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Journal articles on the topic 'POLYMERS; LIQUID CRYSTALS'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

O'Rourke, Mary Jane E., and Edwin L. Thomas. "Morphology and Dynamic Interaction of Defects in Polymer Liquid Crystals." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 9 (September 1995): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400034904.

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The liquid crystal phase is an anisotropic mesophase, intermediate in order between the liquid and crystal phases. Liquid crystals have less translational order than crystals and more rotational order than isotropic liquids. The liquid crystal phase does not support finite shear stresses and thus behaves like a fluid. Molecules that display a liquid crystal phase are referred to as mesogenic. Mesogenic molecules exhibit shape anisotropy: either large length to diameter ratio (needlelike) or large diameter to thickness ratio (disklike). Because of their shape anisotropy, all liquid crystals display orientational order of their molecular axes.Until 1956, all known examples of liquid crystals were low molecular weight compounds. Robinson was the first to identify liquid crystallinity in a liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) as the explanation for “a birefringent solution” of a polymeric material, poly-y-benzyl-L-glutamate, in chloroform, previously observed by Elliott and Ambrose. Chemists soon discovered that LCPs may be readily synthesized by covalently stitching small mesogenic units (e.g., rigid monomers) together into a chain using short flexible spacers. Mainchain or sidechain liquid crystal polymers may be formed (Figure 1). An example of a polymer molecule possessing a liquid crystal phase is shown in Figure 2. Liquid crystals may be thermotropic, where liquid crystallinity is exhibited over a range of temperatures, or lyotropic, where nonmesogenic solvent molecules are present in addition to the mesogens, and liquid crystallinity is observed over a range of concentrations as well.

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2

Garbovskiy, Yuriy, and Anatoliy Glushchenko. "Frequency-dependent electro-optics of liquid crystal devices utilizing nematics and weakly conducting polymers." Advanced Optical Technologies 7, no. 4 (August 28, 2018): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aot-2018-0026.

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Abstract Conducting polymer films acting as both electrodes and alignment layers are very promising for the development of flexible and wearable tunable liquid crystal devices. The majority of existing publications report on the electro-optical properties of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals and twisted nematic liquid crystals sandwiched between highly conducting polymers. In contrary, in this paper, electro-optics of nematic liquid crystals placed between rubbed weakly conducting polymers is studied. The combination of weakly conducting polymers and nematics enables a frequency-dependent tuning of the effective threshold voltage of the studied liquid crystal cells. This unusual electro-optics of liquid crystal cells utilizing nematics and weakly conducting polymers can be understood by considering equivalent electric circuits and material parameters of the cell. An elementary model of the observed electro-optical phenomenon is also presented.

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3

Liu, Y. J., and X. W. Sun. "Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals: Materials, Formation, and Applications." Advances in OptoElectronics 2008 (April 27, 2008): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/684349.

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By combining polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) and holography, holographic PDLC (H-PDLC) has emerged as a new composite material for switchable or tunable optical devices. Generally, H-PDLC structures are created in a liquid crystal cell filled with polymer-dispersed liquid crystal materials by recording the interference pattern generated by two or more coherent laser beams which is a fast and single-step fabrication. With a relatively ideal phase separation between liquid crystals and polymers, periodic refractive index profile is formed in the cell and thus light can be diffracted. Under a suitable electric field, the light diffraction behavior disappears due to the index matching between liquid crystals and polymers. H-PDLCs show a fast switching time due to the small size of the liquid crystal droplets. So far, H-PDLCs have been applied in many promising applications in photonics, such as flat panel displays, switchable gratings, switchable lasers, switchable microlenses, and switchable photonic crystals. In this paper, we review the current state-of-the-art of H-PDLCs including the materials used to date, the grating formation dynamics and simulations, the optimization of electro-optical properties, the photonic applications, and the issues existed in H-PDLCs.

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4

Lansac, Y., and A. ten Bosch. "Nucleation in liquid crystals and liquid crystal polymers." Journal of Chemical Physics 94, no. 3 (February 1991): 2168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.459888.

