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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymerization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Chen, Mao, Honghong Gong, and Yu Gu. "Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization of Semifluorinated (Meth)acrylates." Synlett 29, no. 12 (2018): 1543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591974.

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Fluorinated polymers are important materials for applications in many areas. This article summarizes the development of controlled/living radical polymerization (CRP) of semifluorinated (meth)acrylates, and briefly introduces their reaction mechanisms. While the classical CRP such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMP) have promoted the preparation of semifluorinated polymers with tailor-designed architectures, recent development of photo-CRP has led to unpreceden

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2

Penczek, Stanislaw, Julia Pretula, and Stanislaw Slomkowski. "Ring-opening polymerization." Chemistry Teacher International 3, no. 2 (2021): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cti-2020-0028.

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Abstract Ring-opening polymerization is defined by IUPAC (Penczek, S., Moad, G. (2008). Glossary of the terms related to kinetics, thermodynamics, and mechanisms of polymerization. (IUPAC Recommendations 2008), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 80(10), 2163–2193) as (cit.) “Ring-opening polymerization (ROP): Polymerization in which a cyclic monomer yields a monomeric unit that is either acyclic or contains fewer rings than the cyclic monomer”. The large part of the resulting polymerizations is living/controlled; practically all belong to chain polymerizations. After the introduction, providing basic

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3

Cheah, Pohlee, Caitlin N. Bhikha, John H. O’Haver, and Adam E. Smith. "Effect of Oxygen and Initiator Solubility on Admicellar Polymerization of Styrene on Silica Surfaces." International Journal of Polymer Science 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6308603.

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Although admicellar polymerization has been termed the surface analog of emulsion polymerization, previous reports utilizing free radical-initiated admicellar polymerization relied on high levels of the free radical initiator when compared to emulsion polymerization, likely due to the presence of oxygen in the reported admicellar polymerization systems. Admicellar polymerizations of styrene on the surface of precipitated silica initiated by either a water-soluble or a water-insoluble initiator were studied to determine the effect of dissolved oxygen and free radical initiator solubility on the

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4

Prescott, S. W., M. J. Ballard, E. Rizzardo, and R. G. Gilbert. "RAFT in Emulsion Polymerization: What Makes it Different?" Australian Journal of Chemistry 55, no. 7 (2002): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch02073.

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Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization techniques have been the focus of a great deal of recent work, particularly in their application to emulsion polymerization, which is the method of choice for implementing most free-radical polymerizations on an industrial scale. RAFT/emulsion polymerizations have considerable technical potential: to 'tailor-make' material properties, to eliminate added surfactant from surface coatings, and so on. However, considerable difficulties have been experienced in using RAFT in emulsion polymerization systems. Here, progress in the

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5

Lowe, A. B., and C. L. McCormick. "Homogeneous Controlled Free Radical Polymerization in Aqueous Media." Australian Journal of Chemistry 55, no. 7 (2002): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch02053.

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The ability to conduct controlled radical polymerizations (CRP) in homogeneous aqueous media is discussed. Three main techniques, namely stable free radical polymerization (SFRP), with an emphasis on nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) are examined. No examples exist of homogeneous aqueous NMP polymerization, but mixed water/solvent systems are discussed with specific reference to the NMP of sodium 4-styrenesulfonate. Aqueous ATRP is possible, although monomer choice is l

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6

HU, ZHIGANG, and DAN ZHAO. "POLYMERIZATION WITHIN CONFINED NANOCHANNELS OF POROUS METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS." Journal of Molecular and Engineering Materials 01, no. 02 (2013): 1330001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251237313300015.

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Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been increasingly investigated as templates for precise control of polymerization. Polymerizations within confined nanochannels of porous MOFs have shown unique confinement and alignment effect on polymer chain structures and thus are promising ways to achieve well-defined polymers. Herein, this review will focus on illustrating the recent progress of polymerization within confined nanochannels of MOFs, including radical polymerization, coordination polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, catalytic polymerization, etc. It will demonstrate how the heter

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7

Zhang, Xiaoqian, Wenli Guo, Yibo Wu, et al. "Cationic polymerization of p-methylstyrene in selected ionic liquids and polymerization mechanism." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 32 (2016): 5099–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py00796a.

