Relevant bibliographies by topics / Polymers - Degradation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Polymers - Degradation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Polymers - Degradation"

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Kulkarni, Aishwarya, and Harshini Dasari. "Current Status of Methods Used In Degradation of Polymers: A Review." MATEC Web of Conferences 144 (2018): 02023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814402023.

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Degradation of different polymers now a day is the most crucial thing to carry out. It possesses threats to human health as well as to the environment. Different polymers like PVA, PVC, and PP with high density and low density are one of the most consumed by population and also their degradation is a bit difficult. For this many people have started working on effective methods of degradation of these polymers. This can be done by thermal degradation and pyrolysis which requires high temperature, bio degradation using starch, bacteria etc and photo degradation. Traditional gravimetric and respirometric techniques are the methods currently used in testing. They fit readily for degradable polymeric materials usually. Also they are well suited for biodegradable components with polymer blends. But the recent polymer generation is comparatively resistant to bio degradation of polymers hence they cannot be used here. The polymer matrices are readily present in the plasticizers boosting the strength of polymeric material hence in addition; there is the mechanism of degradation. The information on various methods discussed in this review is planned to illustrate a best fit of methods for those who are interested in testing the degradation of polymers under different environmental conditions and selection of appropriate technique for specific combination of mixture of polymer and catalysts which helps to degrade the polymeric material.
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Xu, Yonghang, Fangya Zhou, Danmin Zhou, Jintang Mo, Huawen Hu, Limiao Lin, Jingshu Wu, Mingguang Yu, Min Zhang, and Hong Chen. "Degradation Behaviors of Biodegradable Aliphatic Polyesters and Polycarbonates." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2020.1958.

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Aliphatic polyesters and polycarbonates such as polylactide (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC), are well known as biodegradable, biocompatible and environmental-friendly polymeric materials, which have been widely used in various areas ranging from packaging to biomedical materials. The production and usage of biodegradable plastics can greatly alleviate the safety and environmental concerns because of the fairly short degradation periods and low toxicity of catabolite. During the degradation process of polymers, obvious changes appear in polymer structures and the physiochemical properties. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate and control the degradation behaviors and periods of biodegradable plastics such as polyesters and polycarbonates, which is significant for their more widespread popularization and applications. In this context, it is highly desirable to make a review contribution in this field so as to better understand the recent research progress on polymer degradation behaviors and kinetics, as well as the future prospect of biodegradable polymers. Herein, this paper reviews the research progress on the degradation behaviors of biodegradable polyesters and polycarbonates materials including PLA, PCL and PPC. Through an in-depth study of various internal/external factors, the degradation mechanism of these polymers is unraveled, which will motivate future studies into the synthesis of novel biodegradable polymers and the understanding of their degradation behavior on the molecular level.
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Chang, L. L., D. L. Raudenbush, and S. K. Dentel. "Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability of a flocculant polymer." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 2-3 (July 1, 2001): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0802.

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Flocculant polymers are used to improve the efficiency of separation processes used in wastewater treatment. The subsequent fate and effects of these additives are uncertain, however, with some previous reports indicating them to be biodegradable while others indicate complete recalcitrance. The biodegradability of a common flocculant polymer was therefore evaluated, using both aerobic and anaerobic batch assays. Knowledge of the polymer's chemical composition also allowed degradation stoichiometries to be calculated for complete biodegradation and also for incomplete degradation to several hypothesized end products. Results showed conclusively that the polymer was subject to partial degradation by both aerobic and anaerobic cultures. Measured oxygen consumption under aerobic conditions, and gas production under anaerobic conditions, both indicate that the partial destruction of pendant cationic moieties occurs, but that the polymer's CH2 backbone remains essentially intact. These results allow seemingly contradictory previous reports to be explained. The findings are relevant to the environmental fate of these polymers as well as certain treatment process effects.
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He, Yuanxin, Hongyu Li, Xiang Xiao, and Xinyu Zhao. "Polymer Degradation: Category, Mechanism and Development Prospect." E3S Web of Conferences 290 (2021): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129001012.

