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1
Slaba, Oksana, Yaroslava Padalko, Olena Vasylenko, and Larysa Parfenova. "Functional Aspects of Interlingual Borrowings: Current Challenges." Arab World English Journal 12, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 318–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol12no2.22.
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A particular status of the English language as the language of international communication and connections between the nearly related English and German languages resulted in the emergence of many interlingual borrowings in the Modern English and German language vocabularies. The paper aims to consider the functioning of borrowings (loanwords) in the English and German languages. To reach the aim of the research and to carry out the tasks assigned, the following methods were used: a descriptive method, the method of correlation, componential analysis and, comparative semantic analysis. The paper focuses on linguistic and extralinguistic factors of the German and English interaction. Special attention is paid to clarifying the notion of borrowing in modern linguistic science. The word-formative calques and half-calques (hybrids), which differ from ordinary lexical borrowings by using partially borrowed lexical material, are identified in addition to direct lexical borrowings in the language subsystem under study. The paper demonstrates the significant influence of English borrowings on the structural-semantic qualities of German words, on various semantic changes, as well as on the participation of loanwords in the lexico-semantic variation: synonymy, polysemy, homonymy, and antonymy. The results of the research can also be used in the teaching and learning of both languages, in the course of lexicology or linguistics.
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Chen, Jidong, and Xinchun Wang. "A Longitudinal Study of the Acquisition of the Polysemous Verb 打 dǎ in Mandarin Chinese." Languages 5, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5020023.
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Lexical ambiguity abounds in languages and multiple one-to-many form-function mappings create challenges for language learners. This study extends the theoretical approaches to the acquisition of polysemy to the Mandarin verb 打 dǎ, which is highly polysemous and among the earliest verbs in child speech. It analyzes longitudinal naturalistic data of nine children (1;05–3;10) from two Mandarin child speech corpora to explore the developmental trajectory of different senses of 打 dǎ and the role of input. The results support a continuous derivational and restricted monosemy approach: children initially extract a core feature of 打 dǎ, but only apply it in a restricted way, reflected in a small number of senses in a limited set of semantic domains and syntactic frames, revealing an early preference for initial unambiguous form-meaning mappings. Mandarin-speaking children’s production mirrors the semantic and syntactic distribution of the input, supporting the usage-based approach to the acquisition of polysemy that meaning is derived from the confluence of lexical and syntactic cues in the usage patterns in the input. Our research is the first longitudinal study of the emergence and development of polysemous verbs in Mandarin and has pedagogical implications for teaching Mandarin as a second language.
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Solovyeva, Alexandra, and Tat'yana Gur'evna Shishkina. "Linguistic context of functionality and peculiarities of the English military aviation terminology in professional journals (on the example of the “Rotor and Wing”)." Litera, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2022.1.37255.
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This article is dedicated to the linguistic context of functionality of the English military aviation terms in the journal “Rotor and Wing”. The goal lies in revealing the specificity of the linguistic context of functionality of the English military aviation terminology, as well as its structural, semantic and pragmatic characteristics in the journal “Rotor and Wing”. For achieving the set goal, the author aims to determine the most representative linguistic (stylistic, syntactic, grammatical, and lexical) peculiarities of the journal; which military aviation terms are most and least common for the journal; as well as structural, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of the terms. The novelty lies in comprehensive description of the English military aviation terminology (structural, semantic and pragmatic aspects) and its linguistic context in the professional journal. The research employs the analytical, comparative, and statistical methods. The author establishes the most significant syntactic, grammatical, stylistic, and lexical peculiarities of the journal; as well as structural (most terms are two-component phrases), semantic (presence of the absolute and conditional synonymous terms, absence of polysemy, and partial presence of antonyms), and pragmatic characteristics of military aviation terminology (terms fulfill the functions that are substantiated by the content and purpose of the journal. The acquired results can be used both in lexicographical practice (compiling the English-language dictionaries, thesauri, glossaries of military aviation terms), and in the practice of teaching the aviation English language.
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Smouchtchynska, Iryna. "L’enseignement de la lexicologie FLE: les nouvelles approches." Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 11 (August 8, 2018): 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/tk.2018.17249.
