Relevant bibliographies by topics / Polymers and Plastics

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Polymers and Plastics'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Polymers and Plastics"

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Lear, G., S. D. M. Maday, V. Gambarini, et al. "Microbial abilities to degrade global environmental plastic polymer waste are overstated." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 4 (2022): 043002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac59a7.

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Abstract Internationally, the environmental damage caused by the improper disposal of approximately 100 Mt of plastic waste per annum is of growing concern. Attempts to address this issue have generated many hundreds of scientific studies announcing the discovery of novel plastic-degrading microorganisms and their respective enzymes. On closer inspection, however, evidence remains sparse for the microbial degradation of most of the plastic polymers produced globally. We systematically surveyed the international literature to confirm how many microorganisms proposed to degrade plastics (n = 664) cause substantial (i.e. ⩾20% mass) losses of virgin polymer, rather than losses of plastic additives, filler, and/or shedding of polymer micro-fragments. We noted where degradation was only demonstrated for artificially aged polymer since physicochemical ageing procedures increase the abundance of monomers and oligomers such that they may be degraded by microbial activity. Additionally, artificial ageing may introduce functional groups to the polymer backbone, creating more locations susceptible to microbial degradation than would otherwise occur in the environment. We identified multiple studies demonstrating the effective microbial degradation of heterochain plastic polymers such as polylactic acid, polycaprolactone and polyethylene terephthalate (i.e. polymers containing elements other than carbon in the backbone structure). However, in the literature, we find no evidence for the substantial degradation of unadulterated polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene or polyvinyl chloride, homochain polymers which represent the overwhelming majority of global plastics production. Current research demonstrates that the pre-treatment of plastics with elevated temperature or UV-light may speed physicochemical plastic degradation, with valuable applications for downstream microbial processing. However, evidence for the microbial degradation of most plastic polymers in current circulation is lacking. We outline simple criteria that should be met before announcing the microbial degradation of plastic polymers. We hope this may help to address largely unsubstantiated expectations that microorganisms can degrade many plastic polymers in situ.
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Lanzalaco, Sonia, and Brenda G. Molina. "Polymers and Plastics Modified Electrodes for Biosensors: A Review." Molecules 25, no. 10 (2020): 2446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102446.

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Polymer materials offer several advantages as supports of biosensing platforms in terms of flexibility, weight, conformability, portability, cost, disposability and scope for integration. The present study reviews the field of electrochemical biosensors fabricated on modified plastics and polymers, focusing the attention, in the first part, on modified conducting polymers to improve sensitivity, selectivity, biocompatibility and mechanical properties, whereas the second part is dedicated to modified “environmentally friendly” polymers to improve the electrical properties. These ecofriendly polymers are divided into three main classes: bioplastics made from natural sources, biodegradable plastics made from traditional petrochemicals and eco/recycled plastics, which are made from recycled plastic materials rather than from raw petrochemicals. Finally, flexible and wearable lab-on-a-chip (LOC) biosensing devices, based on plastic supports, are also discussed. This review is timely due to the significant advances achieved over the last few years in the area of electrochemical biosensors based on modified polymers and aims to direct the readers to emerging trends in this field.
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Banerjee, Risav, and Trisha Bhattacharya. "Degradation of synthetic polymers: Microbial approach." Indian Journal of Microbiology Research 9, no. 1 (2022): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmr.2022.002.

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A synthetic polymer is a plastic, which is having wide applications in our day-to-day life. The packaging industries, agriculture, cosmetics, etc. Plastics are not easily degradable, it takes 1000 years to degrade a plastic or even more than that. The pollution caused by plastic is not only because of the waste disposal method but it is also because it releases carbon dioxide and dioxins while burning. Plastics are considered a threat to the environment as they are not easily degradable. Our review is based on the microbial approach for plastic degradation. The waste management method being used for plastic disposal is not effective enough. Nowadays biodegradable polymers are also being used as they are more easily degradable compared to synthetic polymers. The bacteria and fungi degrade most of the organic and inorganic components like starch, lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses.
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Mohd Amin, Ainatul Mardhiah, Suhaila Mohd Sauid, and Ku Halim Ku Hamid. "Polymer-Starch Blend Biodegradable Plastics: An Overview." Advanced Materials Research 1113 (July 2015): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1113.93.

