Academic literature on the topic 'Polypropylene liner'

An in-line process rheometer, employing a proven shear-stress transducer, was designed and built for polymer melts. The entire process stream runs through the rheometer, giving it a much faster response time than conventional side-stream models. The possibility of using the in-line rheometer for dynamic mechanical analysis was investigated and methods were developed to obtain the complex modulus over a wide range of frequencies with a single measurement. Measurement techniques for shear viscosity testing were also developed along with algorithms to compensate for the effects of process pressure and temperature.<br>The rheometer was used as a viscosity sensor to provide feedback control for a polypropylene visbreaking process. A first order plus dead time model was used to model the process and the rheometer together, and typically had dead times of less than 60 s and a first order time constant of 15 s. Gain scheduling was incorporated into minimum variance and proportional-integral controllers to achieve closed-loop settling times of 200 s for viscosity setpoint changes and process disturbances.

Os polímeros espumados são materiais do futuro, com um leque abrangente de aplicações. Podem ser usados em estruturas de isolamento, por exemplo, ou para reduzir custos com materiais. Este trabalho remete para a extrusão de misturas de Polipropileno isotático (iPP) / Polipropileno com Alta Resistência do Fundido (HMSPP), para a obtenção de espumas. O comportamento reológico do polímero fundido, principalmente a viscosidade na temperatura de processamento, tem um papel decisivo nas aplicações nas quais prevalece o fluxo extensional, como no caso da espumagem. Se a viscosidade for muito baixa, correspondente a uma baixa resistência do fundido, como no caso do homopolímero linear (PP isotático), a espumagem ficará prejudicada, face à impossibilidade de expansão acentuada. Entretanto, se a viscosidade for muito alta (HMSPP), com uma alta resistência do fundido, a espuma colapsará imediatamente após sua formação. A fim de obter espumas com uma estrutura celular homogênea e definida, foram efetuadas misturas 50% em peso entre o homopolímero linear (PP isotático) e o polipropileno ramificado (HMSPP), modificado por radiação gama, em ambiente contendo acetileno e na dose de 12,5 kGy. O processo de extrusão empregou a metodologia de espumagem solúvel, segundo o princípio de processamento/dissolução, que envolve a dissolução de um agente físico de sopro (PBA = Physical Blowing Agent), na pressão em torno de 30 bar, homogeneamente misturado com o fundido polimérico. As condições de extrusão, que, geralmente, compreendem o controle de temperatura, pressão e fluxo do material viscoelástico, foram investigadas experimentalmente para definir as características dominantes em prol da obtenção de espumas. O agente físico de sopro usado foi o nitrogênio. As principais características do PP e HMSPP foram obtidas via medidas reológicas (Índice de Fluidez e Resistência do Fundido) e análises térmicas (DSC/TGA), a fim de viabilizar e reproduzir a posteriori as espumagens pelo processo de extrusão. A morfologia celular das espumas foi investigada minuciosamente, com e sem a adição de talco, como agente nucleante, usando o Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura. As propriedades mecânicas foram investigadas, via DMA, com base no Módulo de Young e tangente delta. A Rigidez Específica contribuiu com algumas considerações sobre a cristalinidade. As micrografias obtidas apontaram para espumas de células fechadas, nas quais a pressão é mantida durante o estágio de formação da célula. As espumas podem ser usadas em: mobílias; transporte; aterro sanitário; isolamentos; eletrodomésticos; como absorvedora de choque e de som; construção civil, incluindo chapas isolantes, proteção para pisos, perfis para acabamento, acabamentos de interiores; indústria automobilística, em painéis espumados; mercado de embalagem, em geral, incluindo embalagens para freezer e micro-ondas; acondicionamento de artigos médicos como seringas, catéteres intravenosos, frascos, materiais de sutura. fios e cabos e para finalidades estruturais (espumas estruturais), substituindo madeira, metais ou plásticos sólidos. As análises de densidade efetuadas nas espumas do presente trabalho apresentaram resultados típicos de espumas de alta densidade (faixa de 320 a 800 kg/m3), em torno de 500 kg/m3, usadas para fios e cabos e para finalidades estruturais (espumas estruturais), substituindo madeira, metais ou plásticos sólidos. As espumas estruturais têm densidades relativamente altas (acima de 320 kg/m3) e as estruturas celulares são compostas principalmente de vazios.<br>Foamed polymers are future materials, with a comprehensive application field. They can be used in order to improve appearance of insulation structures, for example, or to reduce costs involving materials. This work address to Isotactic Polypropylene / High Melt Strength Polypropylene blends, for foams production. Rheological behavior of polymer melt, especially referring to viscosity in processing temperature, plays a decisive role in applications where dominates extensional flow, as in case of foaming. If the viscosity is very low, it will correspond to a low melt strength, as in case of linear homopolymer (Isotact PP), and the foam will be prejudiced, due to the impossibility of expansion. Otherwise, if the viscosity is very high, with a high melt strength, the foam will collapse immediately after its formation. In order to get foams with an homogeneous and defined cellular structure, there were accomplished blends, 50% in weight, between linear homopolymer (isotactic PP) and HMSPP, from PP modified as per gamma radiation, in acetylene environment and at a 12.5 kGy dosis. Extrusion process used a soluble foaming methodology, according to a processing/dissolution principle, which involves the dissolution of a Physical Blowing Agent (PBA), under 30 bar pressure, homogeneously mixed with polymeric melt. Extrusion conditions, that generally involve temperature, pressure and viscoelastic material flow control were experimentally investigated to define prevalent characteristics for producing foams. Nitrogen was the used PBA and process extrusion parameters were adapted to PP, HMSPP and their 50% in weight mixtures thereof. Major PP and HMSPP characteristics were obtained via melt Index and melt strength and thermal analyses (DSC/TGA), in order to make viable and to reproduce foaming as per extrusion process. Foams cellular morphology of PP, HMSPP and their 50% in weight mixtures thereof was investigated, with and without talc addition, as nucleating agent, by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Micrographs obtained pointed to closed cells foams, in which the pressure is kept during all cell formation stage, informing that closed cells foams are used in thermal insulation in Civil Construction and in thermal vials. Density analyses accomplished in foams produced in our work showed typical results for high density foams (320 to 800 kg/m3 range), around 500 kg/m3, used for wire and cables and for structural purposes (structural foams), by replacing wood, metals or solid plastics. Structural foams have high density (above 320 kg/m3) and cellular structures are specially composed by holes.

