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Journal articles on the topic 'Polynesia - Tonga'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Gosden, C., J. Allen, W. Ambrose, D. Anson, J. Golson, R. Green, P. Kirch, I. Lilley, J. Specht, and M. Spriggs. "Lapita sites of the Bismarck Archipelago." Antiquity 63, no. 240 (September 1989): 561–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00076559.

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The Lapita questionThe prehistory of the western Pacific has, for the last 30 years, been dominated by the problem of the origins of the present Polynesian and Melanesian cultures (Terrell 1988). In 1961 Golson drew attention to the distribution of highly decorated Lapita pottery, now known to date from between 3500 BP and 2000 BP, which crossed the present-day division between Melanesia and Polynesia. Furthermore, sites with Lapita pottery represented the first evidence of occupation on Tonga and Samoa, the most westerly Polynesian islands from which it was thought that the rest of Polynesia was colonized. Lapita pottery came to be associated with a movement of people from Melanesia to Polynesia and was seen to represent the founding group ancestral to later Polynesian groups.

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2

McCoy, Mark D., Caroline Cervera, Mara A. Mulrooney, Andrew McAlister, and Patrick V. Kirch. "Obsidian and volcanic glass artifact evidence for long-distance voyaging to the Polynesian Outlier island of Tikopia." Quaternary Research 98 (June 10, 2020): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.38.

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AbstractReconstructing routes of ancient long-distance voyaging, long a topic of speculation, has become possible thanks to advances in the geochemical sourcing of archaeological artifacts. Of particular interest are islands classified as Polynesian Outliers, where people speak Polynesian languages and have distinctly Polynesian cultural traits, but are located within the Melanesian or Micronesian cultural areas. While the classification of these groups as Polynesian is not in dispute, the material evidence for the movement between Polynesia and the Polynesian Outliers is exceedingly rare, unconfirmed, and in most cases, nonexistent. We report on the first comprehensive sourcing (using a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer) of obsidian and volcanic glass artifacts recovered from excavations on the Polynesian Outlier island of Tikopia. We find evidence for: (1) initial settlement followed by continued voyages between Tikopia and an island Melanesian homeland; (2) long-distance voyaging becoming much less frequent and continuing to decline; and (3) later voyaging from Polynesia marked by imports of volcanic glass from Tonga beginning at 765 cal yr BP (±54 yr). Later long-distance voyages from Polynesia were surprisingly rare, given the strong cultural and linguistic influences of Polynesia, and we suggest, may indicate that Tikopia was targeted by Tongans for political expansion.

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3

Robie, David. "NOTED: Lost in translation." Pacific Journalism Review 20, no. 1 (May 31, 2014): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v20i1.205.

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Reviewed book by Tim HoganNew Zealand media and journalists largely equate the ‘Pacific’ with Polynesia. The focus of reportage and understanding the region begins with the Cook islands and ends with Niue, Samoa and Tonga, with a limited grasp of Fiji. Anything west of Nadi, the Melanesian nations, gains cursory attention and Tahiti Nui (Polynesian) and Kanaky (Melanesian) are all but ignored.

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4

Kirch, P. V., T. L. Hunt, and Jason Tyler. "A Radiocarbon Sequence from the Toaga Site, Ofu Island, American Samoa." Radiocarbon 31, no. 1 (1989): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200044568.

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The Samoan Archipelago occupies a critical position for understanding the dispersal of early Austronesian-speaking peoples into the southwestern Pacific, including the initial colonization by humans of the Polynesian triangle. To date, the most easterly reported site of the Lapita cultural complex (Green, 1979; Kirch, 1984; Kirch & Hunt, 1988) is the Mulifanua site on Upolu Island, Western Samoa (Green & Davidson, 1974). Lapita colonists settled the larger, western Samoan Islands by the end of the second millennium bc. Archaeologic and linguistic evidence also suggest that the islands of Eastern Polynesia (eg, Marquesas, Society and Cook Islands) were settled, at least in part, from Samoa. However, the timing of this movement into Eastern Polynesia has not yet been dated to earlier than ca 150 bc on the basis of radiocarbon dating of cultural materials from the Marquesas Islands (Kirch, 1986; Ottino, 1985). This has raised the issue of whether there was a “long pause” between the settlement of Samoa (and the other islands of Western Polynesia, such as Tonga, Futuna, and ‘Uvea) and that of Eastern Polynesia (Irwin, 1981; Kirch, 1986; Terrell, 1986).

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5

Buckley, Hallie R. "Subadult health and disease in prehistoric Tonga, Polynesia." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 113, no. 4 (December 2000): 481–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1096-8644(200012)113:4<481::aid-ajpa4>3.0.co;2-1.

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6

Burley, David V., and Sean P. Connaughton. "First Lapita Settlement and its Chronology in Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga." Radiocarbon 49, no. 1 (2007): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200041965.

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Beginning approximately cal 1400 BC, Austronesian-speaking Lapita peoples began a colonizing migration across Oceania from the Bismarck Archipelago to western Polynesia. The first point of entry into Polynesia occurred on the island of Tongatapu in Tonga with subsequent spread northward to Samoa along a natural sailing corridor. Radiocarbon measurements from recent excavations at 4 sites in the northern Vava'u islands of Tonga provide a chronology for the final stage of this diaspora. These dates indicate that the northern expansion was almost immediate, that a paucity of Lapita sites to the north cannot be explained as a result of lag time in the settlement process, and that decorated Lapita ceramics disappeared rapidly after first landfalls.