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With the increasing demand for polymers, white pollution has become a serious concern all around the world. The admirable degradation methods of them are desirable for overcoming this problem. In the past several decades, numerous researches on polymer degradation have been reported. This review commits to different degradation strategies of polymers and four main degradation protocols firstly, including photodegradation, oxidative degradation, catalytic degradation, and biodegradation, are demonstrated in detail. Secondly, some specific samples are discussed for each kind of degradation. Finally, the outlook and future of polymer degradation are proposed. In particular, the comprehensive comparison of different degradation methods is covered to provide the best choice for dealing with different polymers wastes. These will be beneficial to the development of processing plastic and conversion of polymer wastes.
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Zaikov, Gennady, and Marina Artsis. "Degradation of polymers in aggressive media. Kinetic approach." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 3, no. 1 (March 15, 2009): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht03.01.029.

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The degradation of polymers in aggressive media is a complex physico-chemical process including adsorption, diffusion and the dissociation of chemically unstable bonds. The course of degradation has a number of special features, which are linked both with the specific structure of polymeric materials and with specific kinetics of reactions in solids
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Ruqaya Raad and Mustafa Abdallh. "Surface modification to enhance photo-stability of polymers." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 11, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 080–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2022.11.2.0130.

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Photo-degradation is an irreversible alteration in the chemical, mechanical and physical properties of polymers, these alterations are a result of photon absorption from sunlight. UV-light is considered to be the main factor for initiating photo-degradation process of polymers. To extend the lifetime of polymers, their durability, overall minimization of the rate of photo degradation and protection of polymers against environmental factors, stabilizers are introduced to polymers. In addition, since the interaction of the polymer with its environment occurs mainly at the surface of the polymer, therefore surface modification of polymers is used to enhance the UV photo-stabilization. This method can also provide a more durable, weather resistant and photo-stable polymers.
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Ofoegbu, Stanley, Mário Ferreira, and Mikhail Zheludkevich. "Galvanically Stimulated Degradation of Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Critical Review." Materials 12, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12040651.

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Carbon is used as a reinforcing phase in carbon-fiber reinforced polymer composites employed in aeronautical and other technological applications. Under polarization in aqueous media, which can occur on galvanic coupling of carbon-fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) with metals in multi-material structures, degradation of the composite occurs. These degradative processes are intimately linked with the electrically conductive nature and surface chemistry of carbon. This review highlights the potential corrosion challenges in multi-material combinations containing carbon-fiber reinforced polymers, the surface chemistry of carbon, its plausible effects on the electrochemical activity of carbon, and consequently the degradation processes on carbon-fiber reinforced polymers. The implications of the emerging use of conductive nano-fillers (carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers) in the modification of CFRPs on galvanically stimulated degradation of CFRP is accentuated. The problem of galvanic coupling of CFRP with selected metals is set into perspective, and insights on potential methods for mitigation and monitoring the degradative processes in these composites are highlighted.
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Doh, Jaehyeok, Sang-Woo Kim, and Jongsoo Lee. "Reliability assessment on the degradation properties of polymers under operating temperature and vibration conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 13 (October 24, 2017): 1782–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017735263.

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This study focuses on the design of polymer components considering their degradation under designed operating conditions in automobiles. We use stochastic and statistical methods to ensure that such components are reliable and robust. The behaviours of polymers are described using a viscoelastic model, and degradation properties of polymers are obtained from creep and tensile data that are acquired at various temperatures. Using the Maxwell fluid model, we calculate the Prony series, which estimates viscoelastic models based on creep data. By considering Prony coefficients that describe degradation characteristics, this approach generates stress data via a frequency-response analysis of polymer components in automobiles. These data are used to generate performance functions by the response surface method. We assess the reliability considering the variation of temperature-dependent degradation properties and the areas of the peak frequency. In this study, degraded properties and frequencies are assumed to have a normal distribution, and we evaluate the reliability and probability of failure under the yield strength criteria using a Monte Carlo simulation. We then compare the reliability and failure probabilities of the given polymers in an automotive component. Based on these comparisons, we suggest the most suitable polymeric materials for use in automotive applications.
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Zhuikov, Vsevolod A., Elizaveta A. Akoulina, Dariana V. Chesnokova, You Wenhao, Tatiana K. Makhina, Irina V. Demyanova, Yuliya V. Zhuikova, et al. "The Growth of 3T3 Fibroblasts on PHB, PLA and PHB/PLA Blend Films at Different Stages of Their Biodegradation In Vitro." Polymers 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010108.