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8

Wang, Qiao, Jin Liang Li, Ai Ping Fu, and Hong Liang Li. "Effect Factors on the Preparation of Polystyrene Microspheres by Emulsifier-Free Emulsion Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.304.

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Emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization is a technique derived from conventional emulsion polymerization in which polymerization is carried out in the absence of emulsifiers. This technique is useful for the preparation of polymer colloids with narrow particle size distributions and well defined surface properties. Emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization eliminates the disadvantages of conventional emulsion polymerizations stemming from the use of emulsifiers, e.g. impurities in products caused by residual emulsifier and poor water-resistance of films induced by polymer latex.

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9

Jenkins, Aubrey D., Richard G. Jones, and Graeme Moad. "Terminology for reversible-deactivation radical polymerization previously called "controlled" radical or "living" radical polymerization (IUPAC Recommendations 2010)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 82, no. 2 (2009): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-rep-08-04-03.

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This document defines terms related to modern methods of radical polymerization, in which certain additives react reversibly with the radicals, thus enabling the reactions to take on much of the character of living polymerizations, even though some termination inevitably takes place. In recent technical literature, these reactions have often been loosely referred to as, inter alia, "controlled", "controlled/living", or "living" polymerizations. The use of these terms is discouraged. The use of "controlled" is permitted as long as the type of control is defined at its first occurrence, but the

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10

Xie, Linghai, Rong Tong, Quanyou Feng, and Yongliang Zhong. "Recent Advances in Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides." Synlett 28, no. 15 (2017): 1857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1590841.

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Poly(α-hydroxy acids) are important biodegradable polymers with wide applications. Recently O-carboxyanhydrides (OCAs) have emerged as promising monomer equivalents of lactides to synthesize poly(α-hydroxy acids). We will highlight recent advances in controlled ring-opening polymerization of OCAs catalyzed by organocatalysts, enzymes, or organometallic complexes.1 Introduction2 Organocatalysts for O-Carboxyanhydride Polymerization2.1 Synthesis of O-Carboxyanhydride Monomers2.2 Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Catalyzed by 4-Dimethylaminopyridine2.3 Epimerization in the Ring-O

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11

Wen, Shao Guo, Shi Gao Song, Hong Bo Liu, Ji Hu Wang, Qian Xu, and Yan Shen. "Application of a Novel Initiator on Acrylic Emulsion Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 1415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1415.

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New initiator of FFM6 is used to initiate the acrylic emulsion polymerization. The influences of concentration of FFM6 (c[I]) and polymerization temperature (T) on polymerization reaction rate (Rp) were discussed. Rp is proportional to (c[I])1.4 which is different with classical emulsion polymerization whose Rp is proportion to (c[I])0.4, that indicate polymerization mechanism of the reaction in the study is different with classical mechanism. The value of Ea, 56.4 kJ/mol, is lower than the value of general radical polymerization’s Ea (80.0-96.0 kJ/mol), which indicates the FFM6 can initiate a

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12

Zhang, Jie, Zhiming Zhang, Fulin Yang, Haoke Zhang, Jingzhi Sun, and Benzhong Tang. "Metal-Free Catalysts for the Polymerization of Alkynyl-Based Monomers." Catalysts 11, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11010001.

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Novel polymerizations based on alkyne monomers are becoming a powerful tool to construct polymers with unique structures and advanced functions in the areas of polymer and material sciences, and scientists have been attracted to develop a variety of novel polymerizations in recent decades. Therein, catalytic systems play an indispensable role in the influence of polymerization efficiencies and the performances of the resultant polymers. Concerning the shortcomings of metallic catalysts, much of the recent research focus has been on metal-free polymerization systems. In this paper, metal-free c

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13

Brandl, Florian, Marco Drache, and Sabine Beuermann. "Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation Based Detailed Understanding of the Transfer Processes in Semi-Batch Iodine Transfer Emulsion Polymerizations of Vinylidene Fluoride." Polymers 10, no. 9 (2018): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10091008.

