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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymers|Materials science'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Thomas, Edwin L. "Materials Science of Polymers." MRS Bulletin 12, no. 8 (December 1987): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400066689.

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This issue of the MRS BULLETIN is devoted to a class of materials undergoing a transition from a period in which they were viewed primarily as cheap substitutes for other materials into a new period where polymers are seen as high tech, value-added materials in their own right. The six articles included here focus on a portion of the wide range of topical areas concurrently at the frontiers of polymer materials science.Polymers are molecules consisting of a large number of units (mers) covalently connected to form macromolecules of very high molar mass (upwards of 106). Polymer chemists have learned how to make an almost endless variety of highly complex yet well- defined macromolecules utilizing a wide variety of monomers. Once polymer physicists and materials scientists depended on industry to provide samples (which were far from model materials to work on). Today, significant improvements in chemical synthesis and a growing collaborative effort between polymer chemists and materials scientists have resulted in the availability of extremely well-defined materials (molecular weight distribution, composition, sequence of monomer types along the chain backbone, stereochemistry of these units and overall molecular architecture, e.g., branching vs. linear) for the attainment of novel properties and the investigation of structure-property relationships. Given the sophistication of current polymer synthesis, it is now possible to test structure-property hypotheses systematically and to rationally design macromolecules to form specified microstructures and provide desirable physical properties.The typical mental image conjured by the word polymer is an entangled mass of cooked spaghetti. This is in fact very appropriate for the class of flexible chain polymers in the noncrystalline state. The pioneering work of P.J. Flory in elucidating the nature of such materials, e.g., polymer melts and amorphous polymers above their glass transition temperature, made crucial use of the essentially Gaussian behavior of the end-to-end distance vector of a flexible chain polymer in the condensed state.

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2

Lavine, M. S. "MATERIALS SCIENCE: Pushing Polymers Around." Science 314, no. 5799 (October 27, 2006): 566c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.314.5799.566c.

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3

Lemstra, P. J. "MATERIALS SCIENCE: Confined Polymers Crystallize." Science 323, no. 5915 (February 6, 2009): 725–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1168242.

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4

Elbaum, M. "MATERIALS SCIENCE: Polymers in the Pore." Science 314, no. 5800 (November 3, 2006): 766b—767b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1135924.

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5

Manners, I. "MATERIALS SCIENCE: Putting Metals into Polymers." Science 294, no. 5547 (November 23, 2001): 1664–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1066321.

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6

SCHAEFER, D. W. "Polymers, Fractals, and Ceramic Materials." Science 243, no. 4894 (February 24, 1989): 1023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.243.4894.1023.

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7

Marrucci, G. "MATERIALS SCIENCE: Polymers Go with the Flow." Science 301, no. 5640 (September 19, 2003): 1681–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1088553.

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8

Scott, J. C. "MATERIALS SCIENCE: Conducting Polymers: From Novel Science to New Technology." Science 278, no. 5346 (December 19, 1997): 2071–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5346.2071.

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9

Banhegyi, Gy. "Are polymers still ‘black sheep’ in materials science?" Express Polymer Letters 14, no. 9 (2020): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2020.65.

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10

Schoch, K. F. "MATERIALS SCIENCE OF POLYMERS FOR ENGINEERS [SCHOCH'S REVIEW]." IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 12, no. 6 (November 1996): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mei.1996.546279.

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11

Alexander, C., and K. M. Shakesheff. "Responsive Polymers at the Biology/Materials Science Interface." Advanced Materials 18, no. 24 (December 18, 2006): 3321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200502640.

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12

Epstein, Arthur J. "Electrically Conducting Polymers: Science and Technology." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 6 (June 1997): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400033583.