The potential use of Resadiye/Tokat bentonite as a reinforcement in polypropylene (PP) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) polymer matrix nanocomposites filler was investigated. At first, organoclays (OC) were prepared by cation exchange reaction (CER) between the raw bentonite (RB) and three quaternary ammonium salts with long alkyl tails (QA): hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide [HMA] [Br], tetrabutyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate [TBA] [BF4], tetrakisdecyl ammonium bromide [TKA] [Br] and one quaternary phosphonium (QP) salt: tetrabutyl phosphonium tetrafluroborate [TBP] [BF4]. Characterization of resulting materials by XRD, TGA, FTIR and chemical analysis confirmed the formation of organoclays. Ternary composites of PP/organoclay/ maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) were prepared with two different grades of PPs in a co-rotating twin screw extruder. Composites prepared with these organoclays and PPs showed microcomposite formation. In the second part of the study, raw bentonite was purified by sedimentation, and characterization of purified bentonite (PB) by XRD, cation exchange capacity (CEC) measurement and chemical analysis (ICP) confirmed the success of purification method. PB was then modified with two QA`s: dimethyl dioctadecylammonium chloride [DMDA] [Cl], tetrakis decylammonium bromide [STKA] [Br] and one QP: tributyl hexadecyl phosphonium bromide [TBHP] [Br]. Organoclays from PB were used with the PP with lower viscosity, and ternary nanocomposites (PP/Organoclay2/MAPP5) were prepared in the extruder followed by batch mixing in an intensive batch mixer. Use of DMDA and TBHP OCs resulted in nanocomposite formation, while STKA resulted in microcomposite formation as observed by XRD and TEM. Young`s modulus and yield stress of the samples were enhanced through nanocomposite formation. In the last part of the study, ternary composites of LLDPE/Organoclay/ compatibilizer, a random terpolymer of ethylene, butyl acrylate and maleic anhydride (E-BA-MAH, Lotader&reg<br>3210), were prepared by melt compounding in the batch mixer at two different clay concentrations (2 and 5 wt %) and fixed compatibilizer/organoclay ratio (&alpha<br>=2.5). A commercial organoclay, I34, was also used in LLDPE based nanocomposites to make a comparison. XRD and TEM analyses of the compounds prepared by DMDA and TBHP showed mixed nanocomposite morphologies consisting of partially intercalated and exfoliated layers. Young`s modulus and tensile strength of nanocomposites prepared with DMDA and TBHP showed generally higher values compared to those of neat LLDPE, while results were the highest in the composites prepared with commercial organoclay I34. Parallel disk rheometry was used as a supplementary technique to XRD, TEM and mechanical characterizations, and it was shown to be a sensitive tool in assessing the degree of dispersion of clay layers in the polymer matrix.