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Semi-batch emulsion polymerizations of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) are reported. The molar mass control is achieved via iodine transfer polymerization (ITP) using IC4F8I as chain transfer agent. Polymerizations carried out at 75 °C and pressures ranging from 10 to 30 bar result in low dispersity polymers with respect to the molar mass distribution (MMD). At higher pressures a significant deviation from the ideal behavior expected for a reversible deactivation transfer polymerization occurs. As identified by kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations of the activation–deactivation equilibrium, during

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14

Goto, Atsushi, Koji Nagasawa, Ayaka Shinjo, Yoshinobu Tsujii, and Takeshi Fukuda. "Reversible Chain Transfer Catalyzed Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate with In-Situ Formed Alkyl Iodide Initiator." Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, no. 11 (2009): 1492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch09229.

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A method utilizing generation of an alkyl iodide (low-mass dormant species) in situ formed in polymerization was adopted to reversible chain transfer catalyzed polymerizations (RTCP) (living radical polymerizations) with several nitrogen and phosphorus catalysts. The polymerization of methyl methacrylate afforded low-polydispersity polymers (Mw/Mn ~1.2–1.4), with Mn values predicted to high conversions; where Mn and Mw are the number- and weight-average molecular weights respectively. This method is robust and would enhance the utility of RTCP.

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15

Park, Sora, and Jeung Gon Kim. "Mechanochemical synthesis of poly(trimethylene carbonate)s: an example of rate acceleration." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 15 (April 23, 2019): 963–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.15.93.

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Mechanochemical polymerization is a rapidly growing area and a number of polymeric materials can now be obtained through green mechanochemical synthesis. In addition to the general merits of mechanochemistry, such as being solvent-free and resulting in high conversions, we herein explore rate acceleration under ball-milling conditions while the conventional solution-state synthesis suffer from low reactivity. The solvent-free mechanochemical polymerization of trimethylene carbonate using the organocatalysts 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD)

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16

Ma, Jiashu, Jiahao Li, Bingbing Yang, et al. "A Simple Stochastic Reaction Model for Heterogeneous Polymerizations." Polymers 14, no. 16 (2022): 3269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14163269.

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The stochastic reaction model (SRM) treats polymerization as a pure probability‐based issue, which is widely applied to simulate various polymerization processes. However, in many studies, active centers were assumed to react with the same probability, which cannot reflect the heterogeneous reaction microenvironment in heterogeneous polymerizations. Recently, we have proposed a simple SRM, in which the reaction probability of an active center is directly determined by the local reaction microenvironment. In this paper, we compared this simple SRM with other SRMs by examining living polymerizat

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17

Dumur, Frédéric. "Recent Advances on Visible Light Metal-Based Photocatalysts for Polymerization under Low Light Intensity." Catalysts 9, no. 9 (2019): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9090736.

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In recent years, polymerization processes activated by light have attracted a great deal of interest due to the wide range of applications in which this polymerization technique is involved. Parallel to the traditional industrial applications ranging from inks, adhesives, and coatings, the development of high-tech applications such as nanotechnology and 3D-printing have given a revival of interest to this polymerization technique known for decades. To initiate a photochemical polymerization, the key element is the molecule capable to interact with light, i.e., the photoinitiator and more gener

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18

Quirk, Roderic P., and Jungahn Kim. "Recent Advances in Thermoplastic Elastomer Synthesis." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 64, no. 3 (1991): 450–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538563.

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Abstract A variety of living polymerization systems are now available for the controlled synthesis of block copolymers. Although living anionic polymerization remains as the method of choice for the most precise structural control, living polymerizations proceeding via other mechanistic types provide extremely useful extensions of this methodology to a wider variety of monomers.

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19

Mohammadi Hafshejani, Tahereh, Xiaoyang Zhong, John Kim, Bahar Dadfar, and Joerg Lahann. "Chemical and Topological Control of Surfaces Using Functional Parylene Coatings." Organic Materials 5, no. 02 (2023): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1761309.