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For the past 50 years, conventional insulating-polymer systems have increasingly been used as substitutes for structural materials such as wood, ceramics, and metals because of their high strength, light weight, ease of chemical modification/customization, and processability at low temperatures. In 1977 the first intrinsic electrically conducting organic polymer—doped polyacetylene—was reported, spurring interest in “conducting polymers.” Intrinsically conducting polymers are completely different from conducting polymers that are merely a physical mixture of a nonconductive polymer with a conducting material such as metal or carbon powder. Although initially these intrinsically conducting polymers were neither processable nor air-stable, new generations of these materials now are processable into powders, films, and fibers from a wide variety of solvents, and also are airstable. Some forms of these intrinsically conducting polymers can be blended into traditional polymers to form electrically conductive blends. The electrical conductivities of the intrinsically conductingpolymer systems now range from those typical of insulators (<10−10 S/cm (10−10 Ω−1 cm1)) to those typical of semiconductors such as silicon (~10 5 S/cm) to those greater than 10+4 S/cm (nearly that of a good metal such as copper, 5 × 105 S/cm). Applications of these polymers, especially polyanilines, have begun to emerge. These include coatings and blends for electrostatic dissipation and electromagnetic-interference (EMI) shielding, electromagnetic-radiation absorbers for welding (joining) of plastics, conductive layers for light-emitting polymer devices, and anticorrosion coatings for iron and steel.The common electronic feature of pris tine (undoped) conducting polymers is the π-conjugated system, which is formed by the overlap of carbon pz orbitals and alternating carbon-carbon bond lengths.

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13

Kahn, O. "Spin-Transition Polymers: From Molecular Materials Toward Memory Devices." Science 279, no. 5347 (January 2, 1998): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5347.44.

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14

Kitaeva, N. S., Yu M. Shiryakina, R. R. Mukhametov, and R. O. Shitov. "NIKOLAY SEMENOVICH LEZNOV: BIOGRAPHY AND CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE." Proceedings of VIAM, no. 7 (2021): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2021-0-7-112-124.

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The main life stages of a doctor of technical sciences, professor, honored worker of science and technology of the RSFSR, a major specialist in the field of creation and implementation of polymers for new aviation materials, whose name was Nikolai Semenovich Leznov (12/17/1904–06/25/1984), were considered. The scientific works and achievements of the founder of the laboratory for the synthesis of polymers, binders for non-metallic materials, special liquids and physical and chemical studies of polymer materials of VIAM were analyzed and described.

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15

Ponniah, J. K., H. Chen, O. Adetiba, R. Verduzco, and J. G. Jacot. "Mechanoactive materials in cardiac science." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 4, no. 46 (2016): 7350–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tb00069j.

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Mechanically active biomaterials such as shape memory materials, liquid crystal elastomers, dielectric elastomer actuators, and conductive polymers could be used in mechanical devices to augment heart function or condition cardiac cells and artificial tissues for regenerative medicine solutions.

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16

Quijada, César. "Special Issue: Conductive Polymers: Materials and Applications." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2020): 2344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102344.

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Intrinsically conductive polymers (CPs) combine the inherent mechanical properties of organic polymers with charge transport, opto-electronic and redox properties that can be easily tuned up to those typical of semiconductors and metals. The control of the morphology at the nanoscale and the design of CP-based composite materials have expanded their multifunctional character even further. These virtues have been exploited to advantage in opto-electronic devices, energy-conversion and storage systems, sensors and actuators, and more recently in applications related to biomedical and separation science or adsorbents for pollutant removal. The special issue “Conductive Polymers: Materials and Applications” was compiled by gathering contributions that cover the latest advances in the field, with special emphasis upon emerging applications.

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17

Eisenbach, Claus D., and Dietrich Haarer. "Polymers as Advanced Materials." Advanced Materials 1, no. 4 (1989): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19890010402.

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18

Hide, F., M. A. Diaz-Garcia, B. J. Schwartz, M. R. Andersson, Q. Pei, and A. J. Heeger. "Semiconducting Polymers: A New Class of Solid-State Laser Materials." Science 273, no. 5283 (September 27, 1996): 1833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.273.5283.1833.

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19

Broitman, Esteban. "Advances in science and technology of polymers and composite materials." e-Polymers 18, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2017-0212.

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20

Shea, John J. "Science and Technology of Polymers and Advanced Materials [Book Review]." IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 15, no. 3 (May 1999): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mei.1999.768562.

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21

Friese, Viviane A., and Dirk G. Kurth. "Soluble dynamic coordination polymers as a paradigm for materials science." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 252, no. 1-2 (January 2008): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2007.06.001.

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22

Lutz, Jean-François, Makoto Ouchi, David R. Liu, and Mitsuo Sawamoto. "Sequence-Controlled Polymers." Science 341, no. 6146 (August 8, 2013): 1238149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1238149.

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Sequence-controlled polymers are macromolecules in which monomer units of different chemical nature are arranged in an ordered fashion. The most prominent examples are biological and have been studied and used primarily by molecular biologists and biochemists. However, recent progress in protein- and DNA-based nanotechnologies has shown the relevance of sequence-controlled polymers to nonbiological applications, including data storage, nanoelectronics, and catalysis. In addition, synthetic polymer chemistry has provided interesting routes for preparing nonnatural sequence-controlled polymers. Although these synthetic macromolecules do not yet compare in functional scope with their natural counterparts, they open up opportunities for controlling the structure, self-assembly, and macroscopic properties of polymer materials.