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The low degradability behaviour of plastics is an important environmental problem. The end-use of plastic creates waste-disposal problems as these plastics do not readily or naturally degrade and gives severe effect when plastic-waste requires more time to break down. However, as the bio-polymer industries have advanced, biodegradable plastic is being presented as a high promising solution to the environmental problem over the conventional non-biodegradable plastics. As one of the great innovation products in bio-polymer industries, biodegradable plastic can potentially lessen the volume of solid waste and reduce the need for waste dumping sites. Whilst, biodegradable plastic also offers the outstanding properties to resist the brittleness and resistance towards heat. This paper review the potential of biodegradable plastics made from petrochemical-polymers blended with starch, including polyethylene (PE), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
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Dayrit, Fabian. "Overview on Plastic Waste: The Philippine Perspective." Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology 41, no. 2019 (2022): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.57043/transnastphl.2019.1953.

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Plastics are the most ubiquitous materials that modern society depends on and plastic waste has become one of the most serious challenges of modern society. The challenge of plastic waste encompasses industry, commerce, culture, and society. This paper is divided into four sections: I. What are plastics? II. How are plastics used in society? III. How can we manage plastic wastes? IV. How can the Philippines manage plastic waste under RA 9003? Plastics are the designer materials of the modern age. The properties of plastics can be controlled by the choice of polymer and chemical additives. Although there are numerous types of polymers, only six are clearly recyclable polymers. Because of its volume of use and visibility, particular attention has been focused on single-use plastics, in particular thin plastic bags and sachets. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased the consumption of single-use plastic, in particular for medical applications. The other large group of polymers, called thermosets, are not recyclable. The major campaign to address plastic waste — the 3Rs, reduce, reuse, recycle – has been unsuccessful in addressing this problem because this campaign has been focused mainly on the consumer and plastics were not designed to be recyclable. Recently, several approaches have been proposed, such as extended producer responsibility (EPR), the circular economy, and the addition of recover and redesign to give the 5Rs. These approaches can be used to strengthen the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003) and prepare the Philippines for a circular economy.
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Mooney, Brian P. "The second green revolution? Production of plant-based biodegradable plastics." Biochemical Journal 418, no. 2 (2009): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20081769.

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Biodegradable plastics are those that can be completely degraded in landfills, composters or sewage treatment plants by the action of naturally occurring micro-organisms. Truly biodegradable plastics leave no toxic, visible or distinguishable residues following degradation. Their biodegradability contrasts sharply with most petroleum-based plastics, which are essentially indestructible in a biological context. Because of the ubiquitous use of petroleum-based plastics, their persistence in the environment and their fossil-fuel derivation, alternatives to these traditional plastics are being explored. Issues surrounding waste management of traditional and biodegradable polymers are discussed in the context of reducing environmental pressures and carbon footprints. The main thrust of the present review addresses the development of plant-based biodegradable polymers. Plants naturally produce numerous polymers, including rubber, starch, cellulose and storage proteins, all of which have been exploited for biodegradable plastic production. Bacterial bioreactors fed with renewable resources from plants – so-called ‘white biotechnology’ – have also been successful in producing biodegradable polymers. In addition to these methods of exploiting plant materials for biodegradable polymer production, the present review also addresses the advances in synthesizing novel polymers within transgenic plants, especially those in the polyhydroxyalkanoate class. Although there is a stigma associated with transgenic plants, especially food crops, plant-based biodegradable polymers, produced as value-added co-products, or, from marginal land (non-food), crops such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), have the potential to become viable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics and an environmentally benign and carbon-neutral source of polymers.
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Ashley, Steven. "Electric Plastics." Mechanical Engineering 120, no. 04 (1998): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-apr-3.

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This article reviews the importance of conductive polymer. The big chemical company is marketing the polythiophene under the trade name Baytron. The material could also be used to make plastics paintable by adding the conductive agent first, or in the electrodes of small, high-performance tantalum capacitors found in telecommunications, computer, and automotive products. Probably the most significant commercialization of conductive polymers was for flexible, long-lived batteries that were produced in quantity by Bridgestone Corp. and Seiko Co. in Japan and by BASF/Varta in Germany. Conductive polymers are long, carbon-based chains composed of simple repeating units called monomers. The list of potential applications for conductive polymers remains a long one, and includes antiradiation coatings, batteries, catalysts, deicer panels, electrochromic windows, electromechanical actuators, embedded-array antennas, fuel cells, lithographic resists, nonlinear optics, radar dishes, and wave guides. However, how big an impact the materials will make in these markets remains unclear.
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Kühn, Susanne, Albert van Oyen, Elisa L. Bravo Rebolledo, Amalie V. Ask, and Jan Andries van Franeker. "Polymer types ingested by northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) and southern hemisphere relatives." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 2 (2020): 1643–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10540-6.

