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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymer quenchants'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Przyłęcka, Małgorzata, and Wojciech Gęstwa. "The Possibility of Correlation of Hardening Power for Oils and Polymers of Quenching Mediums." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2009 (2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/843281.

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There are many literature references comparing the use of aqueous polymer quenching solutions with petroleum oil quenchants for a wide range of steels of varying hardenability and the relating parameters of describing properties of the quenching mediums. There are relatively little similar relating correlations between parameters of describing properties of the different quenching mediums. The quenchants used included: conventional quenching oil, martempering oil, and 5% and 25% aqueous polymer quenchant solutions (APQSs) of a polymer quenchant. These quenching media were selected to represent a broad range of quench severities as quantified by cooling curve analysis (ASTM D 6482) using a standard Inconel 600 probe and the Tensi Agitation Device. The test of correlation conducted between the Hardening Power parameters according to examples of oils and polymers. The enable work results in applying the Hardening Power independently from equation calculated for different quenching mediums and their work parameters.

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2

Chen, Nai Lu, Wei Min Zhang, Chang Yin Gao, Bo Liao, and Jian Sheng Pan. "The Effects of Probe Geometric Shape on the Cooling Rate Curves Obtained from Different Quenchants." Solid State Phenomena 118 (December 2006): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.118.227.

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In order to investigate the effects of probe geometric shape on cooling curves of quenchants, the ISO Inconel 600 alloy probe and a flat probe (Dimension: 120 mm × 120 mm × 20mm, phase-transformation free CrNi-steel) were both adopted to measure the cooling curves of oil, water and aqueous polymer quenchant. By comparing and analyzing the cooling rate curves measured by the two kinds of probes, it can be found that the shape of water and oil’s cooling rate curves obtained using different probes are almost same. While those for the aqueous polymer quenchant are not, especially at the initial cooling phase. During the initial cooling phase the cooling rate measured by the flat probe fluctuates in a narrow range, whereas this phenomenon couldn’t be seen while using the ISO Inconel 600 alloy probe. The reason could be contributed to the geometric shape difference of the two kinds of probes and the property of inverse solubility of the aqueous polymer quenchant. In order to illustrate the inverse solubility property of the aqueous polymer quenchants the probe geometric shape should be considered.

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3

Pai, Ashwin, U. Vignesh Nayak, K. M. Pranesh Rao, and K. Narayan Prabhu. "Wetting Kinetics and Cooling Performance of PAG Polymer Quenchants." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.156.

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The present research work is aimed at the estimation of quench severity Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) polymer quenchants having varying concentrations. An Inconel600 probe instrumented with thermocouples was used for this purpose. The thermal history at various locations in the probe was used as an input to the inverse heat conduction model. The inverse analysis yields spatially dependent heat flux transients. The quench severity was assessed using the Grossmann technique. The wetting kinematics of quenching was studied by cooling curve analysis. The severity of quenching as measured by the Grossmann’s technique was found to be higher for polymer quenchants. However, the heat flux transients estimated by the inverse technique and rewetting times measured form the cooling curve analysis suggested comparable and uniform heat transfer with polymer quenchants compared to water quenchants.

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4

Bozhko, G. T., G. V. Izotov, A. A. Ershov, T. D. Zhukova, and N. I. Polyanskaya. "New aspects of the study of polymer quenchants." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 35, no. 5 (May 1993): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00780591.

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5

Goryushin, V. V., and S. Yu Shevchenko. "On the use of polymer quenchants in industry." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 52, no. 5-6 (November 2010): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11041-010-9260-3.

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6

Tiwary, Vivek, and K. Narayan Prabhu. "Cooling Performance of Select Mineral Oil and Polymer Quenchants." Materials Performance and Characterization 3, no. 4 (May 13, 2014): 20140014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/mpc20140014.

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7

Hájek, Jiří, David Rot, and Jakub Jiřinec. "Distortion in Induction-Hardened Cylindrical Part." Defect and Diffusion Forum 395 (August 2019): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.395.30.

