Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polymères – Dégradation'
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Saadi, Zoubida. "Etude de la dégradation fongique des polymères : cinétique de dégradation des polymères et caractérisation des sous-produits de dégradation : étude de l'écotoxicité de ces polymères." Le Mans, 2008. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2008/2008LEMA1004.pdf.
Full textSubject of current events, the biodegradability of polymers is always studied in a global context, that is to say, with regards to fungi and bacteria together. The present research project focuses on the purely fungal degradation of polymers. Apart from the core research, the results of this study suggest certain applications to reduce environmental problems : - to deteriorate materials with a specific fungal strain. - to better control the kinetics of the biodegradation of plastics (mulching films, packaging materials). - Accelerate bio-degradation. After selecting non-toxic fungi present in natural states (compost, soil) and verifying the inertness of PLLA and PBAT on fungal cultures, cellular growth tests in a glucose-free environment revealed a selectivity among fungi for certain polymeric substrata. The tests also highlighted the major role temperature plays in the fungal degradation of polymers. When temperatures get closer, or go beyond the glass transition temperature, the physical structures are more accessible to fungal enzymes. After determining fungal consortium in the degradation of PLLA and PBAT, respiration measurements in soil and compost, both sterilized then sowed, have confirmed temperature as the essential parameter of biodegradation. Taking place in unmodified soil and compost, the kinetics of biodegradation of these polymers revealed a fungi-bacterial synergy during biodegradation tests. This study of biodegradation – refined with a follow-up of the physical and chemical properties of the polymers – led to a better understanding of the various stages of hydrolysis as well as the mineralization of polymers. These investigations had to take into account the characterization of metabolizing products of PLLA and PBAT and a regular toxicity check for the environment
Torres, de Dominguez Angeles. "Dégradation et biodégradation de polymères d'acide lactique." Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON13506.
Full textBlaz̆ek, Jaroslav. "Étude des schémas réactionnels de dégradation thermique des polymères." Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000218/.
Full textThe present work on pyrolysis of polymers was developed on laboratory scale. A thermogravimetric apparatus connected to FTIR spectrometer was used, the outputs of analyses were a set of mass loss data correlated with heating rates and a set of spectra corresponding to different moments of the degradation process. Kinetic parameters (Ea and A) were calculated by the means of the Popescu's variant of the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall integral method. A good agreement was found between calculated values and referential kinetic parameters. Another method, 'fitting' experimental curves by the means of a special MatLab programs using differential equations solvers, was applied in the case of several polymers. It was used in the study of pyrolysis of individual polymers and their mixtures, and it did - together with examination of results from FTIR analysis - yield results that were applied on industrial niveau. The polymers used were two “natural polymers”, lignin and cellulose, and industry polymers: PVC, EVA, PS. In comparisons with reference kinetic parameters, a good accordance was observed in most cases. Principal results for the polymer examined most in detail, i. E. EVA (e. G. With 12 % of VA in molecules; 1-30 K. Min-1), are: Ea = 200 kJ. Mol-1 for the 1st degradation step and Ea = 271 kJ. Mol-1 for the 2nd degradation step.
Maunand-Tussot, Corinne. "Polyimide-amides thermostables : microstructure - mécanismes de formation - mécanismes de dégradation." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10130.
Full textBelloncle, Benjamine. "Synthèse, dégradation et bio-propriétés du polyglyoxylate d'éthyle." Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00558791.
Full textDuchatel, Xavier. "Dégradation thermo-oxydante du poly(fluorure de vinylidène)." Rouen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ROUES009.
Full textDupas, Adeline. "Dégradation mécanique de solutions de polymères et ses impacts en récupération assistée d'hydrocarbures." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00830622.
Full textLatappy, Hubert. "Étude des COV issus de la dégradation thermique et oxydative des matériaux polymères." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01059771.
Full textAudibert-Hayet, Annie. "Stabilité thermique de polymères hydrosolubles en relation avec leurs applications pétrolières." Rouen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ROUES012.
Full textMboungou, Eric. "Etude des phénomènes liés à la dégradation des matériaux polymères sous champ électrique en présence d'humidité." Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA2026.