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AbstractAlthough ingestion of plastic by tubenosed seabirds has been documented regularly, identification of the polymer composition of these plastics has rarely been described. Polymer assessment may assist in identifying sources and may indicate risks from additives occurring in specific types of polymers. Using known test materials, two identification methods Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and near infrared spectroscopy (FTIR and NIR) were compared. Although both methods were found to be similarly suitable for identification of plastic polymers, a significant difference was observed in identification of natural materials. FTIR frequently misclassified natural materials as being a synthetic polymer. Within our results, an 80% match score threshold functioned best to distinguish between natural items and synthetics. Using NIR, the historical variability of plastics ingested by northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) from the Dutch sector of the North Sea was analysed for three time periods since the 1980s. For the more recent decade, variability between fulmars from different regions in the northeast Atlantic was investigated. Regional variation was further explored by analysing plastics obtained from the stomachs of southern hemisphere relatives of the fulmar (southern fulmar, cape petrel, snow petrel) and Wilson’s storm petrel. Results show that proportional abundance of polymer types in these seabirds is closely related to the plastic categories that they ingest (e.g. pellets, foam, fragments). The uptake of different plastic categories and related polymer types most likely reflects spatial and temporal variations in availability rather than ingestion preferences of the birds.
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Wan, Yinxuan. "Properties, Preparation and Application of Nature Fibers/Sustainable Polymers." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 52 (July 4, 2023): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v52i.8720.

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Plastics have become one of the most indispensable items in human life. For instance, they are the package of literally everything in our day-to-day life: food packaging, water bottles, coffee take-away cups, etc. However, the outrage of plastics’ production and their non-biodegradability has become a serious issue to the environment and human health. More and more plastics are manufactured to meet the demands in several industries and the growing rate of its production is soaring annually. Furthermore, there is not yet a way to degrade plastics, like polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate, in a both low cost and efficient way. Nature fibers and sustainable polymers have been discovered to be the substitute for plastic and has now been validated that they can be put into mass production. The specific kind of fibers and polymers possess excellent degradability, meaning they can be degraded into non-toxic substances, for example H2O and CO2. Meanwhile, they can be acquired from the nature, for instance, trees. This paper describes three materials that have prominent future in replacing conventional plastic to take over plastic’s dominating place in our daily use---poly lactic acid (PLA), cellulose and lignin. The three materials’ obtaining methodology, properties and current applications are discussed.
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Frigione, Mariaenrica, Gabriele Marini, and Maurizio Pinna. "A Thermal Analysis-Based Approach to Identify Different Waste Macroplastics in Beach Litter: The Case Study of Aquatina di Frigole NATURA 2000 Site (IT9150003, Italy)." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (2021): 3186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063186.

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The dispersion of commercial plastics in the marine environments is a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem services of the last decades. The lower density of the plastics with respect to marine water density determines their floating, transferring, and accumulation in sandy beaches. Sandy beaches represent a natural sink ecosystem for marine plastics, where the latter are fragmented and photo-degraded in relation to the kind of polymer. Here, we propose an accurate and cost-effective method, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), to identify different polymers from plastic samples collected on the Aquatina di Frigole beach (Apulia Region, Southeast of Italy), included in the NATURA 2000 Site coded as IT9150003. Our results reveal the exclusive presence of thermoplastic polymers in the beach plastic samples, mostly belonging to the polyolefin family. They appear to be remnants of larger plastic fragments, which could impact biodiversity and ecosystem services such as beach recreation activities and tourism.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polymers and Plastics"

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Isay, Alina, Vita Martynenko, Valeriya Kim, Nataliya Lepuha, and Victoria Vostrikova. "Biodegradable polymers for production of plastics." Thesis, Молодь у глобалізованому світі: академічні аспекти англомовних фахових досліджень (англ. мовою) / Укл., ред. А.І.Раду: збірник мат. конф. - Львів: ПП "Марусич", 2011. - 147 с, 2011. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/20867.

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Jaroszkiewicz, E. M. "NMR of entangled polymers." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371126.

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Barker, George William. "Electroactive polymers for uses in displays." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369659.

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Haunton, Kathleen Mary. "The fluoresence properties of irradiated polymers." Thesis, Brunel University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315528.

