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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymers|Plastics'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 July 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Whelan, Tony. "Plastics and polymers." Reinforced Plastics 34, no. 3 (March 1990): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-3617(90)90179-i.

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2

DOI, Yoshiharu. "Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers." Journal of Pesticide Science 19, no. 1 (1994): S11—S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.19.s11.

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3

Cowie, J. M. G. "Conductive polymers and plastics." Polymer 31, no. 7 (July 1990): 1385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(90)90239-u.

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4

Pool, R. "Plastics with Potential [sustainable polymers]." Engineering & Technology 14, no. 3 (April 1, 2019): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2019.0306.

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5

Takemoto, Noriyuki, Tsuyoshi Akiyama, Takatoshi Sawai, and Sumihisa Ishikawa. "Additives Analysis for Polymers and Plastics." Seikei-Kakou 29, no. 12 (November 20, 2017): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.29.445.

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6

Hatti-Kaul, Rajni, Lars J. Nilsson, Baozhong Zhang, Nicola Rehnberg, and Stefan Lundmark. "Designing Biobased Recyclable Polymers for Plastics." Trends in Biotechnology 38, no. 1 (January 2020): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.04.011.

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7

Braddicks, Robert P. "Polymers and plastics—hindsight and foresight." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 13, no. 3 (September 1991): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730130302.

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8

Jones, Alex. "Killer Plastics: Antimicrobial Additives for Polymers." Plastics Engineering 64, no. 8 (September 2008): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2008.tb00362.x.

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9

Mooney, Brian P. "The second green revolution? Production of plant-based biodegradable plastics." Biochemical Journal 418, no. 2 (February 11, 2009): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20081769.

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Biodegradable plastics are those that can be completely degraded in landfills, composters or sewage treatment plants by the action of naturally occurring micro-organisms. Truly biodegradable plastics leave no toxic, visible or distinguishable residues following degradation. Their biodegradability contrasts sharply with most petroleum-based plastics, which are essentially indestructible in a biological context. Because of the ubiquitous use of petroleum-based plastics, their persistence in the environment and their fossil-fuel derivation, alternatives to these traditional plastics are being explored. Issues surrounding waste management of traditional and biodegradable polymers are discussed in the context of reducing environmental pressures and carbon footprints. The main thrust of the present review addresses the development of plant-based biodegradable polymers. Plants naturally produce numerous polymers, including rubber, starch, cellulose and storage proteins, all of which have been exploited for biodegradable plastic production. Bacterial bioreactors fed with renewable resources from plants – so-called ‘white biotechnology’ – have also been successful in producing biodegradable polymers. In addition to these methods of exploiting plant materials for biodegradable polymer production, the present review also addresses the advances in synthesizing novel polymers within transgenic plants, especially those in the polyhydroxyalkanoate class. Although there is a stigma associated with transgenic plants, especially food crops, plant-based biodegradable polymers, produced as value-added co-products, or, from marginal land (non-food), crops such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), have the potential to become viable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics and an environmentally benign and carbon-neutral source of polymers.
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10

Lanzalaco, Sonia, and Brenda G. Molina. "Polymers and Plastics Modified Electrodes for Biosensors: A Review." Molecules 25, no. 10 (May 24, 2020): 2446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102446.

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Polymer materials offer several advantages as supports of biosensing platforms in terms of flexibility, weight, conformability, portability, cost, disposability and scope for integration. The present study reviews the field of electrochemical biosensors fabricated on modified plastics and polymers, focusing the attention, in the first part, on modified conducting polymers to improve sensitivity, selectivity, biocompatibility and mechanical properties, whereas the second part is dedicated to modified “environmentally friendly” polymers to improve the electrical properties. These ecofriendly polymers are divided into three main classes: bioplastics made from natural sources, biodegradable plastics made from traditional petrochemicals and eco/recycled plastics, which are made from recycled plastic materials rather than from raw petrochemicals. Finally, flexible and wearable lab-on-a-chip (LOC) biosensing devices, based on plastic supports, are also discussed. This review is timely due to the significant advances achieved over the last few years in the area of electrochemical biosensors based on modified polymers and aims to direct the readers to emerging trends in this field.
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11

IMAI, TAKESHI. "Special issue "Silicone Polymers". Modifications of plastics by organosilicone polymers." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 62, no. 12 (1989): 796–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.62.796.