Full textThe goal of this work is to understand the phenomena at the origin of the degradation of surface of insulating polymeric materials under electric field in the presence of moisture. For that, we carried out an experimental setup reproducing in laboratory the conditions of the use of equipments. Materials made by resins epoxy and unsaturated polyester were studied. The materials containing epoxy resin differ by nature of fillers while those containing resin polyester differ by nature from the matrix and fillers. The stay in immersion in pure water showed hydrolysis of the matrix and an absorption of water more important of materials containing polyester. The electric behaviour of materials appears identical when they don’t contain water. When they contain water, the electric performances depend at the same time on the nature of the matrix, the fillers and the quantity of water present in materials. Ageing is characterized by an increase of leakage current on the surface, an appearance of the light (more important in dry phases). The explanation of this phenomenon seems in agreement with the model of degradation by the formation of dry bands. The analyses in infra-red microscopy showed chemical modifications characterized by the disappearance of the C-H bonds of the ethyl and methyl groupings. This work highlighted the important role of moisture in the degradation of composite materials under electric stress. It permitted to define the conditions under which the presence of moisture can affect the equipments and modify their insulation properties
Richer, Stéphanie. "Stabilité thermique et dégradation sous atmosphère contrôlée de prépolymères thermostables à terminaisons propargylique et cyanate." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10301.
Full textGuichard, Donatienne. "Contribution à la caractérisation de la dégradation du polybutadiène hydroxytéléchélique et des polyutéthannes." Mulhouse, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MULH0302.
Full textYouinou, Loïc. "Etude de la dégradation thermique de poussières de polymères et évaluation du risque d'explosions." Thesis, Orléans, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ORLE2063.
Full textThis work deals with a polymer characterization, the polyamide 12. This polymer may be used as a dust in industrial processes to create mechanical pieces by laser sintering. Methods and experimentations we applied to this study are compared to polymethylmethacrylate, a well-known polymer, for validation. In a first part, characterization of polymer has been performed (phase changes enthalpies and temperatures) through differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. During these analysis, gas phase chromatography has been made to investigate pyrolysis and oxidation gaseous products. So a kinetic study has been performed to obtain global reactions involved in the thermal degradation process of polyamide 12. These results are useful to point the main reactions involved in thermal degradation. Then, all the results have been compared to some obtained by estimative methods, which can give some clues about physical and chemical properties of materials through their molecular structures. The second part of the work deals with dust explosions, energies needed to create flames in polymer dust clouds and the violence of explosions. Pressure evolutions versus time have been measured. Flame visual records by high speed camera have also been performed. These results are useful for risk assessment in processes and for enclosure fires
Li, Su-Ming. "Etude de la dégradation des poly (α-hydroxy acides) aliphatiques dérivés des acides lactique et glycolique en milieux aqueux modèles." Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUES022.
Full textChauvet, Elodie. "Etude des phénomènes de dégradation d'un polymère sous rayonnement." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4720.
Full textSome polymers exhibit outstanding barrier properties to both gas and water vapor and are then good candidates for packaging applications particularly in the food and pharmaceutical field. However, for some applications, it is necessary to apply a physical treatment in order to enhance the mechanical properties of plastic packaging. In particular, ionizing radiation (accelerated electrons and gamma rays), which are increasingly used in industrial scale, can trigger crosslinking and grafting reactions. However, these phenomena may be accompanied by other undesirable reactions which could lead to undesirable aesthetic or toxic products or could affect intrinsic properties of the materials.In a very demanding legislation, the effects of ionizing radiation on a polymer of great industrial interest were studied. The structural changes were characterized by a wide range of analytical techniques (NMR 13C-DNP, IR microspectroscopy, XPS, ToF-SIMS, etc), changes in physical properties were followed and finally, solutions to limit the undesirable effects created by irradiation were investigated
Sagnier, Cathy. "Polyimide-amides - polycondensation avec les diisocyanates : microstructure - mécanismes de formation - mécanismes de dégradation thermo-oxydante." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10260.
Full textMorssli, Mohamed. "Etude spectroscopique de polymères biodégradables : suivi de la polymérisation des acides lactiques et glycolique, approche de la dégradation de polymères et copolymères de synthèse." Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON13505.
Full textPrulho, Romain. "Analyse multi-échelle de la dégradation de membranes polymères d'ultrafiltration au contact de l'hypochlorite de sodium." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00866935.
Full textVosgien, Lacombre Coralie. "Influence du taux de pigment sur la dégradation de revêtements polymères anticorrosion sous contraintes environnementales couplées." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS002/document.
Full textThis study focuses on the influence of titanium dioxide on the behavior of a model epoxy polymer resin. The considered systems are composites which contain titanium dioxide TiO2 as pigment and DGEBA-DAMP as epoxy resin. The studied amounts of titanium dioxide are 10 wt.% and 20 wt.%. Firstly, mechanical and thermal properties of totally cured free films are studied by DSC and DMA. The results of the composites are compared to those of the resin alone to better understand the impact of the titanium dioxide. Then, composite free films are immersed in pure water at different temperatures (30, 40, 50 and 60 °C) to investigate water uptake and diffusion coefficients by gravimetry. At each step of ageing, measurements of the properties are carried out to show the influence of water on our systems behaviors. Then, composites of epoxy resin and pigment are applied on steel panels and some samples are submitted to external mechanical stresses. These coatings are submitted to an environment of NaCl 3 wt.% saline solution and water uptake is followed by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Swelling of composites coatings is followed by SECM in a last step of this work. Finally, a comparison of the results of pure resin and of composite gives access to the impact of titanium dioxide on the durability of these systems. It is mainly due to the presence of internal stresses
Sidi, Ahmedou. "Etude de la dégradation radiolytique de polymères constitutifs de câbles contrôle/commande K1 en ambiance nucléaire." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22756/document.