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Hamdan, Sinan bin. "The thermomechanical properties of aromatic polymers." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1994. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13192.

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High performance aromatic polymers such as PEEK and PEK are widely used in composite and related applications. However, their high rate thermomechanical properties are not well understood. This thesis describes a series of investigations into their mechanical behaviour over a large range of strain rates (10-3 -103 s-1 ) and temperatures (20-200° C) which were carried out in order to more fully understand their properties and to assess the applicability of standard polymer property models to their behaviour. The experiments involved the design and construction of two novel sets of high rate test apparatus. These were a cross-bow based system which enabled high strains to be obtained at strain rates of 103 s-1 and a drop-weight system based around a high speed camera which enabled direct measurements of radial strain and observation of sample behaviour to take place. The cross-bow apparatus incorporated a laser-photodiode system to enable direct strain measurements to be made and thus had an advantage over conventional Hopkinson bars of direct, rather than derived, strain measurements with a sufficiently energetic projectile to produce large deformations. These systems were used in addition to standard hydraulic ram and dropweight equipment. A heater unit to enable tests to be carried out over the desired temperature range was also designed and constructed and used with all the above systems. A comprehensive set of Differential Scanning Calorimetry and X-ray tests were carried out on samples before and after mechanical testing in order to provide structural data to aid the interpretation of the mechanical test results
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Holland, John Richard. "Configurational properties of polyphenylene precursor polymers." Thesis, Durham University, 1993. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5654/.

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The configurationally changes of a soluble precursor polymer. poly(5,6- dlmethylcarboxycyclohexadi-l.S-ene) have been studied during it’s conversion to poly(phenylene) by thermal aromatisation. This was performed principally in solution in N-methylpyirolidinone and chloroform, by size exclusion chromatography, viscometry and scattering techniques. The results show the polymer is initially a random coil, and during aromatisation stiffens to a wormlike chain, the intermediate to the rodlike molecule. This is evidenced by increased persistence length and increased dependency of size on molecular weight. The conversion to a stiffer molecule is accompanied by chain scission, more pronounced for high molecular weight polymers, and agglomeration, with consequential increased polydispersity and scatter in results. At 30% aromatisation aggregates dominate the behaviour of the solution, and at 40% the polymer becomes insoluble. Results from each technique differ according to the relative sensitivity to the two species present Aggregates exist as low as 10% aromatisation, suggesting the formation of contiguous phenylene nuclei, dispersed phenylene would not cause aggregation. When separated from the solution the aggregated species was found to be only slightly more aromatised than the free chain equivalent, and chemically very similar, suggesting aggregation arises from the arrangement rather than the quantity of phenylene monomers. The scattering behaviour of lightly aromatised polymer conformed to a wormlike chain model, while the aggregated polymer's scattering is close to that of a star model, suggesting a fringed micelle structure with a core of closely packed phenylene blocks, and arms preferentially composed of precursor polymer, with randomly dispersed phenylene. The insolubility of partially aromatised poly(DHCD-DMC) is common to other studies of polymers with conjugated backbones in which change from a good to a poor solvent causes a change from random coil to aggregated stiff chains.
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Grandy, David Brian. "The micro-thermal analysis of polymers." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2002. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/35677.

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This study is concerned with the development of micro-thermal analysis as a technique for characterising heterogeneous polymers. It is divided into two main parts. In the first part, the use of miniature Wollaston wire near-field thermal probes mounted in an atomic force microscope (AFM) to carry out highly localised thermal analysis (L-TA) of amorphous and semi-crystalline polymers is investigated. Here, the temperature of the probe sensor or tip is scanned over a pre-selected temperature range while in contact with the surface of a sample. It is thereby used to heat a volume of material of the order of several cubic micrometres. The effect of the glass transition, cold crystallisation, melting and degree of crystallinity on L-TA measurements is investigated. The materials used are poly(ethylene terephthalate), polystyrene and fluorocarbon-coated poly(butylene terephthalate). The primary measurements are the micro- or localised analogues of thermomechanical analysis (L-TMA) and differential thermal analysis (L-DTA). The effect of applying a sinusoidal modulation to the temperature of the probe is also investigated.
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Dean, Katherine (Katherine Maree) 1974. "Epoxy-dimethacrylate interpenetrating polymer networks." Monash University, School of Physics and Materials Engineering, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7791.

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Dean, Katherine(Katherine Maree) 1974. "Epoxy-dimethacrylate interpenetrating polymer networks." Monash University, School of Physics and Materials Engineering, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8231.

