Journal articles: 'Polymeric composites – Creep'

1

Hu, H.-W. "Master Curve of Creep in Polymeric Off-Axis Composite Laminates." Journal of Mechanics 22, no. 3 (2006): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1727719100000873.

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AbstractAn approach to establish a master curve for effective creep compliances of polymeric off-axis composites with various fiber orientations was presented. Carbon/epoxy composite IM7/977–3 was used to fabricate four types of off-axis specimens and then subjected to momentary creep tests after a period of initial aging. Creep compliance and elastic compliance were separated from the total compliance. Using one-parameter creep potential theory, creep compliances were transformed to effective creep compliances. After choosing a proper value for the one-parameter, all effective creep compliances with various off-axis fiber orientations were superposed into a master curve. This master curve enables us to obtain creep compliance with any off-axis fiber orientation by testing only one off-axis specimen.

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Upadhyay, P. C., and A. Mishra. "Parametric Modeling of Moisture Assisted Creep in Polymeric Composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 13, no. 12 (1994): 1056–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073168449401301201.

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Biswas, Bhabatosh, Biplab Hazra, Nillohit Mukherjee, and Arijit Sinha. "Nanomechanical behaviour of ZrO2 dispersed sisal-based polymeric composites." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 235, no. 8 (2021): 1841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14644207211016015.

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Alkali-treated sisal fibre-incorporated silanized ZrO2 dispersed unsaturated polyester composites were fabricated with a filler loading of 5, 15, 25, 35, 45 wt%, respectively. The mechanical characterization of the composites was suitably executed at the sub-micron scale using the nanoindentation technique. Various mechanical properties were derived from the standard nanoindentation measurements namely, nanohardness, reduced modulus, recovery index, residual depth, wear rate and indentation creep, respectively. A marked improvement in the mechanical properties of the unsaturated polyester matrix due to the incorporation of the fillers (sisal and/or ZrO2) was observed through indentation-derived parameters namely, nanohardness (∼186%), reduced modulus (∼175%), recovery index (∼62%), wear rate (∼63%) and indentation creep (∼33%), respectively. A simulated dynamic mechanical analysis was performed using the sinus mode of the nanoindentation technique. A similar enhancement in the dynamic mechanical properties of the matrix was further observed through dynamic mechanical analysis as storage modulus (∼71%), loss modulus (∼60%), loss factor (∼150%) and specific damping coefficient (∼200%), respectively.

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Monfared, Vahid, Mehdi Mondali, and Ali Abedian. "Steady-state creep analysis of polymer matrix composites using complex variable method." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, no. 10 (2013): 2182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212473391.

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A new analytical formulation is presented to study the steady-state creep in short fiber composites using complex variable method. In this new approach, both the fiber and matrix creep at low stresses and temperatures. To analyze the crept fiber, a plane stress model was used. Important novelties of the present analytical method are determination of displacement rates with proper boundary conditions in the crept fibers and also using the complex variable method in creep analyzing. It is noteworthy that the method can be useful to study the creep behavior in polymeric matrix composites due to their high capability of creep. Moreover, another significant application of the present method is to study on the creep or elastic behavior of carbon nanotube polymer composites. Finally, the results obtained from the present analytical method (complex variable method) show a good agreement with the existing experimental results.

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Rafiee, Roham, and Behzad Mazhari. "Modeling creep in polymeric composites: Developing a general integrated procedure." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 99 (August 2015): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2015.05.011.

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Monfared, Vahid, Hamid Reza Bakhsheshi-Rad, Seeram Ramakrishna, Mahmood Razzaghi, and Filippo Berto. "A Brief Review on Additive Manufacturing of Polymeric Composites and Nanocomposites." Micromachines 12, no. 6 (2021): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12060704.

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In this research article, a mini-review study is performed on the additive manufacturing (AM) of the polymeric matrix composites (PMCs) and nanocomposites. In this regard, some methods for manufacturing and important and applied results are briefly introduced and presented. AM of polymeric matrix composites and nanocomposites has attracted great attention and is emerging as it can make extensively customized parts with appreciably modified and improved mechanical properties compared to the unreinforced polymer materials. However, some matters must be addressed containing reduced bonding of reinforcement and matrix, the slip between reinforcement and matrix, lower creep strength, void configurations, high-speed crack propagation, obstruction because of filler inclusion, enhanced curing time, simulation and modeling, and the cost of manufacturing. In this review, some selected and significant results regarding AM or three-dimensional (3D) printing of polymeric matrix composites and nanocomposites are summarized and discuss. In addition, this article discusses the difficulties in preparing composite feedstock filaments and printing issues with nanocomposites and short and continuous fiber composites. It is discussed how to print various thermoplastic composites ranging from amorphous to crystalline polymers. In addition, the analytical and numerical models used for simulating AM, including the Fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing process and estimating the mechanical properties of printed parts, are explained in detail. Particle, fiber, and nanomaterial-reinforced polymer composites are highlighted for their performance. Finally, key limitations are identified in order to stimulate further 3D printing research in the future.

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Lin, Congmei, Jiahui Liu, Guansong He, et al. "Non-linear viscoelastic properties of TATB-based polymer bonded explosives modified by a neutral polymeric bonding agent." RSC Advances 5, no. 45 (2015): 35811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra05824d.

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Pereira, Ayrton Alef Castanheira, José Roberto Moraes d'Almeida, and Thiago Motta Linhares Castro. "Evaluation of Short-term Creep Behavior of PE-HD after Aging in Oil Derivatives." Polymers and Polymer Composites 26, no. 3 (2018): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111802600304.

