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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymerizable quaternary ammonium salts'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Okeke, Ugochukwu C., Chad R. Snyder, and Stanislav A. Frukhtbeyn. "Synthesis, Purification and Characterization of Polymerizable Multifunctional Quaternary Ammonium Compounds." Molecules 24, no. 8 (2019): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081464.

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Methacrylate analogs of quaternary ammonium salts functionalized with carboxylic (AMadh1 68.8% yield, AMadh2 53.2% yield) and methoxysilane (AMsil1 94.8% yield, AMsil2 36.0% yield) groups were synthesized via Menschutkin reaction. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H, 13C and 2D 1H-13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR), mass spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were utilized to validate structures and characterize thermal properties of the novel multifunctional quaterna

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2

De Luca, Giorgio, Roberta Amuso, Alberto Figoli, Raffaella Mancuso, Lucio Lucadamo, and Bartolo Gabriele. "Modeling of Structure-Property Relationships of Polymerizable Surfactants with Antimicrobial Activity." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (2018): 1972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101972.

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Polymerizable quaternary ammonium salts (PQASs) were synthesized in a previous work and some of them were used as surfactants in the antimicrobial coating of commercial membranes. Herein, the electrostatic charges, maximum length, and aspect ratio of these antibacterial surfactants were calculated with the aim of investigating the relationship between the properties, recognized to control the biocidal activity of these molecules, and the molecular structures. The effect of the water molecules was considered through a quantum and molecular mechanics approach. The correlation between the number

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3

Chen, Jun, Fanfei Min, Lingyun Liu, Chenliang Peng, and Fangqin Lu. "Hydrophobic aggregation of fine particles in high muddied coal slurry water." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 3 (2015): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.513.

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The hydrophobic aggregation of fine particles in high muddied coal slurry water in the presence of four quaternary ammonium salts of 1231(dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), 1431(tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), 1631(cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) and 1831(octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) was investigated through the measurement of contact angles, zeta potentials, aggregation observation, adsorption and sedimentation. The results show that quaternary ammonium salts can enhance the hydrophobicity and reduce the electronegativity of particle surface, and thus induce a strong

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4

Liu, Jun, Yuguo Zhuo, Qingshan Li, Wei Hong, and Guangzhong Xing. "Preparation and Characterization of P(AN-VAc-PMMT) Nanocomposites and Nanofibers." Journal of Spectroscopy 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/142691.

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P(AN-VAc-PMMT) nanocomposites were prepared usingin situemulsion polymerization and further confirmed by FTIR. A polymerizable quaternary ammonium ion monomer was used to modify montmorillonite. XRD testing showed that the quaternary ammonium ion was successfully intercalated into the montmorillonite chip layer. This is the first paper to discuss an investigation of P(AN-VAc-PMMT) nanofiber morphology using SEM. The fibers were prepared through electrospinning.

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5

Sun, Hong Juan, Tong Jiang Peng, Hai Feng Liu, and Jin Mei Sun. "XRD Study of Hydrophlogopite Intercalated with Alkyl Quaternary Ammonium Salt." Advanced Materials Research 178 (December 2010): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.178.330.

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Hydrophlogopite was modified with sodium and then organically intercalated with a series of alkyl quaternary ammonium salts. The organically intercalated samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and the effect of alkyl quaternary ammonium salt on the interlayer spacing of hydrophlogopite was discussed. The results showed that if the same alkyl quaternary ammonium salt was used to intercalate hydrophlogopite, the interlayer spacing of hydrophlogopite increased gradually with the rise of the added amount of quaternary ammonium salt, and that if different quaternary ammonium

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6

Zhang, Yu, Xixun Shen, Miaomiao Zhou, Wei Huang, and Qunjie Xu. "The effect of quaternary ammonium salts with different chain lengths on copper filling behavior in blind holes of printed circuit board." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 32, no. 12 (2022): 125004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ac9d46.

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Abstract The rapid and defect free blind hole copper super filling is the key technology to ensure the quality and development of printed circuit boards (PCBs). The linear quaternary ammonium compounds with a low molecular weight are expected to act as a potential suppressor for blind hole copper filling. Here, three quaternary ammonium salts with different molecular chain lengths (the dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, the cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and the stearyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) were selected to study the effects of the molecular chain length of quaternary ammonium sal

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7

Zeng, Qingle, Fuhai Li, and Xianjie Yin. "Transition metal-catalyzed construction of C-X bonds via cleavage of C-N bond of quaternary ammonium salts." AIMS Molecular Science 10, no. 3 (2023): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/molsci.2023011.