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This article concerns distortion of a workpiece after induction-hardening under various conditions. It focuses particularly on the effects of quenching water temperature, PAG polymer concentration and the rotation speed of the workpiece during induction hardening. Electrical as well as non-electrical quantities which affect the process were monitored. They included the current passing through the inductor, the power frequency, quenching water temperature, the flow rate of the quenchant through the spray-quench device, the speed of rotation of the workpiece and some others. The workpiece was a cylinder 70 mm in length which contained a drilled off-axis through hole. Prior to hardening, dimensions of the workpiece and the hole were measured on three planes set in different distances from the bottom face. The measurement was repeated after induction hardening and the findings are reported in this article. Post-process hardness was measured on the cylindrical surface of the workpiece. Hardening depths obtained with different quenchants were measured.

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8

Thompson, R. I. G., S. J. Randles, M. Brown, and J. L. Wood. "Aspects of the use of polyoxyalkylene glycols in polymer quenchants." Journal of Synthetic Lubrication 17, no. 4 (January 2001): 277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsl.3000170403.

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9

Gestwa, Wojciech, Malgorzata Przylecka, and George E. Totten. "Use of aqueous polymer quenchants for hardening of carbonitrided parts." International Journal of Materials and Product Technology 24, no. 1/2/3/4 (2005): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmpt.2005.007944.

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10

Loshkarev, V. E., and �. Yu Kolpishon. "The use of polymer quenchants for hardening of large parts." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 28, no. 10 (October 1986): 746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00741865.

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11

Peter, Logvynenko, and Moskalenko Anatoly. "Impact Mechanism of Interfacial Polymer Film Formation in Aqueous Quenchants." International Journal of Fluid Mechanics & Thermal Sciences 6, no. 4 (2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfmts.20200604.12.

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12

Troell, E., and H. Kristoffersen. "Influence of Ageing and Contamination of Polymer Quenchants on Cooling Characteristics." BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte 155, no. 3 (March 2010): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00501-010-0546-y.

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13

Ezhov, V. M. "Selection of ecologically clean water-soluble polymer quenchants in place of mineral oils." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 33, no. 4 (April 1991): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00776431.

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14

Totten, G. E., G. M. Webster, and C. E. Bates. "Cooling Curve and Quench Factor Characterization of 2024 and 7075 Aluminum Bar Stock Quenched in Type 1 Polymer Quenchants." Heat Transfer Research 29, no. 1-3 (1998): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/heattransres.v29.i1-3.160.

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15

Goryushin, V. V., S. Yu Shevchenko, A. G. Petropavlovskii, and V. N. Tsurkov. "Akresol: A new polymer quenchant." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 50, no. 3-4 (March 2008): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11041-008-9025-4.

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16

Kerekes, Gábor, Mária Kocsisné Baán, and Imre Felde. "Evaluation of Quenchant’s Cooling and Hardening Performance." Materials Science Forum 812 (February 2015): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.812.345.

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One of the most critical parts of the heat treatment process, and usually the least controllable one, is the quenching operation. Improper selection or application of a quenching medium, or a drift in its cooling characteristics during its lifetime, may result in products that do not meet specifications and therefore give rise to large additional costs to cover e.g. straightening, rework, rejection, delayed deliveries and, sometimes, lost goodwill for the heat treater. In the case of the use of aqueous polymer solutions, the thermo-kinetic parameters characterizing the heat removal capabilities of a quenchant, are variable, in a specific interval with a complex combination of temperatures (T), concentrations (C) and agitation rates (AR). When the direction and degree of change is known, the characteristics of heat removal can be efficiently modified and predicted within given limits. The aim of the work described in this paper is to investigate how the hardening power of Houghton AquaQuench BW-T depends on the complex influence and interaction of T, C and AR.

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17

Onan, Mert, H. c, brahim Ünal, Cenk Onan, N. A. c, and Hakan Atapek. "Understanding of polymer quenchant (polyalkylene glycol) characteristic during quenching process of tool steels." International Journal of Microstructure and Materials Properties 9, no. 1 (2014): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmmp.2014.061049.