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Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization is a prevalent technique for fabricating conformal, defect-free, and systematically adjustable organic thin films. CVD is particularly beneficial for barrier coatings due to its ability to eliminate solvent-related environmental, health, and safety risk factors and provide a wide spectrum of post-polymerization modification strategies. This review discusses poly-p-xylylene and its functional derivatives. CVD polymerization of [2.2]paracyclophane precursors has undergone a recent renaissance due to advancements in chemical and morphological surface

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20

Zhang, Jinghan, Yibo Wu, Kaixuan Chen, et al. "Characteristics and Mechanism of Vinyl Ether Cationic Polymerization in Aqueous Media Initiated by Alcohol/B(C6F5)3/Et2O." Polymers 11, no. 3 (2019): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030500.

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Aqueous cationic polymerizations of vinyl ethers (isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE), 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (CEVE), and n-butyl vinyl ether (n-BVE)) were performed for the first time by a CumOH/B(C6F5)3/Et2O initiating system in an air atmosphere. The polymerization proceeded in a reproducible manner through the careful design of experimental conditions (adding initiator, co-solvents, and surfactant or decreasing the reaction temperature), and the polymerization characteristics were systematically tested and compared in the suspension and emulsion. The significant difference with traditional cati

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21

Save, Maud, Yohann Guillaneuf, and Robert G. Gilbert. "Controlled Radical Polymerization in Aqueous Dispersed Media." Australian Journal of Chemistry 59, no. 10 (2006): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch06308.

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Controlled radical polymerization (CRP), sometimes also termed ‘living’ radical polymerization, offers the potential to create a wide range of polymer architectures, and its implementation in aqueous dispersed media (e.g. emulsion polymerization, used on a vast scale industrially) opens the way to large-scale manufacture of products based on this technique. Until recently, implementing CRP in aqueous dispersed media was plagued with problems such as loss of ‘living’ character and loss of colloidal stability. This review examines the basic mechanistic processes in free-radical polymerization in

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22

Li, Hua-Rong, Liming Che, and Zheng-Hong Luo. "Modeling intraparticle transports during propylene polymerizations using supported metallocene and dual function metallocene as catalysts: Single particle model." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 20, no. 2 (2014): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq120722006l.

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Two improved multigrain models (MGMs) for preparing homopolypropylene and long chain branched polypropylene via propylene polymerization using silica-supported metallocene or dual function metallocene as catalysts are presented in this paper. The presented models are used to predict the intraparticle flow fields involved in the polymerizations. The simulation results show that the flow field distributions involve dare basically identical. The results also show that both the two polymerization processes have an initiation stage and the controlling step for them is reaction-diffusion-reaction wi

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23

Harrisson, Simon. "The Chain Length Distribution of an Ideal Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization." Polymers 10, no. 8 (2018): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10080887.

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The chain length distribution (CLD) of a reversible deactivation radical polymerization at full conversion is shown to be a negative binomial distribution with parameters that are simple functions of the number-average degree of polymerization and either the chain transfer constant (in the case of polymerizations that incorporate a reversible chain transfer step) or the concentrations of dormant polymer chains and deactivating agent and the rate constants of propagation and deactivation (other types of RDRP). Expressions for the CLD at intermediate conversions are also derived, and shown to be

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24

Theis, Alexander, Martina H. Stenzel, Thomas P. Davis, Michelle L. Coote, and Christopher Barner-Kowollik. "A Synthetic Approach to a Novel Class of Fluorine-Bearing Reversible Addition - Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Agents: F-RAFT." Australian Journal of Chemistry 58, no. 6 (2005): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch05069.

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A synthetic route is described to a novel class of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents bearing a fluorine Z-group. Such F-RAFT agents are theoretically predicted to allow living free radical polymerization of various monomers without affecting the rate of polymerization, and should also facilitate the construction of block copolymers from monomers with disparate reactivity. The class of F-RAFT agents is exemplified by the example of benzyl fluoro dithioformate (BFDF) in styrene free-radical polymerizations and the process is shown to induce living polymerization.

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Wood, Murray R., David J. Duncalf, Paul Findlay, Steven P. Rannard, and Sébastien Perrier. "Investigation of the Experimental Factors Affecting the Trithiocarbonate-Mediated RAFT Polymerization of Methyl Acrylate." Australian Journal of Chemistry 60, no. 10 (2007): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch07171.