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The creep behavior of a high density polyethylene (PE-HD) was evaluated before and after aging in contact with gasoline and diesel oil. Four viscoelastic models were used to assess changes in creep properties of the material: three parameters model, four parameters model, stretched Burgers model and Findley Law. Viscoelastic properties, stationary creep rate and compliance were used to analyze and compare the behavior between samples. A strain increase could be seen in aged samples in comparison with as-received ones, caused by plasticization due to aging effects. An increase in flexibility and decrease in stiffness in aged samples was also noted. This work also shows that the effects of aging on the creep response of a polymeric material can be analyzed using short term creep tests.

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9

Scott, David W., James S. Lai, and Abdul-Hamid Zureick. "Creep Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Polymeric Composites: A Review of the Technical Literature." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 14, no. 6 (1995): 588–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073168449501400603.

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10

Khalifah, Khalid Mohammed. "The Effect of Creep Rate on Polymeric Composites Reinforced by Nanoclays and their Comparison." International Journal of Nanoscience 20, no. 03 (2021): 2150027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x21500277.

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The aim of this study is to prepare composite nanomaterials and to improve some of their mechanical properties as a creep rate using nanoparticles that are prepared in the laboratory by ultrasound available using Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) and Polyethylene (HDPE) as matrix materials. Nanoclays are made of Bentonite-reinforced materials. This research studies the addition of nanoclays with thermos plastic polymers in weight fraction percentage (1%, 2%, 3% and 4%) and makes a comparison among them.

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Jafaripour, Mostafa, and Fathollah Taheri-Behrooz. "Creep behavior modeling of polymeric composites using Schapery model based on micro-macromechanical approaches." European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids 81 (May 2020): 103963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2020.103963.

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12

Morais Gautério, Jefferson, Leonardo Cofferri, Antonio Henrique Monteiro da Fonsec da Silva, and Felipe Tempel Stumpf. "Lifetime prediction of high-modulus polyethylene yarns subjected to creep using the Larson–Miller methodology." Polymers and Polymer Composites 27, no. 7 (2019): 400–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967391119847534.

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The aim of the present work is to apply the Larson–Miller technique for the study of the mechanical behavior under creep of high-modulus polyethylene (HMPE) fibers focused on use as in offshore mooring ropes. Creep is known to be a long-term phenomenon, so in most cases, reproducing such experiments in real time is not feasible, and as the life span of anchoring systems must be in the order of decades, accelerated tests are required to verify the long-term mechanical behavior of the material. The methodology using the Larson–Miller parameter is a well-documented and powerful technique for materials’ lifetime prediction, although seldom applied to polymeric materials. It involves in performing accelerated (high temperature and/or loads) creep tests to determine the parameters that are later used to estimate the rupture time of the material under constant load. It is concluded that the Larson–Miller technique is efficient for calculating the lifetime of HMPE subjected to creep.

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13

Al Jahwari, Farooq, and Hani E. Naguib. "Finite element creep prediction of polymeric voided composites with 3D statistical-based equivalent microstructure reconstruction." Composites Part B: Engineering 99 (August 2016): 416–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.06.042.

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14

Sun, Tongsheng, Cungui Yu, Wenchao Yang, Jianlin Zhong, and Qiang Xu. "Experimental and numerical research on the nonlinear creep response of polymeric composites under humid environments." Composite Structures 251 (November 2020): 112673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112673.

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Ashofteh, Roya Sadat, and Hadi Khoramishad. "Creep behavior of polymeric adhesive joints exposed to different environmental conditions." Polymer Composites 41, no. 8 (2020): 3218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.25613.

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16

Mosallam, Ayman S. "Structural Performance of Pultruded Composites under Elevated Temperatures." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 2223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.2223.

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One of the major limitations for wider use of pultruded fiber reinforced polymeric (PFRP) composites in the civil engineering sector has been their behavior under elevated temperature and ultimately fire. This limitation arises not only due to the reduction in mechanical properties at high temperatures, including increased propensity to creep, but also due to limitations on the continuous working temperature causing permanent damage to the material as a result of thermal and oxidative degradation. Significant gains in property retention at high temperatures with crystalline polymers have been derived from the incorporation of fibrous reinforcement, but the development of new polymer matrices is the key for further elevation of the useful temperature range. This paper presents summary results of a research project focused on characterizing the viscoelastic behavior of commercially-produced, off-the-shelf unidirectional PFRP materials subjected to elevated temperature environments.

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17

Gates, Thomas S., David R. Veazie, and L. C. Brinson. "Creep and Physical Aging in a Polymeric Composite: Comparison of Tension and Compression." Journal of Composite Materials 31, no. 24 (1997): 2478–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002199839703102404.

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18

Yang, Zengqin, Hui Wang, Xiaofei Ma, et al. "Flexural creep tests and long-term mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced polymeric composite tubes." Composite Structures 193 (June 2018): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.03.083.

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19

Song, Ruyue, Anastasia H. Muliana, and Anthony Palazotto. "An empirical approach to evaluate creep responses in polymers and polymeric composites and determination of design stresses." Composite Structures 148 (July 2016): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.03.041.

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20

Valentová, Soňa, Michal Šejnoha, and Jan Vorel. "COMPARING MORI-TANAKA METHOD AND FIRST-ORDER HOMOGENIZATION SCHEME IN THE VISCOELASTIC MODELING OF UNIDIRECTIONAL FIBROUS COMPOSITES." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 26 (March 17, 2020): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2020.26.0133.