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12

Conrad, Udo. "Polymers from plants to develop biodegradable plastics." Trends in Plant Science 10, no. 11 (November 2005): 511–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.003.

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13

STINSON, STEPHEN C. "Reactive processing of plastics yields improved polymers." Chemical & Engineering News 74, no. 3 (January 15, 1996): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v074n003.p020.

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14

Shemwell, Brooke E., and Yiannis A. Levendis. "Particulates Generated from Combustion of Polymers (Plastics)." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 50, no. 1 (January 2000): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2000.10463994.

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15

Billingham, N. C. "Degradable polymers: Recycling and plastics waste management plastics engineering series no. 29." Polymer Degradation and Stability 53, no. 2 (August 1996): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(96)90011-7.

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16

Rajeev, R. S., and S. K. De. "Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on Waste Rubber and Plastics." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547837.

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Abstract This paper reviews the utilization of waste rubber and waste plastics for the preparation of thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). TPEs based on ground rubber tire (GRT), waste EPDM rubber, waste nitrile rubber, recycled rubber, latex waste, and waste plastics are described with respect to composition and physical properties. It is found that part of the rubber phase or plastics phase or both in the rubber-plastics blend can be replaced with corresponding waste polymer for the preparation of thermoplastic elastomers. In many cases, the materials prepared from waste polymers show properties comparable to those prepared from fresh polymers. However, in some cases, the materials prepared from waste rubber or waste plastics cannot be classified as TPEs, as the blend compositions show very low elongation at break. Modification of the waste polymer or the use of compatibilizers result in stronger composites.
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17

LOO, JOACHIM SAY CHYE. "FROM PLASTICS TO ADVANCED POLYMER IMPLANTS: THE ESSENTIALS OF POLYMER CHEMISTRY." COSMOS 04, no. 01 (May 2008): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219607708000263.

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Man has been using plastics for thousands of years, and some of the earlier uses of plastics include spoons, buttons and combs. Today, plastics are used for a myriad of applications, such as for aerospace, microelectronics and water purification. With polymer chemistry, man has been able to alter the properties of plastics or polymers to suit almost any application. Their properties can also be tailored for use as advanced biomedical implants in the human body. An example of such a polymer is the biocompatible lactide/glycolide polyesters. These biodegradable polymers are currently used as sutures, drug delivery systems, temporary implants and even as scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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18

Kliem, Silvia, Marc Kreutzbruck, and Christian Bonten. "Review on the Biological Degradation of Polymers in Various Environments." Materials 13, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 4586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204586.

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Biodegradable plastics can make an important contribution to the struggle against increasing environmental pollution through plastics. However, biodegradability is a material property that is influenced by many factors. This review provides an overview of the main environmental conditions in which biodegradation takes place and then presents the degradability of numerous polymers. Polylactide (PLA), which is already available on an industrial scale, and the polyhydroxyalkanoates polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV), which are among the few plastics that have been proven to degrade in seawater, will be discussed in detail, followed by a summary of the degradability of further petroleum-, cellulose-, starch-, protein- and CO2-based biopolymers and some naturally occurring polymers.
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19

Faris, N. A., N. Z. Noriman, S. T. Sam, C. M. Ruzaidi, M. F. Omar, and A. W. M. Kahar. "Current Research in Biodegradable Plastics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 679 (October 2014): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.679.273.

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Synthetic polymers are important in many branches of industry, particularly in the packaging industry. However, it has an undesirable influence on the environment and causes problems with deposition of waste and consumption. Therefore, there is a tendency to replace the polymer with biodegradable polymer that undergoes a process. This review summarizes the data on consumption, the level of biodegradation, the reliability of commercialization and production from renewable sources. Some biodegradable plastics that have been commercialized are starch based plastics, bacteria based plastics, soy based plastics, cellulose based plastics, lignin based plastics and natural fiber reinforced plastics. Production of this kind of material and its introduction to the market is important for the natural environmental.
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20

WAKAKURA, Masahide. "Recycle for Polymers. Recent Recycling of Automotive Plastics." Kobunshi 48, no. 10 (1999): 782–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.48.782.

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21

Pellis, Alessandro, Mario Malinconico, Alice Guarneri, and Lucia Gardossi. "Renewable polymers and plastics: Performance beyond the green." New Biotechnology 60 (January 2021): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2020.10.003.