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7

Burley, David V. "As a prescription to rule: the royal tomb of Mala'e Lahi and 19th-century Tongan kingship." Antiquity 68, no. 260 (September 1994): 504–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00047013.

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The tangled dynastic history of Tonga, celebrated kingdom of western Polynesia, offers a rare chance to study the place of monumental burial-places in a chieftains’ society. Disentangling the story, at a remove of not many centuries, is not a simple business.

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8

Bennardo, Giovanni. "Map Drawing in Tonga, Polynesia: Accessing Mental Representations of Space." Field Methods 14, no. 4 (November 2002): 390–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152582202237727.

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9

Meehan, Hayley J., Kim R. McConkey, and Donald R. Drake. "Potential disruptions to seed dispersal mutualisms in Tonga, Western Polynesia." Journal of Biogeography 29, no. 5-6 (May 2002): 695–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00718.x.

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10

Kaeppler, Adrienne L. "Me'etu'upaki and Tapaki, Paddle Dances of Tonga and Futuna, West Polynesia." Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 33, no. 1/4 (1991): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/902457.

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11

McConkey, Kim R., Hayley J. Meehan, and Donald R. Drake. "Seed dispersal by Pacific Pigeons (Ducula pacifica) in Tonga, Western Polynesia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 104, no. 4 (December 2004): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu03060.

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12

Pugach, Irina, Alexander Hübner, Hsiao-chun Hung, Matthias Meyer, Mike T. Carson, and Mark Stoneking. "Ancient DNA from Guam and the peopling of the Pacific." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 1 (December 21, 2020): e2022112118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022112118.

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Humans reached the Mariana Islands in the western Pacific by ∼3,500 y ago, contemporaneous with or even earlier than the initial peopling of Polynesia. They crossed more than 2,000 km of open ocean to get there, whereas voyages of similar length did not occur anywhere else until more than 2,000 y later. Yet, the settlement of Polynesia has received far more attention than the settlement of the Marianas. There is uncertainty over both the origin of the first colonizers of the Marianas (with different lines of evidence suggesting variously the Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, or the Bismarck Archipelago) as well as what, if any, relationship they might have had with the first colonizers of Polynesia. To address these questions, we obtained ancient DNA data from two skeletons from the Ritidian Beach Cave Site in northern Guam, dating to ∼2,200 y ago. Analyses of complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequences and genome-wide SNP data strongly support ancestry from the Philippines, in agreement with some interpretations of the linguistic and archaeological evidence, but in contradiction to results based on computer simulations of sea voyaging. We also find a close link between the ancient Guam skeletons and early Lapita individuals from Vanuatu and Tonga, suggesting that the Marianas and Polynesia were colonized from the same source population, and raising the possibility that the Marianas played a role in the eventual settlement of Polynesia.

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13

Fuke, Yusuke, and Makoto Sasazuka. "First record of Macrobrachium grandimanus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from Guam, Micronesia." Check List 17, no. 3 (May 11, 2021): 759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/17.3.759.

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The Hawaiian river shrimp Macrobrachium grandimanus (Randall, 1840) is an amphidromous brackish water prawn that inhabits the Hawaiian Islands (type locality), Ryukyu Islands, Melanesia (Fiji, New Caledonia), and Polynesia (Tonga). Here, we report a new record of this species from Guam, Micronesia. Two genetically and morphologically differentiated lineages of this species are known: the Hawaiian and the Ryukyu lineages. Morphological and mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed that the Guam population is closely related to the Ryukyu lineage.

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14

Dye, T. S. "Marine Turtle Bones from an Archaeological Site in Polynesia Yield Reliable Age Determinations." Radiocarbon 32, no. 2 (1990): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200040133.

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Accelerator mass spectrometry dating of three 50g samples of marine turtle bone from the basal cultural stratum of the Tongoleleka archaeological site, Lifuka Island, Kingdom of Tonga, South Pacific yields results that agree with conventional 14C dates on marine shell. A method for calibrating these dates that takes into account the long distance migrations of marine turtles in the South Pacific is proposed. A sample size greater than 50g is recommended for routine AMS dating of marine turtle bone.

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15

Franklin, Janet, Susan K. Wiser, Donald R. Drake, Larry E. Burrows, and William R. Sykes. "Environment, disturbance history and rain forest composition across the islands of Tonga, Western Polynesia." Journal of Vegetation Science 17, no. 2 (February 24, 2006): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2006.tb02442.x.

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16

MEEHAN, HAYLEY J., KIM R. MCCONKEY, and DONALD R. DRAKE. "Early fate of Myristica hypargyraea seeds dispersed by Ducula pacifica in Tonga, Western Polynesia." Austral Ecology 30, no. 4 (June 2005): 374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01479.x.

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17

Bennardo, Giovanni. "The conceptualization of nature in Tonga (Polynesia): cultural model theory and its methodological path." Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science 4, no. 1 (March 9, 2020): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41809-020-00054-5.

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18

Aldrich, Robert. "The Decolonisation of the Pacific Islands." Itinerario 24, no. 3-4 (November 2000): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300014558.

