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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Polymeren

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Academic literature on the topic 'Polymeren'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Polymeren"

1

Jenschke, Wolfgang, Mathias Ullrich, Beate Krause, and Petra Pötschke. "Messanlage zur Untersuchung des Seebeck-Effektes in Polymermaterialien." tm - Technisches Messen 87, no. 7-8 (July 26, 2020): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2019-0152.

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ZusammenfassungDer nach dem Physiker Thomas Johann Seebeck benannte thermoelektrische Effekt ist für alle wesentlichen Metalle hinreichend gut erforscht und wird seit langem unter anderem zur Temperaturmessung mittels Thermoelementen genutzt. Weniger bekannt und erforscht ist dieser Effekt in polymeren Werkstoffen, die aber heute auch in der Sensorindustrie immer mehr an Einfluss gewinnen. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird eine Messanlage beschrieben, die speziell für die Untersuchung des Seebeck-Effektes in polymeren Messobjekten mit dem Ziel aufgebaut wurde, maßgeschneiderte Polymere für sensorische technische Anwendungen zu entwickeln, die den Seebeck-Effekt nutzen. Die besonderen Anforderungen an die Messanlage liegen dabei in der Realisierung konstanter genauer Temperaturquellen.

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Häger, Harald. "Von polymeren Leuchtdioden zu Polymeren aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen." Chemie in unserer Zeit 43, no. 2 (April 2009): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.200990017.

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Manners, Ian. "Polymere und das Periodensystem: neue Entwicklungen bei anorganischen Polymeren." Angewandte Chemie 108, no. 15 (August 2, 1996): 1712–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19961081504.

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Kunze, R., M. Wäsche, and H. Schirrmeister. "Thermolumineszenzuntersuchungen an Polymeren." Isotopenpraxis Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 24, no. 9 (January 1988): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10256018808623993.

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Czichos, H. "Tribologie der polymeren." Tribology International 18, no. 5 (October 1985): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-679x(85)90130-6.

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Brüll, Robert, and Andreas Albrecht. "Hochtemperaturchromatographie von Polymeren." Nachrichten aus der Chemie 57, no. 2 (February 2009): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nadc.200963635.

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Einfalt, Tomaz, Roland Goers, Jens Gaitzsch, Gesine Gunkel-Grabole, Cora-Ann Schoenenberger, and Cornelia Palivan. "Vesikel aus Polymeren." Nachrichten aus der Chemie 64, no. 10 (October 2016): 965–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nadc.20164046043.

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Baumann, Stefanie. "Spinnfraktionierung von Polymeren." Nachrichten aus der Chemie 52, no. 7-8 (July 2004): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nadc.20040520709.

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Hartmann, Manfred, and Albrecht Berg. "Biocide Polymere Synthese von Polymeren mit seitenständig gebundenem 2,6-Dimethyl-morpholin." Zeitschrift für Chemie 28, no. 2 (August 31, 2010): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zfch.19880280207.

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Meij, Albert. "Leichtbau mit polymeren Werkstoffen." Materials Testing 44, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2002-440604.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polymeren"

1

Gestring, Ingo. "Entgasen von Polymeren." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=968042368.

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Schmatulla, Alexander. "Untersuchungen von polymeren Netzwerken mit Methoden der Rasterkraftmikroskopie." [S.l. : s.n.], 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:289-vts-65410.

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Berezovska, Ganna [Verfasser], and Alexander [Akademischer Betreuer] Blumen. "Monte Carlo study of semiflexible polymers = Monte Carlo Studie von semiflexiblen Polymeren." Freiburg : Universität, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1125885467/34.

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Dolgushev, Maxim [Verfasser], and Alexander [Akademischer Betreuer] Blumen. "Theoretical investigations of semiflexible branched polymers = Theoretische Untersuchungen von semiflexiblen verzweigten Polymeren." Freiburg : Universität, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1125885459/34.

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Wack, Holger. "Zum Quellungsdruck von polymeren Hydrogelen." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=985376856.

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Griebel, Thomas. ""Molecular Imprinting" in hochverzweigten Polymeren." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=962014370.

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Rudolf, Arnd-Peter. "Hydrierende Spaltung von vernetzten Polymeren." Phd thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://elib.tu-darmstadt.de/diss/000074/Doktor.pdf.