Full textThis study is focused on the radiooxidative degradation of polymeric insulation of Instrument and Controle (I&C) electric cables. In order to investigate the degradation mechanisms of the insulation, an original approach has been implemented thanks to the use of model composites with ATH (Aluminium TriHydrate) filler and blends (without filler) based on a cross-linked mixture of EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) and EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer) were submitted to gamma-irradiation. This work has been completed within the goal of extending the lifetime operation of French Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) by EDF. Multi-scale analysis of the model materials and insulation were performed in order to investigate de modifications and the evolution of the polymer properties induced by different kinds of ageing (thermo and/or radiooxidation). After having highlighted that whatever the ageing conditions are, degradation of polymers is governed by scission process, it is shown that purely radiolytic processes play a key role in the overall degradation scenario. These studies based on correlation curves showed that physico-chemical properties of the polymer, such as the evaluation by InfraRed of the amount of the oxidation products formed, gel fraction and Oxidation Induction Time measurements are relevant indicators of ageing. The evolution of these properties during ageing is even, in the case of the insulation, earlier than the loss of mechanical properties, which may allow to anticipate a sudden loss of mechanical properties and therefore of the functionality of the cable insulation. More generally, these studies points out the needs of using the lowest dose rates possible and room temperature, as done in this work
Scanlan, Francis Patrick. "Etude de la dégradation thermique en milieu aqueux d'une résine échangeuse d'ions du type cationique forte." Metz, 1990. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1990/Scanlan.Francis_Patrick.SMZ901.pdf.
Full textMonin, Guillaume. "Stabilisation chimique des électrolytes polymères pour pile à combustible." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00728176.
Full textIrigoyen, Maylis. "Durabilité des revêtements organiques anticorrosion : caractérisation de la dégradation." Toulon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUL0013.
Full textBoutin, Olivier. "Analyse des processus primaires de dégradation thermochimique de la biomasse." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1999_BOUTIN_O.pdf.
Full textThe primary processes of thermal degradation of biomass are studied. A bibliographical research reveals the knowledge and the deficiencies on this subject. Fast pyrolysis of cellulose pellets are carried out in an image furnace and in a solar fumace. These original experimental deviees using a concentrated radiation deliver high and clean flux densities during controled irradiance times. Ali the products of the reaction are collected and analysed by liquid and gas phase chomatography. Mass and C, H and O balances are very good. The evolution of the products composition (liquid, volatile, gas and char) are examined as a function of the irradiance time and flux density. An intermediate liquid (at the reaction temperatures) species is observed. It is directly produced from cellulose partial depolymerisation. It mainly contains anhydrooligosacharides with degrees of polymerisation ranging from two to seven. The condensable products contain few compounds, unlike the bio ails usually obtained in fast pyrolysis. Gases are formed by secondary crakings of the vapors. Lt is possible to obtain only liquids and gases beyond a given flux density. The modeling of heat transfers (pellets and small particules) associated with the kinetics of decomposition is made. Ln most of the cases the agreement between theory and experiments is very good. The comparison between the results of this work and those usually obtained in classical fast pyrolysis is examined on the basis of the elementary processes of heat transfers
Mathel, Vincent. "Étude de la cristallisation du polyhydroxybutyrate." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8905.
Full textCerclier, Carole. "Films multicouches à base de polymères végétauxβ : élaboration et application à la détection d'activités enzymatiques." Nantes, 2010. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=19992f55-8948-4aa3-b33f-69e1bae3bb65.
Full textCellulose and xyloglucan represent a major network from plant cell wall. Theses molecules are linked by Van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds and we have used these interactions in order to elaborate nanometric multilayered films. According to their thickness and refractive index, nanometric films can present bright colours due to interference phenomena. Such films composed of cellulose nanocrystals and xyloglucan can be used as cellulases enzymatic activities detector. Hydrolytic enzyme action can actually be detected by film thickness decrease and results in a colour change. Growth mode has been studied for two kinds of film and the better conditions were chosen to obtain coloured films. Films internal structure has been investigated by neutron reflectometry on dry films and films in solution in order to evaluate the structures differences. Films hydrolysis kinetics has also been compared by QCM-D. Cellulases activities detection using nanometric films is faster and more sensitive than a colorimetric method usually used. We have also proved that this technique can be used for other enzyme/substrate systems
Isselmou, Mohamed Habib Mohamedou. "Applications des méthodes de l'analyse thermique à l'étude du vieillissement des polymères." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF22404/document.