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At the end of the Second World War, the islands of Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia were all under foreign control. The Netherlands retained West New Guinea even while control of the rest of the Dutch East Indies slipped away, while on the other side of the South Pacific, Chile held Easter Island. Pitcairn, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Fiji and the Solomon Islands comprised Britain's Oceanic empire, in addition to informal overlordship of Tonga. France claimed New Caledonia, the French Establishments in Oceania (soon renamed French Polynesia) and Wallis and Futuna. The New Hebrides remained an Anglo-French condominium; Britain, Australia and New Zealand jointly administered Nauru. The United States' territories included older possessions – the Hawaiian islands, American Samoa and Guam – and the former Japanese colonies of the Northern Marianas, Mar-shall Islands and Caroline Islands administered as a United Nations trust territory. Australia controlled Papua and New Guinea (PNG), as well as islands in the Torres Strait and Norfolk Island; New Zealand had Western Samoa, the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau. No island group in Oceania, other than New Zealand, was independent.

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19

Hébert, H., F. Schindelé, and P. Heinrich. "Tsunami risk assessment in the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia) through numerical modeling of generic far-field events." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 1, no. 4 (December 31, 2001): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-1-233-2001.

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Abstract. Earthquakes occurring at the Pacific Rim can trigger tsunamis that propagate across the ocean and can produce significant damages far away from the source. In French Polynesia, the Marquesas Islands are the most exposed to the far-field tsunami hazards, since they are not protected by any outer coral reef and since submarine slopes are less steep than in other islands. Between 1994 and 1996, four tsunamis have reached the bays of the archipelago, among them, the tsunami initiated by the Chilean Mw 8.1 earthquake, produced up to 3 m high waves in Tahauku Bay. Numerical modeling of these recent events has already allowed us to validate our method of resolution of hydrodynamics laws through a finite-difference scheme that simulates the propagation of the tsunamis across the ocean and computes the inundation heights (run-up) in remote bays. We present in this paper the simulations carried out to study potentially threatening areas located at the Pacific Rim, on the seismogenic Aleutian and Tonga subduction zones. We use a constant seismic moment source (that of the Mw 8.1 Chile 1995 earthquake, M0 = 1.2 1021 N.m) located at several potential epicenters, with the fault strike adapted from the regional seismotectonics pattern. Our results show that the sources chosen in the Aleutian trench do not produce large inundations in the Marquesas bays, except for the easternmost source (longitude 194° E). Sources located in the Tonga trench do not produce high amplifications either, except for the northernmost one (latitude 16° S). We also discuss the behaviour of the tsunami waves within the archipelago, and evidence contrasting responses depending on the arrival azimuths. These results show that, for a given initial seismic energy, the tsunami amplification in remote bays is highly dependent on the source location and fault strike.

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Krajčovičová, Katarína, Aleksandr Vladimirovich Matyukhin, and Jana Christophoryová. "Two new pseudoscorpion species (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae, Cheiridiidae) from the Tonga Islands, Polynesia, with a redescription of the genus Nesocheiridium." ZooKeys 927 (April 16, 2020): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.927.49351.

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The genera Tyrannochthonius Chamberlin, 1929 and Nesocheiridium Beier, 1957 are recorded from the Tonga Islands, Polynesia, for the first time. Tyrannochthonius euasp. nov. is described from the island of Eua. Nesocheiridium onevaisp. nov. is described from the island of Onevai. This is the first discovery of a representative of the genus Nesocheiridium in more than 60 years. The holotype of the type species, Nesocheiridium stellatum Beier, 1957, is redescribed, allowing a better understanding of this poorly known genus. The genus Nesocheiridium is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: integument coarsely granulate, dorsally granulo-reticulate; vestitural setae either relatively long, with a leaf-like outline, or arcuate with a small spine; cucullus short; only 10 abdominal tergites visible in dorsal view; cheliceral rallum of four blades; venom apparatus present in both chelal fingers; fixed chelal finger with granulate swelling mesally and seven trichobothria; trichobothria ib and ist located distad of granulate swelling; eb and esb situated close together at the base of the finger; moveable chelal finger with two trichobothria.

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21

McConkey, Kim R., Donald R. Drake, Janet Franklin, and Filipe Tonga. "Effects of Cyclone Waka on flying foxes (Pteropus tonganus) in the Vava'u Islands of Tonga." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 5 (August 9, 2004): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001804.

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Severe tropical cyclones are a major cause of episodic mortality for Pacific Island flying foxes (large fruit bats). Many flying foxes starve after forests are stripped of food sources, and hunting by humans may also increase in the post-cyclone period. In December 2001, Cyclone Waka passed directly over the Vava'u Islands in the Kingdom of Tonga, western Polynesia. We visited the islands 6 mo later to survey the flying fox (Pteropus tonganus) population and assess availability of potential food items (fruit and flower) in primary, secondary and plantation forests. Less than 20% of the pre-cyclone bat population (surveyed in 1999–2001) remained 6 mo after the storm. The density of potential food trees in flower or fruit at this time was only 15% of pre-cyclone density, and the main species available were different in the two time periods. The highest density of potential food trees occurred in secondary forest (26 flowering or fruiting trees ha−1) and plantations (23 ha−1); primary forest offered the least food (18 ha−1). Since 65–70% of the land area has been converted to agricultural plantations, this vegetation type had the highest absolute number of food-bearing trees – almost seven times that of primary forest. Flowering coconuts (Cocos nucifera) were the most abundant food source overall and we suggest that this species may be important in sustaining flying foxes following severe storms.

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22

Franklin, Janet, and Sergio J. Rey. "Spatial patterns of tropical forest trees in Western Polynesia suggest recruitment limitations during secondary succession." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 1 (January 2007): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003774.

