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Academic literature on the topic 'Polymères – Biodégradation – Composition chimique'
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Journal articles on the topic "Polymères – Biodégradation – Composition chimique"
Chatonnet, Pascal, Jean-Noël Boidron, and Monique Pons. "Incidence du traitement thermique du bois de chêne sur sa composition chimique. 2e partie : évolution de certains composés en fonction de l'intensité de brûlage." OENO One 23, no. 4 (December 31, 1989): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1989.23.4.1722.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Polymères – Biodégradation – Composition chimique"
Narladkar, Ashok S. "Conformation, morphology and glass transition of poly(lactic acid) in supported thin films." Lorient, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LORIS122.
Full textSome physical properties of polymers when geometrically confined, e. G. The glass transition temperature (Tg), deviates from bulk material properties and thus may have significant implications for existing and emerging material properties. It appears that a detailed description and a fundamental understanding of the physical properties of currently used polymers in thin films, such as the emerging biodegradable and biocompatible poly lactic acid, would be useful in a variety of applications. Hence the objective of this study was to investigate the glass transition of polylactic acid thin films and the possible influence of the structuration and organisation of the macromolecules within the film, the crystalline content and surface interactions on the dynamics of the polymer. In the first part of this work, we probed, using the atomic force microscopy, the conformation of isolated polylactic acid macromolecules at the solid-air interface and studied the systematic effect of surfaces and solvents properties on the polymer conformation. We show that the macromolecules undergo a conformational transition from rigid rods to globular structures by decreasing the solvent and/or surface polarity. Using these different conformations, different film structures and organisations may be produced, as observed by AFM. If we clearly pointed out different intermediate structures, either formed from interconnected rigid entities or formed by globular aggregates, the final morphologies of films were found to be identically flat, smooth and independent of the initial polymer conformation. Following the film formation, annealing treatments were performed on the sample, prior to the glass transition temperature measurements, in order to equilibrate and remove the thermal history of the films. The influence of annealing treatment on the film properties, including the morphology and crystalline content was thus systematically studied by means of AFM and Raman spectroscopy. If the present study will not concentrate on the crystallisation process of PLA in thin film, the determination of the crystalline content within our thin film was nonetheless necessary to ensure a full description of the glass transition properties. Finally, in the last part of this work, the glass transition properties of the so-formed films will be described. The effect of the film thickness, the nature of the surface and the crystalline content on the glass transition of PLA thin film will be addressed. Furthermore, owing to the different nature of polylactic acid (pure L or D enantiomer, D and L copolymer or D/L stereocomplexes), different glass transitions behaviour were observed. This work provides new insights on the glass transition of polylactic acid thin films
Lefaux, Sandra. "Biodégradation de films polymères à usage agricole : caractérisation physico-chimique des résidus et identification biomoléculaire des bactéries actives." Le Mans, 2005. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2005/2005LEMA1011.pdf.
Full textIn the environment the use of long-cycle polymers for agricultural purposes faced with a waste accumulation problem. Last decades the recent legislation involved an increased interest for biodegradable polymer materials. Before marketing of these new materials, it required to examine their inocuity for the environmental medium. In a biodegradability study of agricultural materials, an aerobic experimental set-up based on the Sturm test was elaborated. It consisted of bioreactors, thermoregulation system, electrovanes and CO2 infrared analyser (IRGA). It continuously measured bacterial carbon dioxide evolution during biodegradation test. The biodegradability results of different materials (principally make up plant polymers and polyesters) were compared. The agricultural soil bacteria degrading these materials were characterised by biomolecular analysis. In first this study used 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) analysis and used 16S-23S intergenic spacer region (ISR) analysis in second part. Results showed that the 16S-23S polymorphism was more efficient to discriminate bacterial sequences than 16S rDNA. This methodology was a rapid tool and allowed to specific bacterial race identification of degraded material. Concurrently to this study, degradation intermediate analysis was carried out with electronic microscopy and spectroscopic measurements (infrared and NMR). Surface erosion and chemical changes were found for all tested polymer materials. Results obtained with market film with confidential composition were exposed
Jardé, Emilie. "Composition organique de boues résiduaires de stations d'épuration lorraines : caractérisation moléculaire et effets de la biodégradation." Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2002_0288_JARDE.pdf.