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Le but principal de cet article est de montrer les principaux problèmes de la lexicologie moderne aussi que d’améliorer l’enseignement de la lexicologie comme cours universitaire en tenant compte de nouvelles théories apparues à la fin du XXe siècle. L’enseignement moderne exige l’introduction de nouveaux termes comme éponymie, énantiosémie, méronymie, etc., et la révision des théories et des thèmes dits classiques comme polysémie, évolution sémantique, formation du mot, emprunt. L’auteur se propose de montrer le développement des théories et des approches lexicales au cours des XXe et XXIe siècles. On estime qu’il faut fournir aux étudiants des renseignements sur les nouvelles orientations et les différentes méthodes existant dans la linguistique contemporaine, avant tout sémiotiques, cognitives, discursives, contrastives, même si elles sont présentées sous diverses versions parfois contradictoires. En même temps, une consultation des manuels de lexicologie montre que plusieurs phénomènes connus restent en marge de leurs études, il s’agit avant tout du calque, du mot international, de l’occasionnalisme, de l’archaïsme sémantique, etc. Donc, l’emploi et la définition corrects du terme, la précision de ses particularités au sein de son paradigme sont indispensables pour l’étude lexicologique contemporaine. L’approche principale est de présenter le vocabulaire français en tant que système spécifique d’unités nominatives.
Teaching FFL lexicology: opening new approaches
The main aim of this paper is to show major problems of modern lexicology as well as to improve the teaching of lexicology at the university by taking into account new theories that appeared at the end of the 20th century. Modern education requires the introduction of new terminology such as eponymy, enantiosemy, meronymy, etc., and the revision of the so-called classical theories and themes such as polysemy, semantic evolution, word formation or borrowing. It is also essential to introduce several topics and approaches including, above all, field theory, connotation theory, the problem of the concept, cognitive semantics, prototype theory and stereotype theory, linguistic and cultural aspects, semantic universals, etc.
We seek to identify the main problems posed by the study of French vocabulary, to show the development of theories and lexical approaches during the 20th and the 21st centuries. It is thought that students should be provided with information on the new orientations and methods existing in contemporary linguistics, primarily semiotic, cognitive, discursive and contrastive, even if presented in different or even contradictory versions.
At the same time, an overview of lexicology textbooks shows that several rather well-known phenomena remain on the margins of study; these include calques, international words, occasionalisms, semantic archaisms, etc. Therefore, adequate definitions of terms and their use, precise identification of their peculiarities within relevant paradigms in contemporary studies of lexicology are indispensable.
Key words: lexicology; French; teaching; approach; theory of the word.
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Pustejovsky, James. "The Semantics of Lexical Underspecification." Folia Linguistica 51, s1000 (January 1, 2017): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2017-1004.
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AbstractIn this paper, I examine the mechanisms responsible for enabling underspecified lexical forms to acquire a determinate and unique Interpretation in the composition of the sentence. In particular, I study the behavior of several classes of lexical items exhibiting degrees of systematic or logical polysemy. These words present an interesting challenge to conventional treatments of polysemy and füll specification in natural language semantics. Extending the analysis of these classes presented in Pustejovsky (1994, 1995), I elaborate the formal mechanisms responsible for capturing the syntactic and semantic behavior of nouns such äs
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Romadlani, Muhammad Masqotul Imam. "A Manipulation of Semantic Meanings as a Humor Construction Strategy." Language Circle: Journal of Language and Literature 15, no. 2 (April 26, 2021): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lc.v15i2.28637.
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This research is conducted to reveal how humorous utterances are constructed by manipulating semantic meaning especially dealing with lexical semantics. Lexical semantics provides multiple meanings that portray their meanings’ relationship among a word and they are potentially exploited to elicit humor. This research examines utterances manipulating lexical semantics as the strategy of humor creation in Mind Your Language situation comedy. Applying a descriptive qualitative approach, the findings indicate that five types of lexical semantics are utilized as strategies of humorous utterances creation. Those types of lexical semantics are polysemy, homonymy, homophone, hyponymy, dan synonymy. Because of their multiple relation meanings, the speaker can refer to other meanings to construct different meanings with the hearer. The speaker constructs an incongruent meaning between what the hearer’s perception is and what the speaker meant. The deviation of lexical semantics between the hearer and the speaker completely illustrates the concept of incongruity theory of humor.