Full textThis work focuses on the contribution of thermal analysis techniques to the multi-scale study and monitoring of the phenomena of thermal and photochemical aging of polymer materials.After a bibliographic study on the state of the art in this field, the thesis presented the results obtained during the application of the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to the study of the aging of these materials. First of all, this part focused on the crystallinity of Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA) and Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET). A correlation was established between the results obtained from the DSC and those obtained by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) with respect to the evolution of the crystallinity during aging of the polymer.Furthermore, our work focused on the follow-up of the thermo-optical properties by photo-DSC. This work was illustrated by the study of Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC).A final section of this work focuses on the DSC and ThermoGravimetric Analysis (TGA) monitoring of the diffusion of water in the polymer matrix during aging. Here, the technique known as Thermoporosimetry was chosen. The results were compared with those obtained by coupling ATG-DSC-Moisture. The type of products which are chosen in this part of study, were Polyisoprene (PI) and on PolyDiMethylSiloxane (PDMS)
Massey, Sylvain. "Étude de la dégradation de films polymères minces sur substrats métalliques soumis à des électrons de basses énergies." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25510/25510.pdf.
Full textLongieras, Antoine. "Mise au point d'un milieu solide inerte pour l'étude de la biodégradation des polymères dans le compost." Reims, 2005. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000336.pdf.
Full textThe purpose of our research was to set up a vermiculite based inert solid medium which allows us to enhance reproductibility of biodegradation tests in compost, to simulate degradation of materials in compost and to establish carbon balance. In a first step, wheat starch has been used as a model biodegradable polymer and we have shown that degradation of this product in an inert solid medium was similar to the degradation in compost. A carbon balance has been established with a satisfactory accuracy. In a second step, we have applied the method to the degradation of synthetic biodegradable polymer such as PLA of PHB. A carbon extraction protocol based on PLA hydrolysis in NaOH has been proposed and we have followed the evolution of the various terms of the PLA degradation carbon balance, Biomass, carbon dioxide, soluble by-products and remaining polymer. A different protocol has been proposed of PHB based on biomass oxidation but it still needs some improvement. This work constitutes a first approach in polymer inert solid media degradation tests and it highlights the fundamental steps which further work should be focused on
Péron, Jennifer. "Nouvelles membranes de polybenzimidazoles sulfonés pour application en pile à combustible : étude des mécanismes de dégradation des assemblages membrane-électrodes." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20108.
Full textHis work is related to the development of PEM fuel cells. The first part of the manuscript describes the preparation of new sulfonated polybenzimidazoles, allowing to obtain proton conducting membranes, using two different ways: direct sulfonation of the polymer backbone under mild conditions, introduction of a sulfonated monomer during polymer synthesis. Direct sulfonation lead to highly proton conducting polymers that can be used as polyelectrolyte in electrochemical devices like fuel cells. The second part describes the study that has been done to determine membrane-electrodes (MEA) degradation mechanisms during fuel cell operation. MEA characterisation during, and after, running at high potential allow us to evidence catalysts dissolution, and further migration, in the perfluorosulfonated ionomer. Pt(II) species present in the ionomer lead to radical formation and causes electrolyte degradation
Le, Moullec Sophie. "Développement de polymères à empreintes moléculaires pour l'extraction sélective de produits de dégradation de neurotoxiques organophosphorés de matrices complexes." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066462.
Full textMatar, Mohamad. "Exploration de nouvelles voies pour l'ignifugation des polymères." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0067/document.