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5

Barón, Máximo. "Definitions of basic terms relating to low-molar-mass and polymer liquid crystals (IUPAC Recommendations 2001)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 845–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173050845.

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This document is the first published by the IUPAC Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature dealing specifically with liquid crystals. Because of the breadth of its scope, it has been prepared in collaboration with representatives of the International Liquid Crystal Society.The document gives definitions of terms related to low-molar-mass and polymer liquid crystals. It relies on basic definitions of terms that are widely used in the field of liquid crystals and in polymer science. The terms are arranged in five sections dealing with general definitions of liquid-crystalline and mesomorphic states of matter, types of mesophases, optical textures and defects of liquid crystals, the physical characteristics of liquid crystals (including electro-optical and magneto-optical properties), and finally liquid-crystal polymers. The terms that have been selected are those most commonly encountered in the conventional structural, thermal, and electro-optical characterization of liquid-crystalline materials.

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6

Zhao, Yue. "New photoactive polymer and liquid-crystal materials." Pure and Applied Chemistry 76, no. 7-8 (January 1, 2004): 1499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200476071499.

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The reversible trans–cis photoisomerization of azobenzene and azopyridine chromophore was used to design and exploit novel photoactive materials based on polymers and liquid crystals. This paper reviews our recent studies on several systems. These include azobenzene-containing thermoplastic elastomers that can be used to prepare mechanically tunable diffraction gratings, side-chain azopyridine polymers for combined self-assembly and photoactivity, azobenzene polymer-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals whose bulk alignment can be achieved by light with no need for surface orientation layers, and, finally, self-assembled photoactive liquid-crystal gels that can display light-induced reorganization leading to the formation of electrically switchable diffraction gratings.

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7

Langel, Walter. "Condensed matter physics. Crystals, liquids, liquid crystals, and polymers." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 11, no. 3 (March 29, 2006): 437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-006-0143-x.

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8

KACZMAREK, MALGOSIA, and ANDRIY DYADYUSHA. "STRUCTURED, PHOTOSENSITIVE PVK AND PVCN POLYMER LAYERS FOR CONTROL OF LIQUID CRYSTAL ALIGNMENT." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 12, no. 04 (December 2003): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021886350300164x.

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We present characteristics of liquid crystal reorientation in cells with alignment layers made of different poly(vinyl)-type polymers. Mechanically-rubbed poly(N-vinyl carbazole) (PVK) produces planar alignment of liquid crystals with easy axis orthogonal to the rubbing direction and zero pretilt angle. Doping PVK with C 60 makes this liquid crystal–polymer system extremely photosensitive for visible wavelengths. Illumination with a Gaussian beam reveals a complex structure of patterns of reoriented liquid crystal molecules. Using poly(vinyl-cinnamate) (PVCN), exposed to UV light, a periodic alignment of liquid crystals can be achieved via this all-optical method.

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9

SRINIVASARAO, MOHAN. "RHEOLOGY AND RHEO-OPTICS OF POLYMER LIQUID CRYSTALS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 09, no. 18n19 (August 30, 1995): 2515–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979295000951.

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The rheological and rheo-optical properties of nematic solutions of rodlike polymers are discussed. Magnetic field induced instability in the twist geometry is discussed in terms of the flow properties of these solutions. The rheological properties of these nematic solutions are compared to isotropic solutions of the same polymer. The behavior in shear flow of nematic solutions is discussed in terms of the Ericksen-Leslie equations. Deviations from those solutions are also discussed in context to polymeric nematics.

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10

Barón, Máximo, and R. F. T. Stepto. "Definitions of basic terms relating to polymer liquid crystals (IUPAC Recommendations 2001)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, no. 3 (January 1, 2002): 493–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274030493.