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Bierwiaczonek, Bogusław. "Prototype semantics: syntaphor in polysemy and beyond." Studia Neofilologiczne 17 (2021): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/sn.2021.17.01.
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The paper shows how a recently introduced concept of syntaphor, which blends synecdoche with metaphor, may be used to represent semantic extensions of polysemous lexemes like paint or pin. The network semantic representations using syntaphor are both more descriptively adequate and precise. They also account for the fact that the word meanings differ in their use from vague general senses to rather specific, and yet entrenched senses. Finally, it is demonstrated that syntaphor is one of the crucial cognitive processes resulting in lexical differences between languages.
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McGillivray, Barbara, Simon Hengchen, Viivi Lähteenoja, Marco Palma, and Alessandro Vatri. "A computational approach to lexical polysemy in Ancient Greek." Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 34, no. 4 (August 4, 2019): 893–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqz036.
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Abstract Language is a complex and dynamic system. If we consider word meaning, which is the scope of lexical semantics, we observe that some words have several meanings, thus displaying lexical polysemy. In this article, we present the first phase of a project that aims at computationally modelling Ancient Greek semantics over time. Our system is based on Bayesian learning and on the Diorisis Ancient Greek corpus, which we have built for this purpose. We illustrate preliminary results in light of expert annotation, and take this opportunity to discuss the role of computational systems and human analysis in a complex research area like historical semantics. On the one hand, computational approaches allow us to model large corpora of texts. On the other hand, a long and rich scholarly tradition in Ancient Greek has provided us with valuable insights into the mechanisms of semantic change (cf. e.g. Leiwo, M. (2012). Introduction: variation with multiple faces. In Leiwo, M., Halla-aho, H., and Vierros, M. (eds), Variation and Change in Greek and Latin, Helsinki: Suomen Ateenan-instituutin säätiö, pp. 1–11.). In this article, we show that these qualitative analyses can be leveraged to support and complement the computational modelling.
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Hogeweg, Lotte, Géraldine Legendre, and Paul Smolensky. "Kinship terminology: polysemy or categorization?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33, no. 5 (October 2010): 386–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10002062.
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AbstractThe target article offers an analysis of the categorization of kin types and empirical evidence that cross-cultural universals may be amenable to OT explanation. Since the analysis concerns the structuring of conceptual categories rather than the use of words, it differs from previous OT analyses in lexical semantics in what is considered to be the input and output of optimization.
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Putri, Melati Nuraini, and Fitrawati Fitrawati. "Lexico-Semantic Analysis of News Reports in Okexone.com and Tribunnews.com about World War III Issues." English Language and Literature 9, no. 2 (August 13, 2020): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ell.v9i3.113899.
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Although there have been various semantics studies of news reports, so far the use of lexico-semantics approach in analysing news reports has not been common. The aim of this research is analyze the lexical relations and meaning properties in news reports. It was carried out descriptive-qualitatively. Eight news reports in Okezone.com and eight news reports in Tribunnews.com were studied by using Saeed’s (2009) theory of lexical relations and Siregar (1992) and Leech’s (19981) theory of meaning properties. After completing the analysis, it was found that news news reports in Tribunnews.com are slightly different with the news reports in Okezone.com. There are six types of lexical relations in Tribunnews.com: hyponymy, polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy, and metonymy, while there are only five types of lexical relations in Okezone.com: hyponymy, polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, and metonymy. In addition, there are five types of meaning properties in Tribunnews.com: meaningfulness, ambiguity, redundancy, anomaly, and contradictory, while there are only four types of meanin properties in Okezone.com: meaningfulness, ambihuity, redundancy, and anomaly.
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Garí Soler, Aina, and Marianna Apidianaki. "Let’s Play Mono-Poly: BERT Can Reveal Words’ Polysemy Level and Partitionability into Senses." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 9 (2021): 825–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00400.
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Pre-trained language models (LMs) encode rich information about linguistic structure but their knowledge about lexical polysemy remains unclear. We propose a novel experimental setup for analyzing this knowledge in LMs specifically trained for different languages (English, French, Spanish, and Greek) and in multilingual BERT. We perform our analysis on datasets carefully designed to reflect different sense distributions, and control for parameters that are highly correlated with polysemy such as frequency and grammatical category. We demonstrate that BERT-derived representations reflect words’ polysemy level and their partitionability into senses. Polysemy-related information is more clearly present in English BERT embeddings, but models in other languages also manage to establish relevant distinctions between words at different polysemy levels. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the knowledge encoded in contextualized representations and open up new avenues for multilingual lexical semantics research.