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The reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of acrylates, using methyl acrylate (MA) as a monomer model, mediated by a trithiocarbonate was tested under several conditions where the experimental parameters were systematically altered. The most significant parameter in controlling the rate and control of the polymerization was found to be the ratio of chain transfer agent (CTA) to initiator. Decreasing this ratio increased the rate of polymerization and had little noticeable effect on the control over molecular weight distribution. A ratio of CTA to initiator of unity wa

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Banetta, Luca, Giuseppe Storti, George Hoggard, Gareth Simpson, and Alessio Zaccone. "Predictive model of polymer reaction kinetics and coagulation behavior in seeded emulsion co- and ter-polymerizations." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 41 (2020): 6599–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py01138j.

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27

Capek, I. "On the inverse miniemulsion copolymerization and terpolymerization of acrylamide, N, N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) and methacrylic acid." Open Chemistry 1, no. 3 (2003): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bf02476230.

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AbstractThe kinetics of free-radical copolymerization and terpolymerization of acrylamide (AAm), N, N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBA) and methacrylic acid (MA) in the inverse water/monomer/cyclohexane/Tween 85 miniemulsion was investigated. Polymerizable sterically-stable miniemulsions were formulated in cyclohexane as a continuous medium. Polymerizations are very fast and reach the final conversion within several minutes. The dependence of the polymerization rate vs. conversion is described by a curve with two nonstationary rate intervals. The maximum rate of polymerization slightly increases

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Zhao, Yanan, Zhenli Zhang, and Yi Luo. "DFT Modeling of Coordination Polymerization of Polar Olefin Monomers by Molecular Metal Complexes." Inorganics 12, no. 9 (2024): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090233.

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Introducing polar functional groups into polyolefin chains through polar olefin monomer coordination (co)polymerization can directly and significantly improve the surface properties of polymer materials and expand their application range. Therefore, the related research has always received considerable attention from both academia and industry. Many experimental studies have been reported in this field, and molecular metal complexes have shown high catalytic activity and selectivity in polar olefin monomer polymerizations. Although considerable DFT calculations have also been conducted for bet

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Kajiwara, Atsushi. "Characterizations of radicals formed in radical polymerizations and transfer reactions by electron spin resonance spectroscopy." Pure and Applied Chemistry 90, no. 8 (2018): 1237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0401.

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Abstract Electron spin resonance (ESR, aka electron paramagnetic resonance, EPR) investigations have been conducted on radicals formed during radical polymerizations and provide a detailed characterization of the active radical species. Active propagating radicals can be observed during actual radical polymerizations by ESR/EPR. The chain lengths of the observed radicals were estimated by a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and ESR/EPR. The structures of the chain end radicals were determined by analysis of the ESR/EPR spectra. An increase in the dihedral angles betwee

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Kadokawa, Jun-ichi. "Synthesis of Amylosic Supramolecular Materials by Glucan Phosphorylase-Catalyzed Enzymatic Polymerization According to the Vine-Twining Approach." Synlett 31, no. 07 (2020): 648–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690804.

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This article overviews the synthesis of amylosic supramolecular materials through inclusion complexation in glucan phosphorylase (GP)-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization. Amylose is a polysaccharide that is known to form inclusion complexes with a number of hydrophobic small guest molecules. A pure amylose can be synthesized by the enzymatic polymerization of α-d-glucose 1-phosphate monomer with a maltooligosaccharide primer catalyzed by GP. The author has reported that the propagating amylosic chain in the enzymatic polymerization twines around hydrophobic polymers present in aqueous reaction

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Rodríguez, Rocío B., Daniela Iguchi, Rosa Erra-Balsells, M. Laura Salum, and Pablo Froimowicz. "Design and Effects of the Cinnamic Acids Chemical Structures as Organocatalyst on the Polymerization of Benzoxazines." Polymers 12, no. 7 (2020): 1527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071527.