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The document first gives definitions of basic terms related to liquid-crystalline and mesomorphic states of matter and then terms specific to the classification of liquid-crystal polymers. The terms have been restricted to those most commonly encountered in the structural description of the latter class of materials. The terms have been selected from the recently published comprehensive document "Definitions of basic terms relating to low-molar-mass and polymer liquid crystals" [Pure and Applied Chemistry73(5), 845-895 (2001)] and are intended to form a readily usable guide for the reader interested in the structural description of polymer liquid crystals. The more comprehensive document should be used for terminology associated with types of mesophases and the optical and physical characteristics of liquid-crystalline materials. The advice given by representatives of the International Liquid Crystal Society for the preparation of this document is gratefully acknowledged.

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11

Trajkovska, Anka. "Inorganic dopants in polymer cholesteric liquid crystals." Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 34, no. 2 (November 12, 2015): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2015.629.

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<p>A variety of dopants are used for different types of polymers to change their properties. Inorganic dopants are usually used to change the dielectric properties of the polymers. These compositions find different applications especially in electronic systems due to ease of polymer processing, increased functionality and low cost of novel materials that are with relatively high dielectric constant compared to the base polymer material.</p><p>In this study, polymer cholesteric liquid crystal (PCLC) is used as a host material that is doped by different inorganic dopants, BaTiO<sub>3</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub>, all of them affected the dielectric constant of the polymer matrix. This is important from the fact that doped PCLC can be used for a variety of electro-optical applications, e.g. display applications and low energy consuming e-book application. The behaviour of inorganic dopants in PCLC is calculated by various existing mixing models; the best fit is observed by use of logarithmic equation.</p>

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12

Kötz, Joachim, and Sabine Kosmella. "Polymers in lyotropic liquid crystals." Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 4, no. 5 (October 1999): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0294(99)90016-x.

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13

Cladis, P. E. "The Physics of Complex Materials: Macroscopic Approaches." MRS Bulletin 16, no. 1 (January 1991): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400057845.

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The goal of this issue of the MRS BULLETIN, with its focus on the physics of complex materials, is to point out some of the fascinating features, both fundamental and applied, of complex materials: liquid crystals and polymers. Over the past 20 years, we have witnessed impressive advances in the understanding of liquid crystals and polymers on all fronts—physics, chemistry, materials research, and applications.Physicists are interested in the fundamentals of a phenomenon. Our assumption is that once we understand how the pieces of a System work, the understanding of how the whole System works immediately follows. However, those of us who have been involved in materials physics research quickly learn that complexity generates rules of its own on scales much larger than the microscopic scale of the molecules involved. Some-times these rules are beautifully simple and elegantly described, but most often they are not. The following articles high-light some important current research in the domain of complex materials, particularly for liquid crystals and polymers.Contributing to this special issue are: Pierre-Gilles de Gennes; J. William Doane; Wolfgang Meier and Heino Finkelmann; Paul Keyes; Patrick Oswald, John Bechhoefer and Francisco Melo; and Walter Zimmerman. They give us their current thinking on polymers in shear, novel electro-mechanical effects observed in polymeric liquid crystals, and how liquid crystals in a solid polymer matrix make useful high-speed color displays.

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14

Kato, Takashi, Junya Uchida, Takahiro Ichikawa, and Bartolome Soberats. "Functional liquid-crystalline polymers and supramolecular liquid crystals." Polymer Journal 50, no. 1 (September 27, 2017): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/pj.2017.55.

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15

Percec, Virgil. "Bioinspired supramolecular liquid crystals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1847 (August 21, 2006): 2709–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1848.

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A brief account on the historical events leading to the discovery of self-assembling dendrons that generate self-organizable supramolecular dendrimers, or supramolecular polymers, and self-organizable dendronized polymers is provided. These building blocks were accessed by an accelerated design strategy that involves structural and retrostructural analysis of periodic and quasi-periodic assemblies. This design strategy mediated the discovery of porous helical supramolecular structures that self-assembled from dendritic dipeptides. Helical porous columns are the closest mimics of biologically related structures, such as tobacco mosaic virus coat, porous transmembrane proteins, porous pathogens and antibiotics. It is expected that this concept will allow one to investigate the structural origin of functions in synthetic supramolecular materials.