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22

Koerner, George R. "Geosynthetics (“Plastics,” i.e., Polymers) for the Common Good." GEOSTRATA Magazine 25, no. 2 (March 2021): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/geosek.0000013.

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23

Tajik, Somayeh, Hadi Beitollahi, Fariba Garkani Nejad, Iran Sheikh Shoaie, Mohammad A. Khalilzadeh, Mehdi Shahedi Asl, Quyet Van Le, Kaiqiang Zhang, Ho Won Jang, and Mohammadreza Shokouhimehr. "Recent developments in conducting polymers: applications for electrochemistry." RSC Advances 10, no. 62 (2020): 37834–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra06160c.

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24

Narancic, Tanja, Federico Cerrone, Niall Beagan, and Kevin E. O’Connor. "Recent Advances in Bioplastics: Application and Biodegradation." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040920.

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The success of oil-based plastics and the continued growth of production and utilisation can be attributed to their cost, durability, strength to weight ratio, and eight contributions to the ease of everyday life. However, their mainly single use, durability and recalcitrant nature have led to a substantial increase of plastics as a fraction of municipal solid waste. The need to substitute single use products that are not easy to collect has inspired a lot of research towards finding sustainable replacements for oil-based plastics. In addition, specific physicochemical, biological, and degradation properties of biodegradable polymers have made them attractive materials for biomedical applications. This review summarises the advances in drug delivery systems, specifically design of nanoparticles based on the biodegradable polymers. We also discuss the research performed in the area of biophotonics and challenges and opportunities brought by the design and application of biodegradable polymers in tissue engineering. We then discuss state-of-the-art research in the design and application of biodegradable polymers in packaging and emphasise the advances in smart packaging development. Finally, we provide an overview of the biodegradation of these polymers and composites in managed and unmanaged environments.
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25

Samper, María, David Bertomeu, Marina Arrieta, José Ferri, and Juan López-Martínez. "Interference of Biodegradable Plastics in the Polypropylene Recycling Process." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 2, 2018): 1886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101886.

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Recycling polymers is common due to the need to reduce the environmental impact of these materials. Polypropylene (PP) is one of the polymers called ‘commodities polymers’ and it is commonly used in a wide variety of short-term applications such as food packaging and agricultural products. That is why a large amount of PP residues that can be recycled are generated every year. However, the current increasing introduction of biodegradable polymers in the food packaging industry can negatively affect the properties of recycled PP if those kinds of plastics are disposed with traditional plastics. For this reason, the influence that generates small amounts of biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and thermoplastic starch (TPS) in the recycled PP were analyzed in this work. Thus, recycled PP was blended with biodegradables polymers by melt extrusion followed by injection moulding process to simulate the industrial conditions. Then, the obtained materials were evaluated by studding the changes on the thermal and mechanical performance. The results revealed that the vicat softening temperature is negatively affected by the presence of biodegradable polymers in recycled PP. Meanwhile, the melt flow index was negatively affected for PLA and PHB added blends. The mechanical properties were affected when more than 5 wt.% of biodegradable polymers were present. Moreover, structural changes were detected when biodegradable polymers were added to the recycled PP by means of FTIR, because of the characteristic bands of the carbonyl group (between the band 1700–1800 cm−1) appeared due to the presence of PLA, PHB or TPS. Thus, low amounts (lower than 5 wt.%) of biodegradable polymers can be introduced in the recycled PP process without affecting the overall performance of the final material intended for several applications, such as food packaging, agricultural films for farming and crop protection.
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26

Porta, Raffaele. "The Plastics Sunset and the Bio-Plastics Sunrise." Coatings 9, no. 8 (August 19, 2019): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9080526.

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Plastics has been an integral part of our lives for the last century as the main material for various useful commodity items. Irony of fate, the same specific properties that make plastics ideal to create such a wide range of products are also responsible for the present dramatic environmental pollution. What suggestions do the technological innovations currently suggest to solve this worldwide problem? Among the others, one is to replace the traditional plastics with alternative materials derived from non-oil polymers capable of being degraded in months and not in years or centuries. But the research in this field is relatively new and undoubtedly there are still developments that need to be made. Thus, we must be aware that the plastic age is at sunset and the bio-plastics sun is just rising on the horizon.
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27

Kumar Tiwari, Aadrsh, Manisha Gautam, and Hardesh K. Maurya. "RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF BIODEGRADATION TECHNIQUES OF POLYMER." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 414–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i6.2018.1389.