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This study focuses on the catalytic effect of the two geometric isomers of a cinnamic acid derivative, E and Z-forms of 3-methoxycinnamic acid (3OMeCA), analyzing the influence of their chemical structures. E and Z-3OMeCA isomers show very good catalytic effect in the polymerization of benzoxazines, decreasing by 40 and 55 °C, respectively, the polymerization temperatures, for catalyst contents of up to 10% w/w. Isothermal polymerizations show that polymerizations are easily realized and analyzed at temperatures as low as 130 °C and at much shorter times using Z-3OMeCA instead of E-3OMeCA. Thu

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Xu, Yuan Qing, Xiao Min Fang, Tao Ding, and Yan Rong Ren. "Living Radical Polymerizations of Methyl Methacrylate Mediated by Tris-(4-Carboxyphenyl) Methane." Advanced Materials Research 631-632 (January 2013): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.631-632.3.

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Pseudo-living radical polymerization and reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (RATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) were reported, utilizing tris-(4-carboxyphenyl)methane (TCOPM) as the thermal iniferter and initiator, respectively. The polymerization of MMA using TCOPM as thermal iniferter possesses pseudo-living characteristics: Mn increases with conversion in a certain range, and the resulted polymer can be used as the macro-initiator for chain extension. The RATRP using TCOPM as the initiator shows linear kinetic plot, linear increase of Mn with conversion and narrow polydispersity

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Kohsaka, Yasuhiro, Yusuke Matsumoto та Tatsuki Kitayama. "α-(Aminomethyl)acrylate: polymerization and spontaneous post-polymerization modification of β-amino acid ester for a pH/temperature-responsive material". Polymer Chemistry 6, № 28 (2015): 5026–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py00723b.

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Yang, D. Billy. "Direct Kinetic Measurements of Vinyl Polymerization on Metal and Silicon Surfaces Using Real-Time FT-IR Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 9 (1993): 1425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067739.

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A real-time FT-IR (RT/FT-IR) technique has been used to perform direct kinetic measurements of vinyl polymerization on metal and silicon surfaces. Here, we are reporting our results in studies of anaerobic and photo-induced anionic polymerizations of monomers containing vinyl functional groups (>C=C<) for adhesive and coating applications. For anaerobic polymerization we are investigating the hydroperoxide-initiated free radical polymerization of model multifunctional methacrylate monomer systems. We will report the results of our studies on the catalytic effects of different dithiolate

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Barszczewska-Rybarek, Izabela, and Grzegorz Chladek. "Studies on the Curing Efficiency and Mechanical Properties of Bis-GMA and TEGDMA Nanocomposites Containing Silver Nanoparticles." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12 (2018): 3937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123937.

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Bioactive dimethacrylate composites filled with silver nanoparticles (AgNP) might be used in medical applications, such as dental restorations and bone cements. The composition of bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) mixed in a 60/40 wt% ratio was filled from 25 to 5000 ppm of AgNP. An exponential increase in resin viscosity was observed with an increase in AgNP concentration. Curing was performed by way of photopolymerization, room temperature polymerization, and thermal polymerization. The results showed that the polymerization mode

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Yilmaz, Gorkem. "One-Pot Synthesis of Star Copolymers by the Combination of Metal-Free ATRP and ROP Processes." Polymers 11, no. 10 (2019): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101577.

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A completely metal-free strategy is demonstrated for the preparation of star copolymers by combining atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) for the syntheses of block copolymers. These two different metal-free controlled/living polymerizations are simultaneously realized in one reaction medium in an orthogonal manner. For this purpose, a specific core with functional groups capable of initiating both polymerization types is synthesized. Next, vinyl and lactone monomers are simultaneously polymerized under visible light irradiation using specific catal

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Buback, Michael, Wibke Meiser, and Philipp Vana. "Mechanism of CPDB-Mediated RAFT Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate: Influence of Pressure and RAFT Agent Concentration." Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, no. 11 (2009): 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch09219.

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Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in bulk at 60°C were performed at five pressures up to 200 MPa using 2-(2′-cyanopropyl)dithiobenzoate (CPDB) as RAFT agent at concentrations between 1.5 × 10–3 and 2.0 × 10–2 mol L–1. Applying high pressure during polymerization increases the rate of polymerization, but no effect on polydispersity was observed. Molecular weight distributions and average molecular weights of the final polymer indicated the successful control of MMA polymerization even at low CPDB concentrations. The slight retar

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Koopmann, F., A. Burgath, R. Knischka, J. Leukel та H. Frey. "Poly(methylphenylsilylenemethylene) – the carbosilane analog of poly(α ‐methylstyrene)". Acta Polymerica 47, № 9 (1996): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1521-4044.1996.tb00002.x.