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<abstract> <p>Amines are abundant in natural product chemistry and are readily available chemical raw materials. The C-N bonds of amines are difficult to break due to the large C-N bond energy. In recent years, chemists have developed a variety of activation methods for amino groups of amines. Among these reported methods, to convert amines into quaternary ammonium salts is preferred, for quaternary ammonium salts are readily available and stable. In recent years, great progress has been achieved in the study of transition metal-catalyzed construction of various C-X bonds involving

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8

Mancuso, Raffaella, Roberta Amuso, Biagio Armentano, et al. "Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Polymerizable Acryloyloxyalkyltriethyl Ammonium Salts." ChemPlusChem 82, no. 10 (2017): 1235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplu.201700194.

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9

Mancuso, Raffaella, Roberta Amuso, Biagio Armentano, et al. "Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Polymerizable Acryloyloxyalkyltriethyl Ammonium Salts." ChemPlusChem 82, no. 10 (2017): 1233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplu.201700329.

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10

Winstead, Angela, Nicole Fleming, Krystal Hart, and Deveine Toney. "Microwave Synthesis of Quaternary Ammonium Salts." Molecules 13, no. 9 (2008): 2107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules13092107.

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11

UE, Makoto. "Chemical Capacitors and Quaternary Ammonium Salts." Electrochemistry 75, no. 8 (2007): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5796/electrochemistry.75.565.

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12

Abbott, Andrew P., Cherie S. M. Cheung, Gillian R. Lonergan, Pavel Koc̆ovský, Irena G. Stará, and Ivo Starý. "Electrochemistry of quaternary ammonium binaphthyl salts." Chemical Communications, no. 7 (1999): 641–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a900386j.

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13

Samakande, A., P. C. Hartmann, and R. D. Sanderson. "Synthesis and characterization of new cationic quaternary ammonium polymerizable surfactants." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 296, no. 1 (2006): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.09.005.

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14

Zheng, Zhuoqun, Tinghua Wu, and Xiaoping Zhou. "The synthesis of quaternary ammonium salts from ammonium salts and dialkyl carbonate." Chemical Communications, no. 17 (2006): 1864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b601343k.

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15

Barbosa, Renata, Dayanne Diniz Souza, Edcleide Maria Araújo, and Tomás Jefférson Alves de Mélo. "Systematic Characterization of Different Quaternary Ammonium Salts to be Used in Organoclays." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 1552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1552.

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Studies of degradation have verified that the decomposition of some quaternary ammonium salts can begin to be significant at the temperature of about 180 ° C and like most thermoplastics are processed at least around this temperature, the thermal stability of the salt in clay should always be considered. Some salts are more stable than others, being necessary to study the degradation mechanisms of each case. In this work, four quaternary ammonium salts were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG). The results of DSC and TG showed that the salts based

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16

Meng, Xiang Jian, Yue Zhi Cui, Cong De Qiao, Tian Duo Li, and Jing Xu. "Viscosity of Gelatin Solution Containing Cationic Crosslinker." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 1660–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1660.

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Gelatin, as an amphoteric polyelectrolyte, can combine with cationic or anionic organic compounds by ionic bond. In this work, two binary quaternary ammonium salts have been prepared from 1,2-ethanediamine and 1,4-butanediamine. The viscosity of aqueous gelatin solution containing these two organic salts is studied systematically, which verifies the occurrence of the crosslinking between the gelatin and the binary quaternary ammonium salts. This crosslinking improves the thermal stability of the dried gelatin.

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17

Zhang, Hongguang, Lijia Liu, Peng Hou, Hong Pan, and Shuang Fu. "Polyisocyanide Quaternary Ammonium Salts with Exceptionally Star-Shaped Structure for Enhanced Antibacterial Properties." Polymers 14, no. 9 (2022): 1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091737.

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The development of non-polluting and non-hazardous polymeric antimicrobial agents has become a hot issue in current research and development. Among them, polymer quaternary ammonium salts are thought to be one of the most promising materials for antibacterial efficacy. Here, we present an efficient strategy for synthesizing polyisocyanide quaternary ammonium salts (PQASs) with a novel star-shaped structure. Benefitting from the novel structure, increased cation density and enhanced water solubility, the prepared star polyisocyanide quaternary ammonium salts (S-PQASs) exhibit excellent antibact

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18

Zhang, Hongguang, Lijia Liu, Peng Hou, Hong Pan, and Shuang Fu. "Polyisocyanide Quaternary Ammonium Salts with Exceptionally Star-Shaped Structure for Enhanced Antibacterial Properties." Polymers 14, no. 9 (2022): 1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091737.