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23

Mondal, Pradip, and Deepak Chopra. "Role of Polymorphism in Materials Science." Material Science Research India 11, no. 1 (August 30, 2014): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/110106.

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Polymorphism is a widespread and commonly occurring phenomenon in fields of chemistry, biology and materials science. In recent years, the development of technology has lead to the development of different instrumentation tools(such as SXRD, PXRD, IR, NMR, AFM) which are employed for the characterization of different polymorphic materials (namely polymers, nano crystalline metal oxides and pharmaceutical drugs) which are of great importance because of their applications in the field of materials science.

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24

Kremer, K., and F. Müller-Plathe. "Multiscale Problems in Polymer Science: Simulation Approaches." MRS Bulletin 26, no. 3 (March 2001): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2001.43.

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Polymer materials range from industrial commodities, such as plastic bags, to high-tech polymers used for optical applications, and all the way to biological systems, where the most prominent example is DNA. They can be crystalline, amorphous (glasses, melts, gels, rubber), or in solution. Polymers in the glassy state are standard materials for many applications (yogurt cups, compact discs, housings for technical equipment, etc.).

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25

Whitesides, George M. "Organic Materials Science." MRS Bulletin 27, no. 1 (January 2002): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2002.22.

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AbstractThe following article is based on the presentation given by George M. Whitesides, recipient of the 2000 MRS Von Hippel Award, the Materials Research Society's highest honor, at the 2000 MRS Fall Meeting in Boston on November 29, 2000. Whitesides was cited for “bringing fundamental concepts of organic chemistry and biology into materials science and engineering, through his pioneering research on surface modification, self-assembly, and soft lithography.” The article focuses on the growing role of organic chemistry in materials science. Historically, that role has been to provide organic polymers for use in structures, films, fibers, coatings, and so on. Organic chemistry is now emerging as a crucial part of three new areas in materials science. First, it provides materials with complex functionality. Second, it is the bridge between materials science and biology/medicine. Building an interface between biological systems and electronic or optical systems requires close attention to the molecular level of that interface. Third, organic chemistry provides a sophisticated synthetic entry into nanomaterials. Organic molecules are, in fact, exquisitely fabricated nanostructures, assembled with precision on the level of individual atoms. Colloids are a related set of nanostructures, and organic chemistry contributes importantly to their preparation as well.

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26

Stein, Richard S. "Studies of Polymers with Radiation." MRS Bulletin 25, no. 10 (October 2000): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2000.199.

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27

Miller, Joel S. "Conducting polymers?materials of commerce." Advanced Materials 5, no. 7-8 (July 1993): 587–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19930050718.

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28

Pfleger, Jiri. "Polymers and Organic Materials for Electronics and Photonics: Science for Applications." Chemistry International 40, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2018-0432.

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29

Marshall, I. H. "Composite Systems from Natural and Synthetic Polymers. Materials Science Monographs, 36." Composite Structures 13, no. 2 (January 1989): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-8223(89)90053-6.

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30

Alhalasah, Wasim, and Rudolf Holze. "Electrochemical materials science: tailoring intrinsically conducting polymers. The example: substituted thiophenes." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 9, no. 12 (August 2, 2005): 836–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-005-0024-8.

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31

Brunsveld, Luc, Brigitte J. B. Folmer, and E. W. Meijer. "Supramolecular Polymers." MRS Bulletin 25, no. 4 (April 2000): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2000.29.

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What started as a scientific challenge roughly 10 years ago has become a technological reality today, as materials from supramolecular polymers and their many applications as smart materials have emerged. Synthetic polymeric materials are among the most important classes of new materials introduced in the 20th century. They are primarily used for construction, but electronic and biomedical applications are also at the forefront of science and technology.

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32

Elliott, James, and Bruno Hancock. "Pharmaceutical Materials Science: An Active New Frontier in Materials Research." MRS Bulletin 31, no. 11 (November 2006): 869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2006.205.