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The carbosilane analog of poly(α‐methylstyrene), poly(methylphenylsilylenemethylene) (PMPSM) has been prepared by ring‐opening polymerization of l,3‐dimethyl‐I,3‐diphenyl‐l,3‐disilacyclobutane (1), using various transition‐metal‐based catalysts in bulk and in solution samples from polymerization in bulk and in solution, respectively, were characterized by GPC coupled with on‐line low‐angle laser light scattering (LALLS) and viscometry. Absolute molecular weights were in the range of 200 000; however, polymerization in solution afforded higher yields of PMPSM. Polymerizations generally yielded

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Verebélyi, Klára, Ákos Szabó, Zsombor Réti, Györgyi Szarka, Ákos Villányi та Béla Iván. "Highly Efficient Cationic Polymerization of β-Pinene, a Bio-Based, Renewable Olefin, with TiCl4 Catalyst from Cryogenic to Energy-Saving Room Temperature Conditions". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, № 6 (2023): 5170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065170.

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Polymers based on renewable monomers are projected to have a significant role in the sustainable economy, even in the near future. Undoubtedly, the cationically polymerizable β-pinene, available in considerable quantities, is one of the most promising bio-based monomers for such purposes. In the course of our systematic investigations related to the catalytic activity of TiCl4 on the cationic polymerization of this natural olefin, it was found that the 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPCl)/TiCl4/N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) initiating system induced efficient polymerization i

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Yılmaz, Görkem, and Yusuf Yagci. "Multi-mode Polymerizations Involving Photoinduced Radical Polymerization." Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 31, no. 6 (2018): 719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.31.719.

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Braun, Dietrich. "Origins and Development of Initiation of Free Radical Polymerization Processes." International Journal of Polymer Science 2009 (2009): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/893234.

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At present worldwide about 45% of the manufactured plastic materials and 40% of synthetic rubber are obtained by free radical polymerization processes. The first free radically synthesized polymers were produced between 1910 and 1930 by initiation with peroxy compounds. In the 1940s the polymerization by redox processes was found independently and simultaneously at IG Farben in Germany and ICI in Great Britain. In the 1950s the systematic investigation of azo compounds as free radical initiators followed. Compounds with labile C–C-bonds were investigated as initiators only in the period from t

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Yuan, Ming, Dayun Huang, and Yixuan Zhao. "Development of Synthesis and Application of High Molecular Weight Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)." Polymers 14, no. 13 (2022): 2632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132632.

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Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is widely used in aviation, architecture, medical treatment, optical instruments and other fields because of its good transparency, chemical stability and electrical insulation. However, the application of PMMA largely depends on its physical properties. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, fracture surface energy, shear modulus and Young’s modulus are increased with the increase in molecular weight. Consequently, it is of great significance to synthesize high molecular weight PMMA. In this article, we review the application of conventional free radi

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Jiang, Jianguo, Weifeng Chen, Aimin Cheng, Jin Guo, and Yueshu Liu. "Preparation of Polyacrylamide with Improved Tacticity and Low Molecular Weight Distribution." BIO Web of Conferences 55 (2022): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20225501028.

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Polyacrylamide with improved tacticity and low molecular weight distribution was obtained via stereospecific atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using the mixture of Lewis acids Y(OTf)3 and AlCl3 in a certain ratio as stereospecific catalyst and chloroacetic acid/ Cu2O / N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine( TMEDA) as initiating system. The initiating system afforded persistently controlled ATRP of acrylamide with lower polydispersity index ranging from 1.12 to 1.35 as well as a moderate polymerization process. The participation of the mixture of Lewis acids Y(OTf)3 and AlCl3 as stereo

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Wang, Jinfang, Peter A. G. Cormack, David C. Sherrington, and Ezat Khoshdel. "Synthesis and characterization of micrometer-sized molecularly imprinted spherical polymer particulates prepared via precipitation polymerization." Pure and Applied Chemistry 79, no. 9 (2007): 1505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200779091505.