Full textThis study deals with the molecular characterisation of the organic content of sewage sludges from Lorraine (Northeast of France). The 48 samples collected come from domestic wastewater treatment plant of different capacities (rural, small urban and urban) and from depuration stations treating dairy, cheese dairy and paper-mill effluents. The first part of this study enabled to make the inventory of the compound present in sewage sludges (1) under free form (soluble organic fraction - SOF), and (ii) Iinked to the macromolecular structure (insoluble organic fraction - lOF). To achieve that, the analytical tools used were respectively GC-MS on the one hand, and THM-GC-MS and Py-GC-AED on the other hand. The results of the analysis of the SOF and lOF provide equivalent information ln that they enable the differentiation of siudges according to thelr origin (food-processing, paper-mlli or domestic). A molecular fingerprint specific to each type of sludge was thus defined. Besides, all the domestic sludges are characterised by a geochemical petroleum background which testifies to a common diffuse pollution. Moreover, a variability in this geochemical background was observed for some domestic sludges, regardless of the size of the station, or of the degree of industrialisation of the region. These variations, which are essentially observed in the SOF, can be attributed to punctual or accidental pollution in the sewer system of domestic wastewater. The eventual goal of this work ls to provide molecular parameters in order to improve the monitoring and the control of wastewater sewer systems. The second part of this project studies the effects of biodegradation on the organic content of sewage sludges. Four samples were incubated at 24°C during 140 days in order to simulate the processes of degradation. The simultaneous analysis of the SOF and lOF of the biodegraded samples enabled the determination of the great tendencies of the evolution of the organic content during the experiments. A global pattern of biodegradation reactions can thus be proposed: the chemical degradation of the macromolecular structure of the lOF produces extractable compounds which will be either degraded themselves into lower molecular weight compounds or mineralised. Besides, organic markers resistant to biodegradation couId be determined and indexes of biodegradation proposed
Burgaud, Cédric. "Analyses physico-chimiques d'encres ferrogalliques." La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROS187.
Full textLallement, Audrey. "Impact des processus photochimiques et biologiques sur la composition chimique du nuage." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC066/document.
Full textIn the context of global warming, more precise knowledge of atmospheric processes is needed to evaluate their impact on the Earth radiative budget. Clouds can limit the increase of temperature but this retroaction is not well understood due to a lack of knowledge of cloud media (like organic fraction composition). From the beginning of atmospheric studies, only chemical, especially radical, reactions was taken into account. However microorganisms metabolically active were found in cloud water arising questions about their role as biocatalyst. They are able to use carboxylic acids as nutriments, to degrade radical precursor (like H2O2) and to survive oxidative stress. The aim of this work is to quantify the impact of photochemical and biological processes on cloud chemistry composition. First, the concentrations of •OH, the most reactive radical, were evaluated and the influence of microorganisms on the concentrations were studied. A new method was developed in artificial medial before direct quantification of steady state •OH concentration in atmospheric waters (rain and cloud waters). Concentrations ranged from 10-17 to 10-15 M and did not change in presence of microorganisms. These measures were lower than concentrations estimated by chemical atmospheric models. A possible explanation was an underestimation of the main sink of this radical (organic matter). To better characterize this fraction, simple aromatic compounds were identified in cloud waters, phenol was found in the 8 samples analyzed. To go further, we studied phenol degradation in detail. Enzyme transcripts involved in phenol degradation were present in cloud water samples showing in situ activity of native bacteria. 93% of tested cultural strains, isolated from cloud waters, were able to degrade phenol. To quantify the relative contribution of radical versus microbial processes allowing phenol degradation, we performed photo-biodegradation experiment with a model strain (Rhodococcus erythropolis PDD-23b-28). Our results showed that these two processes participated equally to phenol degradation, suggesting that microorganisms and radicals can be involved in atmospheric natural remediation
Thomann, Christel. "Estimation et commande de procédés de polymérisation en solution." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10249.