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The development of non-polluting and non-hazardous polymeric antimicrobial agents has become a hot issue in current research and development. Among them, polymer quaternary ammonium salts are thought to be one of the most promising materials for antibacterial efficacy. Here, we present an efficient strategy for synthesizing polyisocyanide quaternary ammonium salts (PQASs) with a novel star-shaped structure. Benefitting from the novel structure, increased cation density and enhanced water solubility, the prepared star polyisocyanide quaternary ammonium salts (S-PQASs) exhibit excellent antibact

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19

Valeeva, A. R., E. M. Gotlib, and E. S. Yamaleeva. "EPOXY ANTIFRICTION COATINGS FILLED WITH THE RICE HUSKS ASH TREATED WITH SURFACTANTS." Vektor nauki Tol'yattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 3 (2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2073-5073-2021-3-28-36.

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The use of epoxy antifriction coatings can significantly reduce thermal stress in the friction zone and expand the coating working temperature interval while keeping high wear resistance. The paper considers the effect of non-activated and activated by surfactants silicate filler – rice husk ash on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of epoxy materials applied as antifriction coatings. All studied samples of rice husk ash, both initial and activated with surfactants, have an alkaline surface nature. The study identified that all cationic quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) reduce the pH

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20

Valeeva, A. R., E. M. Gotlib, and E. S. Yamaleeva. "EPOXY ANTIFRICTION COATINGS FILLED WITH THE RICE HUSKS ASH TREATED WITH SURFACTANTS." Vektor nauki Tol'yattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 3 (2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2073-5073-2021-3-28-36.

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The use of epoxy antifriction coatings can significantly reduce thermal stress in the friction zone and expand the coating working temperature interval while keeping high wear resistance. The paper considers the effect of non-activated and activated by surfactants silicate filler – rice husk ash on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of epoxy materials applied as antifriction coatings. All studied samples of rice husk ash, both initial and activated with surfactants, have an alkaline surface nature. The study identified that all cationic quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) reduce the pH

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21

Qiu, Ting, Lu Zhang, and Xiao-Dong Xing. "Synthesis and antibacterial activities of novel polymerizable Gemini quaternary ammonium monomers." Designed Monomers and Polymers 17, no. 8 (2014): 726–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15685551.2014.918010.

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22

YOSHIMURA, Tomokazu. "Cationic Trimeric Surfactants with Quaternary Ammonium Salts." Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 85, no. 9 (2012): 370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai.85.370.

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23

TAKEZAWA, Tsuneo, Yuki YODA, Yusuke KOYAMA, and Yasukazu OHKATSU. "Hydrolase Models of Bis-Quaternary Ammonium Salts." Journal of Japan Oil Chemists' Society 48, no. 3 (1999): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos1996.48.227.

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24

OHTA, SHIN, MASAHIRO MAKINO, KATSUHIRO NAGAI, and HIROSHI ZENDA. "Fungicidal Activity of New Quaternary Ammonium Salts." Biocontrol Science 4, no. 1 (1999): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4265/bio.4.41.

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25

Zanota, Marie L., Christophe Dicharry, and Alain Graciaa. "Hydrate Plug Prevention by Quaternary Ammonium Salts." Energy & Fuels 19, no. 2 (2005): 584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef040064l.

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26

Kim, T. S., T. Hirao, and I. Ikeda. "Preparation ofbis-quaternary ammonium salts from epichlorohydrin." Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 73, no. 7 (1996): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02518000.

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27

Obłąk, Ewa, Agata Piecuch, Katarzyna Guz-Regner, and Ewa Dworniczek. "Antibacterial activity of gemini quaternary ammonium salts." FEMS Microbiology Letters 350, no. 2 (2013): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1574-6968.12331.

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28

Андреев, Владимир Петрович, Анна Владимировна Зачиняева, Павел Сергеевич Соболев, et al. "ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF ACETYLENE QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS." Proceedings of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 7 (November 24, 2022): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17076/eb1702.

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29

Obłąk, Ewa, Agata Piecuch, Anna Krasowska, and Jacek Łuczyński. "Antifungal activity of gemini quaternary ammonium salts." Microbiological Research 168, no. 10 (2013): 630–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2013.06.001.