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A comparative study of the viscous response of polymer matrix based fibrous composites predicted by the Mori-Tanaka method and finite element simulations based on the 1st order homogenization theory is presented. Aligned basalt and carbon fibers embedded into a polymeric matrix are considered to represent a quasi isotropic and transversely isotropic two-phase systems. While differences in the prediction of the macroscopic elastic response are attributed merely to the properties of the fiber phase, the viscoelastic behavior is largely affected by the selected homogenization method. A stiffer response predicted by the Mori-Tanaka method for both creep and relaxation tests is observed for both material systems and supports similar finding found in the literature. Thus suitable modifications of the original formulation of such two-point averaging schemes are needed for them to be applicable in the multi-scale modeling of generally anisotropic yarns in plane weave textile composites.

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21

Abdel-Tawab, K., and Y. J. Weitsman. "A Strain-Based Formulation for the Coupled Viscoelastic/Damage Behavior." Journal of Applied Mechanics 68, no. 2 (2000): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1348013.

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A strain-based thermodynamics framework is proposed for modeling the continuum damage behavior of viscoelastic materials. Damage is represented by an internal state variable in the form of a symmetric second rank tensor. The effect of damage on the constitutive behavior is introduced through direct coupling between the damage variable and the viscoelastic internal state variables. This approach accounts for time-dependent damage as well as damage-induced changes in material symmetry. Also, damage evolution is modeled by employing the concept of damage surfaces. This work is motivated by experimental observations of the response of swirl-mat and random chopped fiber mat polymeric composites where viscoelastic creep was accompanied by a multitude of fiber/matrix interfacial cracks.

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Nezbedova, Eva, Frantisek Krcma, Zdenek Majer, and Pavel Hutar. "Effect of particles size on mechanical properties of polypropylene particulate composites." International Journal of Structural Integrity 7, no. 5 (2016): 690–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-09-2015-0030.

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Purpose Polymeric particulate composites with thermoplastics, especially polypropylene (PP) matrix with mineral fillers, are of great practical importance due to their simple possibility of modifying mechanical properties and reducing the price/volume ratio of the resulting material. Both filler properties and interface properties have a great effect on the mechanical properties, primarily on stiffness and toughness, of the resulting composite material. Good final dispersion of the filler particles also plays a very important role. To reach the best adhesion and distribution of the particles, various procedures are carried out for activation of the particles. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate and discuss the effect of using plasma as a tool for treating commercially available CaCO3 nanoparticles in PP matrix. Design/methodology/approach The effect of the composite structure on its mechanical properties was studied from an experimental as well as a theoretical point of view. For an experimental study, four PP matrix were chosen. For use as filler, the commercially available precipitated surface-treated calcium carbonate was chosen. The composites were prepared with 5, 10, and 15 wt% of fillers. The sequence of expositions of plasma was chosen to verify the optimal treatment duration. The filler particles were characterized by several structure analytical methods. The composite mechanical properties were characterized by tensile, bending, impact, and creep tests. The deformation behavior of the three-phase composite with homogeneously distributed coated particles was numerically simulated on a microscopic scale. Findings The main conclusions of this work can be summarized as follows: with the use of plasma to the precipitated calcium carbonate, composites with well-dispersed particles can be prepared; the surface modification using plasma is done mainly by grafting –OH groups onto the particles’ surface; a synergetic effect of modifier enhancing the performance was observed; performance modifier increases the resistance against viscoelastic strain; and the size of the particles and their volume content generally lead to increase in the macro modulus of the composite. Originality/value Plasma, as a tool for treating the inorganic fillers, enables to destroy the agglomerates in composite, which is the basic way on how to optimally utilize the synergetic effect of composite with PP matrix.

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Ren, Zhongkan, Shakir Bin Mujib, and Gurpreet Singh. "High-Temperature Properties and Applications of Si-Based Polymer-Derived Ceramics: A Review." Materials 14, no. 3 (2021): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030614.

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Ceramics derived from organic polymer precursors, which have exceptional mechanical and chemical properties that are stable up to temperatures slightly below 2000 °C, are referred to as polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs). These molecularly designed amorphous ceramics have the same high mechanical and chemical properties as conventional powder-based ceramics, but they also demonstrate improved oxidation resistance and creep resistance and low pyrolysis temperature. Since the early 1970s, PDCs have attracted widespread attention due to their unique microstructures, and the benefits of polymeric precursors for advanced manufacturing techniques. Depending on various doping elements, molecular configurations, and microstructures, PDCs may also be beneficial for electrochemical applications at elevated temperatures that exceed the applicability of other materials. However, the microstructural evolution, or the conversion, segregation, and decomposition of amorphous nanodomain structures, decreases the reliability of PDC products at temperatures above 1400 °C. This review investigates structure-related properties of PDC products at elevated temperatures close to or higher than 1000 °C, including manufacturing production, and challenges of high-temperature PDCs. Analysis and future outlook of high-temperature structural and electrical applications, such as fibers, ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs), and sensors, within high-temperature regimes are also discussed.

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Hu, H. W. "Physical Aging in Long Term Creep of Polymeric Composite Laminates." Journal of Mechanics 23, no. 3 (2007): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1727719100001283.