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Huang, Yuan. "Microstructure-property relationships in toughened epoxy polymers." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46829.

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Books on the topic "Polymers and Plastics"

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R, Rybolt Thomas, and Matsick Anni ill, eds. Plastics & polymers. Twenty-First Century Books, 1995.

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Introduction to industrial polymers. 2nd ed. Hanser Publishers, 1993.

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World Conference on Biodegradable Polymers & Plastics (7th 2002 Tirrenia, Italy). Biodegrable polymers and plastics. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2003.

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Ash, Michael. Polymers and plastics. Edward Arnold, 1990.

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Wippler, C. Degradable polymers. Ecole d'application des Hauts Polymères, 1986.

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(2009), BIOPOL 2009. Biodegradable polymers and sustainable polymers (BIOPOL-2009). Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Chiellini, Emo, and Roberto Solaro, eds. Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics. Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9240-6.

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Margolis, James M., ed. Conductive Polymers and Plastics. Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0851-5.

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M, Margolis James, ed. Conductive polymers and plastics. Chapman and Hall, 1989.

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M, Vert, and International Scientific Workshop on Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics, Montpellier (2nd : 1991 : Monpellier, France), eds. Biodegradable polymers and plastics. Royal Society of Chemistry, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Polymers and Plastics"

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Xanthos, Marino. "Polymers and Polymer Composites." In Functional Fillers for Plastics. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527605096.ch1.

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Xanthos, Marino. "Polymers and Polymer Composites." In Functional Fillers for Plastics. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527629848.ch1.

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Titow, W. V. "PVC Polymers." In PVC Plastics. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3834-5_3.

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Lerma Valero, José R. "Polymers." In Plastics Injection Molding. Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569906903.001.

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Lerma Valero, José R. "Polymers." In Plastics Injection Molding. Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-56990-690-3_1.

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Andrade-Guel, Marlene Lariza, Alma Berenice Jasso-Salcedo, Diana Iris Medellín-Banda, Marco Antonio De Jesus-Tellez, and Christian Javier Cabello-Alvarado. "Plastics Technology." In Biodegradable Polymers. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003230533-3.

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Brandrup, Johannes, and Wiesbaden. "Polymers, Polymer Recycling, and Sustainability." In Plastics and the Environment. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471721557.ch13.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Plastics." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_8833.

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Chilton, John A. "Ferroelectric Polymers." In Plastics for Electronics. Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2700-6_8.

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Whelan, Tony, and John Goff. "Plastics and Polymers." In Injection Molding of Thermoplastics Materials — 1. Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0582-9_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Polymers and Plastics"

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Usachev, Ivan, and Dmitry Solomin. "GLOBAL TRENDS IN BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b2/v3/35.

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Recently, the rapid and almost uncontrollable growth in the consumption of synthetic plastics in many sectors of the economy, especially in the field of packaging, has been a serious concern. Plastic containers are used for packaging food products, medicines, electronic devices, liquids, including those with a higher hazard class, etc. [1]. According to the German Nova-Institute, the global plastic production in 2020 has reached almost 400 Mill. Tons. At the same time, the volume of biodegradable plastics obtained from renewable resources amounted to only 3.5 million tons, i.e., about 1% of the total volume production [2]. Considering that only 25% of plastic waste is recycled, the growing consumption of polymer products is forcing manufacturers to develop biodegradable polymer compositions [3]. The problem has economic and environmental aspects since it is interconnected with the growing need to protect the environment and reduce the cost of raw materials for the production of various products.
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Elsharafi, Mahmoud, Sheldon Walsh, Brandy Fields, Caleb Acuna, Okan La Fleur, and William Statham. "The Design and Implementation of a Heat Transfer System for the Pyrolysis of Synthetic Polymers." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23055.

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Abstract Plastic trash has been building up for over a century in our landfills and oceans. Not only does it affect our wildlife, but the trash affects our lives by changing our oceans, our weather currents, and our food supply. To truly deplete the plastics that fill our landfills and oceans, a cost-effective and profitable method of plastic disposal, should be created. The heat transfer system will be used to heat plastics in such a way to break apart the polymer chains via pyrolysis, creating a vapor. The vapor will then be cooled where it will create petroleum oil, wax, and gaseous byproduct. This project research will continue by redesigning the furnace used in previous research, to get an accurate more stable heat that will reach the necessary boiling point of the plastics to create the vapor. Vapor will be collected through pipes and routed to a cooling unit, where it will be condensed, creating petroleum oil, a solid wax, and gaseous byproducts. Further research for oil optimization using variables such as types of plastics, temperature magnitudes and temperature rates from pyrolysis of synthetic polymers will aid in the creation of commercial/industrial sized pyrolysis systems that will be ecofriendly and economical.
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Schulz, U., N. Kaiser, and A. Zöller. "Plasma Surface Modification and Coating of PMMA." In Optical Interference Coatings. Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oic.1998.tuf.2.