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30

Kim, Tae-Seong, Toshikazu Hirao, and Isao Ikeda. "Preparation ofbis -quaternary ammonium salts from epichlorohydrin." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 73, no. 1 (1996): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02523450.

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31

Uno, Hitomi, and Takeshi Endo. "Quaternary ammonium salts for cationic polymerization initiator." Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 26, no. 11 (1988): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1988.140261101.

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32

SASSON, Y. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Quaternary Ammonium Salts." ChemInform 28, no. 42 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199742338.

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33

Willems, J., and J. Nys. "The Preparation of Some Quaternary Ammonium Salts." Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 66, no. 1 (2010): 502–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19570660140.

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34

Garcia, Edwin, Alan H. Cowley, and Allen J. Bard. "Quaternary ammonium amalgams as Zintl ion salts and their use in the synthesis of novel quaternary ammonium salts." Journal of the American Chemical Society 108, no. 19 (1986): 6082–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00279a090.

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35

Poláková, L., H. Beneš, P. Ecorchard, et al. "Nanocomposite preparation via in situ polymerization of quaternary ammonium salt ion-bonded to graphite platelets." RSC Advances 6, no. 1 (2016): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra22419e.

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36

Hussain, Haizatul Hafizah, and Hazlina Husin. "Review on Application of Quaternary Ammonium Salts for Gas Hydrate Inhibition." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (2020): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10031011.

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Gas hydrate solids occurrence is considered as one of the serious challenges in flow assurance as it affects the hydrocarbon production significantly, especially in deep water gas fields. The most cost-effective method to inhibit the formation of hydrate in pipelines is by injecting a hydrate inhibitor agent. Continuous studies have led to a comprehensive understanding on the use of low dosage hydrate inhibitors such as ionic liquid and quaternary ammonium salts which are also known as dual function gas hydrate inhibitors. This paper covers the latest types of quaternary ammonium salts (2020–2

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37

Guo, Jian Wei, Nian Yun Guan, Sa Liu, Chu Fen Yang, and Le Jie Zhu. "Synthesis and Characterizaion of Adamantane-Containing Quaternary Ammonium Salts." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.238.

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To develop the potential use of adamantane derivatives in surfactant field, the adamantyl residue was introduced into the quaternary ammonium salt. The method involved synthesizing N-(1-adamantyl)-N, N-dimethylamine from 1-adamantine and quaternizing with different alkylating agents. Eight adamantane-containing quaternary ammonium salts were prepared and their structures were identified by1H NMR and IR.

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38

Borisova, Yu G., Sh Sh Dzhumaev, R. M. Sultanova, G. Z. Raskil’dina, and S. S. Zlotskii. "Synthesis and anticorrosive activity of tert-amines containing cycloacetal or gem-dichlorocyclopropane fragments and quaternary ammonium salts on their basis." Fine Chemical Technologies 20, no. 3 (2025): 193–202. https://doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2025-20-3-193-202.

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Objectives. The work set out to synthesize tertiary amines comprising derivatives of morpholine and piperidine containing a 1,3-dioxolane or gem-dichlorocyclopropane fragment, as well as quaternary ammonium salts based on them. In order to determine the process conditions (duration and temperature of the reaction) under which the maximum possible yield of the target quaternary ammonium salts is achieved, the effect of the halide structure on the yield of tert-amines and their subsequent salts was evaluated. The study also aimed to establish the structural and spatial structure of the obtained

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39

Ancelin, Marie L., Michèle Calas, Anne Bonhoure, Serge Herbute, and Henri J. Vial. "In Vivo Antimalarial Activities of Mono- and Bis Quaternary Ammonium Salts Interfering with Plasmodium Phospholipid Metabolism." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 8 (2003): 2598–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.8.2598-2605.2003.

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ABSTRACT We previously showed that quaternary ammonium salts have potent antimalarial activities against the blood stage of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. In the present study, 13 compounds of this series were comparatively assessed in murine in vivo malarial models. Mice infected with Plasmodium berghei were successfully treated with 11 quaternary ammonium salts in a 4-day suppressive test with a once-daily intraperitoneal administration. The dose required to decrease parasitemia by 50% (ED50) ranged from 0.04 to 4.5 mg/kg of body weight. For six mono- and three bis-quaternary ammonium

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40

Szymaniak, Daria, Juliusz Pernak, Tomasz Rzemieniecki, et al. "Synthesis and characterization of bio-based quaternary ammonium salts with gibberellate or l-tryptophanate anion." Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly 151, no. 9 (2020): 1365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00706-020-02672-9.