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Gries, Stefan Th. "Behavioral profiles." Mental Lexicon 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2010): 323–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.5.3.04gri.
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This paper introduces a fairly recent corpus-based approach to lexical semantics, the Behavioral Profile (BP) approach. After a short review of traditional corpus-based work on lexical semantics and its shortcomings, I explain the logic and methodology of the BP approach and exemplify its application to different lexical relations (polysemy, synonymy, antonymy) in English and Russian with an eye to illustrating how the BP approach allows for the incorporation of different statistical techniques. Finally, I briefly discuss how first experimental approaches that validate the BP method and outline its theoretical commitments and motivations.
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LIPING, MA. "POLYSEMY OF RUSSIAN ADJECTIVES IN THE COGNITIVE ASPECT." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 3 (2021): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2021_7_3_131_139.
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Russian polysemous adjectives is one of the important issues in the study of the lexical semantics of the Russian language. Its essence lies in the methods of understanding the semantic content of adjectives and establishing internal connections between their meanings. Cognitive metaphor as a key working mechanism can clearly explain the phenomenon of Russian adjectives polysemy. This study uses the theory of cognitive metaphor that contains many working mechanisms affecting the change in the lexical semantics of adjectives. Among them, semantic transfer between cognitive domains is one of the most typical and active mechanisms. The present study is based on two original cognitive domains: the domain of space and the domain of physical perception. Under the cognitive effect of transferring from the original domain to other domains, adjectives acquire different meanings. This research focuses upon Russian polysemous spatial adjectives and adjectives of physical perception...
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Lu, Wei-lun. "Conceptual autonomy and dependence in Chinese lexical semantic analysis." Chinese Language and Discourse 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 162–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.6.2.03lu.
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The present study addresses the rate of conceptual autonomy and dependence in Chinese lexical semantic analysis, presenting an analysis of how image-schema, domains and co-text interact in the [v]–[shang] construction as an example. Following a Principled Polysemy methodology, I identify the semantic prototype and four metaphorical senses of the construction. I also show the co-textual characteristics associated with each sense, which opens up further discussion of how image-schema and conceptual domains collaborate to produce the various senses. Based on these findings, I further establish a hierarchy of influence from co-text, where the semantics of an RVC depends first of all on its collocating verb and secondarily on a collocating noun phrase. This paper aims to show in some detail how image-schema, conceptual domains and patterns of co-text co-contribute to the polysemy of RVCs. It moreover proposes a novel way of analyzing Chinese lexical semantics in terms of conceptual autonomy and dependence.
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Yerznkyan, Yelena, and Lusine Harutyunyan. "On Some Criteria for Defining Lexical Semantics." Armenian Folia Anglistika 6, no. 1-2 (7) (October 15, 2010): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2010.6.1-2.055.
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The article examines the two major types of word meaning – broad meaning and polysemy. An attempt is made to define the standards which will make the distinction between these complicated, extremely indefinite and at times partly or fully coinciding phenomena possible. The research demonstrates that broad-meaning and polysemantic words differ from each other not only functionally and semantically, but also with their semantic structure which is the direct outcome of the historical process of the change of meanings. In case of broad meaning words, there are more meanings since the number of the denotators of the latter is not limited. Rather, it is predetermined by its theoretically possible subtexts whereas the number of the meanings of the polysemantic words is determined by the number of the denotators fixed by itself.
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Skrytska, Natalia, and Tetyana Nykyforuk. "Lexical semantics of the verbs denoting debate in english." Current issues of social sciences and history of medicine 29, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2411-6181.1.2021.242.
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The semantic meaning of verbs to denote controversy is culturally justified language, habits and traditions of people. The analysis of verbs for designating disputes is based on a formalized method of lexical and semantic analysis. This method explores semes, combined into lexical units, as well as connections.between them. The relevance of the study lies in the need to form new semes, as well as to determine verbs of the highest and highest degrees of polysemy, the study of monosemantic series of the lexical meaning of verbs to denote disputes in English. The purpose of the article is to study the semantics of verbs to denote the manifestation of disputes in the English language. Research methods: descriptive, analytical, methods of analysis andsynthesis. Conclusions. As a result of the research, the lexical and semantic features of verbs for designating disputes in English have been identified.