Full textThe requirements of productivity, safety and quality impose the development of advanced control strategies for polymerization processes. Polymers produced by solution polymerization must have well-defined characteristics and physicochemical properties such as the polymer composition and molecular weight distribution. This work proposes an observer-based control structure in order to control the composition and the molecular weight of the polymer and in order to maximize the productivity of process. Firstly, we designed and compared three nonlinear observers. Then, we designed our control strategies based on a nonlinear input-output linearizing geometric approach. The performances of these proposed methods are illustrated through simulation studies involving the solution copolymerization of methylmetacrylate (MMA) and vinyl acetate (VAc)
Remazeilles, Céline. "Etude des processus de dégradation des manuscrits anciens écrits à l'encre ferrogallique : analyse d'échantillons originaux et d'éprouvettes de laboratoire : mise en évidence du rôle de l'acide gallique et de la gomme arabique." La Rochelle, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LAROS063.
Full textDeyme, Michel. "Modification de la composition chimique superficielle de polymères : étude de l'adsorption du collagène aux interfaces air ou polymère/solutions aqueuses." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA114804.
Full textDalod, Estelle. "Influence de la composition chimique de mortiers sur leur biodétérioration par les algues." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMSE0777/document.
Full textThe fouling of building-facade is caused by a main aesthetic phenomenon of biological weathering. The natural weathering favors the micro-organisms development. The biofouling kinetics depends on several parameters such as geographical situation, environmental conditions and physicochemical parameters of substrates. The main objective of this study is to highlight the influence of the mortar chemistry in relationship with its physical properties on the algal growth. The biofouling kinetics was followed on samples exposed outdoor and on samples tested in a laboratory bench which consists in spraying an algal culture on mortar specimens. In order to characterize the influence of the mortar chemistry on biofouling, two Portland cements (OPC) and two calcium aluminate cements (CAC) were tested. The influence of roughness, porosity and carbonation was also studied. The green algae Klebsormidium flaccidum were chosen for the accelerated laboratory tests because of its representativeness. The results obtain in laboratory and in situ show that CAC based mortars slow down the colonization kinetics compared to OPC based mortars. When porosity increases the biofouling kinetics increases and the effect of the mortars chemical composition is largely hidden. The carbonated mortars biofouling is achieved more quickly than uncarbonated ones especially for OPC based mortars. Finally, the rough surfaces are colonized faster whatever formulation tested. This parameter is mostly highlighted for in situ tests
Ferrero, Marie-Adeline. "Colonisation et biodétérioration des bétons en milieu marin : mise au point d'essais en laboratoire et influence de la composition chimique du matériau cimentaire." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC248/document.
Full textIn the current context of increased world population, it is necessary to built more infrastructures to meet the increasing industrial pressure. These constructions are erected on the sea as harbors, artificial islands or tourist accommodation. Concrete is mainly used because of its low-cost and durability in the marine environment. Like any material immersed in seawater, concrete is colonized by living organisms, becoming an habitat for their development. However, seawater is a very aggressive environment towards cementitious materials; physical, chemical and biological degradations are observed with time. Nowadays, physical and chemical degradations are well understood and reported in the literature but there is a lack of knowledge concerning biological effects. The aim of this thesis is first develop an experimental device in laboratory, allowing the colonization of cementitious material by microorganisms. Relevant tools to characterize the biofilm on the material were chosen to better understand colonisation’s kinetic. Chemical analysis of material and seawater were made to evaluate the actions of the biofilm on cementitious material. Different materials were produced to study the impact of the formulation on the colonization