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AbstractThis paper presents a complete approach to characterize physical aging in long term creep of composite laminates using short term creep test. Carbon/epoxy composite IM7/977−3 was use to make the coupon specimens of unidirectional fiber orientation and symmetrical laminates. Creep tests were conducted on the specimens to obtain momentary compliances at isothermal conditions. Physical aging in elastic and in creep compliances were modeled respectively. Momentary creep compliances in various aging times were shifted to superpose a reference curve by introducing shift factors for both relaxation time and shape factor of a power law model. Linear relations between shift factors and aging time in log-log scale were found and defined as shift rates. By using reference curve associated with the shift rates, momentary creep compliance in any given aging time can be predicted. By introducing a time dependent shift factor, momentary creep compliance can be modified and turned into an effective time model, which can successfully predict the long term creep of composite laminates at isothermal aging. This approach only requires the test data of momentary creep, and no material properties in each lamina are needed.

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25

Brechtl, Jamieson, Yuzhan Li, Kai Li, et al. "Structural, Thermal, and Mechanical Characterization of a Thermally Conductive Polymer Composite for Heat Exchanger Applications." Polymers 13, no. 12 (2021): 1970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121970.

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Polymer composites are being considered for numerous thermal applications because of their inherent benefits, such as light weight, corrosion resistance, and reduced cost. In this work, the microstructural, thermal, and mechanical properties of a 3D printed polymer composite with high thermal conductivity are examined using multiple characterization techniques. Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction reveal that the composite contains a polyphenylene sulfide matrix with graphitic fillers, which is responsible for the high thermal conductivity. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry determines that the glass transition and melting point of the composite are 87.6 °C and 285.6 °C, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that the composite is thermally stable up to ~400 °C. Creep tests are performed at different isotherms to evaluate the long-term performance of the composite. The creep result indicates that the composite can maintain mechanical integrity when used below its glass transition temperature. Nanoindentation tests reveal that modulus and hardness of the composite is not significantly influenced by heating or creep conditions. These findings indicate that the composite is potentially suitable for heat exchanger applications.

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26

Sherwani, S. F. K., E. S. Zainudin, S. M. Sapuan, Z. Leman, and K. Abdan. "Mechanical Properties of Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata Wurmb. Merr)/Glass Fiber-Reinforced Poly(lactic acid) Hybrid Composites for Potential Use in Motorcycle Components." Polymers 13, no. 18 (2021): 3061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183061.

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This research aims to determine the mechanical properties of sugar palm fiber (Arenga pinnata Wurmb. Merr) (SPF)/glass fiber (GF)-reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) hybrid composites for potential use in motorcycle components. The mechanical (hardness, compressive, impact, and creep) and flammability properties of SPF/GF/PLA hybrid composites were investigated and compared to commercially available motorcycle Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic components. The composites were initially prepared using a Brabender Plastograph, followed by a compression molding method. This study also illustrated the tensile and flexural stress–strain curves. The results revealed that alkaline-treated SPF/GF/PLA had the highest hardness and impact strength values of 88.6 HRS and 3.10 kJ/m2, respectively. According to the results, both alkaline and benzoyl chloride treatments may improve the mechanical properties of SPF/GF/PLA hybrid composites, and a short-term creep test revealed that the alkaline treated SPF/GF/PLA composite displayed the least creep deformation. The findings of the horizontal UL 94 testing indicated that the alkaline-treated SPF/GF/PLA hybrid composites had good flame resistance. However, alkaline-treated SPF/GF/PLA composites are more suitable materials for motorcycle components.

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Stelikov, N. E., and V. A. Lapitskii. "Creep of a polymeric composite with hollow spherical inclusions." Soviet Applied Mechanics 23, no. 11 (1987): 1087–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00887195.

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28

Stochioiu, Constantin, Horia-Miron Gheorghiu, and Flavia-Petruta-georgiana Artimon. "Visco-elastoplastic Characterization of a Flax-fiber Reinforced Biocomposite." Materiale Plastice 58, no. 1 (2021): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.21.1.5447.

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In the presented study, the load induced long-term behavior of a biocomposite material is analyzed. The studied material is a unidirectional flax fiber reinforced epoxy resin, material, whose quasi-static mechanical properties can compare with those of glass fiber composites. Samples with a fiber direction of 0� were subjected to two types of multi-level creep-recovery tests, one with a varying creep duration, and the other with a varying creep stress, with the purpose of discriminating the viscoplastic and viscoelastic behavior of the composite. Results show a significant viscous response in time, dependent on both creep duration and creep stress, up to 20% of the elastic one. Sample damage is absent, leading to the conclusion that the viscoplastic response is caused by the permanent reorganization of the fiber�s internal structure.

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Katouzian, Mostafa, and Sorin Vlase. "Creep Response of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite Using Homogenization Method." Polymers 13, no. 6 (2021): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060867.

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The homogenization theory, used for the study of differential equations with periodic coefficients, with a rapid variation, is used in the paper for the analysis of the creep phenomenon of composite materials, reinforced with fibers. Generally, a polymer composite having a matrix with a viscoelastic response manifests a creep behavior. A good knowledge of mechanical constants allows us to predict the time response under the action of a load, which is important in engineering. The homogenization method is used to determine the engineering constants for a composite reinforced with carbon fibers. The method is applied for the particular case of fiber-reinforced unidirectional composites to obtain the equations that finally offer the required values. The epoxy matrix Fibredux 6376C is reinforced with carbon fibers T800 and the thermoplastic specimens made by APC2 material is reinforced with carbon fibers of the type IM6. The experimental results give a good concordance with the theoretical predictions.