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Over the past century there was a significant development and extensive application of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers for their biomedical applications. This research investigates the dynamic change in properties of biodegradable polymers: poly(3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly-l-lactide (PLA), and their 50:50 blend (PHB/PLA)) during their hydrolytic non-enzymatic (in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), at pH = 7.4, 37 °C) and enzymatic degradation (in PBS supplemented with 0.25 mg/mL pancreatic lipase). 3T3 fibroblast proliferation on the polymer films experiencing different degradation durations was also studied. Enzymatic degradation significantly accelerated the degradation rate of polymers compared to non-enzymatic hydrolytic degradation, whereas the seeding of 3T3 cells on the polymer films accelerated only the PLA molecular weight loss. Surprisingly, the immiscible nature of PHB/PLA blend (showed by differential scanning calorimetry) led to a slower and more uniform enzymatic degradation in comparison with pure polymers, PHB and PLA, which displayed a two-stage degradation process. PHB/PLA blend also displayed relatively stable cell viability on films upon exposure to degradation of different durations, which was associated with the uneven distribution of cells on polymer films. Thus, the obtained data are of great benefit for designing biodegradable scaffolds based on polymer blends for tissue engineering.
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Rizzarelli, Paola, and Marco Rapisarda. "Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption and Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Microbial and Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers." Polymers 15, no. 10 (May 18, 2023): 2356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15102356.

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The in-depth structural and compositional investigation of biodegradable polymeric materials, neat or partly degraded, is crucial for their successful applications. Obviously, an exhaustive structural analysis of all synthetic macromolecules is essential in polymer chemistry to confirm the accomplishment of a preparation procedure, identify degradation products originating from side reactions, and monitor chemical–physical properties. Advanced mass spectrometry (MS) techniques have been increasingly applied in biodegradable polymer studies with a relevant role in their further development, valuation, and extension of application fields. However, single-stage MS is not always sufficient to identify unambiguously the polymer structure. Thus, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has more recently been employed for detailed structure characterization and in degradation and drug release monitoring of polymeric samples, among which are biodegradable polymers. This review aims to run through the investigations carried out by the soft ionization technique matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) MS/MS in biodegradable polymers and present the resulting information.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polymers - Degradation"

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Gornall, Tina. "Catalytic degradation of waste polymers." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2011. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/4886/.

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Plastics have become an integral part of our lives. However, the disposal of plastic waste poses an enormous problem to society. An ideal solution would be to break down a polymer into its monomer, which could then be used as the building-blocks to recreate the polymer. Unfortunately, the majority of plastics do not degrade readily into their monomer units. Thermal degradation of polymers usually follows a radical mechanism (which is of high energy and requires high temperatures) and produces a large proportion of straight chain alkanes, which have low relative octane number (RON) and so cannot be used in internal combustion engines. However, a suitable catalyst can help to branch straight alkane chains and so give high RON fuels that can be blended into commercial fuels. An extensive thermogravimetric study of polymer-catalyst mixtures was undertaken and produced dramatic reductions in the onset temperature of degradation and significant changes in the activation energy, suggesting a change to a desirable Brønsted- or Lewis-acid catalysed degradation mechanism in many cases. For example, GC-MS analysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) degraded with Fulcat 435 clay showed the polymer forming a large number of C6-C7 single-branched alkanes of intermediate RON value. In comparison, degradation of LDPE in the presence of a ZSM-5 zeolite (280z) resulted in the production of a large aromatic content (41% of Total Mass at 450ºC) together with branched C6-C8 hydrocarbons (40%). This formation of a large proportion of high RON components from polyethylene and other polymers could move us one step closer to tackling the enormous problem of plastic waste disposal that the world faces today.
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Holland, Barry John. "The thermal degradation of commercial polymers." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369177.

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Agarwal, Reena. "Degradation of polymers in chemical mechanical polishing." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11828.

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Argyropoulos, Dimitris S. "Synthesis and degradation of model network polymers." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72032.

