and shape memory behavior of clay reinforced polyurethane nanocomposites were influenced by clay weight percent in the polymer matrix. TPU with 3 wt% clay showed optimum values of mechanical properties while the shape memory behavior decreases with increasing clay content.

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Kim, Tae Hee, Miri Kim, Wonjoo Lee, Hyeon-Gook Kim, Choong-Sun Lim, and Bongkuk Seo. "Synthesis and Characterization of a Polyurethane Phase Separated to Nano Size in an Epoxy Polymer." Coatings 9, no. 5 (2019): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9050319.

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Epoxy resins are widely applicable in the aircraft, automobile, coating, and adhesive industries because of their good chemical resistance and excellent mechanical and thermal properties. However, upon external impact, the crack propagation of epoxy polymers weakens the overall impact resistance of these materials. Therefore, many impact modifiers have been developed to reduce the brittleness of epoxy polymers. Polyurethanes, as impact modifiers, can improve the toughness of polymers. Although it is well known that polyurethanes (PUs) are phase-separated in the polymer matrix after curing, connecting PUs to the polymer matrix for enhancing the mechanical properties of polymers has proven to be challenging. In this study, we introduced epoxy functional groups into polyol backbones, which is different from other studies that focused on modifying capping agents to achieve a network structure between the polymer matrix and PU. We confirmed the molecular weight of the prepared PU via gel permeation chromatography. Moreover, the prepared material was added to the epoxies and the resulting mechanical and thermal properties of the materials were evaluated. Furthermore, we conducted tensile, flexural strength, and impact resistance measurements. The addition of PU to the epoxy compositions enhanced their impact strength and maintained their mechanical strength up to 10 phr of PU. Furthermore, the morphologies observed with field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy proved that the PU was phase separated in the epoxy matrix.

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Yu, Yang, Xiu Lan Xin, Ya Na Wei, Hong Qin Liu, and Shao Xiang Yang. "Synthesis and Property of Water-Soluble Hyperbranched Polyacrylate Emulsion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 262 (December 2012): 460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.262.460.

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Hyperbranched polymer is a kind of non-linear polymers with highly branched structure and a lot of terminal groups. It has many advantages, such as high reactivity, good solubility and low viscosity. Hyperbranched polymer has become a focus in modern scientific domain. In this paper, polyester-type water-soluble hyperbranched monomer is prepared by the ring-opening polymerization reaction of maleic anhydride with polyol. Hyperbranched polyacrylate emulsion with 70-110nm was synthesized by emulsion polymerization using methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), acrylic acid (AA) and hyperbranched polymer as comonomer. The effects of dosages and adding order of monomers, concentration of initator, type and amount of chain transfer agent on the polymerization are discussed. The as-prepared emusions were analyzed by FTIR, DSC, SEM. The solid content, particle size, stability of emulsion and morphology and water absorption of film were measured. The results showed that hyperbranched polyacrylate emulsion had low viscosity, high stability and can form very flat and smooth film. Hyperbranched polyacrylate emulsion can be widely applied in modern ink industry for its low cost,simple process and stable quality.

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Altamimi, Tamim Abdullah, and Wan Maryam Wan Ahmad Kamil. "ASE from polymer films embedded with silver nanowires." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2627, no. 1 (2023): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2627/1/012002.

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Abstract Silver nanowires (AgNWs) were developed on glass substrate using polyol method at 160 °C. Centrifuge at 1500 rpm for different ratio of ethanol was done to extract the AgNWs. Rhodamine 6G (R6G) was then applied at different thicknesses. Enhanced emission from R6G was observed when the concentrations used are at 40 µL and 20 µL. Overall results indicate promising potential for enhancing plasmon resonances in optical emission by utilising silver nanowires as scatterers and R6G as the gain medium.

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Ali, Ernie Suzana, Syazana Ahmad Zubir, and Ahmad Sahrim. "Clay Reinforced Hyperbranched Polyurethane Nanocomposites Based on Palm Oil Polyol as Shape Memory Materials." Advanced Materials Research 548 (July 2012): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.548.115.

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Reactive nanoclay reinforced hyperbranched polyurethane (HPU) nanocomposites have been synthesized with the introduction of palm oil polyol as part of the precursor. The HPU were prepared in a two-step process using polycaprolactonediol, 4,4’-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol as chain extender. Nanoclay was added with the purpose of improving the properties of the pristine polyurethane. The introduction of palm oil polyol is believed to enhance the mixing process between polymer matrix and filler. Thermal, mechanical and shape memory properties of produced HPU were investigated. The results showed that the crystallinity of HPU nanocomposites decreased with introduction of clay particles and that the mechanical and shape memory properties were enhanced with the addition of small amount of reactive nanoclay (up to 3 wt%).

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