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Inexpensive, light weight polymers offer significant cost saving and design flexibility for optical applications. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is the most often used polymer in precision optics. It shows excellent optical properties and can easily be manufactured to form components of complicated geometry by injection molding. However, the use of plastics for optical applications is limited by physical properties of organic polymers[1,2]. The application fields for plastic optics could be expanded by coating the components. Thin anorganic films are effective to realize optical functions and to improve scratch resistance and environmental durability. Thermally induced stress caused by the different thermal expansion of organic substrate and anorganic thin films, as well as, low deposition temperatures are main problems in coating polymers. In addition, because of differing chemical behavior, each kind of polymer requires its special pre-treatment to realize sufficient adherence.
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Schulz, U., and N. Kaiser. "NIR- spectroscopy for monitoring water permeability of optical coatings on plastics." In Optical Interference Coatings. Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oic.1995.wa3.

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The use of plastics for optical applications is limited by physical properties of organic polymers in many cases. Besides the problem of bad scratch resistance, the most plastics tend to absorb and desorb substantial amounts of moisture. Water exchange of the bulk polymer accelerates surface degradation and can destroy the optical performance [1-2]. Considering this, optical coatings on plastics, including those for improving scratch resistance, should reduce water absorption, too.
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Tillmann, W., C. Schaak, and K. Bleicher. "Influence of the Surface Structure on the Adhesion Strength of ZnAl2 Coatings on Thermally Instable Polymers Printed by Means of Fused Layer Modelling (FLM)." In ITSC2017, edited by A. Agarwal, G. Bolelli, A. Concustell, et al. DVS Media GmbH, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2017p0419.

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Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques give access to completely new manufacturing processes. AM techniques using metals, ceramics, or plastics feedstock are predestined for lightweight construction and for components with complex shapes or internal functions. AM processing with plastics stands out due to the low density of polymers, a good process capability, and low initial costs. The properties of polymer components are extremely dependent on the utilized plastics and the reinforcements, e.g. in the form of fibres. Furthermore, coatings can improve the properties and enhance the possible range of applications for plastics. In the present study, PLA (polylactic acid) was printed utilizing Fused Layer Modeling (FLM). The surfaces of the PLA samples were directly structured with pits with different widths during printing. Subsequently, the surfaces were coated with ZnAl2 by means of Twin Wire Arc Spraying (TWAS). Adhesion tests meeting DIN EN 582 were conducted to measure the adhesion of the coating on the structured plastic surface. The results were compared to the adhesion of ZnAl2 coatings on grit blasted and as-built surfaces. Overall, the surface adhesion was significantly better for the samples with directly structured surfaces. Hence, a direct structuring of the surface during a 3D building process promises to be an outstanding possibility to prepare surfaces prior to coating processes.
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Kudinov, Vladimir V., and Natalia V. Korneeva. "Properties of fiber reinforced plastics about static and dynamic loadings." In VIII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “TIMES OF POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES”: From Aerospace to Nanotechnology. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4950937.

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Ambrogio, G. "Processing of sheets made of long fibers reinforced plastics by SPIF." In Material Forming. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903131-170.

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Abstract. The flexibility of the Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) has been exploited in processing of sheets made by fiber reinforced polymers. Indeed, polymer-based sheets are always more employed in product planning, meeting the increasing demand of lightweight structures. However, considering the SPIF features, especially the need to totally clamp the formed sheet along its edges, processing of long-fiber reinforced sheets is critical owing to the brittleness of the fibers, whose length must be preserved. The SPIF dynamics of a customized process solution to be used for long fibers reinforced thermoplastics (LFRTPs) were already proposed and analyzed by FE simulations. Herein, the design of the equipment that allows the process to be executed was proposed detailing it in each part. In particular, the idea was based on assembling a working room that was designed to be able to control both: a) the desired process temperature maintaining it constant during the whole forming step looking at the glass and melting point of the polymeric matrix; b) a hydrostatic pressure on the bottom side of the sheet to guarantee its proper shaping. Moreover, numerical simulations were also executed to locally analyze the forming behavior of the sheet at changing of some specific properties.
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DINUSHKA, D. K. S., K. G. A. S. WAIDYASEKARA, and K. G. DEWAGODA. "APPLICABILITY OF RECYCLED PLASTIC FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION IN SRI LANKA." In 13th International Research Conference - FARU 2020. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit (FARU), University of Moratuwa, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2020.28.