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Theoretical expressions essentially based on the Flory-Stockmayer statistics of gelation were experimentally examined for their applicability beyond the gel point. By studying the crosslinking process of a polyester network formed from 1,3,5-benzenetriacetic acid and 1,10-decamethylene glycol beyond the gel point, the validity of the expressions was quantitatively confirmed, and their limitations were delineated.
On stepwise degradation of a similar network, increasingly large soluble fractions were obtained at each step, and their weight-average molecular weights increased as the degelation point was approached. The molecular weights and distributions of these fractions were in close quantitative agreement with theory, i.e., they represented a near-mirror image of the molecular weights of sol fractions obtained on crosslinking beyond the gel point. Similar results were obtained by degrading a network prepared by the random crosslinking of monodisperse primary chains of polystyrene.
Experimental support was thus obtained for treating random network degradation by reversing the statistics of the Flory-Stockmayer theory of gelation.
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Diamond, R. J. "Labelled polymers : Synthesis, analysis and degradation studies." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383958.

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Miller, Charles Andrew. "MODELING OF THERMAL DEGRADATION OF PHYSICALLY HETEROGENEOUS POLYMERIC SOLIDS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291219.

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Jenkins, Andrew Tobias Aveling. "Electrochemical studies of coating degradation." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/967.

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The polymer coatings considered in this thesis work principally by creating a barrier, in order to prevent a corroding medium such as water and / or oxygen from contacting the surface of the underlying metal. Such coatings are subject to attack from the environment in which they are placed. This attack can lead to failure of the coating and corrosion of the underlying metal. In this thesis, three principle means of coating degradation, leading to subsequent corrosion of the substrate have been considered: Mechanical damage of the coating, the effect of ultra-violet light weathering and filiform corrosion. Electrochemical measurements have been made in order to attempt to quantify both the degree of coating breakdown and the extent of corrosion of the substrate. The principle method for measuring coating breakdown and substrate corrosion utilised in the work for this thesis was Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). EIS, in principle, allows both changes in coating porosity resulting from coating breakdown, and the extent of corrosion of the substrate to be measured. The extent of delamination under polymer coatings on defects of different sizes and on different substrates has been measured. The effect of ultra-violet light weathering of polymer coatings was measured using EIS and correlated with measurements of light reflection of the coating. Filiform corrosion was induced on two different substrates, coated with various coatings. The effect of substrate and coating on filiform corrosion growth rate and mechanism has been considered.
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Li, Tong. "Influence of stress on photo-degradation of polymers." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283648.

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Lambert, Scott. "Environmental risk of polymers and their degradation products." Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4194/.

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Polymer-based materials are found everywhere in the environment, but their impacts are yet to be fully understood. The degradation of different polymer types has been extensively investigated under specific laboratory conditions. However, only limited data are available on their degradation under environmentally relevant conditions, where a number of processes are assessed at once. This thesis therefore describes a series of outdoor aquatic microcosm studies and laboratory experiments to investigate the degradation of a case study polymer (natural rubber latex), to characterise the formation of degradation products, and to assess the effects these may have on aquatic organisms. The outdoor microcosm studies showed that the exclusion of light and material thickness had a greater influence on degradation rate than media pH and sample movement. Analysis of the degradation solutions demonstrated that when the latex polymer degraded, there was an increase in the formation of microscopic latex particles; zinc (used to speed up the rate of curing processes) migrated from the latex polymer into the test solutions; and a mixture of dissolved substances that are potentially oxidised latex oligomers with additives residues were formed. Further analyses also showed that the atmosphere is a receiving environmental compartment for polymer degradates though the identification of a range of volatile substances produced during the degradation process. Laboratory experiments were then conducted to investigate the direct toxicity of the formed degradate mixtures, using two freshwater organisms with different life cycle traits, the water column crustacean Daphnia magna and the sediment-dwelling larvae of Chironomus riparius. The results suggest that, to the organisms tested, there is limited environmental risk associated with latex degradation products. Overall, environments receiving polymer debris are potentially exposed to a mixture of compounds that include the parent polymer, fragmented particles, leached additives, and subsequent degradation products; however at environmentally relevant concentrations this latex degradates pose little risk.
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Cui, Futong. "Biomimetic studies related to lignin degradation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30993.