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Reiche, Annette. "Der Ladungstransport in polymeren Gelelektrolyten." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=962322040.

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Fischer, Thomas. "Lichtinduzierte Orientierungsprozesse in Azobenzen-Polymeren." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/713/.

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Die Beeinflussung optischer Eigenschaften durch Bestrahlung stellt eine Grundlage für die Herstellung anisotroper optischer Komponenten dar. In dünnen Schichten von Azobenzen-Polymeren kann optische Anisotropie durch linear polarisierte Bestrahlung induziert oder modifiziert werden. Ziel der Arbeit war es, wesentliche Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen zum Prozess der Photoorientierung zu erarbeiten, um so eine Optimierung der Materialien für verschiedene Anwendungen ermöglichen.

In isotropen Schichten flüssigkristalliner und amorpher Azobenzen-Polymeren wird das Ausmaß der induzierten optischen Anisotropie günstig durch eine Donor/Akzeptor-Substitution in 4,4'-Position beeinflusst. Die Induktionsgeschwindigkeit ist in Schichten flüssigkristalliner Polymeren deutlich geringer, jedoch lassen sich höhere Werte der Doppelbrechung und des Dichroismus erreichen. In Copolymeren bewirkt die Photoorientierung der Azobenzen-Seitengruppen eine kooperative Orientierung von formanisotropen Seitengruppen. Die Mesogenität der nicht-photochromen Seitengruppen erhöht das Ausmaß der induzierten optischen Anisotropie. Die Stabilität der induzierten Doppelbrechung und des Dichroismus wird durch diese Gruppen gesteigert.

In Schichten flüssigkristalliner Polymeren wird die induzierte optische Anisotropie beim Tempern im Bereich der Mesophasen erheblich verstärkt. Dabei reicht ein geringes Maß an induzierter Anisotropie aus, um Doppelbrechungs- und Dichroismuswerte zu erzielen, wie sie für LC-Domänen typisch sind.

In orientierten Schichten von Azobenzen-Polymeren wird das Resultat der linear polarisierten Bestrahlung durch die Stärke der anisotropen Wechselwirkungen in den flüssigkristallinen Domänen oder den LB-Multilayern bestimmt. Eine lichtinduzierte Reorientierung kann nur erreicht werden, wenn diese Wechselwirkungen überwunden werden können. Erfolgt eine Photoreorientierung in den orientierten Polymerschichten, werden in Copolymeren formanisotrope Seitengruppen ebenfalls kooperativ reorientiert. Eine vorgelagerte UV-Bestrahlung kann durch Erzeugung eines hohen Anteils an nicht-mesogenen Z-Isomeren die anisotropen Wechselwirkungen stark schwächen und so die Seitengruppen entkoppeln. Aus diesem Zustand erfolgt die Photoreorientierung mit einer der Photoorientierung in isotropen Schichten vergleichbaren Effizienz.

Die erarbeiteten Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen liefern einen Beitrag zur Optimierung derartiger Materialien für Anwendungen in den Bereichen optischer Funktionsschichten, holographischer Datenspeicherung oder der Generierung von Oberflächenreliefgittern.
The modification of optical characteristics by irradiation represents a basis for the creation of anisotropic optical components. In thin films of azobenzene polymers optical anisotropy can be induced or modified by linearly polarized irradiation. The goal of the work was it to compile substantial structure property relations of the photoorientation process in order to support an optimization of the materials for different applications.

In isotropic films of liquid crystalline and amorphous azobenzene polymers the extent of the induced optical anisotropy is increased by a donor/acceptor substitution in 4,4'-position. The induction speed is clearly smaller in films of liquid crystalline polymers, however higher values of birefringence and dichroism can be reached. In copolymers the photoorientation of the azobenzene side groups causes a cooperative orientation of form-anisotropic side groups. The mesogenity of the non-photochromic side groups increases the extent of the induced optical anisotropy.

The stability of the induced birefringence and dichroism is increased by these groups considerably. In films of liquid crystalline polymers the induced optical anisotropy is substantially amplified on annealing within the range of the mesophases. In this way, a small ratio of induced anisotropy is sufficient, in order to obtain birefringence and dichroism values as typical for LC domains.