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Spatial analysis can be used to relate the patterns of tree species to their regeneration syndromes – pioneer to late-successional – and is a first step in refining hypotheses about the species traits and biotic and abiotic factors that give rise to forest community dynamics. This study examines the spatial pattern of the most abundant trees in three 0.45-ha plots in species-poor lowland rain forests on oceanic islands in Tonga, Western Polynesia, that experience frequent natural disturbance and have a 3000-y history of shifting cultivation. We contrast secondary vs. remnant late-successional forest, with particular attention paid to the spatial dispersion and clustering of tree species, and the presence of spatial dependence in the density of seedlings and saplings. Shade-tolerant species were not strongly clustered at any scale. They did not appear to be dispersal limited, in late successional forest, and only some showed patterns consistent with density-dependent mortality (more clumped when small). Shade-tolerant species were more clumped in secondary forest, and may be dispersal-limited there because vertebrate dispersers prefer primary forest. Shade-intolerant species were clumped in gaps in late-successional forest, but some were also clumped in secondary forest, indicating that they too may be dispersal limited during secondary succession. We also compared the species composition of seedlings and saplings in the centre of plots with trees in the surrounding area and inferred that active dispersal (by vertebrate frugivores) contributed as much as 50% to site species richness.

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23

Garellek, Marc, and Marija Tabain. "Tongan." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 50, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): 406–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100318000397.

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Tongan (lea fakatonga, ISO 639-3 code ton) is a Polynesian language spoken mainly in Tonga, where it is one of two official languages (with English). There are about 104,000 speakers of the language in Tonga, with nearly 80,000 additional speakers elsewhere (Simons & Fennig 2017). It is most closely related to Niuean, and more distantly related to West Polynesian languages (such as Tokelauan and Samoan) and East Polynesian languages (such as Hawaiian, Māori, and Tahitian). Previous work on the phonetics and phonology of Tongan includes a general grammar (Churchward 1953), a dissertation with a grammatical overview (Taumoefolau 1998), a phonological sketch of the language (Feldman 1978), two dictionaries (Churchward 1959, Tu‘inukuafe 1992), journal and working papers on stress (Taumoefolau 2002, Garellek & White 2015), intonation (Kuo & Vicenik 2012), as well as the ‘definitive accent’ (discussed below) and the phonological status of identical vowel sequences (Poser 1985; Condax 1989; Schütz 2001; Anderson & Otsuka 2003, 2006; Garellek & White 2010; Ahn 2016; Zuraw 2018). This illustration is meant to provide an overview of the phonetic structures of the language, and includes novel acoustic data on its three-way word-initial laryngeal contrasts, which are cross-linguistically rare. The recordings accompanying this illustration come from Veiongo Hehepoto, a native speaker of Tongan currently living in Melbourne, Australia. Ms. Veiongo was born in 1950 on the island of Vava‘u (northern Tonga), but grew up and was educated in the capital city Nuku‘alofa on Tongatapu (see Figure 1). She moved to Vanuatu when she was 16 years old, and when she was 21 moved to Australia where she trained as a nurse. She continues to speak Tongan every day with family members (including children, who were born in Australia) and friends.

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24

Kirch, P. V., and T. L. Hunt. "Radiocarbon Dates from the Mussau Islands and the Lapita Colonization of the Southwestern Pacific." Radiocarbon 30, no. 2 (1988): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200044106.

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Three decades of archaeological excavations in Melanesia and Western Polynesia have led to a consensus among Oceanic prehistorians that the initial human colonization of the southwestern Pacific (east of the Solomons) was effected by populations of the Lapita Cultural Complex (Green, 1979; Kirch, 1982, 1984; Allen, 1984; Spriggs, 1984). Although the western Melanesian islands of New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and possibly the Solomon Islands were settled in the late Pleistocene by small hunter-gatherer populations (Downie & White, 1979; Specht, Lilley & Normu, 1981; Groubeet al, 1986), discovery and occupation by humans of the more remote island chains to the east required sophisticated voyaging and colonization strategies. That the Austronesian-speaking Lapita people possessed long-distance voyaging craft is suggested both by lexical reconstructions, and by the archaeological evidence of long-distance transport of obsidian and other exotic materials over distances of up to 3700km (Ambrose & Green, 1972; Best, 1987). Lapita sites are marked by a distinctive complex of dentate-stamped earthenware ceramics, and associated shell, bone, and stone artifacts. Sites yielding such assemblages have been recorded between the Bismarck Archipelago in the west, through Melanesia, and as far east as Samoa and Tonga, a straight-line distance of ca 4500km.

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WILLIAMS, JEFFREY T., ERWAN DELRIEU-TROTTIN, and SERGE PLANES. "A new species of Indo-Pacific fish, Canthigaster criobe, with comments on other Canthigaster (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) at the Gambier Archipelago." Zootaxa 3523, no. 1 (October 23, 2012): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3523.1.9.