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AbstractThe discipline of materials science has most commonly been associated with the study of structural or functional materials for engineering applications, such as metals, ceramics, and composites, but there are now, increasingly, great opportunities involving applications to soft matter, including polymers, powders, and biomaterials. The emerging discipline of pharmaceutical materials science attempts to apply physical principles common in materials science to challenges in such areas as drug delivery, control of drug form, manufacture and processing of nanoscopic and microscopic particle systems, and the structure and properties of bulk powders and their assemblies (e.g., tablets) for use in pharmaceutical applications. In this issue of MRS Bulletin, we have attempted to capture a snapshot of this rapidly developing new area of materials research, in order to bring it to the attention of the wider materials science community.

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33

Meyer, Ernst, Suzanne P. Jarvis, and Nicholas D. Spencer. "Scanning Probe Microscopy in Materials Science." MRS Bulletin 29, no. 7 (July 2004): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2004.137.

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AbstractThis brief article introduces the July 2004 issue of MRS Bulletin, focusing on Scanning Probe Microscopy in Materials Science.Those application areas of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) in which the most impact has been made in recent years are covered in the articles in this theme.They include polymers and semiconductors, where scanning force microscopy is now virtually a standard characterization method; magnetism, where magnetic force microscopy has served both as a routine analytical approach and a method for fundamental studies;tribology, where friction force microscopy has opened entirely new vistas of investigation;biological materials, where atomic force microscopy in an aqueous environment allows biosystems to be imaged and measured in a native (or near-native) state;and nanostructured materials, where SPM has often been the only approach capable of elucidating nanostructures.

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34

Wignall, George D., and Frank S. Bates. "Neutron Scattering in Materials Science: Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Studies of Polymers." MRS Bulletin 15, no. 11 (November 1990): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400058395.

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Before the application of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to the study of polymer structure, chain conformation studies were limited to light scattering and small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques. These experiments were usually conducted in dilute solution, and the methodology to measure radii of gyration, virial coefficients, molecular weights, etc., was well established in the classical works of Guinier, Zimm, Debye and Kratky, who pioneered these techniques during the 1940s and 1950s. This methodology could not be applied to concentrated solutions or bulk polymers because of the difficulty of separating the intra- and inter-molecular components of the scattering function. One attempt to circumvent this difficulty was the experiment by Krigbaum and Godwin, who end-labeled polystyrene molecules with Ag atoms. When dispersed in unlabeled polystyrene, the excess x-ray scattering could in principle be analyzed to provide the end-to-end distance, though in practice the signal-to-noise ratio of the experiment was insufficient for accurately determining this parameter. To our knowledge the first suggestion to use the difference in coherent scattering lengths of deuterium (bD = 0.66 × 10−12cm) and hydrogen (bH = −0.37 × 10−12cm) to create scattering contrast between deuterated and normal (hydrogenous) molecules and provide a direct determination of molecular dimensions was made independently by at least two groups in the late 1960s. By deuterating the whole molecule, as opposed to end-labeling, this proposal increased the signal-to-noise ratio of the experiment by several orders of magnitude and made possible for the first time the practical analysis of molecular conformations in bulk polymers. Even so, such experiments could not be undertaken until the completion in Europe of the first instruments employing long wavelength neutrons and large distances between the entrance slit, sample and detector, which allowed deuterium labeling methods to be successfully applied to polymers in the early 1970s.

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35

Romio, Matteo, Lucca Trachsel, Giulia Morgese, Shivaprakash N. Ramakrishna, Nicholas D. Spencer, and Edmondo M. Benetti. "Topological Polymer Chemistry Enters Materials Science: Expanding the Applicability of Cyclic Polymers." ACS Macro Letters 9, no. 7 (June 23, 2020): 1024–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00358.

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36

McGee, David J., and Mark D. Matlin. "Photorefractive polymers: Materials science, thin-film fabrication, and experiments in volume holography." American Journal of Physics 69, no. 10 (October 2001): 1055–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.1387042.

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37

Kulbaba, Kevin, and Ian Manners. "Polyferrocenylsilanes: Metal-Containing Polymers for Materials Science, Self-Assembly and Nanostructure Applications." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 22, no. 10 (July 1, 2001): 711–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3927(20010701)22:10<711::aid-marc711>3.0.co;2-c.

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38

Economy, James. "Polymers as an integral part of a materials science and engineering curriculum." Polymer International 48, no. 10 (October 1999): 941–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0126(199910)48:10<941::aid-pi251>3.0.co;2-3.

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39

Readey, D. W. "Specific Materials Science and Engineering Education." MRS Bulletin 12, no. 4 (June 1987): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400067762.