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Pramanick, A., and M. Sain. "Nonlinear Viscoelastic Creep Characterization of HDPE-Rice Husk Composites." Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, no. 6 (2005): 581–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300604.

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Rice husk based plastic composites are increasingly being used as deck-boards, railings and other load-bearing materials. Since this material typically contains 40% plastic, and plastics creep with respect to time when they carry load, creep is an important issue here. So the viscoelastic characterization of this material and the prediction of creep as a function time is of paramount importance for the material's long-term commercial success. Creep is a time related deformation but it can also be affected by the stress level and environmental conditions, such as time and temperature. In order to predict the creep of this composite, it is important to derive a relationship between deformation, time, temperature, relative humidity and stress. Nonlinearity can exist in the stress, temperature, and moisture related deformation. In this study, hollow extruded rice husk -HDPE beams were subjected to creep and recovery in flexural mode and the stress related nonlinear creep behaviour of the same was studied phenomenologically. Both linear and non-linear region constants were determined with modified models, and a predictive model was developed. These constants will be used to define, model and predict long-term creep deformation.

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Dacol, Vitor, Elsa Caetano, and João Correia. "A New Viscoelasticity Dynamic Fitting Method Applied for Polymeric and Polymer-Based Composite Materials." Materials 13, no. 22 (2020): 5213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225213.

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The accurate analysis of the behaviour of a polymeric composite structure, including the determination of its deformation over time and also the evaluation of its dynamic behaviour under service conditions, demands the characterisation of the viscoelastic properties of the constituent materials. Linear viscoelastic materials should be experimentally characterised under (i) constant static load and/or (ii) harmonic load. In the first load case, the viscoelastic behaviour is characterised through the creep compliance or the relaxation modulus. In the second load case, the viscoelastic behaviour is characterised by the complex modulus, E*, and the loss factor, η. In the present paper, a powerful and simple implementing technique is proposed for the processing and analysis of dynamic mechanical data. The idea is to obtain the dynamic moduli expressions from the Exponential-Power Law Method (EPL) of the creep compliance and the relaxation modulus functions, by applying the Carson and Laplace transform functions and their relationship to the Fourier transform, and the Theorem of Moivre. Reciprocally, once the complex moduli have been obtained from a dynamic test, it becomes advantageous to use mathematical interconversion techniques to obtain the time-domain function of the relaxation modulus, E(t), and the creep compliance, D(t). This paper demonstrates the advantages of the EPL method, namely its simplicity and straightforwardness in performing the desirable interconversion between quasi-static and dynamic behaviour of polymeric and polymer-composite materials. The EPL approximate interconversion scheme to convert the measured creep compliance to relaxation modulus is derived to obtain the complex moduli. Finally, the EPL Method is successfully assessed using experimental data from the literature.

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Zhang, Jingfa, Ahmed Koubaa, Dan Xing, et al. "Fire Retardancy, Water Absorption, and Viscoelasticity of Borated Wood—Polycarbonate Biocomposites." Polymers 13, no. 14 (2021): 2234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142234.

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Demand for high-performance biocomposites is increasing due to their ease of processing, low environmental impact, and in-service performance. This study investigated the effect of boric acid modification of wood flour on polycarbonate (PC) wood composites’ thermal stability, fire retardancy, water absorption, and creep behavior. The composites’ fire retardancy increased with increasing wood flour content, and their char residue increased by 102.3% compared to that of pure PC. However, the water absorption of the resulting composites increased due to the hydroxyl groups of the wood flour. Wood flour also improved the composites’ anti-creep properties. The excellent fire retardancy and anti-creep properties of wood–PC composites expand their use in the construction sector.

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Lee, B. L., B. H. Ku, D. S. Liu, and P. K. Hippo. "Fatigue of Cord—Rubber Composites: II. Strain-Based Failure Criteria." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 71, no. 5 (1998): 866–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538515.

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Abstract Fatigue failure mechanisms under low-frequency loading and their dependence on the strain properties were assessed for the rubber matrix composite of bias aircraft tire carcass reinforced by nylon cords as well as two model rubber composites reinforced by steel wire cables. Under cyclic tension at constant stress amplitude, these angle-plied, cord—rubber composite laminates exhibited localized damage in the form of cord—matrix debonding, matrix cracking, and delamination. The process of fatigue damage accumulation in the cord—rubber composite laminate was accompanied by a steady increase of cyclic strain (dynamic creep) and moderate temperature changes. The fatigue life was found to be linearly proportional to the inverse of the dynamic creep rate, i.e., the time required to increase cyclic strain by a unit amount. Regardless of the associated level of stress amplitude or fatigue life, the gross failure under low-frequency loading occurred when the total strain accumulation, i.e., cumulative creep strain, reached the static failure strain. The use of higher stress amplitude resulted in a decrease of fatigue life by simply shortening the time to reach the critical level of strain for gross failure. This observation indicates that the damage initiation and eventual structural failure of angle-plied, cord—rubber composite laminates are “ strain-controlled” processes. These critical strain properties appear to be controlled by the process of interfacial failure between the cord and matrix. Under static tension, the strain levels for cord—matrix debonding and gross failure of composite laminates showed no significant dependence on the level of carbon black loading of the matrix compound, despite the fact that carbon black loading strongly affected the modulus, strength and strain properties of the matrix. Also the number of debonding sites around the cut ends of cords increased at almost the same rate as the static strain increased regardless of the variation of matrix properties.