In oriented films of azobenzene polymers the result of the linear polarized irradiation is determined by the strength of the anisotropic interactions in the liquid crystalline domains or the LB multilayers. A light-induced reorientation can be only achieved, if these interactions can be overcome. If a photoreorientation takes place in the oriented layers of copolymers, form-anisotropic side groups are cooperatively reoriented. An initial UV irradiation can strongly weaken the anisotropic interactions by generating of a high fraction of non-mesogenic z-isomers and decouples in this way the side groups. From this state the photoreorientation proceeds with an efficiency one comparable to the photoorientation in isotropic films.

The compiled structure property relations supplies a contribution for the optimization of such materials for applications in the fields of optical function films, holographic data storage or the generation of surface relief gratings.

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Wack, Holger. "Zum Quellungsdruck von polymeren Hydrogelen." Stuttgart Fraunhofer-IRB-Verl, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2938740&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Books on the topic "Polymeren"

1

Elias, Hans-Georg. An introduction to plastics. 2nd ed. [Weinheim]: Wiley-VCH, 2003.

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Elias, Hans-Georg. An introduction to plastics. Weinheim: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Germany, 1993.

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3

Fedtke, Manfred. Reaktionen an Polymeren. Leipzig: VEB Deutscher Verlag fur Grundstoffindustrie, 1985.

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4

Christian, Kohlert, ed. Kalandrieren von Polymeren. Leipzig: Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, 1992.

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5

Alger, Mark S. M. Polymer science dictionary. 2nd ed. London: Chapman, 1997.

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Strobl, Gert R. The physics of polymers: Concepts for understanding their structures and behavior. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer, 1997.

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Strobl, Gert R. The physics of polymers: Concepts for understanding their structures and behavior. Berlin: Springer, 1996.

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8

Kohnen, Wolfgang. Bakterienadhäsion an oberflächenmodifizierten Polymeren. [s.l.]: [s.n.], 1994.

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Meeting, American Chemical Society. Interpenetrating polymer networks. Edited by Klempner Daniel, Sperling L. H. 1932-, Utracki L. A. 1931-, American Chemical Society. Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering., and Chemical Congress of North America (4th : 1991 : New York, N.Y.). Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1994.

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10

Hossain, Mokarram. Modelling and computation of polymer curing: Modellierung und Simulation der Aushärtung von Polymeren. Erlangen: [Univ. Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Techn. Mechanik], 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Polymeren"

1

Koltzenburg, Sebastian, Michael Maskos, and Oskar Nuyken. "Chemie an Polymeren." In Polymere: Synthese, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen, 427–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34773-3_15.

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Bastian, Martin. "Alterung von Polymeren." In Einfärben von Kunststoffen, 131–63. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446425774.005.

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Kohlgrüber, Klemens. "Stoffeigenschaften von Polymeren." In Der gleichläufige Doppelschneckenextruder, 203–315. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446435971.003.

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Bastian, Martin, and Thomas Hochrein. "Alterung von Polymeren." In Einfärben von Kunststoffen, 173–208. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446453999.005.

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Bastian, Martin, and Thomas Hochrein. "Einfärben von Polymeren." In Einfärben von Kunststoffen, 273–313. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446453999.008.

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Kohlgrüber, Klemens. "Stoffeigenschaften von Polymeren." In Der gleichläufige Doppelschneckenextruder, 203–315. München, Germany: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-446-43597-1_3.

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Bruder, Ulf. "Modifizierung von Polymeren." In Kunststofftechnik leicht gemacht, 76–87. München, Germany: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-446-44981-7_8.

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Bastian, Martin, and Thomas Hochrein. "Einfärben von Polymeren." In Einfärben von Kunststoffen, 273–313. München, Germany: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-446-45399-9_8.

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Bastian, Martin, and Thomas Hochrein. "Alterung von Polymeren." In Einfärben von Kunststoffen, 173–208. München, Germany: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-446-45399-9_5.

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Koltzenburg, Sebastian, Michael Maskos, and Oskar Nuyken. "Chemie an Polymeren." In Polymere: Synthese, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen, 461–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64601-4_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Polymeren"

1

Webersen, M., F. Bause, B. Henning, M. Hüttner, and E. Moritzer. "P6.4 - Zerstörungsfreie Charakterisierung des hydrothermischen Alterungsverhaltens von Polymeren." In 18. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2016. AMA Service GmbH, Von-Münchhausen-Str. 49, 31515 Wunstorf, Germany, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5162/sensoren2016/p6.4.