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A new species of the tetraodontid fish genus Canthigaster was discovered during a recent expedition to theGambier Archipelago, French Polynesia. The new species, named Canthigaster criobe herein, is the only knownspecies of Canthigaster having 12–14 brown stripes along the body (stripes beginning in front of the eye,extending along the body, and abruptly ending at the base of the caudal fin). It also has 17 pectoral rays, the originof the anal fin inserts posterior to a vertical from the rear base of the dorsal fin and lacks spots on the caudal fin.Canthigaster criobe is currently known from a single specimen collected at the Gambier Archipelago. It appearsto be most similar to the white-spotted C. janthinoptera, a wide-ranging, Indo-Pacific species, which also inhabitsthe Gambier Archipelago, and to the Hawaiian endemic C. jactator forming a species complex that exhibitsincomplete lineage sorting. Specimens of C. axiologus, or an undescribed but very similar sibling species, werealso collected at the Gambier Archipelago. Molecular analysis of these samples reveals an affiliation with C.axiologus specimens collected from disjunct localities in the western Central Pacific. Canthigaster axiologus wasnot previously known to occur east of the Tonga Islands. Geographic range expansions are also reported for C. rapaensis and C. amboinensis.

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Yabaki, Mere, Richard C. Winkworth, Patricia A. McLenachan, William Aalbersberg, Linton Winder, Steven A. Trewick, and Peter J. Lockhart. "Placing the Fijian Honeyeaters within the meliphagid radiation: implications for origins and conservation." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 3 (2016): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14932.

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Understanding the evolutionary relationships of threatened species provides an important framework for making decisions about their conservation. However, unrecognised problems with the underlying phylogenetic analyses may bias the decision-making process. Recent phylogenetic studies have improved our understanding of Meliphagidae, but also indicate discordance between molecular datasets. Here, we examine the causes of this discordance using maximum likelihood tree-building and network analyses of identically sampled datasets for four genetic loci. Our results suggest that while we can be reasonably confident of relationships within species groups, discordance within and between molecular datasets tends to obscure relationships towards the base of the meliphagid tree. This ongoing uncertainty likely reflects differences in the sampling of markers and taxa between previously published analyses. To avoid the problems of conflicting data we used divergence time analyses of only the most densely sampled marker, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 2, to investigate the age and origins of the Fijian Meliphagidae. Our analyses suggest two temporally distinct colonisations of the Fijian archipelago. The large-bodied honeyeaters arrived ~15.6 million years ago, subsequently diversifying and spreading to Tonga and Samoa. In contrast, Myzomela appears to have arrived within the last 5.0 million years. The phylogenetic results therefore imply that conserving the evolutionary diversity of Meliphagidae in Polynesia requires that effort be spread across both the currently recognised taxa and geographical range.

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SOBRAL, KAMILA MARCELINO BRITO, MANOEL ABÍLIO DE QUEIROZ, CARLOS ALBERTO DA SILVA LEDO, CARINA MENDES LOIOLA, JÉSSICA BARROS ANDRADE, and SEMÍRAMIS RABELO RAMALHO RAMOS. "GENETIC DIVERSITY ASSESSMENT AMONG TALL COCONUT PALM." Revista Caatinga 31, no. 1 (March 2018): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n104rc.

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ABSTRACT The tall coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) has great socioeconomic importance in Brazil and was first introduced on the coast of the north-eastern region, where it has been exploited in a semi-extractivist manner. The goal of this study was to quantify the genetic divergence between accessions introduced and preserved at the International Coconut Genebank for Latin America and the Caribbean, estimate the efficiency of descriptors used in the discrimination of the accessions, and indicate the essential descriptors for the activities of characterisation and evaluation. The accessions used were: Polynesia Tall; Tonga Tall; West African Tall; Rennel Tall; Rotuma Tall; Vanuatu Tall; Malayan Tall and Brazilian Tall Praia-do-Forte. Thirty-five quantitative descriptors recommended for the species were used. Genetic divergence was estimated by the Mahalanobis’s generalised distance and the cluster analysis was performed using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). The relative importance of the descriptors was measured according to Singh and Jolliffe’s methods, and the variables were selected taking into consideration the matching information in the two methods, eliminating those that were discarded in the two procedures. The agronomic characteristics indicated that the first canonical variable explained 90.25% of total variance. The most efficient descriptors for detecting the genetic divergence were: fruit equatorial circumference; nut polar and equatorial circumference; quantity of liquid endosperm; total fruit weight; nut weight; stem height; girth of stem at 1,5m height; number of leaflets; and number of bunches. The most dissimilar accessions according to the agronomic characteristics were Rotuma Tall and West African Tall, which can be primarily indicated as genitors for the formation of segregating populations in breeding programmes.

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Hallmann, Nadine, Gilbert Camoin, Jody M. Webster, and Marc Humblet. "A standardized database of Marine Isotopic Stage 5e sea-level proxies on tropical Pacific islands." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 6 (June 14, 2021): 2651–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2651-2021.

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Abstract. Marine Isotope Stage 5 deposits have been reported on many tropical Pacific islands. This paper presents a database compiled through the review of MIS 5e (last interglacial – LIG) coral reef records from islands belonging to French Polynesia (Anaa, Niau, Makatea, Moruroa, Takapoto, Bora Bora), the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Lanai, Midway Atoll), Tuvalu, Kiribati (Christmas Island, Tarawa), the Cook Islands (Mangaia, Atiu, Mitiaro, Mauke, Pukapuka, Rakahanga, Rarotonga), Tonga, Samoa, the Federal States of Micronesia, the Mariana Islands, the Marshall Islands (Enewetak, Bikini), New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji and Niue. Studies reporting other sea-level indicators dated to other Pleistocene interglacials and Holocene sea-level indicators were not inserted in the database but are included in this data description paper for completeness. Overall, about 300 studies concerning Pleistocene and Holocene sea-level indicators have been reviewed, and finally 163 age data points and 94 relative sea-level (RSL) data points from 38 studies on the MIS 5e have been inserted in the database. An additional 155 age data points have been reviewed; i.e. the tropical Pacific islands database contains 318 age data points. The main sea-level indicators include emerged coral reef terraces, but also reef units recovered in drill cores from a few islands, thus reflecting the diversity of tectonic settings and sampling approaches. Future research should be directed towards better constrained RSL reconstructions, including more precise chronological data, more accurate elevation measurements and a better refinement of the palaeo-water-depth significance of coralgal assemblages. The database for tropical Pacific islands is available open access at this link: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3991672 (Hallmann and Camoin, 2020).