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16

Lugger, Jody, Dirk Mulder, Rint Sijbesma, and Albert Schenning. "Nanoporous Polymers Based on Liquid Crystals." Materials 11, no. 1 (January 11, 2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11010104.

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17

Dennis, J., J. Howard, and V. Vogel. "Polymers, liquid crystals and molecular shuttles." International Journal of Engineering Science 38, no. 9-10 (June 2000): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7225(99)00098-1.

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18

BLINOV, L. M. "PHOTOINDUCED MOLECULAR REORIENTATION IN POLYMERS, LANGMUIR-BLODGETT FILMSAND LIQUID CRYSTALS." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 05, no. 02 (April 1996): 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863596000143.

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A review of the experimental data on a photoinduced molecular reorientation in various molecular guest-host systems (dyes in liquid solutions, liquid crystals and polymer matrices), side-chain polymers and Langmuir-Blodgett films (LBFs) containing light absorbing chromophores is presented. The photoorientation may be reversible or irreversible. It is accompanied by the photoinduced dichroism and optical anisotropy which is widely used for optical recording information. Special attention is paid to the photoassisted poling of polymers and LBFs, a novel technique that allows for the preparation of the stable photoelectrets at room temperature possessing very promising nonlinear optical properties. The physical mechanisms of the photoinduced molecular reorientation are discussed.

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19

Chien, Liang Chy, C. Lin, David S. Fredley, and James W. McCargar. "Side-chain liquid-crystal epoxy polymer binders for polymer-dispersed liquid crystals." Macromolecules 25, no. 1 (January 1992): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00027a022.

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20

Rusek, J. J., and K. P. Chaffee. "Property Transformation of Thermotropic Liquid Crystals Polymers." Journal of Propulsion and Power 18, no. 5 (September 2002): 1101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.6040.

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21

Matsuda, K. "Spinning of Liquid Crystals from Synthetic Polymers." Sen'i Kikai Gakkaishi (Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan) 38, no. 5 (1985): P225—P231. http://dx.doi.org/10.4188/transjtmsj.38.5_p225.

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22

Watanabe, Junji, Manabu Hayashi, Yasukazu Nakata, Teruki Niori, and Masatoshi Tokita. "Smectic liquid crystals in main-chain polymers." Progress in Polymer Science 22, no. 5 (January 1997): 1053–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6700(97)00016-6.

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23

Samulski, E. T. "Similarities in liquid crystals and entangled polymers." International Journal of Engineering Science 38, no. 9-10 (June 2000): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7225(99)00096-8.

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24

West, John L. "Phase Separation of Liquid Crystals in Polymers." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Incorporating Nonlinear Optics 157, no. 1 (April 1988): 427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268948808080247.

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25

Jewell, Sharon. "Polarized Light in Liquid Crystals and Polymers." Liquid Crystals Today 18, no. 2 (September 16, 2009): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13583140903155010.

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26

Pelcovits, Robert A. "Polymers, liquid crystals, and low-dimensional solids." Materials Science and Engineering 85 (January 1987): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(87)90481-2.

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27

Park, Ji Hye, and Byung Kyu Kim. "High-performance holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystals by incorporating hyperbranched polymers." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 51, no. 5 (December 18, 2012): 1255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.26495.

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28

MINAGAWA, KEIJI, HIROSHI KIMURA, JUN-ICHI TAKIMOTO, and KIYOHITO KOYAMA. "ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL NORMAL STRESS MEASUREMENTS OF POLYMER SOLUTIONS AND SUSPENSIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 10, no. 23n24 (October 30, 1996): 3237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979296001689.