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Forty years ago there were essentially no academic departments with titles of “Materials Science” or “Materials Engineering.” There were, of course, many materials departments. They were called “Metallurgy,” “Metallurgical Engineering,” “Mining and Metallurgy,” and other permutations and combinations. There were also a small number of “Ceramic” or “Ceramic Engineering” departments. Essentially none included “polymers.” Over the years titles have evolved via a route that frequently followed “Mining and Metallurgy,” to “Metallurgical Engineering,” to “Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering,” and finally to “Materials Science and Engineering.” The evolution was driven by recognition of the commonality of material structure-property correlations and the concomitant broadening of faculty interests to include other materials. However, the issue is not department titles but whether a single degree option in materials science and engineering best serves the needs of students.Few proponents of materials science and engineering dispute the necessity for understanding the relationships between processing (including synthesis), structure, and properties (including performance) of materials. However, can a single BS degree in materials science and engineering provide the background in these relationships for all materials and satisfy the entire market now served by several different materials degrees?The issue is not whether “Materials Science and Engineering” departments or some other academic grouping of individuals with common interests should or should not exist.

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40

Adetunji, Oludurotimi O., and Roger Levine. "Toward a New Model of Science Learning, Teaching, and Communication." MRS Advances 1, no. 56 (2016): 3709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.105.

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ABSTRACTSci-Toons is a new, experimental, teaching and learning approach that engages students in materials science research via interaction with experts, narrative, visual representations, iterative feedback and multimedia platforms. Based on a model (the Multimedia Theoretical Learning Framework) and multimedia design principles, Sci-Toon Creation Group (SCG) members, which include both science and non-science majors, work with faculty to produce video animations dealing with scientific topics. The creative process of producing scripts for two selected Sci-Toons videos dealing with materials science subjects (Graphene and Conductive Polymers) are discussed; initial and final versions of each are combined through use of Word Clouds.The videos that are produced are distributed via the internet, providing instruction and information about materials sciences and other STEM topics. Demographic data about the types of individuals downloading these Sci-Toons are provided.We conclude that Sci-Toons can be used in both formal and informal educational settings for science learning and teaching as well as in communicating materials science concepts to broad audiences including females and underrepresented minorities students.

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41

Heeger, Alan J. "Semiconducting and Metallic Polymers: The Fourth Generation of Polymeric Materials." MRS Bulletin 26, no. 11 (November 2001): 900–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2001.232.

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Prior to receiving the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2000 for my work in polymers, polymer science had been recognized three times. The first Nobel Prize in chemistry for polymer science was awarded in 1953 to Hermann Staudinger, for his pioneering work in the 1920s. At that time, the concept of macromolecules was new, and his ideas were controversial. However, the data prevailed, and he was awarded the Prize “for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry.” The next major event in polymer science was the discovery and invention of nylon by Wallace Carothers at the Dupont Company in 1935. Although Carothers died as a young man, his discoveries created an industry. I have little doubt that his work was deserving of a Nobel Prize and probably would have been awarded. The next related Prize went to Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta in 1963 for their work on polymer synthesis in the 1950s. The Ziegler–Natta catalysts made possible the large-scale production of polymers such as polypropylene. They were awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry “for their discoveries in the field of chemistry and technology of high polymers.” In 1974, the Prize for chemistry went to Paul J. Flory, who was a giant in this field. He was awarded the Nobel “for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules.”

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42

Carson Meredith, J., Alamgir Karim, and Eric J. Amis. "Combinatorial Methods for Investigations in Polymer Materials Science." MRS Bulletin 27, no. 4 (April 2002): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2002.101.

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AbstractWe review recent advances in the development of combinatorial methods for polymer characterization. Applied to materials research, combinatorial methodologies allow efficient testing of structure–property hypotheses (fundamental characterization) as well as accelerated development of new materials (materials discovery). Recent advances in library preparation and high-throughput screening have extended combinatorial methods to a wide variety of phenomena encountered in polymer processing. We first present techniques for preparing continuous-gradient polymer “libraries” with controlled variations in temperature, composition, thickness, and substrate surface energy. These libraries are then used to characterize fundamental properties such as polymer-blend phase behavior, thin-film dewetting, block-copolymer order–disorder transitions, and cell interactions with surfaces of biocompatible polymers.

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43

Abbaschian, R. "Materials Science and Engineering Education." MRS Bulletin 17, no. 9 (September 1992): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400042020.