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Lack of degradability and the closing of landfill sites as well as growing water and land pollution problems have led to concern about plastics. With the too much use of plastics and increasing pressure being placed on capacity available for plastic waste disposal, the need for biodegradable plastics and biodegradation of plastic wastes has assumed increasing importance in the last few years. Awareness of the waste problem and its impact on the environment has awakened new interest in the area of degradable polymers. The interest in environmental issues is growing and there are increasing demands to develop material which do not burden the environment significantly. This project reviews the biodegradation of biodegradable and also the conventional synthetic plastics, types of biodegradations of biodegradable polymers also use of a variety of “Recent development of biodegradation techniques” for the analysis of degradation in vitro.
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28

Jaysree, R. C., K. P. Subhash Chandra, and T. V. Sankar. "Biodegradability of Synthetic Plastics – A Review." International Journal of ChemTech Research 12, no. 6 (2019): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/ijctr.2019.120616.

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Plastics are chemically synthesized polymers made up of two sets of plastics - thermosetting and thermoplastics. There different properties have made it to enter in different sectors and replaced the conventional materials. There durability has made it non biodegradable and has also affected the environment due to its large production according to the need of the growing population. The use of biological means to degrade these plastics has been extensively studied by using different microorganisms collected from mainly contaminated sites. This paper discuss about the different screening methods for the detection of plastic degrading microorganisms. The different enzymes synthesized by microorganisms degrade different types of plastics
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29

Tanaka, Mutsuo, and Shigeru Kurosawa. "Surface Modification of PDMS and Plastics with Zwitterionic Polymers." Journal of Oleo Science 66, no. 7 (2017): 699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess17041.

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30

Nawrath, Christiane, Yves Poirier, and Chris Somerville. "Plant polymers for biodegradable plastics: Cellulose, starch and polyhydroxyalkanoates." Molecular Breeding 1, no. 2 (June 1995): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01249696.

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31

OYAMA, Toshiyuki, and Toshiyuki OYAMA. "Novel Technique fbr Changing Engineering Plastics to Photosensitive Polymers." Kobunshi 55, no. 11 (2006): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.55.887.

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32

KIKUCHI, Takehiko, Fumio UTSUKI, Jiro ABE, Tomohiro KURAMOCHI, and Masaru IBONAI. "Polymers and Environment I. Degradation Rates of Biodegradable Plastics." KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 50, no. 10 (1993): 797–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/koron.50.797.

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33

Wirpsza, Zygmunt. "Some New Directions of Development of Polymers and Plastics." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 353, no. 1 (December 2000): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587250008025656.

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34

Siddiqui, Mohammad N., Mohammad A. Gondal, and Halim H. Redhwi. "Identification of different type of polymers in plastics waste." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 43, no. 11 (July 18, 2008): 1303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934520802177946.

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35

Billingham, N. C. "Biodegradable plastics and polymers. Studies in polymer science 12." Polymer Degradation and Stability 53, no. 2 (August 1996): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(96)81102-5.

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36

Dweik, Hassan. "The Plastic Industry worldwide and in Palestine." Al-Quds Journal for Academic Research 01, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.47874/2021p9.

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A world without plastics or synthetic polymers can't be imagined today. The first synthetic plastics was produced in the beginning of the twentieth century, however industrial plastics production started in 1950. Production of plastic materials to day surpasses any other synthetic material with the exception of steel and cement. The share of plastics in municipal solid waste increased from 1% in the 1960 to more than 10% in 2005. Most monomers used today to make plastics such polyethylene (PE) or Polypropylene (PP), or polystyrene (PS) are produced from the petroleum industry and none is biodegradable, they accumulate in the environment and pose great threat and serious concern to humanity and to marine life. In 2010 approximately 8 Million Metric Ton (MT) of plastic waste entered the marine environment. Global production of polymers and fiber increased from 2 (MT) in 1960 to 380(MT) in 2015 a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.4% while the total production of polymers and fibers from 1960 – 2015 was estimated to be around 7800 (MT). China alone produces 28%, and 68% of world production of PP. Biodegradable plastics amount to only 4 (MT). Non fiber plastics production is (PE 36%, PP 21%), Polyvinylchloride PVC (12%) followed by polyethylene terphthalate PET, polyurethane, and polystyrene less than 10% each ,42% of plastics are used in packaging. Palestine show a fast-growing plastic industry though we import plastics worth 255 million US $ as reported in the United Nations International Trade Statistics (COMTRADE) in 2018, compared to US $200 Million imported in 2014. However, we were able to export to the world 66.3 million US $ worth of plastic materials added to that our export to Israel of plastic product worth 86 million US $, mostly packaging materials. Three important countries that export plastic materials to Palestine are Turkey. China and south Korea. Turkey alone in 2018 exported plastics worth 25 million $. The plastic industry in Palestine is among the largest industry. However, we still manufacture the traditional plastics for packaging. Our country needs to develop this industry and diversify the plastic products to meet the needs of the market such as automobile, electrical appliances, refrigerators, and many other industries.
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37