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Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer on Earth. It is an amorphous, cross-linked, aromatic polymer composed of phenylpropanoid units. There has been an ever growing interest in the biodegradation of this complex polymer for the last 30 years. White-rot fungi have been found to be an important lignin degraders in the natural environment. With the discovery of two groups of hemoprotein enzymes, lignin peroxidases and manganese(II)-dependent peroxidases, from the lignin degrading culture of a white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, rapid progress has been made in understanding the mechanism of lignin biodegradation. Synthetic metaUoporphyrins, the iron(III) and manganese(III) complexes of meso-tetra(2,6-dichloro-3-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TDCSPPFeCl and TDCSPPMnCl) and meso-tetra(2,6-dichloro-3-sulfonatophenyl)-B-octachloroporphyrin (Cl₁₆TSPPFeCl and Cl₁₆TSPPMnCl), were used in this study to mimic the functions of the "lignin degrading" enzymes. Factors affecting the catalytic activities of these biomimetic catalysts were studied. TDCSPPFeCl could closely mimic lignin peroxidase in the degradation of a number of lignin model compounds, including veratryl alcohol, B-l, B-O-4, B-5, 5-5' biphenyl, phenylpropane, and phenylpropene model compounds. The reactions catalyzed by TDCSPPFeCl include benzyl alcohol oxidation, C[formula omitted],-C[formula omitted] side chain cleavage, demethoxylation, aromatic ring cleavage, benzylic methylene hydroxylation, and C[formula omitted]-C[formula omitted] double bond hydroxylation (glycol formation). Novel solvent incorporated compounds isolated from the oxidation of veratryl alcohol give insights about the site of attack of substrate cation radical by solvent molecules. The isolation of a solvent incorporated product from the oxidation of a phenylpropene model compound suggests a cation radical mechanism for the oxidation of this lignin substructure. The formation of a number of direct aromatic ring cleavage products during the oxidation of some model compounds supports the previously proposed mechanism of aromatic ring cleavage. TDCSPPFeCl was also able to catalyze the oxidation of environmental pollutants such as pyrene and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Veratryl alcohol and manganese(II)-complexes have been suggested to function as redox mediators for lignin biodegradation. Evidence has been provided to demonstrate their mediating power during electrochemical and biomimetic degradation of lignin model compounds. In addition to the mechanistic information obtained, the successful oxidation of the model compounds suggests that metalloporphyrins can be important catalysts for the pulp and paper industry and for pollution control.
Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
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Books on the topic "Polymers - Degradation"

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Roulet, Jean-François. Degradation of dental polymers. Basel: Karger, 1987.

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1927-, Scott Gerald, ed. Polymer degradation & stabilisation. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

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1953-, Hamid S. Halim, ed. Handbook of polymer degradation. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000.

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1965-, Jiménez Alfonso, Zaikov Gennadiĭ Efremovich, and Workshop on Polymer Analysis, Degradation and Stabilization (1st : 1999 : Alicante, Spain), eds. Polymer analysis and degradation. Huntington, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2000.

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G, Jellinek H. H., and Kachi H, eds. Degradation and stabilization of polymers. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1989.

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Crompton, T. R. Thermo-oxidative degradation of polymers. Shrewsbury: iSmithers, 2010.

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(Firm), Knovel, ed. Thermo-oxidative degradation of polymers. Shrewsbury: ISmithers, 2010.

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Grassie, N. Polymer degradation & stabilisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

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Billingham, N. C., Mathias C. Celina, and Jeffrey S. Wiggins. Polymer degradation and performance. Edited by American Chemical Society Meeting and American Chemical Society. Division of Polymer Chemistry. Washington, D.C: American Chemical Society, 2009.

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Ėmanuėlʹ, N. M. Chemical physics of polymer degradation and stabilization. Utrecht, Netherlands: VNU Science Press, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Polymers - Degradation"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Degradation." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 199. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_3374.

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Ravve, A. "Degradation of Polymers." In Principles of Polymer Chemistry, 581–616. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4227-8_9.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Actinic Degradation." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 16. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_210.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Radiation Degradation." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 606. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9726.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Shear Degradation." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 657. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_10522.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Ultraviolet Degradation." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 779. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12312.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Microbial Degradation." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 461. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_7469.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Oxidative Degradation." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 510–11. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_8317.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Autocatalytic Degradation." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 56. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_905.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Hydrolytic Degradation." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 376. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_6130.

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Conference papers on the topic "Polymers - Degradation"

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Lee, Wen-Hao, D. S. Liang, W. P. Wang, and C. S. Hsiao. "Thermal Degradation and Mass Transport of Underfill Material." In ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2007-33057.