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Abstract Numerous biologically active acids can be transformed into an ionic form in a facile way and combined with appropriate quaternary ammonium cation to improve their application properties or biological activity. This study describes the synthesis of new quaternary ammonium salts with anions of gibberellic acid, a common plant growth regulator from the gibberellin group, or l-tryptophan, an important precursor of auxin biosynthesis. The surface-active tetrapentylammonium ion and natural substances such as acetylcholine, choline, and quinine were the sources of cations. Novel salts of gib

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41

Wang, Quande, Huifeng He, Yarui Zhao, et al. "Preparation and Performance Evaluation of Small-Molecule Ammonium as a Shale Hydration Inhibitor." Minerals 14, no. 11 (2024): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14111117.

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In this paper, small-molecule quaternary ammonium salts were synthesized by N-alkylation to inhibit hydration swelling and hydration dispersion. The prepared small-molecule quaternary ammonium salt was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), particle size analysis and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and its performance as an inhibitor in clay was evaluated by an anti-swelling test and a linear swelling test. The results show that small-molecule quaternary ammonium salt (TEE-2) synthesized by triethanolamine and epichlorohydrin in e

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42

Della Sala, Giorgio, Rosaria Schettini, Marina Sicignano, Francesco De Riccardis, and Irene Izzo. "Macrocyclic Hosts in Asymmetric Phase-Transfer Catalyzed Reactions." Synthesis 50, no. 24 (2018): 4777–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610311.

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The introduction and development of neutral macrocyclic hosts capable of complexing ions within their pre-organized cavity, has been of utmost importance in supramolecular chemistry. Their ability to form stable organic-soluble metal–macrocycle complexes opened up the way to their application in phase-transfer catalysis (PTC) as a viable alternative to quaternary onium salts. In particular, their conformationally rigid preorganized backbone, accommodating organic substrates in defined orientations, promotes highly efficient stereoselective reactions. This short review summarizes the applicatio

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43

Stefańska, Justyna, Anna Pietruczuk-Padzik, Marta Struga, Maciej Borkowski, and Stefan Tyski. "Biological Evaluation of Quaternary bis Ammonium Salt and Cetylpyridinum Bromide Against S. epidermidis biofilm." Polish Journal of Microbiology 62, no. 4 (2013): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2013-049.

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Quaternary ammonium compounds are broad-spectrum bacteriocides widely used as antiseptics, disinfection and preservation agents. The aim of this study was to examine the activity of two quaternary ammonium salts, cetylpyridinum bromide and a newly synthesized quaternary bis ammonium salt, against S. epidermidis biofilm. The average values of killing efficiency for cetylpyridinum bromide ranged from 26.6% to 64.1% for all tested concentrations (0.125 to 8.0 microg x mL(-1)) and for quaternary bis ammonium salt the percentage of killing efficiency ranged from 59.7% to 88.4% for tested concentrat

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44

Coletta, F., G. Moro, and P. L. Nordio. "Mobility of alkyl chains in quaternary ammonium salts." Molecular Physics 61, no. 5 (1987): 1259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268978700101771.

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45

Salajková, Michaela, Lars A. Berglund, and Qi Zhou. "Hydrophobic cellulose nanocrystals modified with quaternary ammonium salts." Journal of Materials Chemistry 22, no. 37 (2012): 19798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm34355j.

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46

Lissel, Manfred, David Feldman, Malka Nir, and Mordecai Rabinovitz. "Bis-quaternary ammonium salts as phase transfer catalysts." Tetrahedron Letters 30, no. 13 (1989): 1683–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)99553-4.

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47

Kozak, M., and L. Domka. "Adsorption of the quaternary ammonium salts on montmorillonite." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 65, no. 2-3 (2004): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2003.09.015.

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48

Gupta, Om D., Paul Douglas Armstrong, and Jean'ne M. Shreeve. "Quaternary trialkyl(polyfluoroalkyl)ammonium salts including liquid iodides." Tetrahedron Letters 44, no. 52 (2003): 9367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.09.231.

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49

Boratyński, Przemysław J., Rafał Kowalczyk, Anna Kobylańska, and Julia Bąkowicz. "Tricyclic Quaternary Ammonium Salts Derived from Cinchona Alkaloids." Journal of Organic Chemistry 81, no. 24 (2016): 12489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.6b02348.

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50

Jiang, Yajie, Tao Geng, and Qiuxiao Li. "Synthesis of Quaternary Ammonium Salts with Novel Counterions." Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 15, no. 1 (2011): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11743-011-1289-9.

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