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Even though Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) is being emerged as an alternative for conventional asphalt in the global context, the use of recycled plastics to produce PMB is still an unorthodox concept in Sri Lanka. Therefore, the study aimed at evaluating the applicability of recycled plastic as a construction material in road construction in Sri Lanka. The study apprehended a qualitative approach comprising a literature review, followed by twelve expert interviews. The data were analysed using manual content analysis. The economic, environmental, and social benefits and enablers along with social, technology-related, knowledge-related, economic, and resource-related barriers in implementing PMB in Sri Lanka were identified. Additionally, strategies to overcome such barriers were suggested. The study further recommends the use of recycled polymers over virgin polymers; increasing the awareness level in the industry; extending the government involvement; and establishing a standard specification.
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Kweon, Soondo, and Ahmed Amine Benzerga. "Strain Localization in Determining the Constitutive Response of Polymers." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65147.

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The constitutive response of glassy polymers is characterized by their complex thermo-mechanical behavior such as strain rate and temperature sensitive yielding, softening at small strains and re-hardening at large strains. These complex behaviors trigger strain localization in the deformation of polymers. Since localization can be induced by both structural and material instabilities, careful analysis needs to be performed to investigate the localization behavior of polymer specimen testing. Localization such as neck formation and propagation that typically occurs in the tensile and compressive testing of polymers and plastics makes it difficult for experimentalists to extract their intrinsic constitutive response. This problem is exacerbated when localization occurs with shear bands. In this study, a macromolecular constitutive model for polymers showing small-strain softening and large-strain directional hardening is employed to investigate the effect of localization in tension onto the constitutive identification process. Considering the complex interplay between the structural and constitutive instabilities, a method based on direct, real-time measurement of area reduction at the neck section has been proposed to extract the intrinsic constitutive response of polymer materials.
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Causa, Andrea, Maria Chiara Mistretta, Domenico Acierno, and Giovanni Filippone. "Effectiveness of organoclays as compatibilizers for multiphase polymer blends – A sustainable route for the mechanical recycling of co-mingled plastics." In TIMES OF POLYMERS (TOP) AND COMPOSITES 2014: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Times of Polymers (TOP) and Composites. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4876866.

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Reports on the topic "Polymers and Plastics"

1

Lenz, Robert W. International Workshop on Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers (4th) Held in Durham, New Hampshire on 11-14 October 1995. Defense Technical Information Center, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada306205.

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2

Lenz, Mark. RV POSEIDON Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report POS536/Leg 1. GEOMAR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/geomar_rep_ns_56_2020.

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DIPLANOAGAP: Distribution of Plastics in the North Atlantic Garbage Patch Ponta Delgada (Portugal) – Malaga (Spain) 17.08. – 12.09.2019 The expedition POS 536 is part of a multi-disciplinary research initiative of GEOMAR investigating the origin, transport and fate of plastic debris from estuaries to the oceanic garbage patches. The main focus will be on the vertical transfer of plastic debris from the surface and near-surface waters to the deep sea and on the processes that mediate this transport. The obtained data will help to develop quantitative models that provide information about the level of plastic pollution in the different compartments of the open ocean (surface, water column, seafloor). Furthermore, the effects of plastic debris on marine organisms in the open ocean will be assessed. The cruise will provide data about the: (1) abundance of plastic debris with a minimum size of 100 μm as well as the composition of polymer types in the water column at different depths from the sea surface to the seafloor including the sediment, (2) abundance and composition of plastic debris in organic aggregates (“marine snow”), (3) in pelagic and benthic organisms (invertebrates and fish) and in fecal pellets, (4) abundance and the identity of biofoulers (bacteria, protozoans and metazoans) on the surface of plastic debris from different water depths, (5) identification of chemical compounds (“additives”) in the plastic debris and in water samples.
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3

Gent, A. N., and S. Madan. Plastic Yielding of Partially-Crystalline Polymers. Defense Technical Information Center, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada208101.