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Katouzian, Mostafa, Sorin Vlase, and Maria Luminița Scutaru. "A Mixed Iteration Method to Determine the Linear Material Parameters in the Study of Creep Behavior of the Composites." Polymers 13, no. 17 (2021): 2907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172907.

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This paper presents and applies a mixed iteration method to determine the nonlinear parameters of the material used to study a composite’s creep behavior. To describe the research framework, we made a synthetic presentation of the viscoelastic behavior of composite materials by applying classical models. Further, the presented method was based on a calculation algorithm and program, which was applied on several types of materials. In a consecutive procedure of experiments and calculations, we determined the material parameters of the studied materials. The method was further applied to two composite materials in which the nonlinearity factors at different temperatures were determined.

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Jain, Naman, Shubhan Ali, Vinay K. Singh, Komal Singh, Nitesh Bisht, and Sakshi Chauhan. "Creep and dynamic mechanical behavior of cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol reinforced with cotton fiber laminate composites." Journal of Polymer Engineering 39, no. 4 (2019): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2018-0286.

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AbstractThe objective of this investigation was to fabricate cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based laminate composites reinforced with biaxial cotton sheets. Cross-linking was done with sulfuric acid, to overcome the water solubility of PVA. A water uptake test was performed to evaluate the effect of cross-linking on the water absorption properties of the composites. Morphology, distribution and bonding between the matrix and reinforcement of the fabricated composites were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties such as the tensile strength (TS), modulus of elasticity and elongation of the fabricated composites material were evaluated. There was about a 56.25% increase in the TS of the cross-linked composite as compared to the neat PVA, and at 64 wt.% of cotton fiber, there was about a 56% increase in the TS as compared to the cross-linked PVA. The thermal degradation analysis of fabricated composites material was carried out by thermogravimetric analysis. The thermal stability increased with increase in cotton fiber wt.%. The viscoelastic properties of the fabricated composites material were determined by dynamic mechanical analysis. The effects of stress (4 MPa, 6 MPa and 8 MPa) and temperature (20°C and 40°C) on creep and recovery behavior of the laminated composites were studied.

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Tanks, Jonathon, Kimiyoshi Naito, and Hisai Ueda. "Characterization of the Static, Creep, and Fatigue Tensile Behavior of Basalt Fiber/Polypropylene Composite Rods for Passive Concrete Reinforcement." Polymers 13, no. 18 (2021): 3136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183136.

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Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are becoming more frequently adopted as so-called “corrosion-resistant” concrete reinforcement materials due to their excellent mechanical properties and formability. However, their long-term reliability must be thoroughly investigated in order to understand failure mechanisms and to develop service life models. This study is on the mechanical properties of a prototype basalt fiber-reinforced polypropylene (BFPP) rod under quasi-static and sustained loading. Static strength and modulus at elevated temperatures do not decrease significantly, but the variability in strength increases with temperature, as shown by a Weibull analysis. Creep behavior is typical of unidirectional FRP, where the creep rupture strength follows a power law. Fatigue at various stress ratios R reveals the sensitivity of composite strength to the matrix damage, which increases at lower values of R (i.e., higher stress amplitudes). These results are discussed in the context of service life and concrete structure design guidelines.

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Orlet, M. W., and C. E. Bakis. "Viscoelastic Characterization of High Fiber Content Filament Wound Polyurethane Matrix Composites." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 71, no. 5 (1998): 1042–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538509.

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Abstract Elastomeric matrix composites (EMCs) consisting of a polyurethane matrix unidirectionally reinforced with high volume fractions of high strength fibers have interesting and unique mechanical properties such as high strength and stiffness in the fiber direction and high ductility perpendicular to the fibers. The aim of this investigation is to explore the quasi-static mechanical properties of glass and carbon fiber EMCs in the direction transverse to the fibers and to measure and model the creep of the monolithic matrix material and the transverse creep of the glass EMC. In the quasi-static tests, glass and carbon EMCs followed a monotonic stress—strain curve that was essentially flat from approximately 1–2% to over 10% strain. The maximum stresses obtained in the quasi-static tests were approximately 3.5 and 7 MPa in the carbon and glass EMCs, respectively. The monolithic matrix and the glass EMC loaded transversely to the fibers both showed highly nonlinear creep behaviors. The former creep behavior was modeled successfully with a standard power law expression. The nonlinear creep behavior of the glass EMC cannot be modeled with a standard power law expression, possibly due to creep damage.

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Gupta, V., S. Roy, and L. R. Dharani. "Multi-Scale Modelling of Long-Term Mechanical Behaviour in Polymer Composite Laminates with Woven Fibre Architecture." Polymers and Polymer Composites 9, no. 5 (2001): 297–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110100900501.