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In order to enhance the reliability of flip chip packages, the initiation and propagation of various interfacial failures and robust interfacial bonds between the underfill and the other components are highly desired. The water molecules inside the plastic material were chemically bonded with polymers by hydrogen bonds in the microholes formed by the polymer molecule chains. The bonding of water molecules and polymers reduced the adhesion strength at the interface between epoxy material and die. In this study, the interfacial bond strengths of commercial underfills with silicon nitride passivation are measured using bottom shear test. The thermal degradation of epoxy-based underfill material has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results show that adhesion strength is correlated with TGA weight loss curve. Besides, epoxy is sensitive to moisture at high temperature storage. Moisture diffusion characterization at high temperatures in polymeric packaging materials is important since moisture absorption of polymeric packaging materials plays a determining role in “popcorn cracking” of IC packages during the solder reflow process especially for lead-free solder reflow profile. The moisture absorption was measured by using mass transport and diffusion theory.
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Weiss, Karl-Anders, Jan Philip Huelsmann, Thomas Kaltenbach, Daniel Philipp, Tanja Schuhmacher, Jochen Wirth, and Michael Koehl. "Accelerated degradation studies of encapsulation polymers." In Solar Energy + Applications, edited by Neelkanth G. Dhere. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.793609.

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John, Anthony Okon, Ogbonna Friday Joel, and Franklin Chukwuma. "Modelling Degradation Time of Hydroxyethyl Cellulose-Based Polymeric Fluids." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212022-ms.

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Abstract Sand production from hydrocarbon wells is known not to have any economic value. Hydroxyethyl cellulose is one of the polymers of choice used to formulate gravel carrier fluids used to transport proppants to the desired intervals in hydrocarbon wells, drilled in unconsolidated formations, to stop or minimize sand production. Viscous polymeric fluids must be degraded to ensure good wellbore cleanout and good hydrocarbon production. Polymer Degradation is a function of several variables such as temperature, pH, salinity, type and concentration of gel breakers and polymers. The success of gravel pack operations in the field depends greatly on the fluid design, which must first be qualified in the laboratory. It is often difficult to predict the degradation time of polymer fluids used in gravel pack operations because it’s a function of many variables. Therefore, in this study, a more detailed study of the effect of temperature, sodium persulfate breaker concentration and hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer concentration were performed. A model equation, capable of predicting the break time of hydroxyethyl cellulose-based polymeric fluid mixed in 2% by weight of potassium chloride brine, at various temperatures for different concentrations of sodium persulfate breaker, was developed based on data from laboratory experiments with the aid of Mini tab 17 software using factorial regression analysis. From the analysis, temperature has the highest impact on the degradation rate of hydroxyethyl cellulose with an effect estimate of -281.7, while breaker concentration and polymer concentration have an effect estimate of -113.4 and 128.8 respectively. From the analysis of variance, the coefficient of determination, R Squared, was 0.8792. The process of degradation of hydroxyethyl cellulose-based fluid similar composition can be more easily and faster optimized using this model.
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Shankar, Vivek, Shekhar Sunit, Robert Zagitov, Abhishek Kumar Gupta, Suresh Kumar, Ritesh Kumar, Kumarish Pahari, Rahul Agarwal, Petro Nakutnyy, and Santhosh Veerabhadrappa. "Evaluation of Alternative Polymers for Mangala Polymer Flood." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211461-ms.