Full textIn this study, we have tried to develop new formulations to improve the thermal stability and fire behavior of three polymer matrices widely used: the polyethylene (PE), the polystyrene (PS) and the polyamide 66 (PA 66). The intumescent system used consists to combine a classical flame retardants (ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaeryhthritol (PER)) with a small amount of nanooxides whose properties can be adjusted in order to improve the compatibility of the melting mixture, or to change the degradation mechanism by a chemical (catalytic effect) or physical (insulating layer, viscosity, etc …) process. The total amount of additives has been set at 25wt%. An important part of this study was consecrated to the synthesis of oxides with different morphologies, porosities, structures and functionalities. In this regard, the mesoporous silica has an advantage of having a high surface area (700-1400 m²/g) and a pore size compatible with the polymer chains. By adapting the synthesis conditions, we have aimed to correlate between some parameters related to the prepared silicas (such as (1) the specific surface area (2) particle size (3) pore size (4) morphology and (5) the type of structure (usually SBA-15)) on the thermal stability and fire behavior of different polymer matrices. A comprehensive study has been conducted globally, regardless of the matrix, that the improvements provided by the mesostructured silicas are modest compared to those elicited by classical FR. However, the fire behavior has been improved (particularly LOI) by combining APP/PER system with 1-2wt% of SBA-15. The surface modification of SBA-15 by grafting a different organic functions (CTAB, amine, thiol, phenol, phosphonate, benzoic acid and diphenylphosphate), inorganic species (aluminum, phosphoric acid and tungstophosphoric acid) or metals (copper, nickel) have been the subject of an advanced characterizations in order to assess the amount and the thermal stability of the grafted species, well as the nature of the surface bonds. Other types of synthetic nanooxides (aluminophosphates, zirconium phosphate and titanate nanotubes) or commercial (CeO2, ZrO2, CeZr and CePr) have been also studied. Most of these particles in combination with APP/PER system have shown a slightly positive effect on the thermal stability and fire behavior of polymers. In mechanistic terms, the nanooxides have mainly an effect on enhancing the barrier effect. The analyses carried out by Py/GC/MS showed that the grafted oxides by acidic species catalyze the conversion of alkenes and dienes (resulting from the decomposition of PE) to aromatics. In the presence of SBA-15, the analysis of char (by XRD and FTIR) shows the formation of new crystalline phases which enhance the protective layer
Grima, Sophie. "Biodégradation de matériaux polymères à usage agricole : étude et mise au point d'une nouvelle méthode de test, analyse des produits de dégradation et impact environnemental." Toulouse, INPT, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPT028G.
Full textBouhet, Jean-Charles. "Étude de l'impact de l'humidité et de l'alcalinité sur des armatures de polymères renforcés de fibres (PRF)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8054.
Full textAbstract : The FRP rebars technology remains relatively recent and suffers from a bad reputation in terms of durability which slows its acceptation among the professionals of the construction field. The aim of the work presented in this essay is to study the effects of moisture and alkalinity on the mechanical and thermo mechanical performances of FRP rebars. Nowadays, the progressions of FRP performances have been widely studied by different researchers but we still have few knowledge about the modes of degradation which lead to performance losses. The final goal of this work is to find investigation trails for the understanding of those degradation mechanisms which could possibly be taken over as part of a thesis work. The work is divided into two projects. The first one is the study of accelerated aging of glass fibers reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars, of different diameters, conditioned in a moist environment. The second one concerns the behavior of GFRP and basalt fibers reinforced polymer (BFRP) rebars, of same diameter, conditioned in an alkaline environment which simulates the interstitial solution of concrete.
Mouawia, Ali. "Elaboration d'un procédé écologique autorisant la dégradation contrôlée de polydiènes en vue du recyclage de déchets d'élastomères." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN2002.
Full textThis work is devoted to the development of an environmentally friendly method for the valuation of waste tire. This method is based on the degradation of tires natural rubber (NR) mainly composed of cis-1,4-polyisoprene (PI), to form telechelic polyisoprene, using the Ruthenium-catalyzed olefins metathesis reaction. The ionic liquid medium was chosen for this process to allow the easy recover of the product and to limit the toxic metal contamination of the product. The IL used in this study are cyphos 101 and [DOIM][Br]. The optimization of the reaction on the PI showed that cryogenic grinding is necessary and that the degradation could be controlled by the reaction time and the concentration of PI in the IL. Under these conditions, the catalytic ionic liquid phase could be reused up to 8 times in the degradation reaction of PI. This process allowed the synthesis of amino or acetate functionalized PI. Finally, this method was applied successfully to the degradation of waste tire
Belbella, Abdelàaziz. "Contribution à l'étude de la dégradation de vecteurs collodaux polymères constituéd de poly(DL-lactide) et de poly(DL-lactide-CO-glycolide." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA114815.
Full textViretto, Amandine. "Influence de la morphologie sur la dégradation thermique et le comportement au feu de formulations polymères complexes en vue d'applicationsen en câblerie." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20045.
Full textThe cable industry is a major consumer of industrial polymers. In this area, the standards impose to limit the fire risk and thus to enhance the fireproof of the polymeric materials which are important sources of fuel. Many studies have focused on their flame retardancy by using additive flame retardants, but few of them have studied the influence of the morphology of filled polymer blends on the thermal stability and the fire behavior. This thesis follows a previous project which demonstrated a significant influence of the morphology on the fire behavior of a binary polymer blend (PC / PBT). It aims to improve the understanding of this influence in the case of more complex formulations (ternary or quaternary) with ethylene methylacrylate (EMA) matrix. The first strategy was the identification of a flame retardant system including polyester that is able to char when a flame retardant is added. Once the system is identified (PBT + MDH), it was incorporated in EMA matrix by varying the composition and the morphology (selective dispersion, particle size ...). This approach showed significant differences between the different formulations and very interesting results have been obtained in terms of fire reaction at the laboratory scale. However, the scale-up approach (flame spread test) did not validate these formulations for cables applications. Therefore, the last part has been proposed to try to improve the cohesion of the residue by adding ammonium polyphosphate
Dorenge, Justine. "Etude du comportement d'additifs polymères épaississants dans les huiles moteur." Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA1012.