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Haryono, Timbul. "IN SEARCH OF POLYNESIAN ORIGINS: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LAPITA CULTURE." Berkala Arkeologi 7, no. 2 (September 26, 1986): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30883/jba.v7i2.460.

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The islands of Polynesia make up the largest group among the islands in the Pacific ocean. This group, in fact, consist of many islands forming a triangle. The main groups in the west are the Tongan, and Samoan and Ellice groups. The Cook, Society and Tuamotus lie in the east, with Easter Island as a far-off isolate, while the Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand are separated to the north and south respectively of the main west-east belt. The location of these islands between Asia in the west, Australia in the south and South America continent in the east is of considerable significance to the peopling and cultural development of the region. Many scholars have therefore been led to postulate the route of human movement into these scattered islands. Archaeological and anthropological researches have been carried out within the area to determine where the Polynesians originally come from. Various hypotheses have been proposed thereafter.

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30

Sluys, R., and LRG Cannon. "A new marine triclad from the west Pacific (Platyhelminthes : Tricladida : Maricola)." Invertebrate Systematics 3, no. 2 (1989): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9890149.

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Burley, David, Kevan Edinborough, Marshall Weisler, and Jian-xin Zhao. "Bayesian Modeling and Chronological Precision for Polynesian Settlement of Tonga." PLOS ONE 10, no. 3 (March 23, 2015): e0120795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120795.

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Göth, Ann, and Uwe Vogel. "Status of the Polynesian Megapode Megapodius pritchardii on Niuafo'ou (Tonga)." Bird Conservation International 5, no. 1 (March 1995): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900002975.

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SummaryFrom October 1991 to January 1993, the Polynesian Megapode or Malau Megapodius pritchardii on the island Niuafo'ou, Kingdom of Tonga, was studied as part of a conservation project. The reproductive population was estimated at 188–235 pairs. Owing to an apparent lack of juveniles, the total population is not expected to be much larger. Compared to previous assessments this estimate gives evidence for a serious decline, but the methodologies used in all estimates differ considerably. However, a decline is also indicated by the fact that two of the 11 communal nesting grounds have been abandoned since 1979, while no new sites have been reported. Additionally, the Malau has disappeared from the vicinity of villages during the last 15 years. On a cat-free and undisturbed islet in the crater lake the density of Malaus is 1.29 pairs per ha. In other areas, where access for humans, dogs and cats was easy, the density of the Malau was only 0.16 pairs per ha. The main reason for the decline isover-harvesting of eggs by the local people. Habitat destruction or degradation are not responsible, and rats and domestic pigs seem to have no negative influence.

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Lea, David. "Civil society and media: The relevance in Fiji, Tonga and PNG." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 7, no. 1 (September 1, 2001): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v7i1.711.

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PNG's Melanesian societies with Polyneasian societies like Tonga and Samoa, which evolved the familiar authoritarian feudal structures, which are always in tension with democratic institutions. In melanesia, those who gain political ascendancy and power must struggle for it.

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Burley, David V., Sean P. Connaughton, and Geoffrey Clark. "Early cessation of ceramic production for ancestral Polynesian society in Tonga." PLOS ONE 13, no. 2 (February 23, 2018): e0193166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193166.

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Göth, Ann, and Uwe Vogel. "Notes on breeding and conservation of birds on Niuafo'ou Island, Kingdom of Tonga." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 2 (1999): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc990103.

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Niuafo'ou lies very isolated in the Pacific, is well forested and not densely populated by humans. These facts as well as the lack of larger rat species make it a refuge for birds rare elsewhere in the region. This paper covers all 17 breeding species and gives breeding data for 14 of them, collected from October 1991 to December 1992. Ten species had a well-defined breeding season of 2?7 months somewhere between September and April, which often differed from other adjacent islands: Audubon's Shearwater Puffinus Iherminieri, Pacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa, Banded Rail Rallus phillippensis, Spotless Crake Porzana tabuensis, Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio, Barn Owl Tyto alba, Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer, Polynesian Starling Aplonis tabuensis nesiotes, and Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus. The Blue-crowned Lorikeet Vini australis nested in October, November and July. It did not only breed in tree hollows, but also inside a rotten log on the ground. Other observations suggest that it visits ground holes as well, either for nesting or resting. A breeding colony of Audubon's Shearwater is the first one confirmed for Tonga. Four species nested in the wet and dry season: White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus, Pacific Reef-heron Egretta sacra, Pacific Pigeon Ducula pacifica and Polynesian Megapode Megapodius pritchardii. Since September to March is the main breeding season for birds on Niuafo'ou, it is proposed that hunting and egg collecting, both important parts of the local tradition, are restricted to the other months of the year. In case of the endangered Polynesian Megapode we suggest a restriction of egg collecting and propose a translocation programme to another island. Additionally, we suggest that the islets in the crater lake become protected as they are free of feral cats, and some birds occur in higher densities there. Niuafo'ou also deserves attention as resting place for six vagrant and migrant species; large numbers of Wedge-tailed Shearwaters Puffinus pacificus are hunted when they visit between October and June.