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In this paper, the synthesis and characterization of molecularly imprinted spherical polymer particulates prepared via precipitation polymerization is described. The effects of the monomer and initiator concentrations and the solvent on the polymerizations were investigated systematically. Polymer microspheres with narrow size distributions and average diameters up to ca. 10 μm were prepared under optimized polymerization conditions. The morphologies of the microspheres were characterized by nitrogen sorption porosimetry and the molecular recognition properties of representative products evalu

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Kang, Yan, Anaïs Pitto-Barry, Helen Willcock, et al. "Exploiting nucleobase-containing materials – from monomers to complex morphologies using RAFT dispersion polymerization." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 1 (2015): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01074d.

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Zhang, Zhen, Baiyu Jiang, Feng He, Zhisheng Fu, Junting Xu, and Zhiqiang Fan. "Comparative Study on Kinetics of Ethylene and Propylene Polymerizations with Supported Ziegler–Natta Catalyst: Catalyst Fragmentation Promoted by Polymer Crystalline Lamellae." Polymers 11, no. 2 (2019): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020358.

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The kinetic behaviors of ethylene and propylene polymerizations with the same MgCl2-supported Ziegler–Natta (Z–N) catalyst containing an internal electron donor were compared. Changes of polymerization activity and active center concentration ([C*]) with time in the first 10 min were determined. Activity of ethylene polymerization was only 25% of that of propylene, and the polymerization rate (Rp) quickly decayed with time (tp) in the former system, in contrast to stable Rp in the latter. The ethylene system showed a very low [C*]/[Ti] ratio (<0.6%), in contrast to a much higher [C*]/[Ti] r

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Hatada, K., J. Kahovec, Máximo Barón, et al. "Definitions relating to stereochemically asymmetric polymerizations (IUPAC Recommendations 2001)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, no. 6 (2002): 915–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274060915.

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Asymmetric polymerization has been of interest to many academic and industrial polymer scientists, but no reference has been made by IUPAC explicitly to classification and definitions of reactions involving the asymmetric synthesis of polymers. This document presents definitions concerned with asymmetric and related polymerizations, with examples included to clarify the meaning of the definitions. Asymmetric polymerizations embrace two main categories, "asymmetric chirogenic polymerizations" and "asymmetric enantiomer-differentiating polymerizations".

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Arcens, Dounia, Gaëlle Le Fer, Etienne Grau, Stéphane Grelier, Henri Cramail, and Frédéric Peruch. "Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of glycolipids, their polymerization and self-assembly." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 24 (2020): 3994–4004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00526f.

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This paper describes the synthesis of bio-based methacrylated 12-hydroxystearate glucose (MASG), and its (co)polymerization with methyl methacrylate (MMA) by either free- or RAFT radical polymerizations.

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Monteiro, M. J., R. Bussels, S. Beuermann, and M. Buback. "High Pressure 'Living' Free-Radical Polymerization of Styrene in the Presence of RAFT." Australian Journal of Chemistry 55, no. 7 (2002): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch02079.

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Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene was studied at high pressure, employing two dithioester RAFT agents with an isopropylcyano (5) and a cumyl (6) leaving group, respectively. The high-pressure reaction resulted in low polydispersity polymer. It was found that controlled polymerizations can be performed at increased pressures with a high degree of monomer conversion, which signifies that high-pressure polymerizations can be utilized for the production of higher molecular weight polystyrene of controlled microstructure. Retardation of styrene polyme

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Budi, Setia, Eka Puspa Rini, Maria Paristiowati, Agung Imaduddin, and Devi Syafei. "Synthesis and Characterization of High Conductivity Polyaniline Prepared at Room Temperature." Chemistry and Materials 1, no. 1 (2022): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56425/cma.v1i1.21.

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In this study, polyaniline was successfully synthesized using an oxidative polymerization method at room temperature. The polymerizations were carried out with and without stirring process under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The polyaniline was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, SAA, and Four Point Probe. It is found that UV irradiation and stirring could increase the surface area and conductivity of polyaniline. The surface area obtained for stirred and unstirred polymerization were 37.9 m2/g and 29.0 m2/g, respectively. Moreover, conductivity values for stirred and unstirred polymerization wer

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