Full textThe reduction of car fuel consumption is one of the biggest concerns for oil companies. It involves the reduction of friction between moving parts through the formulation of lubricants.A lubricant is composed of base oil and several additives used to improve the properties of engine oils. Polymeric compounds are used to limit the decrease of viscosity with temperatures to efficiently protect the motor. This type of additives, called Viscosity Index Improver (VII), is based on the swelling of polymer chains with temperature. The most important parameter in the lubricant formulation is the viscosity and its dependance on temperature. The aim of the work was to study the influence of recently developed families of VII additives in different base oils in ordrer to select the most efficient type of polymer for engine lubricant uses, by understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible of the VII behavior. Various polyalkylmethacrylates were investigated to establishing the rheological properties of the solutions, namely as a function of temperature (dependence of intrinsic viscosity). For a given base oil, the efficiency of a VII varies with its chemical structure, its molecular weight and its concentration. Then, tribological properties were investigated using standard tests with the aim to obtain an overview of the lubricant's behavior under pressure. We also considered the degradation of this kind of polymers in a representative test in order to check the performance's durability. Degradation and tribological behaviors were rationalized in terms of volume occupied by polymer chains
Kebir, Nasreddine. "Elaboration de nouveaux polyuréthanes à partir de cis-1,4-oligoisoprènes hétérocarbonyltéléchéliques issus de la dégradation contrôlée du cis-1,4-polyisoprène de haute masse : étude de leurs propriétés mécaniques, thermiques et biocides." Le Mans, 2005. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2005/2005LEMA1010.pdf.
Full textPolyurethanes are widely used in industry. When they are based on hydroxytelechelic polydienes, they exhibit specific properties. However, microstructures and functionalities of their precursors are not well controlled leading to properties limitation. Recently, new researches in our laboratory have allowed development of an original pathway using selective scission of high molecular weight cis-1,4-polyisoprene leading to hydroxyltelechelic cis 1,4 polyisoprene with controlled microstructure. This derivative, considered as potential substitute of PBHT or of EPOL, was used in the synthesis of new polyurethanes possessing adaptive properties by using chemical modifications of the soft and/or the hard segments. A wide range of polyurethane properties including those of analogues based on commercial polydienes were obtained. Moreover, a bactericidal effect of some obtained ionic materials was evidenced
Poisbeau, Vianney. "Modélisation de la durabilité des PRFB et PRFV en béton humide basée sur la dégradation fibre/matrice." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10981.
Full textQiao, Bo. "Une approche du vieillissement électrique des isolants polymères par mesure d'électroluminescence et de cathodoluminescence." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30116/document.
Full textElectroluminescence (EL) of insulating polymers is a subject of great interest because it is associated with electrical ageing and could provide the signature of excited species under electric field. Electrical ageing and breakdown in insulating polymers is of fundamental interest to the researchers, the design engineers, the manufacturers and the customers of electrical apparatus. In this respect, Partial Discharge (PD) is a harmful process leading to ageing and failure of insulating polymers. However, with the development of the materials and apparatus, PDs can be weakened or avoided in some situations, e.g. extra high voltage cables, capacitors, etc. Therefore, there is urgent demand for understanding electrical degradation mechanisms under high electric field, which can be triggered by energetic charge carriers. In this work, Electroluminescence, EL, and cathodoluminescence, CL, excited under electron beam, along with other luminescence-family techniques are carried out for probing polyolefins and other insulating polymers. In order to uncover the excitons formation in Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE) thin films, the field dependence of EL and current under DC stress and field dependence of EL and phase-resolved EL under AC stress, are investigated. The EL spectra of both PP and PE have the same main peak at approximately 570 nm, pointing towards similar chemical structures and defects in both polyolefins, and same route to degradation. This main peak can be complemented by an emission at approximately 750 nm dominating at low field. Electrode effect on the EL of Polyethylene Naphthalte (PEN) was investigated to understand the origin of the red emission at 750 nm. Through field dependence of EL and phase-resolved EL of Au or ITO electrodes, we proved the red component is due to the nature of electrode, more precisely Surface Plasmons and/or interface states. Further thorough study was carried out on cathodoluminescence of insulating polymers. Thin films of PP, PE, along with Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN) and Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) were irradiated under electron beam up to 5 keV to be excited. We could reconstruct EL and CL spectra of both PE and PP using four elementary components: i.e. Fluorescence, Chemiluminescence, Recombination-induced Luminescence, and main component of the EL spectrum at 570 nm reported above and constituting an ageing marker. For the first time the nature of both EL and CL in polyolefins is uncovered, containing four basic components with different relative contributions. Identification of these spectral components is helpful to interpret the nature of light emission from polyolefins and other insulating polymers and to bridge the gap between space charge distribution and electrical ageing or breakdown. Through researches on EL and CL in several insulating polymers, i.e. polyolefins and a polyester, excitons formation and relaxation processes under electric stress and kinetic electrons are evidenced. More importantly, the spectral components analyses and reconstruction uncovers the nature of luminescence and its correlation to electrical ageing. In the future, luminescence measurement can be developed to be a standard method to probe and analyze insulating polymers
Martin, Anthony. "Polymères chiraux par polymérisation par étapes asymétrique organocatalysée." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14732/document.