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4

Boyce, Mary C., David M. Parks, and Ali S. Argon. Plastic Flow in Oriented Glassy Polymers. Defense Technical Information Center, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada196531.

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Kent, S. D., C. T. Snyder, and S. E. Carpenter. Analysis of polymer plastics by Fourier transform infrared microscopy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/218994.

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Wilkins, Justin, Andrew McQueen, Joshua LeMonte, and Burton Suedel. Initial survey of microplastics in bottom sediments from United States waterways. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42021.

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Given the reported extent of microplastics in the aquatic environment, environmentally relevant exposure information for sediments dredged by the US Army Corps of Engineers will lend context to the risks posed by this contaminant during dredging. We measured the occurrence, abundance, and polymer composition of microplastics in sediments collected from nine dredged waterways and two non-dredged reference areas. The number of particles in sediment samples ranged from 162 to 6110 particles/kg dry wt., with a mean of 1636 particles/kg dry wt. Fragments were the most prevalent shape observed among the 11 study sites (100% frequency of occurrence), followed by fibers (81%), spheres (75%), foams (38%) and films (34%). Based on analyses of chemical composition of the particles using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, polyethylene:propylene was the most common polymer type observed. Consistent with results presented by other investigators microplastic concentrations and polymer types in bottom sediments in this study were also aligned with the most widely used plastics worldwide.
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7

Barashkov, N., N. Korotkikh, T. Novikova, et al. Design of new polymers to improve radiation stability of plastic scintillators. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10133307.

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8

Kanicki, Jerzy. Seven-Segment Organic Polymer Based Light-Emitting Devices on Plastic Substrates. Defense Technical Information Center, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada417256.

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9

Beck, Aaron. RiverOceanPlastic: Land-ocean transfer of plastic debris in the North Atlantic, Cruise No. AL534/2, 05 March – 26 March 2020, Malaga (Spain) – Kiel (Germany). GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al534-2.

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Cruise AL534/2 is part of a multi-disciplinary research initiative as part of the JPI Oceans project HOTMIC and sought to investigate the origin, transport and fate of plastic debris from estuaries to the oceanic garbage patches. The main focus of the cruise was on the horizontal transfer of plastic debris from major European rivers into shelf regions and on the processes that mediate this transport. Stations were originally chosen to target the outflows of major European rivers along the western Europe coast between Malaga (Spain) and Kiel (Germany), although some modifications were made in response to inclement weather. In total, 16 stations were sampled along the cruise track. The sampling scheme was similar for most stations, and included: 1) a CTD cast to collect water column salinity and temperature profiles, and discrete samples between surface and seafloor, 2) sediment sampling with Van Veen grab and mini-multi corer (mini-MUC), 3) suspended particle and plankton sampling using a towed Bongo net and vertical WP3 net, and 4) surface neusten sampling using a catamaran trawl. At a subset of stations with deep water, suspended particles were collected using in situ pumps deployed on a cable. During transit between stations, surface water samples were collected from the ship’s underway seawater supply, and during calm weather, floating litter was counted by visual survey teams. The samples and data collected on cruise AL534/2 will be used to determine the: (1) abundance of plastic debris in surface waters, as well as the composition of polymer types, originating in major European estuaries and transported through coastal waters, (2) abundance and composition of microplastics (MP) in the water column at different depths from the sea surface to the seafloor including the sediment, (3) abundance and composition of plastic debris in pelagic and benthic organisms (invertebrates), (4) abundance and identity of biofoulers (bacteria, protozoans and metazoans) on the surface of plastic debris from different water depths, (5) identification of chemical compounds (“additives”) in the plastic debris and in water samples.
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Committee on Toxicology. New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) In Regulatory Risk Assessment Workshop Report 2020- Exploring Dose Response. Food Standards Agency, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.cha679.

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The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) and the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT) held an “Exploring Dose Response” workshop in a multidisciplinary setting inviting regulatory agencies, government bodies, academia and industry. The workshop provided a platform from which to address and enable expert discussions on the latest in silico prediction models, new approach methodologies (NAMs), physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK), future methodologies, integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA) as well as methodology validation. Using a series of presentations from external experts and case study (plastic particles, polymers, tropane alkaloids, selective androgen receptor modulators) discussions, the workshop outlined and explored an approach that is fit for purpose applied to future human health risk assessment in the context of food safety. Furthermore, possible future research opportunities were explored to establish points of departure (PODs) using non-animal alternative models and to improve the use of exposure metrics in risk assessment.
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