Chua, H., and P. H. F. Yu. "Production of biodegradable plastics from chemical wastewater - a novel method to reduce excess activated sludge generated from industrial wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1999): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0667.

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Biological polymers produced by microbial fermentation are naturally biodegradable and are potential environment-friendly substitutes for synthetic plastics. However, broader applications are restricted by high production costs. In this study, activated sludge bacteria in a conventional system treating a wastewater that contained xenobiotic organics were induced by nitrogen deficiency in the reactor liquor to accumulate intracellular storage polymers, which can be extracted as a low-cost source of biodegradable plastics. Chromatographic analysis of the extracted polymers revealed a composition of poly-hydroxyalkanoate and a number of related co-polymers. Alcaligene spp. in the activated sludge microbial consortium was identified as the main genus that accumulated these polymers. When the C:N ratio was increased from 20 to 140, specific polymer yield increased to a maximum of 0.39 g polymer/g dry cell while specific growth yield decreased to 0.26 g dry cell/g carbonaceous matter consumed. The highest overall polymer production yield of 0.11 g polymer/g carbonaceous matter consumed was achieved when the C:N ratio was maintained at a nitrogen- deficient level of 100. The specific polymer yield in the isolated Alcaligene spp. cells reached as high as 0.7 g polymer/g dry cell mass. While reducing the costs of biodegradable plastics, this technique also reduced the amount of excess sludge generated from the wastewater treatment process by 39%.
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38

Ashley, Steven. "Electric Plastics." Mechanical Engineering 120, no. 04 (April 1, 1998): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-apr-3.

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This article reviews the importance of conductive polymer. The big chemical company is marketing the polythiophene under the trade name Baytron. The material could also be used to make plastics paintable by adding the conductive agent first, or in the electrodes of small, high-performance tantalum capacitors found in telecommunications, computer, and automotive products. Probably the most significant commercialization of conductive polymers was for flexible, long-lived batteries that were produced in quantity by Bridgestone Corp. and Seiko Co. in Japan and by BASF/Varta in Germany. Conductive polymers are long, carbon-based chains composed of simple repeating units called monomers. The list of potential applications for conductive polymers remains a long one, and includes antiradiation coatings, batteries, catalysts, deicer panels, electrochromic windows, electromechanical actuators, embedded-array antennas, fuel cells, lithographic resists, nonlinear optics, radar dishes, and wave guides. However, how big an impact the materials will make in these markets remains unclear.
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39

Moroni, Monica, and Alessandro Mei. "Characterization and Separation of Traditional and Bio-Plastics by Hyperspectral Devices." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 2800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082800.

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Nowadays, bio-plastics can contaminate conventional plastics sent to recycling. Furthermore, the low volume of bio-plastics currently in use has discourage the development of new technologies for their identification and separation. Technologies based on hyperspectral data detection may be profitably employed to separate the bio-plastics from traditional ones and to increase the quality of recycled products. In fact, sensing devices make it possible to accomplish the essential requirement of a mechanical recycling technology, i.e., end products which comply with specific standards determined by industrial applications. This paper presents the results of the hyperspectral analysis conducted on two different plastic polymers (PolyEthylene Terephthalate and PolyStyrene) and one bio-based and biodegradable plastic material (PolyLactic Acid) in different phases of their life cycle (primary raw materials and urban waste). The reflectance analysis is focused on the near-infrared region (900–1700 nm) and data are detected with a linear-spectrometer apparatus and a spectroradiometer. A rapid and reliable identification of three investigated polymers is achieved by using simple two near-infrared wavelength operators employing key wavelengths.
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40

Kajaste, R., and P. Oinas. "Plastics value chain - Abatement of greenhouse gas emissions." AIMS Environmental Science 8, no. 4 (2021): 371–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/environsci.2021024.