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Hettrich, C., F. Grüneberger, S. Schuhmacher, C. Fanter, and N. Gajovic-Eichelmann. "Der Effekt des Molekularen Prägens auf die Porengrößenverteilung von Polymeren." In 10. Dresdner Sensor-Symposium 2011. Forschungsgesellschaft für Messtechnik, Sensorik und Medizintechnik e.V. Dresden, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5162/10dss2011/16.9.

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Schusser, S., M. Bäcker, M. Leinhos, M. Krischer, L. Wenzel, A. Poghossian, M. J. Schöning, and P. Wagner. "A11 - Sensorkonzept zur in vitro Echtzeitmessung des Degradationsverhaltens von biodegradierbaren Polymeren." In 11. Dresdner Sensor-Symposium 2013. AMA Service GmbH, Von-Münchhausen-Str. 49, 31515 Wunstorf, Germany, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5162/11dss2013/a11.

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Bause, F., and B. Henning. "5.3.1 - Ein ultraschallbasiertes inverses Messverfahren zur Charakterisierung viskoelastischer Materialparameter von Polymeren." In 18. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2016. AMA Service GmbH, Von-Münchhausen-Str. 49, 31515 Wunstorf, Germany, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5162/sensoren2016/5.3.1.

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Hartmann, S., F. Bültmann, and F. Janke. "Einbindung und Nachweis von Polymeren in thermisch gespritzten Schichten (Implementation and Characterization of Polymers in Thermally Sprayed Coatings)." In ITSC 1999, edited by E. Lugscheider and P. A. Kammer. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1999p0169.

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Abstract The improvement of the tribologic characteristics of surfaces is an important application of thermal sprayed coatings. Also various ranges of application demand good antiadhesive characteristics. The tribologic and antiadhesive characteristics of fluorine containing polymers are very good. Since furthermore those polymers have the highest thermal resistance of all plastics it has been investigated if those polymers can be integrated in thermal sprayed oxide and carbide coatings. The aim was to improve the tribologic and antiadhesive characteristics. The processes Plasma- and HVOF-spraying have been used to apply the coatings. The polymers in the coatings were detected by examinations with the light-optical and the scanning electron microscope. To heighten the contrast for the light microscopy examinations the metallographic sections of the specimens were physically contrasted. To clearly identify the different phases with the scanning electron microscope EDX-analyses have been carried out. Samples have been tested to investigate the mechanical characteristics of the coatings. Paper text in German.

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Kick, A., and M. Mertig. "P7.14 - Mikroarrays bestehend aus pH-sensitiven Polymeren als Sonden für Sensoren basierend auf Oberflächenplasmonenresonanz." In 12. Dresdner Sensor-Symposium 2015. AMA Service GmbH, Von-Münchhausen-Str. 49, 31515 Wunstorf, Germany, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5162/12dss2015/p7.14.

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Rickert, Dorothee, Matthias Rapp, Helmut Steinhart, Ralph Kehl, Ulrich Hay, and Helmut Hierlemann. "Anwendung von abbaubaren polymeren Implantatmaterialien zur Defektdeckung nach tumorchirurgischer Resektion im oberen Aerodigestivtrakt – Fiktion oder Realität?" In 94. Jahresversammlung Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1766486.

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Hoenle, Adrian, Helmut Hierlemann, Helmut Steinhart, Ulrich Hay, Matthias Rapp, and Dorothee Rickert. "Erste klinische Erfahrungen zur Anwendung von polymeren Implantatmaterialien zum Verschluss einer pharyngokutanen Fistel nach postradiogener Laryngektomie." In 94. Jahresversammlung Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1766627.

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Zhang, Yadong, Liming Wang, Tatsuo Wada, and Hiroyuki Sasabe. "Carbazole Main-Chain Polymers with Di-Acceptor-Substituents for Nonlinear Optics." In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.8.