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Cass, Philip. "A foreign flower no more: Tongan diasporic media and the 2014 Tongan election." Pacific Journalism Review 22, no. 1 (July 31, 2016): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v22i1.14.

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The use of social media and the involvement of diasporic populations in politics is a growing trend among diasporic Polynesian communities and Island politicians. Auckland-based Tongan media, which are the focus of this article, appear to have had an effect on voter behaviour in the 2014 Tongan elections. Using the Auckland-based news site Kaniva News as a case study and drawing on interviews with Tongan journalists, this article sets out to show the links between the development of online media among the Tongan diaspora, the rise of ‘Akilisi Pohiva’s democracy movement and the mediated involvement of New Zealand’s Tongan community in that democratic process. Similar developments have also been noted in Fiji and the Cook Islands where online media played an important part in recent elections.

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Herrscher, Estelle, Jack N. Fenner, Frédérique Valentin, Geoffrey Clark, Christian Reepmeyer, Laurie Bouffandeau, and Guy André. "Multi-isotopic analysis of first Polynesian diet (Talasiu, Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga)." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 18 (April 2018): 308–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.01.012.

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38

Fall, Patricia L. "Vegetation Change in the Coastal-Lowland Rainforest at Avai'o'vuna Swamp, Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga." Quaternary Research 64, no. 3 (November 2005): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.08.003.

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AbstractAvai'o'vuna Swamp, a small coastal wetland in Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga, produced a 4500-year pollen and sediment record. Results are: (1) a mid-Holocene sea level highstand is confirmed for Tonga between about 4500 and 2600 14C yr B.P.; marine clay contains pollen from mangroves (Rhizophora mangle), coastal forest trees (Barringtonia asiatica and Cocos nucifera), and rainforest trees (Alphitonia, Rhus, Hedycarya and Calophyllum). (2) Microscopic charcoal first appeared at 2600 14C yr B.P., coincident with the arrival of Polynesians. (3) Cocos, Pandanus, Excoecaria, Macaranga, and Elaeocarpaceae pollen reflects the establishment of a mixed coastal-lowland rainforest in the last 2500 years. (4) The loss of Hedycarya, Elaeocarpus, Calophyllum, and Guettarda and the reduction of Terminalia and taxa in the Papilionaceae family by about 1000 years ago may be due to habitat destruction and the loss of dispersal capabilities of some species through the extinction of the two largest pigeons in Tonga.

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Kirch, P. V. "Monumental architecture and power in Polynesian chiefdoms: A comparison of Tonga and Hawaii." World Archaeology 22, no. 2 (October 1990): 206–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1990.9980141.

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40

Smith, BJ, P. Phongsavan, D. Havea, V. Halavatau, and T. Chey. "Body mass index, physical activity and dietary behaviours among adolescents in the Kingdom of Tonga." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 2 (February 2007): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007226060.

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AbstractObjectivesTo compare the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents using international and ethnic-specific cut-off points and to examine patterns of physical activity and dietary behaviours.DesignCross-sectional analytical study.SettingSchools on Tongatapu, Vava'u and Hapa'ai islands in the Kingdom of Tonga.SubjectsA total of 443 school students aged 11–16 years underwent anthropometric measures of height and weight and provided self-reported measures of physical activity and dietary behaviours.ResultsMean body mass index (BMI) was higher among girls than boys (23.7 kg m− 2vs. 21.8 kg m− 2) and tended to increase with age. A total of 36.0% of boys and 53.8% of girls were overweight or obese using the international cut-off points, whereas 25.0% of boys and 37.6% of girls were classified in this way using Polynesian-specific cut-off points. Tinned mutton or beef was the food that most participants (56.9%) reported eating once or more per day. Over half of the young people did not eat taro, fruit or vegetables at least once per day. Regular physical activity outside of school hours was reported by 20.7% of respondents, and 58.2% watched 1 h or more of television per day. Physical activity participation was the only behaviour independently associated with a lower risk of overweight or obesity.ConclusionsUsing Polynesian-specific cut-off points for overweight and obesity the prevalence of these conditions was still among the highest found in adolescents. The prevalence of physical inactivity and poor dietary habits indicate that risk factors for chronic disease are well established during adolescence in Tonga.

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Jayaraman, T. K., Chee-Keong Choong, and Ronald Ravinesh Kumar. "Financial Sector Development and Remittances in Pacific Island Economies: How Do They Help the World’s Two Most Recipient-Dependent Countries?" Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 10, no. 3-4 (2011): 386–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156914911x610376.

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Abstract In the context of the current recession in industrialized countries and the resultant dim prospects for exports from small Pacific island countries, mobilization of foreign exchange earnings assumes considerable importance. The dependency of Samoa and Tonga on inward remittances is well known, as the two Polynesian island countries in recent years have been among the first top ten remittance recipient countries of the world. This paper examines the long-run nexus between economic growth and inward remittances during a three-decade period (1981-2008). The paper also discusses some important policy implications arising out of the study’s findings.

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W. Steadman, David, Janet Franklin, Donald R. Drake, Holly B. Freifeld, Leslie A. Bolick, Darren S. Smith, and Timothy J. Motley. "Conservation status of forests and vertebrate communities in the Vava`u Island Group, Tonga." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 3 (1999): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc990191.