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A comprehensive analytical model for predicting the long-term durability of polymers and polymer matrix composites should in general take into account polymer viscoelastic/viscoplastic creep, hygrothermal effects, and the effects of physical and chemical ageing on material response. These effects, in turn are influenced by a multitude of factors such as polymer morphology, service temperature, ambient relative humidity, internal moisture concentrations, stacking sequence, fibre volume fraction, fibre architecture, applied stress level, degree of damage and ageing time. The primary objective of this paper is to present a multi-scale modelling methodology to simulate the long-term interlaminar properties in polymer matrix woven composites and then predict the critical regions where failure is most likely to occur. A micro-mechanics approach towards modelling the out-of-plane viscoelastic behaviour of a five-harness satin woven-fibre cross-ply composite laminate is presented, taking into consideration the weave architecture and time-dependent effects. In-plane properties are assumed to be dominated by the carbon fibres and are hence deemed elastic. The classical lamination theory model proposed by Raju and Wang is adapted to include the in-plane elastic behaviour of woven fibre composites. For the matrixdominated out-of-plane response, a viscoelastic creep model is employed to model the resin, based on Schapery's nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive law. In addition, physical ageing of the matrix has been included in the model, using the effective time theory proposed by Struik. Furthermore, the effect of large deflections and rotations on the time dependent out-of-plane behaviour is also investigated using the micro-mechanics model. The homogenized in-plane and out-of-plane compliance obtained using the proposed micro-mechanics methodology could be applied within the framework of a structural finite element code to model the macro-scale long-term behaviour of a woven fabric composite structure.

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Zhang, Yixiang, Masahiko Miyauchi, and Steven Nutt. "Effects of thermal cycling on phenylethynyl-terminated PMDA-type asymmetric polyimide composites." High Performance Polymers 31, no. 7 (2018): 861–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318804046.

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The effects of thermal cycling on a polymerized monomeric reactant (PMR) type polyimide (TriA X) reinforced with carbon fibers were investigated. Composite specimens were subjected to 2000 thermal cycles between −54°C and 232°C. At 400-cycle intervals, laminates were inspected for microcracks, and glass transition temperature ( T g) and short-beam shear (SBS) strength were measured. The composites did not exhibit microcracks after thermal cycling, although after 2000 thermal cycles, mechanical properties of the matrix declined slightly. The matrix degradation decreased the resistance to microcracking upon further loading. No effects of thermal oxidative aging were observed from thermal cycling, and thermally driven fatigue and creep were identified as the primary and secondary factors inducing mechanical degradation of the matrix. T g of the composites exhibited no change after 2000 cycles, while the SBS strength decreased slightly (3–9%). The results highlight the potential for use of TriA X composites as long-term structural components in high-temperature service environments.

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Al Rashid, Ans, and Muammer Koҫ. "Creep and Recovery Behavior of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced 3DP Composites." Polymers 13, no. 10 (2021): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101644.

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The commercial availability of 3D printers for continuous fiber-reinforced 3D-printed (CFR3DP) composites has attracted researchers to evaluate the thermomechanical properties of these materials. The improvement of strength through chopped or continuous fiber reinforcements in polymers could provide remarkable results, and its exploration can provide broad applications in several industries. The evaluation of mechanical properties of these materials at elevated temperatures is vital for their utilization in severe operating conditions. This study provides insight into the effect of different fiber reinforcements (Kevlar, fiberglass, and high-strength high-temperature fiberglass) and temperatures on the creep and recovery behavior of CFR3DP Onyx composites. Experimental results were also compared with analytical models, i.e., Burger’s model and Weibull distribution function, for creep and recovery. Results from analytical models agreed well with experimental results for all the materials and temperatures. A significant drop in maximum and residual strains was observed due to the introduction of fibers. However, the creep resistance of all the materials was affected at higher temperatures. Minimum creep strain was observed for Onyx-FG at 120 °C; however, at the same temperature, the minimum residual strain was observed for Onyx-KF. Based on the analytical models and experimental results, the role of fiber reinforcements on the improvement of creep and recovery performance is also discussed.

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Duan, Xiaochang, Hongwei Yuan, Wei Tang, Jingjing He, and Xuefei Guan. "A Phenomenological Primary–Secondary–Tertiary Creep Model for Polymer-Bonded Composite Materials." Polymers 13, no. 14 (2021): 2353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142353.

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This study develops a unified phenomenological creep model for polymer-bonded composite materials, allowing for predicting the creep behavior in the three creep stages, namely the primary, the secondary, and the tertiary stages under sustained compressive stresses. Creep testing is performed using material specimens under several conditions with a temperature range of 20 °C–50 °C and a compressive stress range of 15 MPa–25 MPa. The testing data reveal that the strain rate–time response exhibits the transient, steady, and unstable stages under each of the testing conditions. A rational function-based creep rate equation is proposed to describe the full creep behavior under each of the testing conditions. By further correlating the resulting model parameters with temperature and stress and developing a Larson–Miller parameter-based rupture time prediction model, a unified phenomenological model is established. An independent validation dataset and third-party testing data are used to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed model. The performance of the proposed model is compared with that of an existing reference model. The verification and comparison results show that the model can describe all the three stages of the creep process, and the proposed model outperforms the reference model by yielding 28.5% smaller root mean squared errors on average.

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Lee, B. L., D. S. Liu, M. Chawla, and P. C. Ulrich. "Fatigue of Cord-Rubber Composites." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 67, no. 5 (1994): 761–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538708.