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Polymeric second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materials have been studied extensively in recent years for applications in electrooptic devices [1,2]. There are three types of polymer materials developed for this purpose: guest-host systems [3], side-chain polymers [4-6], and main-chain polymers [7-9]. The second-order NLO effects of these materials were demonstrated after electric poling above the polymer glass transition temperature (Tg). While many guest-host and side-chain NLO polymers have been developed, relatively few main-chain polymers have been prepared. Most of the main-chain polymers reported are heat-to tail; namely, all the Chromophore dipole moments point in the same direction along the polymer main chain.

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Zinchenko, T. O., and V. V. Antipenko. "APPLICATION OF POLYMER MATERIALS IN THE PRODUCTION OF SMART GLASSES." In Actual problems of physical and functional electronics. Ulyanovsk State Technical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61527/appfe-2023.238-239.

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The work is devoted to the use of polymeric materials in the processing of smart glasses. In particular, polymer films such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as well as electrochromic polymers. Polymer frequencies are widely used in window and other cases to improve their functional properties such as density, thermal insulation and UV protection. Electrochromic polymers allow you to control the transmission of light and heat in the room. These innovative materials require a wide range of applications for smart vehicles, including automobiles and electronics.

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Reports on the topic "Polymeren"

1

Lotufo, Guilherme, Mandy Michalsen, Danny Reible, Philip Gschwend, Upal Ghosh, Alan Kennedy, Kristen Kerns, et al. Interlaboratory study of polyethylene and polydimethylsiloxane polymeric samplers for ex situ measurement of freely dissolved hydrophobic organic compounds in sediment porewater. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48512.

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We evaluated the precision and accuracy of multilaboratory measurements for determining freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment porewater using polydimethylsiloxane and low-density polyethylene polymeric samplers. Four laboratories exposed performance reference compound (PRC) preloaded polymers to actively mixed and static ex situ sediment for approximately one month or more. For Cfree results, intralaboratory precision was high for single compounds; most PAHs and PCBs variability was low. Variability was higher for most hydrophobic PAHs, PCBs, and naphthalene, which were present at low concentrations and required larger PRC-based corrections. Intra- and interlaboratory variability between methods was low. Cfree polymer equilibrium was achieved in approximately one month during active exposures, suggesting using PRCs may be avoided for ex situ analysis using comparable active exposure; however, such testing may not reflect field conditions. Polymer-derived Cfree concentrations for most PCBs and PAHs averaged within a factor of 2 compared with concentrations in isolated porewater; difference factors of up to 6 were observed for naphthalene and the most hydrophobic PAHs and PCBs. Cfree results were similar for academic and private sector laboratories. The accuracy and precision demonstrated for determinating Cfree using polymer sampling are anticipated to increase regulatory acceptance and confidence.

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Stavland, Arne, Siv Marie Åsen, Arild Lohne, Olav Aursjø, and Aksel Hiorth. Recommended polymer workflow: Lab (cm and m scale). University of Stavanger, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.201.

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Polymer flooding is one of the most promising EOR methods (Smalley et al. 2018). It is well known and has been used successfully (Pye 1964; Standnes & Skjevrak 2014; Sheng et al. 2015). From a technical perspective we recommend that polymer flooding should be considered as a viable EOR method on the Norwegian Continental Shelf for the following reasons: 1. More oil can be produced with less water injected; this is particularly important for the NCS which are currently producing more water than oil 2. Polymers will increase the aerial sweep and improve the ultimate recovery, provided a proper injection strategy 3. Many polymer systems are available, and it should be possible to tailor their chemical composition to a wide range of reservoir conditions (temperature and salinity) 4. Polymer systems can be used to block water from short circuiting injection production wells 5. Polymer combined with low salinity injection water has many benefits: a lower polymer concentration can be used to reach target viscosity, less mechanical degradation, less adsorption, and a potential reduction in Sor due to a low salinity wettability effect. There are some hurdles when considering polymer flooding that needs to be considered: 1. Many polymer systems are not at the present considered as green chemicals; thus, reinjection of produced water is needed. However, results from polymer degradation studies in the IORCentre indicates that a. High molecular weight polymers are quickly degraded to low molecular weight. In case of accidental release to the ocean low molecular weight polymers are diluted and the lifetime of the spill might be quite short. According to Caulfield et al. (2002) HPAM is not toxic, and will not degrade to the more environmentally problematic acrylamide. b. In the DF report for environmental impact there are case studies using the DREAM model to predict the transport of chemical spills. This model is coupled with polymer (sun exposure) degradation data from the IORCentre to quantify the lifetime of polymer spills. This approach should be used for specific field cases to quantify the environmental risk factor. 2. Care must be taken to prepare the polymer solution offshore. Chokes and vales might be a challenge but can be mitigating according to the results from the large-scale testing done in the IORCentre (Stavland et al. 2021). None of the above-mentioned challenges are server enough to not consider polymer flooding. HPAM is neither toxic, nor bio-accumulable, or bio-persistent and the CO2 footprint from a polymer flood may be significantly less than a water flood (Dupuis et al. 2021). There are at least two contributing factors to this statement, which we will return in detail to in the next section i) during linear displacement polymer injection will produce more oil for the same amount of water injected, hence the lifetime of the field can be shortened ii) polymers increase the arial sweep reducing the need for wells.