Full textChiral polymers are used in many applications such as stationary phases for chiral HPLC and catalysts in asymetric synthesis. The synthesis of chiral polymers traditionally deals with metal catalysts-based methodologies and often involved sensitive substrates. On the other hand, only a limited number of publications has been reported through environmentally-friendly organocatalytic pathways.The goal of this Ph.D. studies was devoted to the design of new routes toward chiral polymers under organocatalysis. We chose polyaldolisations and anhydride desymmetrizations with alcohols as key reactions to obtain original polymers with a C-centered chirality in the main polymer chain
Madeleine-Perdrillat, Claire. "Approche expérimentale et théorique de la dégradation des polydiméthylsiloxanes." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00669536.
Full textBérubé, François. "Mécanisme de calcination sous air et de dégradation sous atmosphère inerte d'un copolymère à trois blocs dans un matériau mésostructuré de type SBA-15." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23633/23633.pdf.
Full textSchwach, Grégoire. "Etude des facteurs influençant la polymérisation et la dégradation du poly(DL-lactide) amorcé en présence de zinc ou d'octanoate d'étain." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON13506.
Full textCaron, Antoine. "Hydrogénolyse de polymères porteurs de groupements ester benzylique latéraux." Rouen, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ROUES012.
Full textZaton, Marta. "Study of the degradation of perfluorosulfonic acid fuel cell membranes and development of mitigation strategy." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20197.
Full textThis thesis describes the study the chemical degradation of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes used in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, in order to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to failure, and to propose strategies to mitigate this degradation. Studies of membrane chemical decomposition were performed on pristine Nafion and on cerium and manganese ion exchanged membranes. The effectiveness of Mn and Ce species as free radical scavengers was studied by using accelerated stress tests: in situ in a single fuel cell under open circuit voltage (OCV), and ex situ using Fenton's reagent. Membrane chemical degradation was assessed by the fluoride emission rate (FER). Significant reduction in FER was observed with Mn and Ce ion modified Nafion. These observations were related to the fuel cell performances losses and migration or elution of metal ions, as evaluated by SEM/EDX and HPLC, and to changes in the oxidation state of the metal species, determined by XPS. The results have been used to provide further guidance on materials strategies to mitigate membrane chemical degradation. A composite nanofibre CeOx/PFSA mat was prepared by electrospinning of a mixed dispersion of Nafion® ionomer with CeOx nanoparticles synthesised by flash combustion. The electrospinning technique allows fabrication of a homogenous material with well controlled thickness and highly dispersed CeOx. This mat was assembled with PFSA membranes by hot-pressing. These nanofibre mats are the means of siting the CeOx radical scavenger specifically in close proximity to one or other catalyst layer, rather than distributed throughout the membrane. The new membranes were further investigated by OCV hold testing in a fuel cell. The results show that MEAs integrating a non-modified PFSA membrane, or a PFSA membrane modified by an interlayer of nanofibre PFSA (no CeOx) only, demonstrate a marked drop in OCV with time, and high FER. In contrast an MEA comprising a CeOx nanofibre interlayer gives very stable open circuit voltage and low fluoride emission. Finally it was observed that the nanofibre – ceria interlayer is more effective when incorporated at the anode side. Post mortem analysis of the MEAs and analysis of exhaust water were combined to draw a picture of the overall degradation processes occurring in cerium oxide protected and non-modified MEAs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses of aged MEAs indicated a lower degree of degradation for CeOx protected membranes than for a non-modified PFSA membrane. These results are in agreement with OCV profile and fluoride emission rate. In conclusion this new approach to the strategy of incorporating of radical scavengers to mitigate membrane chemical degradation efficiently increases membrane durability, and allows location of the radical scavenger within the MEA at the sites potentially most exposed to radical attack
Mouandhoime, Zahahe Oulame. "Mise en place de nouveaux procédés de dégradation des lignines dans les liquides ioniques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA015/document.