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18

Kobasko, Nikolai, Anatolii Moskalenko, Petro Lohvynenko, Larisa Karsim, and Sergii Riabov. "AN EFFECT OF PIB ADDITIVES TO MINERAL OIL RESULTING IN ELIMINATION OF FILM BOILING DURING STEEL PARTS QUENCHING." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 3 (May 31, 2016): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2016.00076.

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To control the process of film boiling during quenching in oils, quench oil makers as a rule manipulate physical properties such as a surface tension and viscosity. However, there is much experimental data showing that special additives can eliminate film boiling in oils without changing their physical properties and which is counterintuitive. Authors explain such phenomenon by showing that the addition of a special additive, for example PIB (polyisobutylene polymer), will create an insulating layer on the surface of steel parts during quenching in oils that will eliminate film boiling without affecting physical properties of the oil. Insulating layer decreases initial heat flux density which becomes less than critical one and of the oil will not begin film boiling during quenching with the PIB additive. Authors believe that such approach will allow engineers to solve effectively the problem of part distortion after quenching. The new oil quenchant containing special additive PIB is patented in Ukraine and is manufactured by Barkor Ltd for needs of the heat treating industry.

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19

Porhonar, Mohammad, Seyed Hossein Razavi, Yazdan Shajari, and Zahra-Sadat Seyedraoufi. "The Effect of Polymer Content of Quenchant on Microstructural and Mechanical Characteristics of AA-7075 Plates Before Age Hardening." Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis 10, no. 1 (February 2021): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13632-021-00711-3.

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20

Kobasko, Nikolai, Anatolii Moskalenko, and Volodymyr Dobryvechir. "RESEARCH ON USE OF LOW CONCENTRATION INVERSE SOLUBILITY POLYMERS IN WATER FOR HARDENING MACHINE COMPONENTS AND TOOLS." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 2 (March 30, 2018): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2018.00582.

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There is an optimal water concentration of inverse solubility polymers ( 1 %) where in many cases film boiling is absent. Based on accurate experimental data of French and data of authors, it was shown that during quenching from 875 oC in cold water solutions of optimal concentration film boiling is completely absent for those steel parts initial heat flux densities of which are below critical value. It is established that initial heat flux density decreases with increase sizes of tested samples. Initial process of quenching (formation of boundary boiling layer), which makes further history of cooling, is not investigated deeply and widely yet enough. When film boiling is absent, mathematical model includes only transient nucleate boiling process and convection. In this case, cooling time within the transient nucleate boiling process can be calculated using average effective Kondratjev numbers Kn. They were evaluated for inverse solubility polymers depending on their concentration and sizes of tested samples. As a result, an improved technology of hardening large gears and bearing rings is proposed by authors. Its essence consists in interruption of accelerated cooling or turning off agitation of quenchant when dissolving of surface polymeric layer starts. Examples of performing improved technology are provided by authors. Developments can be used by engineers to switch from carburized large gears quenched in oil to gears made of optimal hardenability steel and quenched in water solutions of optimal concentration.

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21

Dean, S. W., Gustavo Sánchez Sarmiento, Carlos Bronzini, Antonio Carlos Canale, Lauralice C. F. Canale, and George E. Totten. "Water and Polymer Quenching of Aluminum Alloys: A Review of the Effect of Surface Condition, Water Temperature, and Polymer Quenchant Concentration on the Yield Strength of 7075-T6 Aluminum Plate." Journal of ASTM International 6, no. 1 (2009): 102098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jai102098.

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22

MIKITA, Yoshio, Ichiro NAKABAYASHI, Naoto OHGA, and Katsumi OHSAKA. "Study of quench cracking of a high carbon and chromium steel bar. (3rd report. Effects of clouding point of polymer quenchant on quench cracking)." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 53, no. 496 (1987): 2211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.53.2211.

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23

MIKITA, Yoshio, and Ichiro NAKABAYASHI. "Study of quench cracking of a high carbon and chromium steel bar. (1st report Effects of austenitizing temperature and properties of polymer quenchant on quench cracking)." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 53, no. 489 (1987): 884–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.53.884.

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24

Shevchenko, Svetlana. "Comparative estimation of technological capabilities of polymer quenchants." Science and Education of the Bauman MSTU 14, no. 03 (March 3, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.7463/0314.0700099.

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