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Salovey, Ronald, and John J. Aklonis. The Behavior of Polymers Filled with Monodisperse Polymeric Beads. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada242732.

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Lohne, Arild, Arne Stavland, Siv Marie Åsen, Olav Aursjø, and Aksel Hiorth. Recommended polymer workflow: Interpretation and parameter identification. University of Stavanger, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.202.

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Injecting a polymer solution into a porous medium significantly increases the modeling complexity, compared to model a polymer bulk solution. Even if the polymer solution is injected at a constant rate into the porous medium, the polymers experience different flow regimes in each pore and pore throat. The main challenge is to assign a macroscopic porous media “viscosity” to the fluid which can be used in Darcy law to get the correct relationship between the injection rate and pressure drop. One can achieve this by simply tabulating experimental results (e.g., injection rate vs pressure drop). The challenge with the tabulated approach is that it requires a huge experimental database to tabulate all kind of possible situations that might occur in a reservoir (e.g., changing temperature, salinity, flooding history, permeability, porosity, wettability etc.). The approach presented in this report is to model the mechanisms and describe them in terms of mathematical models. The mathematical model contains a limited number of parameters that needs to be determined experimentally. Once these parameters are determined, there is in principle no need to perform additional experiments.

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Chiang, Martin Y. M., and Gregory B. McKenna. Hygrothermal effects on the performance of polymers and polymeric composites:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5826.

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Lambeth, Robert H., Randy A. Mrozek, Joseph L. Lenhart, Yelena R. Sliozberg, and Jan W. Andzelm. Branched Polymers for Enhancing Polymer Gel Strength and Toughness. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada577092.

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Moghtadernejad, Sara, Ehsan Barjasteh, Ren Nagata, and Haia Malabeh. Enhancement of Asphalt Performance by Graphene-Based Bitumen Nanocomposites. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1918.

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As the State of California continues to grow, demand for enhanced infrastructure such as roadways and highways escalates. In view of the current average highway lifespan of 15–20 years, the improvement of asphalt binders leads to material sustainability by decreasing required maintenance and increasing the lifespan of roadways. In the present investigation, enhancement of asphalt binder properties was achieved by different methods of mixing varying compositions of graphene nanoparticles with an SBS polymer and asphalt binder. Additionally, experimental evaluation and comparison of the rheological and mechanical properties of each specimen is presented. Graphene nanoparticles have attracted great curiosity in the field of highway materials due to their incredible rigidity, even in small quantities. Addition of as little as 1.0%nanoparticles in combination with polymers in an asphalt binder is expected to increase the rigidity of the material while also maintaining the beneficial polymer characteristics. Evaluation of the effect of the mixing design established that the methods for application of graphene to the polymer-modified asphalt binder are critical in the improvement of a roadway, resulting in resistance to premature aging and strain from constant road operation.

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Hong, Kunlun, and Jimmy W. Mays. Functional Polymeric Membranes Based on Self-Assembling of Synthetic Stimuli-Responsive Polymers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada533377.

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Ding, Z. Y., J. J. Aklonis, and R. Salovey. Model Filled Polymers. 6. Determination of the Crosslink Density of Polymeric Beads by Swelling. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada225783.

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Alexandratos, S. D. Polymer-based separations: Synthesis and application of polymers for ionic and molecular recognition. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7017486.

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