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Abstract Mangala field is under polymer-flood since 2015. The polymer-flood is very successful in accelerating recovery compared to waterflood. As the flood matured, field performance indicated that part of the injected polymer was degrading in the reservoir. Lab studies and polymer samples collected from the reservoir suggest that the most likely reason of degradation is increased hydrolysis due to thermal ageing. This degradation compels higher dosing of polymer to make up for the lost viscosity and increases operating costs. Polymer precipitation in the reservoir may also lead to loss of reservoir permeability. Literature survey and preliminary lab studies showed that polymers with Acrylamide-Tertiary-Butyl-Sulfonic acid monomer units (referred as ATBS polymers) could be a suitable option for Mangala. To evaluate the hypothesis, team did a series of lab and core flood studies. The studies include accelerated thermal ageing, rheology, dynamic adsorption, injectivity, water flood with fresh and degraded samples and compatibility studies with topside chemicals. Two HPAM polymers with different DOH and two ATBS polymers were evaluated. The selected ATBS polymer was then tested for compatibility with surface topside chemicals. The studies show that the classic 20-25% DOH HPAM suffers viscosity degradation and possible precipitation in Mangala reservoir conditions. ATBS polymers and a lower DOH HPAM provide superior results to the incumbent HPAM with an acrylamide (86)-ATBS (14) copolymer providing the best results. ATBS polymers were especially resistance to cloud point lowering and provide some superiority in shear degradation. ATBS monomer was resistant to hydrolysis in the period of testing. Contrary to published literature ATBS polymers showed higher adsorption and their propagation through cores required higher pressure drop. ATBS polymer seemed to plug a low permeability section of the core stack. All polymers reach their peak viscosity at 30-40% hydrolysis and decline sharply after 40%. However, viscosity and cloud points measured during accelerated ageing are possibly conservative. A large-scale pilot of ATBS injection in Mangala is underway to validate the laboratory test results. ATBS polymer can be a suitable polymer for some layers of Mangala with high residence time and permeability. The choice is driven by the economics of the incremental cost of ATBS for the benefits it offers. In some sands with shorter inter wells pacing, a lower DOH HPAM may work out to be a more cost-effective solution. The study results provide insights to operators to understand the reservoir performance of existing polymer-floods and plan for future polymer-floods.
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Vieira, A. C., J. C. Vieira, R. M. Guedes, A. T. Marques, Alberto D’Amore, Domenico Acierno, and Luigi Grassia. "DEGRADATION CHARACTERIZATION OF ALIPHATIC POLYESTERS—IN VITRO STUDY." In IV INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE TIMES OF POLYMERS (TOP) AND COMPOSITES. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2989044.

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Levitt, David, Gary Arnold Pope, and Stephane Jouenne. "Chemical Degradation of Polyacrylamide Polymers Under Alkaline Conditions." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/129879-ms.

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Ohki, Yoshimichi, Yu Miyazaki, Haolong Zhou, Momoka Sumita, Takumi Someya, and Naoshi Hirai. "Mitigation of Degradation in Polymers by Gamma Rays." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpadm49635.2021.9493858.

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Danko, Martin, Katarina Borska, Sherif Shaban Ragab, Ivica Janigova, and Jaroslav Mosnacek. "1,2-diketones promoted degradation of poly(epsilon-caprolactone)." In 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TIMES OF POLYMERS (TOP) AND COMPOSITES. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4738441.

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Sarneki, G. J., A. B. Holmes, S. C. Moratti, and R. H. Friend. "Polymer chain degradation in THF. the effect of radicals on methoxy precursor polymers." In International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stsm.1994.835338.

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Soares, João A., and Paolo Zunino. "A Multiscale Mixture Model for Polymer Degradation and Erosion." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19251.

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Over the last 50 years, biodegradable materials have found a wide variety of applications in the medical field ranging from biodegradable sutures, pins and screws for orthopedic surgery, implants for local drug delivery, tissue engineering scaffolds, and biodegradable endovascular and urethral stents. The ability to predict the evolution of biodegradable polymers over the course of degradation would enhance the biodegradable implant design process. Polymer degradation is the irreversible chain scission process that breaks polymer chains down to oligomers and finally monomers. Extensive degradation leads to erosion, which is the process of material loss from the polymer bulk. Such materials can be monomers, oligomers, parts of the polymer backbone, or even parts of the polymer bulk. Hence, degradation and erosion are distinct but related process.
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Reports on the topic "Polymers - Degradation"

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Mitchell, Ralph. Microbial Degradation of Polymers Used in Electronics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada286526.

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Wooley, Karen L. Hyperbranched Polymers - Engineering Materials and Degradation Behavior. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada391916.

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Stavland, Arne, Siv Marie Åsen, Arild Lohne, Olav Aursjø, and Aksel Hiorth. Recommended polymer workflow: Lab (cm and m scale). University of Stavanger, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.201.