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Normal stress measurement under an electric field is demonstrated as a new method of evaluating ER effects. The measurement was applied to liquid crystalline polymers, low molecular-weight liquid crystals, polymer suspension, and aluminum suspension. The normal stress of the liquid crystalline polymers drastically increased under an electric field at high shear rate, which suggests existence of an elastic network structure of the polymer chains. The normal stress of the suspensions also changed in the field, indicating that interaction of particles results in an increase of both shear stress and normal stress. These changes of the normal stress give additional information which is helpful for characterizing ER effects.

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29

Yousif, Yousif Z., Aubrey D. Jenkins, David R. M. Walton, and Jasim M. A. Al-Rawi. "Novel ioneneomeric polymer liquid crystals." European Polymer Journal 26, no. 8 (January 1990): 901–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-3057(90)90165-z.

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30

Seddon, John M. "Liquid crystals." Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 7, no. 5-6 (November 2002): 296–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0294(02)00093-6.

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31

Hyde, S. T. "Liquid crystals." Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 9, no. 6 (June 2005): 363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2005.03.001.

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32

Derbel, N., K. Raïs, N. Tounsi, T. Othman, M. Gharbia, A. Gharbi, H T Nguyen, and J. Malthête. "Elasticity of hexagonal liquid crystals." Polymer International 50, no. 7 (June 15, 2001): 778–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.688.

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33

Lin, Cui-Lian, and Liang-Chy Chien. "Liquid-crystalline epoxies dispersed liquid crystals." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 16, no. 11 (November 1995): 869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.1995.030161114.

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34

Kléman, Maurice. "Effect of Frustration in Liquid Crystals and Polymers." Physica Scripta T19B (January 1, 1987): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1987/t19b/040.

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35

Yarovoy, Y. K., and M. M. Labes. "Effect of Chiral Polymers on Lyotropic Liquid Crystals." Journal of the American Chemical Society 119, no. 50 (December 1997): 12109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja971991s.

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36

Sonin, A. S., and N. A. Churochkina. "Liquid crystals stabilized by polymer networks." Polymer Science Series A 52, no. 5 (May 2010): 463–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965545x10050019.

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37

Ma, C. Derek, Lisa Adamiak, Daniel S. Miller, Xiaoguang Wang, Nathan C. Gianneschi, and Nicholas L. Abbott. "Liquid Crystals: Liquid Crystal Interfaces Programmed with Enzyme-Responsive Polymers and Surfactants (Small 43/2015)." Small 11, no. 43 (November 2015): 5722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201570258.

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38

Nobihiro, Kawatsuki, Kuwabara Masaomi, Matsuura Yasushi, Sasaki Tomoyuki, and Ono Hiroshi. "Photoalignment Control of Liquid Crystals on Photo-Cross-Linkable Polymer Liquid Crystal Film." Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 18, no. 1 (2005): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.18.17.

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39

Fally, M., M. Bichler, M. A. Ellabban, I. Drevenšek Olenik, C. Pruner, H. Eckerlebe, and K. P. Pranzas. "Diffraction gratings for neutrons from polymers and holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystals." Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics 11, no. 2 (January 15, 2009): 024019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/11/2/024019.

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40

Kléman, M. "Defects in Liquid-Crystalline Polymers." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 9 (September 1995): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400034898.

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The properties of imperfections (or defects) of the atomic or molecular order in condensed matter can be conveniently described under two headings: (1) Topological properties—Defects break a specific symmetry of the ordered system at a local scale, that is, along a point defect, a line defect (a dislocation or a disclination), or a surface defect (a wall). (2) Elastic properties—Defects are sources of two types of distortions of the order: long-range distortions, which depend crucially on the broken symmetry but also on the material constants, and short-range distortions in the “core” region of the defect where the order parameter of the ordered phase is broken. These distortions are irreversible in the sense that defects appear during plastic deformation (in solids) or rheological flow (in liquid crystals).To illustrate this classification, let us recall the example of dislocation lines in solids. These defects break translational symmetries (henceforth a dislocation is defined topologically by the translation b it breaks, the so-called Burgers vector). They are at the origin of rather weak, long-range, internal distortions and stresses that depend on the elastic constants (in the region of the good crystal) and rather strong, short-range distortions and stresses in the “core” region, implying a complete rearrangement of the molecular order. These stresses are different in the static and dynamic states, and the shape of the dislocation line, as well as its size, etc., depend on the history of the sample.In this article, we will focus on defects in liquid-crystalline polymers. A synthetic polymer that displays mesomorphic order (intermediate between crystalline and liquid) is usually made of units that are themselves mesogenic and that align coherently when in contact.