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<abstract> <p>This study focuses on the possibilities to abate greenhouse gas emissions in the value chain of plastics with special emphasis on efficiency improvements in the virgin plastics production and to recycle or reuse/regenerate plastics from waste streams. The study is restricted to the plastics and their intermediates produced in annual quantities over 20 million tons (Mt) on global scale. The chemicals and polymers considered include intermediate feedstocks ammonia, methanol, ethene and propene, polyolefins polyethylene and polypropylene, and other included polymers are polyester, polyamide and acrylic fibres, polyvinylchloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane resin and polystyrene. Improved efficiency in the virgin plastic value chain has the potential to reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 531 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>eq/y, provided that all of the current global production is upgraded to meet the European Union's best benchmarked facilities. These improvements would mean a 15.4% reduction of all global chemical sector emissions. The evaluation of probability for all global production facilities to reach the EU benchmarked values is excluded as unclear. Increasing the global recycling rate of plastics from the current 18% to 42% would reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by 142.3 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>eq /a, provided that the segregation of recyclable materials is improved, and that incineration is not increased. These downstream improvements would mean a 4% reduction of all global chemical sector emissions and reduce the accumulation of plastics not only on land but also in the oceans.</p> </abstract>
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41

Hinchliffe, Jonathan David, Alakananda Parassini Madappura, Syed Mohammad Daniel Syed Mohamed, and Ipsita Roy. "Biomedical Applications of Bacteria-Derived Polymers." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071081.

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Plastics have found widespread use in the fields of cosmetic, engineering, and medical sciences due to their wide-ranging mechanical and physical properties, as well as suitability in biomedical applications. However, in the light of the environmental cost of further upscaling current methods of synthesizing many plastics, work has recently focused on the manufacture of these polymers using biological methods (often bacterial fermentation), which brings with them the advantages of both low temperature synthesis and a reduced reliance on potentially toxic and non-eco-friendly compounds. This can be seen as a boon in the biomaterials industry, where there is a need for highly bespoke, biocompatible, processable polymers with unique biological properties, for the regeneration and replacement of a large number of tissue types, following disease. However, barriers still remain to the mass-production of some of these polymers, necessitating new research. This review attempts a critical analysis of the contemporary literature concerning the use of a number of bacteria-derived polymers in the context of biomedical applications, including the biosynthetic pathways and organisms involved, as well as the challenges surrounding their mass production. This review will also consider the unique properties of these bacteria-derived polymers, contributing to bioactivity, including antibacterial properties, oxygen permittivity, and properties pertaining to cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Finally, the review will select notable examples in literature to indicate future directions, should the aforementioned barriers be addressed, as well as improvements to current bacterial fermentation methods that could help to address these barriers.
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Dwivedi, Sumant, Aniruddha Nag, Shigeki Sakamoto, Yasuyoshi Funahashi, Toyohiro Harimoto, Kenji Takada, and Tatsuo Kaneko. "High-temperature resistant water-soluble polymers derived from exotic amino acids." RSC Advances 10, no. 62 (2020): 38069–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra06620f.

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High-performance water-soluble polymers have a wide range of applications from engineering materials to biomedical plastics. This article discusses the synthesis of water-soluble polyimide from bio-based monomers.
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Byrne, Fergal P., Jamie M. Z. Assemat, Amy E. Stanford, Thomas J. Farmer, James W. Comerford, and Alessandro Pellis. "Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of malonate polyesters and their use as metal chelating materials." Green Chemistry 23, no. 14 (2021): 5043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc01783g.

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Fatima, Zernab, and Roohi. "Smart Approach of Solid Waste Management for Recycling of Polymers: A Review." Current Biochemical Engineering 5, no. 1 (September 27, 2019): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212711905666181019114919.