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Polymer flooding is one of the most promising EOR methods (Smalley et al. 2018). It is well known and has been used successfully (Pye 1964; Standnes & Skjevrak 2014; Sheng et al. 2015). From a technical perspective we recommend that polymer flooding should be considered as a viable EOR method on the Norwegian Continental Shelf for the following reasons: 1. More oil can be produced with less water injected; this is particularly important for the NCS which are currently producing more water than oil 2. Polymers will increase the aerial sweep and improve the ultimate recovery, provided a proper injection strategy 3. Many polymer systems are available, and it should be possible to tailor their chemical composition to a wide range of reservoir conditions (temperature and salinity) 4. Polymer systems can be used to block water from short circuiting injection production wells 5. Polymer combined with low salinity injection water has many benefits: a lower polymer concentration can be used to reach target viscosity, less mechanical degradation, less adsorption, and a potential reduction in Sor due to a low salinity wettability effect. There are some hurdles when considering polymer flooding that needs to be considered: 1. Many polymer systems are not at the present considered as green chemicals; thus, reinjection of produced water is needed. However, results from polymer degradation studies in the IORCentre indicates that a. High molecular weight polymers are quickly degraded to low molecular weight. In case of accidental release to the ocean low molecular weight polymers are diluted and the lifetime of the spill might be quite short. According to Caulfield et al. (2002) HPAM is not toxic, and will not degrade to the more environmentally problematic acrylamide. b. In the DF report for environmental impact there are case studies using the DREAM model to predict the transport of chemical spills. This model is coupled with polymer (sun exposure) degradation data from the IORCentre to quantify the lifetime of polymer spills. This approach should be used for specific field cases to quantify the environmental risk factor. 2. Care must be taken to prepare the polymer solution offshore. Chokes and vales might be a challenge but can be mitigating according to the results from the large-scale testing done in the IORCentre (Stavland et al. 2021). None of the above-mentioned challenges are server enough to not consider polymer flooding. HPAM is neither toxic, nor bio-accumulable, or bio-persistent and the CO2 footprint from a polymer flood may be significantly less than a water flood (Dupuis et al. 2021). There are at least two contributing factors to this statement, which we will return in detail to in the next section i) during linear displacement polymer injection will produce more oil for the same amount of water injected, hence the lifetime of the field can be shortened ii) polymers increase the arial sweep reducing the need for wells.
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Durairaj, B., A. W. Dimock, E. T. Samulski, and M. T. Shaw. Investigation of the Thermal Degradation of Alkyl isocyanate Polymers by Direct Pyrolysis Mass Spectroscopy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada199079.

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McCoy, B. J., and G. Madras. Degradation kinetics of polymers in solution: Time-dependence of molecular weight distributions. [Quarterly report, January--March 1996]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/382447.

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Irvin, R. L., and J. A. Bumpus. Regulation of Coal Polymer Degradation by Fungi. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/645997.

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Irvine, Robert L., and John A. Bumpus. Regulation of Coal Polymer Degradation by Fungi. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/16009.

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John A. Bumpus. REGULATION OF COAL POLYMER DEGRADATION BY FUNGI. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/774951.

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Goldman, Nir, and Matt P. Kroonblawd. Accelerated Quantum Simulations of Polymer Aging and Degradation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1544969.

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Wicker, Louise, Ilan Shomer, and Uzi Merin. Membrane Processing of Citrus Extracts: Effects on Pectinesterase Activity and Cloud Stability. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568754.bard.

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The U.S. team studied the role of cations and pH on thermolabile (TL-PE) and thermostable (TS-PE), permeation in ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, affinity to ion exchange membranes, mechanism of cation and pH activation, and effect on PE stability. An optimum pH and cation concentration exists for activity and UF permeation, which is specific for each cation type. Incomplete release of PE from a pectin complex resulted in low PE binding to cationic and anionic membranes. Incubation of PE at low pH increases the surface hydrophobicity, especially TL-PE, but the secondary structure of TL-PE is not greatly affected. The Israeli team showed that stable cloud colloidal constituents flocculate following the conversion of soluble to insoluble biopolymers. First, formation of pectic acid by pectinesterase activity is followed by the formation of calcium pectate gel. This process initiates a myriad of poorly defined reactions that result in juice clarification. Second, protein coagulation by heat resulted in flocculation of proteinacous bound cloud constituents, particularly after enzymatic pectin degradation. Pectinesterase activity is proposed to be an indirect cause for clarification; whereas binding of cloud constituents is the primary event in clarification by pectate gel and coagulated proteins. Understanding the mechanism of interaction of protein and pectic polymers is key to understanding cloud instability. Based on the above, it was hypothesized that the structure of pectin-protein coagulates plays a key role in cloud instability.
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