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41

Gao, Yanzi, Ke Feng, Jin Zhang, and Lanying Zhang. "Finger-Temperature-Detecting Liquid Crystal Composite Film for Anti-Counterfeiting Labels." Molecules 25, no. 3 (January 25, 2020): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030521.

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The development of the economy has increased the demand for anti-counterfeiting technologies, and with the traditional ones becoming known to the public, new and more effective ones are needed. In this study, a series of liquid crystal mixtures containing side-chain liquid crystal polymers and small-molecular-weight liquid crystals (LCs) were designed and prepared. The phase transition behavior and self-assembling structures of the LC mixtures were investigated by a combination of differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, and small-angle X-ray diffraction. The optical properties of the mixture film were characterized with a UV/VIS/IR spectrum study. The results reveal that the obtained film exhibited different optical modes between transparent, scattering, and selective reflection under finger-temperature control. Therefore, by the introduction of a coexisting thermal- or optical-polymer-dispersed network, a liquid crystal composite film with an integration of apparent optical switching modes and enhanced strength and toughness was successfully demonstrated. This research provides a versatile strategy for the design and preparation of liquid crystal anti-counterfeiting materials for practical use. In this study, a prototype finger-temperature-detecting anti-counterfeiting label was prepared, and its temperature-response property was demonstrated.

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42

Tagaya, Akihiro, Hisanori Ohkita, and Yasuhiro Koike. "Zero-birefringence optical polymers by nano-birefringent crystals for liquid crystal displays." Materials Science and Engineering: C 26, no. 5-7 (July 2006): 966–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2005.09.075.

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43

Kinoshita, Motoi, Tomohiro Kobayashi, Michitsugu Yagi, and Tomiki Ikeda. "Fabrication of Liquid Crystal Microlens Arrays Using Dye-Doped Polymerizable Liquid Crystals." Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 20, no. 1 (2007): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.20.91.

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44

Jin, Sung-Ho, Jong-Cheon Lee, and Dong-Kyu Park. "Surface alignment of ferroelectric liquid crystals using side chain ferroelectric liquid crystal polymer." Polymer Bulletin 37, no. 6 (December 1996): 799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00295780.

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45

Jazkewitsch, Olga, and Helmut Ritter. "Polymerizable Ionic Liquid Crystals." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 30, no. 18 (July 8, 2009): 1554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200900187.

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46

Jeong, Eun Hwa, Ju Yeon Woo, Yeong Hee Cho, Yeong Keun Jeong, Kwang Ho Kim, and Byung Kyu Kim. "Holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystals using vinyloxytrimethylsilane." Polymer International 58, no. 2 (December 18, 2008): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.2510.

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47

Ikeda, Tomiki, Hiromasa Itakura, Changhwang Lee, Francoise M. Winnik, and Shigeo Tazuke. "Topochemical photodimerization in polymer liquid crystals." Macromolecules 21, no. 12 (December 1988): 3536–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00190a038.

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48

Odijk, Theo. "Theory of lyotropic polymer liquid crystals." Macromolecules 19, no. 9 (September 1986): 2313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00163a001.

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49

Wierzba, P., and M. Gnyba. "Modelling of optical components made of liquid crystals and liquid crystalline polymers." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 137 (November 2006): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2006137036.

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Seddon, John M. "Lyotropic liquid crystals." Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 8, no. 6 (April 2004): 424–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2004.02.001.

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