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Background: : The world’s annual utilization of plastic materials is growing day by day and simultaneously solid waste management is becoming one of the major environmental concerns throughout the world. Current approach for their usage and disposal is not sustainable because of the durability of the polymers involved. Methods: : Partially digested products of these plastics in the form of micro-plastics are accumulating as debris in landfills and in natural habitats because of their remaining in the environment for millions of years. Easy availability, low cost and ubiquitous applications make the plastics most attractive polymer whose proper disposal through specific technology seems the only alternate and that may lessen down the pollution over the next decades. Results: : Recycling as a waste management strategy provides opportunities to reduce the use of petrochemical resources and improving environmental conditions. Reuse of bulky plastic wastes in concrete and Wood Plastic Composites (WPC) seems a smart approach for solving the problem of disposal. The development of new construction materials using recycled plastics is important to both the construction and the plastic recycling industries. Conclusion:: This review article presents the details of recycling of waste management, their probable application for concrete and WPC production, types of recycled plastics, role of microbes and microbial enzymes for recycling of plastics and emphasis on use of biodegradable plastics to make the environment green.
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Devasahayam, Sheila, R. K. Raman, K. Chennakesavulu, and Sankar Bhattacharya. "Plastics—Villain or Hero? Polymers and Recycled Polymers in Mineral and Metallurgical Processing—A Review." Materials 12, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12040655.

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This review focusses on the use of recycled and virgin polymers in mineral and metallurgical processing, both high and ambient temperature processes, including novel applications. End of life applications of polymers as well as the utilisation of polymers during its life time in various applications are explored. The discussion includes applications in cleaner coal production, iron and steel production, iron ore palletisation, iron alloy manufacturing, manganese processing, E-wastes processing and carbon sequestration. The underlying principles of these applications are also explained. Advantages and disadvantages of using these polymers in terms of energy and emission reductions, reduction in non-renewables and dematerialisation are discussed. Influence of the polymers on controlling the evolution of micro and nanostructures in alloys and advanced materials is also considered.
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Sinan, Mominul. "Bioplastics for Sustainable Development: General Scenario in India." Current World Environment 15, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.15.1.05.

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Plastic is a major environmental pollutant in the environment. The petroleum derived plastics are mostly non biodegradable and take long time to break down. Thus ecosystem is getting affected by this pollution. So the approach to produce plastic using microbes is a novel approach. Bio-plastics are generally bio-based, they may be or may not be biodegradable but their properties are closed to synthetic polymers. In biodegradation process micro-organisms convert plastics into water, carbon dioxide, and compost. Bioplastics are generally prepared from biomass such as polysaccharides, starch, lipids, proteins, cellulose etc. These biodegradable polymers can be used in various fields like agriculture, automotives, medicine, controlled drug release and packaging etc. That means bio-plastic is eco-friendly. Scientists around the world working for the progressive development searching for substitute of fossil fuel derived plastic for sustainable development of the future environment. They are exploring the possibility of using different waste materials to produce the bio-based polymers. India has a potential in the development of bioplastic market. Environmental awareness programs, easy availability of feedstock and government backing are boosting the bioplastic market. New products are coming in the market with the help of homemade technology.
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Satin, Lukáš, Lukáš Likavčan, Miroslav Košík, Peter Rantuch, and Jozef Bílik. "Using Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate for Foaming Polymers." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 24, no. 38 (September 1, 2016): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rput-2016-0036.

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Abstract All plastics products are made of the essential polymer mixed with a complex blend of materials known collectively as additives. Without additives, plastics would not work, but with them, they can be made safer, cleaner, tougher and more colourful. Additives cost money, but by reducing production costs and making products live longer, they help us save money and conserve the world's precious raw material reserves. In fact, our world would be a lot less safe, a lot more expensive and a great deal duller without the additives that turn basic polymers into useful plastics. One of these additives is sodium bicarbonate. Influence of sodium bicarbonate on properties of the product made of polystyrene was observed in the research described in this paper. Since polystyrene is typically used as a material for electrical components, the mechanical properties of tensile strength and inflammability were measured as a priority. Inflammability parameters were measured using a cone calorimeter.
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TULLO, ALEX. "POLYMERS GE Plastics adjusts partnerships prior to sale to SABIC." Chemical & Engineering News 85, no. 36 (September 3, 2007): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v085n036.p009a.

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Moerner, W. E., and N. Peyghambarian. "Advances in Photorefractive Polymers: plastics for Holography and Optical Processing." Optics and Photonics News 6, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.6.3.000024.

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Florestan, J., A. Lachambre, N. Mermilliod, J. C. Boulou, and C. Marfisi. "Recycling of plastics: Automatic identification of polymers by spectroscopic methods." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 10, no. 1-2 (April 1994): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-3449(94)90039-6.

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