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Based on field work in 1995 and 1996, we assess the distribution, relative abundance, and habitat preferences of forest plants, lizards, birds, and mammals on 17 islands in the Vava'u Group, Kingdom of Tonga. The islands vary in habitat composition, land area (0.02-96 km2), elevation (20-215 m), and distance (0-10.1 km) from the largest island of 'Uta Vava'u. Two major forest types are recognized - coastal and lowland. They are similar in composition to forest communities described for the southern Tongan island group and for lowland Samoa, but with unique patterns of species dominance. The most mature category of lowland forest persists mainly in areas too steep for cultivation and covers about 10% of the land area. The greatest variation in plant species composition appears to be related to the degree of human disturbance. Among lizards, six species are widespread and at least locally common, whereas three others are localized and typically rare. Among landbirds, 11 species are widespread and at least locally common, one (West Polynesian Ground-Dove Gallicolumba stain) is extremely rare, and three others have been extirpated in the past century. The overall species richness and relative abundance of indigenous plants and vertebrates among islands in Vava'u have been affected more by deforestation and other human activities than by the classic physical variables of island biogeography - area, elevation, or isolation. Small islands (<1 km2) may be very important for conservation purposes, especially given the propensity for secondary succession to indigenous forests following agricultural abandonment.

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Valentin, Frederique, Geoffrey Clark, Philip Parton, and Christian Reepmeyer. "Mortuary practices of the first Polynesians: formative ethnogenesis in the Kingdom of Tonga." Antiquity 94, no. 376 (July 2, 2020): 999–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.89.

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N'Yeurt, Antoine De Ramon, and Roy T. Tsuda. "New records of marine algae from Tonga, Central Polynesia." Marine Biodiversity Records 7 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755267214001110.

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45

"Bactrocera kirki. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No.December (July 1, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20143031644.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Bactrocera kirki (Froggatt). Diptera: Tephritidae. Hosts: polyphagous. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Oceania (American Samoa, Fiji, French Polynesia, Niue, Samoa, Tonga, Wallis and Futuna Islands).

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"Tarophagus proserpina. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No.December (August 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20173373943.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Tarophagus proserpina (Kirkaldy). Hemiptera: Delphacidae. Host: taro (Colocasia esculenta). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Oceania (American Samoa, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu).

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47

Garrigue, Claire, Trish Franklin, Rochelle Constantine, Kirsty Russell, Daniel Burns, Michael Poole, Dave Paton, et al. "First assessment of interchange of humpback whales between Oceania and the East coast of Australia." J. Cetacean Res. Manage., October 22, 2020, 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.vi.314.

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The interchange of individual humpback whales between the wintering grounds of Oceania (South Pacific) and the east coast of Australia weredocumented by individual identification photographs collected from 1999 to 2004. Interchange was assessed using regional catalogues of flukephotographs, totalling 672 individuals from Oceania (represented by New Zealand, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Niue, Cook Island,French Polynesia and American Samoa) and 1,242 individuals from Hervey Bay and Byron Bay representing the southbound and the northboundmigration along the east coast of Australia (EA). Overall, there were seven documented movements between EA and Oceania. Four instances ofmovement of four individuals were documented between EA and the closest breeding grounds of New Caledonia. A further three movements wererecorded between EA and a small catalogue (n = 13) from the New Zealand migratory corridor. In contrast, during this same period, 20 cases ofinterchange were documented among nine breeding grounds: French Polynesia, Cook Islands, Niue, American Samoa, Samoa, Tonga, Fiji, Vanuatuand New Caledonia. The low level of interchange between Oceania and the east coast of Australia has important implications for understanding thestock structure and abundance of humpback whales in the South Pacific.

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"Rhabdoscelus obscurus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, no. 1st revision) (August 1, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20066600280.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Rhabdoscelus obscurus (Boisduval) Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae Attacks sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), coconut (Cocos nucifera), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and sago palm (Metroxylon sagu). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Christmas Island, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Japan, Bonin Islands, Honshu, Malaysia, Sarawak, Taiwan, NORTH AMERICA, USA, Hawaii, OCEANIA, American Samoa, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Cook Islands, Fed. States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu.

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49

"Dasheen mosaic potyvirus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20066500751.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Dasheen mosaic potyvirus Viruses: Potyviridae: Potyvirus Hosts: Colocasia esculenta, Xanthosoma spp. and other Araceae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Mainland Italy, Netherlands, UK, ASIA, China, Guangdong, India, Japan, Honshu, Taiwan, AFRICA, Cameroon, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, NORTH AMERICA, USA, California, Florida, Hawaii, Kansas, Louisiana, Nebraska, South Carolina, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Costa Rica, Cuba, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, SOUTH AMERICA, Brazil, Sao Paulo, Venezuela, OCEANIA, Australia, Queensland, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga.

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"Elsinoë batatas. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 3) (August 1, 1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20066500447.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Elsinoë batatas Viegas & Jenkins Fungi: Ascomycota: Dothideales Hosts: Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Japan, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Philippines, Taiwan, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, USA, Hawaii, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Puerto Rico, SOUTH AMERICA, Brazil, Alagoas, Bahia, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, OCEANIA, Australia, Queensland, Cook Islands, Fed. States of Micronesia, Fiji, French, Polynesia, Guam, Micronesia, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu.

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