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L'industrie petrochimique nigerianne que nous avons propose d'analyser presente un certain nombre de specificites, lesquelles ont justement motive notre recherche. La saisie de la principale de ces specificites a ete effectuee en analysant l'existence d'un secteur petrochimique dans le cadre du developpement d'un secteur petrochimique dans le cadre du developpement d'ensemble du nigeria a travers la theorie des "industries motrices". Mais on montre en meme temps que l'analyse de developpement historique du nigeria fait apparaitre les limites des conditions de pertinence de cette theorie. - dans le cadre de l'industrie petrochimique elle-meme, le con- cept central du "calcul des effets d'entrainements" s'applique loique- ment. - dans le cadre du developpement global, la theorie des "industries motrices" rencontre beaucoup de reserves quant a son appli- cation en tant que methodologie, dans la mesure meme ou l'autre concept principal de cette theorie. Celui de la "triangulation", n'a pas son correspondant objectif dans la strategie des pouvoirs publics nigerians. Certes, le nigeria n'a pas suivi cette voie; mais pas seu- lement parce qu'il n'avait pas de societe civile moderne, mais aussi parce que la classe politique n'etait pas soudee et parce qu'elle n'etait pas predisposee a rompre avec les flux classiques des relations internationales<br>The petrochemical instrutory of nigeria that we propose to analyse poresents certain number of specificitises which indeed motivated our research. The apprehension of these principal specificities were observed by analysing the existence of a section of petrochemical industry in the context of general development of nigeria through the theory of "inductible industries" (industrie motrices). But at the same time our studies reveals through its analysis that the historical development of nigeria presents limits of pertinents condition of this theory. Withen petrochemical industry itself, the major concept of calculation * of linkage and induction effect show corresponding application. * on the level of general development of nigeria, the concept of "inductibility" or "linkage" industires meet lots of handicorp in its methodological application, in the sense that the other other concept of the theory : that of "triangulation" does not have its objective correspondance in the strategic planing, by nigerian decision makers. Thus nigeria did not opte for this concept as to it's development, not for the fact that it does not have a modern administrative society, nor was it for the fact it's decision. .

A novel on-line capillary rheometer (OLR) was used to examine the shear and extensional characteristics of polyolefin melts during twin screw extrusion (TSE). Comparisons with off-line rheometry were made using a twin-bore capillary rheometer and a modular in-line slit die rheometer (ILR) provided in-line rheometry comparisons. Both capillary rheometers were controlled via PCs running dedicated software, and the extrusion line and ELR were fully instrumented allowing real-time process monitoring to be carried out by IBM compatible PCs via data acquisition hardware and software. The prototype OLR was developed by the re-design of several key features including an instrumented transfer section and capillary die block which facilitated the use of various die geometries. Shear and extensional on-line rheometry of three polyethylenes (linear and branched), and four molecular weight grades of polypropylene were examined, and a direct comparison with off-line capillary rheometry showed a good correlation. The effect of a high loading of filler on two of the polyethylenes was investigated. In-line shear stress and entry pressure measurements showed a reasonable correlation with on-line rheometry. A study of entry flows in the OLR using capillary dies approaching orifice showed non-linearities occurred at very low capillary length to diameter(L:D) ratios, and this was repeatable using off-line rheometry. Predicted zero length entry pressures (Po) were used to estimate apparent extensional viscosity using a number of standard models. Melt instability and capillary wall slip were also investigated using on-line rheometry. Melt pressure and temperature in the twin screw extruder and OLR were monitored at various process conditions to examine the ability of the OLR to condition melt during testing, and the effect of OLR testing on extrusion conditions. Pressure variation in the extruder, OLR and off-line rheometer were compared in order to quantify process noise. The effect of OLR testing on melt rheology and polymer molecular weight were examined using off-line rheometry and gel permeation chromatography(GPC).