Full textThe ability to use plant biomass in energy, paper industry or valorization in the field of biomaterials via biorefineries, requires the separation of the various copolymers by physical or chemical methods. For exemple, the classic methods used to extract the cellulose involve acido-basic reactions and cause modifications of the structure of lignins because of recondensation, dealkylation and dehydration reactions. The exploitation of lignins in the field of materials is limited by several factors as their low solubility in usual solvents, their high molecular weight and low number of free phenol fonctions. This project joins in a context of valuation of the industrial lignins by taking into account the specific chemical structure of every type of lignin. Its obvective consists in developing new strategies to cleave weak bonds on the propyl chain of phenylpropan units, then their fonctionnalization by optimizing the formation of enol ethers or their direct cleavage by avoiding the reactions of recondensation by using ionic liquids as reaction medium. A particular focus will be made on the possible fonctionnalization of enol ethers for a selective depolymerization of industrial lignins who contain a not insignificant rate. According to the structur of lignins, these methods should allow to obtain oligomers with low molecular weight, to increase also the phenolic fraction and improve the solubility of the transformed lignins as well as their antioxidant properties
Merlatti, Céline. "Etude de la dégradation de matrices organiques et des interfaces dans des systèmes de peinture : contribution à la maîtrise de leur durabilité en environnement humain." Toulon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUL0011.
Full textIn the French Navy, organic coating systems are used to protect ships from corrosion. The service life requirements for protection are a long-term durability of 15 years. Today, the protection is insufficiently durable to meet the requirements, involving important maintenance cost. Thus, coating weatherability testing must be carried out to predict coating failures. The goal of this work is to, first, evaluate whether artificial test is reliable and representative of weathering, secondly, define a new reliable artificial test and finally, understand and identify loss of protection controlling factor. Three anticorrosive systems are studied. Each system presents three layers: topcoat – basecoat – primer. The total width is comprised between 200 and 250 μm. All samples are exposed to four different standard artificial weathering tests: a neutral salt spray test (NSS ISO 9227) and three cycles (QUV ASTM G53, ASTM D5894 and ISO 20340. Besides, the same samples are exposed to a natural weathering during four years in three different locations: Bandol, (83, France) classified as a C3 site, Pipady (83, France) and Kure Beach (North Caroline, USA), classified as C5M sites. Both Kure Beach and Pipady permit to expose coatings to high intensity sunlight in a marine atmosphere. After ageing, the rate of chemical and physico-chemical changes in each layer is followed using different characterisation methods (FTIR Microscopy, Pyrolysis – GC/MS, Dynamical Mechanical Analysis, Vickers Microhardness and SEM). Substrate/primer interface properties are studied by destructive method (the corroded area measurement in the scribing area beneath the coating) and non –destructive methods (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Local EIS, surface potential measure). By comparing the kinds of chemical and physico-chemical changes in the different tests, it is possible to assess the validity of the accelerated tests. QUV ASTM G53, ASTM D5894 and ISO 20340 artificial cycles involve chemical processes which differ from those obtained after natural exposure. Here, the temperature is believed to be a key factor to explain such differences. On the bases of these results, a new cycle has been defined, more reliable. The variety of different weathering conditions permits to determine the more severe conditions in terms of degradation. Coating durability is not directly linked to physicochemical evolution that occurs in the coating. In fact, internal stresses developed during both temperature and moisture cycles control the coating performance
Vernaez, Oscar. "Evaluation of an oil-based self-degradable gel for oil production applications." Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU3020/document.
Full textIn this work, a solution of peroxide crosslinked styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) has been transformed to a self-degradable gel system by adding hydroperoxide as a degradation agent to the formulation. Dynamic rheometry was employed to calculate the relaxation time with a new method presented along with a full review of methods for calculation of the relaxation time spectrum from oscillatory rheometry. In-situ and ex-situ experiments were performed to evaluate the evolution of crosslinking and degradation reactions. Structural changes in the polymer network were visible within the relaxation time spectra. The degradation kinetics of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) in solution was studied in anaerobic conditions and the characterization was performed by multiangle light scattering coupled to size exclusion chromatography (SEC-MALS). Using population balance equations, it was possible to calculate the kinetic constants for thermal and thermooxidative degradation. Different formulations of these oil-based self-degradable gels have been evaluated as possible diverting agents during oil wells operations. The time dependent rheological behavior of the gels was measured to verify polymer crosslinking, maximum gel strength and gel degradation, all of which can be adjusted by varying formulation depending on operation needs. Single core tests were performed to evaluate pressure resistance as a function of gel strength and gel degradation. Parallel cores tests were also carried out to validate diversion efficiency and mobility restoration