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Materials science and engineering (MSE), as a field as well as a discipline, has expanded greatly in recent years and will continue to do so, most likely at an even faster pace. It is now well-accepted that materials are crucial to the national defense, to the quality of life, and to the economic security and competitiveness of the nation. Mankind has recognized the importance of manmade materials to the quality of life for many centuries. In many cases, the security and defense of tribes and nations have substantially depended on the availability of materials. It is not surprising that historical periods have been named after materials—the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, etc. The major requirements from materials in those days were their properties and performance. Today, in this age of advanced materials, the importance of materials to defense and quality of life has not changed. However, the critical role of materials has taken an additional dimension: it has become essential to enhancing industrial competitiveness.The knowledge base within MSE has also expanded vastly throughout these years and continues to do so at an increasing rate. We are constantly gaining a deeper understanding of the fundamental nature of materials, developing new ways to produce and shape them for applications extending from automobiles to supersonic airplanes, optoelectronic devices to supercomputers, hip implants to intraocular lenses, or from household appliances to gigantic structures. We are also learning that, in many of these applications, we need to depend on the combinations or composites of different classes of materials (metals, ceramic, polymers, and electronic materials) to enhance their properties.

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44

Caseri, Walter R. "Dichroic nanocomposites based on polymers and metallic particles: from biology to materials science." Polymer International 67, no. 1 (September 21, 2017): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.5455.

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45

Zhao, Likun, Jiangyan Zhang, Huiming Xu, Hao Geng, and Yongqiang Cheng. "Conjugated Polymers/DNA Hybrid Materials for Protein Inactivation." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 35 (August 25, 2016): 22923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b07803.

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46

Fan, Guohua, Kai Sun, Qing Hou, Zhongyang Wang, Yao Liu, and Runhua Fan. "Epsilon-negative media from the viewpoint of materials science." EPJ Applied Metamaterials 8 (2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjam/2021005.

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A comprehensive review of the fundamentals and applications of epsilon-negative materials is presented in this paper. Percolative composites, as well as homogeneous ceramics or polymers, have been investigated to obtain the tailorable epsilon-negative properties. It's confirmed the anomalous epsilon-negative property can be realized in conventional materials. Meanwhile, from the perspective of materials science, the relationship between the negative permittivity and the composition and microstructure of materials has been clarified. It's demonstrated that the epsilon-negative performance is attributed to the plasmonic response of delocalized electrons within the materials and can be modulated by it. Moreover, the potential applications of epsilon-negative materials in electromagnetic interference shielding, laminated composites for multilayered capacitance, coil-less electric inductors, and epsilon-near-zero metamaterials are reviewed. The development of epsilon-negative materials has enriched the connotation of metamaterials and advanced functional materials, and has accelerated the integration of metamaterials and natural materials.

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MacLachlan, M. J., I. Manners, and G. A. Ozin. "New (Inter)Faces: Polymers and Inorganic Materials." Advanced Materials 12, no. 9 (April 17, 2000): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-095(200005)12:9<675::aid-dma675>3.0.co;2-.

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Olmedo, Laurent, Patrick Hourquebie, and Franck Jousse. "Microwave absorbing materials based on conducting polymers." Advanced Materials 5, no. 5 (May 1993): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19930050509.

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MacLachlan, M. J., I. Manners, and G. A. Ozin. "New (Inter)Faces: Polymers and Inorganic Materials." Advanced Materials 12, no. 9 (May 2000): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4095(200005)12:9<675::aid-adma675>3.0.co;2-o.

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Kushkhov, Tembulat A., Diana A. Makhieva, Larisa V. Kardanova, Marina T. Tkhazaplizheva, and Adalbi Z. Khashukoev. "The Use of Polymeric Materials in Modern Dentistry." Key Engineering Materials 899 (September 8, 2021): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.899.613.

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The achievements and discoveries of chemical science have firmly established themselves in all branches of humanity. One of the most significant chemistry possibilities is the polymerization and polycondensation of compounds, which, in turn, are methods for producing polymers. Polymers are high molecular weight compounds consisting of many units (monomers) linked by chemical bonds. Unique polymer compounds are the basis of plastics, chemical fibers, rubber, paints, and varnishes, adhesives [8]. Polymers are used for the manufacture of removable prostheses, materials for fillings and inlays, orthodontic appliances, artificial teeth, dental implants, as well as in the creation of artificial heart valves, artificial kidney devices, artificial circulation, artificial heart [6].

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