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Abstract Fatigue failure mechanisms and their dependence on cyclic loading frequency were assessed in the case of a nylon fiber-reinforced elastomer matrix composite representing the actual carcass of bias aircraft tires. Under uniaxial tension, the angle-plied composite specimens were subjected to a considerably large interply shear strain before failure. The composite specimens exhibited infinite fatigue life when stress amplitude was below a threshold level, i.e., fatigue endurance limit. Under cyclic stresses exceeding the endurance limit, localized damage in the form of fiber-matrix debonding and matrix cracking was formed and developed into the delamination eventually leading to gross failure of the composite. The process of damage accumulation was accompanied by a continuous increase of cyclic strain as well as temperature. Fatigue lifetime and the resistance to damage accumulation of aircraft tire carcass composite were strongly influenced by cyclic frequency. The use of higher frequency resulted in shorter fatigue lifetimes at a given stress amplitude and lower endurance limit. The extent of xdynamic creep at gross failure, which is defined as the increase of cyclic strain beyond initial elastic deformation, was roughly independent of stress amplitude under the frequency of 1 Hz, but decreased with higher stress amplitude when the frequency was raised to 10 Hz. Obviously a critical level of dynamic creep exists for gross failure of the composite and this level appears to be independent of the stress amplitude at low frequency. When the frequency is sufficiently high, heat generation due to hysteretic loss is expected to degrade the materials. In this situation, the critical level of dynamic creep for gross failure seems to be reduced by the loss of matrix flexibility as well as fiber-matrix bonding strength, with the degree of reduction becoming greater under higher stress amplitude.

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Harris, J. S., and E. J. Barbero. "Prediction of Creep Properties of Laminated Composites from Matrix Creep Data." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 17, no. 4 (1998): 361–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073168449801700404.

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Vanin, G. A., and Duc Dinh Nguyen. "Creep of orthogonally reinforced spherofibrous composites." Mechanics of Composite Materials 32, no. 6 (1996): 539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02280636.

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Asyraf, M. R. M., M. R. Ishak, S. M. Sapuan, et al. "Evaluation of Design and Simulation of Creep Test Rig for Full-Scale Crossarm Structure." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (April 30, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6980918.

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A simulated model was developed in order to design and simulate the mechanical properties of a cantilever beam creep testing rig for a full-scale size crossarm in transmission towers. Currently, the Malaysian power grid system is implementing several materials, such as Chengal wood, polymeric composite, and galvanised steel, as crossarm structures. However, there is a lack of study regarding the long-term mechanical behaviour of heavy structures in the literature. Hence, this article explains the design development of creep test rig for a full-scale crossarm structure using CATIA and mechanical simulation (deformation and safety factors) of the product via ANSYS. The test rig will be used to predict the creep life of the cantilever beam structure. In this study, a tall and large base area structure was designed and replicated from an actual tower to elevate the crossarm above the ground level. In order to select the best performance model, a baseline conceptual test rig was generated in CAD modelling, and the finite element analysis was carried out by using a static structural analysis in ANSYS. Four different bracing configurations were incorporated in the baseline model, and the modified structures were then analysed. The results show that the hybrid bracing configuration has enhanced the mechanical properties and safety factors in the baseline model.

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Liou, W. J., and C. I. Tseng. "Creep behavior of nylon-6 thermoplastic composites." Polymer Composites 18, no. 4 (1997): 492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.10301.

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Puskas, Judit E., Lucas M. Dos Santos, and Elizabeth Orlowski. "POLYISOBUTYLENE-BASED THERMOPLASTIC BIORUBBERS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 83, no. 3 (2010): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3525683.

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Abstract Linear triblock poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) (SIBS), the first representative of polyisobutylene (PIB)-based biomaterials, is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the Taxus® Drug Eluting stent. SIBS and the new generation of dendritic or arborescent D_SIBS are self-assembling thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), or “biorubbers.” D_SIBS has lower creep and improved fatigue life. We recently produced composites of novel D_PIB-based TPEs with carbon and silica. These composites had 2–10 times higher tensile strength than that of the neat polymer. The composite with 37.5 wt. % carbon black was nonconductive, demonstrating excellent filler dispersion. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analysis supported the formation of a nanocomposite with nanosized surface topology. The water contact angle of the biorubbers was significantly lower than that of silicone rubber. The carbon nanocomposite showed excellent biocompatibility in vivo, having thinner capsules than silicone after 180 days implantation into rabbits. Bone compatibility was also excellent. The improved biocompatibility was most likely due to a combination of hydrophilicity and surface nanotopology. Fundamental studies of the effect of surface properties of these biorubbers on biocompatibility are ongoing in our laboratory.

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Banik, K., J. Karger-Kocsis, and T. Abraham. "Flexural creep of all-polypropylene composites: Model analysis." Polymer Engineering & Science 48, no. 5 (2008): 941–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.21041.

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Chen, Chao-Hsun, and Yih-Cheng Chen. "The creep behavior of solid-filled rubber composites." Journal of Polymer Research 1, no. 1 (1994): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01378597.

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Xu, Zhaohua, Heng Li, and Ning Sun. "Rheological investigation of creep recovery for UHMWPE or carbon nanotubes in isotactic polypropylene matrix." e-Polymers 16, no. 2 (2016): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2015-0137.

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AbstractIsotactic polypropylene/ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene blends (iPP/UHMWPE) and iPP/carbon nanotubes composites (iPP/CNTs) were prepared by a coagulation method followed by compression molding. The percolation thresholds for melts of iPP/UHMWPE blends and iPP/CNTs composites determined by rheometer, were beyond 5.0 wt% and close to 4.0 wt%, respectively. The creep and creep-recovery behavior of iPP/UHMWPE and iPP/CNTs melts were systematically investigated by rheological measurements. The results indicated that UHMWPE and CNTs played similar roles in the material’s elastic recovery, the addition of 2.0 wt% UHMWPE or 0.2 wt% CNTs increased the elastic recovery about 10 fold in comparison with neat iPP.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymeric composites – Creep'

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