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Marmaridou, Sophia. "Cognitive, cultural, and constructional motivations of polysemy and semantic change." Pragmatics and Cognition 18, no. 1 (April 9, 2010): 68–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.18.1.04mar.
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Within the framework of cognitive linguistics and construction grammar (as in Lakoff 1987; Langacker 2000; Goldberg 1995; and Fried and Östman 2004), it is claimed in this paper that the semantics of psuche (psyche) is motivated by cognitive, cultural, and constructional parameters of meaning. More specifically, it is argued that psyche, as the immaterial nature of a human being, and the seat of emotions and feelings in particular, is understood in terms of image-based metaphors, a cultural model of the self, and a cultural narrative of existence. It is also argued that the frequent occurrence of psyche in a number of collocations and idioms motivates and constrains constructional meaning. At the same time, constructions motivate extended senses of this word, thereby contributing to its polysemy and ultimately to semantic change. The evidence presented within this framework argues against a fixed borderline between lexical and constructional meaning. This view, long and tacitly adopted in lexicographic practice by necessity, is gaining further support within current research in the framework of lexicography (Fillmore 2008; Hanks 2008), corpus linguistics (Fellbaum 2007), lexical semantics (Taylor et al. 2003), language change (Bybee 2006a), and construction grammar (Boas 2008).
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Salhi, Hammouda. "Investigating the Complementary Polysemy and the Arabic Translations of the Noun Destruction in EAPCOUNT." Terminologie et linguistique 58, no. 1 (March 12, 2014): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1023818ar.
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This article investigates a topic at the intersection of translation studies, lexical semantics and corpus linguistics. Its general aim is to show how translation studies can benefit from both lexical semantics and corpus linguistics. The specific objective is to capture the semantic and pragmatic behavior of the noun destruction and its different translations into Arabic. The data are obtained from an English-Arabic parallel corpus made from UN texts and their translations (EAPCOUNT). The analysis of the data shows the polysemy of the word destruction as a number of semantic and pragmatic alternations can be captured. These findings are discussed in the frame of the Generative Lexicon (GL) theory developed by James Pustejovsky. The paper concludes with some concrete suggestions on how to enhance the relationship between linguists and translators and their mutual cooperation.
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Chertykova, Maria D. "SEMANTIC EVOLUTION OF BASIC MENTAL LEXICAL UNITS (BASED ON INTERLINGUAL CORRESPONDENCES IN SIBERIAN TURKIC, KIRGHIZ AND MONGOLIAN LANGUAGES)." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 2 (2018): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/24107190_2018_4_2_99_113.
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The present article views the basic interlingual lexical correspondences expressing mental meanings in the Siberian Turkic, Kirghiz and Mongolian languages. In these languages, mental tokens are few; they are characterized by a ramified semantic structure and polysemy. In the semantics of the lexemes considered, the mental component prevails, less often the emotional component takes priority. The fixation of certain relevant properties for specific lexemes is associated with their combining abilities.
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Youn, Hyejin, Logan Sutton, Eric Smith, Cristopher Moore, Jon F. Wilkins, Ian Maddieson, William Croft, and Tanmoy Bhattacharya. "On the universal structure of human lexical semantics." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 7 (February 1, 2016): 1766–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1520752113.
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How universal is human conceptual structure? The way concepts are organized in the human brain may reflect distinct features of cultural, historical, and environmental background in addition to properties universal to human cognition. Semantics, or meaning expressed through language, provides indirect access to the underlying conceptual structure, but meaning is notoriously difficult to measure, let alone parameterize. Here, we provide an empirical measure of semantic proximity between concepts using cross-linguistic dictionaries to translate words to and from languages carefully selected to be representative of worldwide diversity. These translations reveal cases where a particular language uses a single “polysemous” word to express multiple concepts that another language represents using distinct words. We use the frequency of such polysemies linking two concepts as a measure of their semantic proximity and represent the pattern of these linkages by a weighted network. This network is highly structured: Certain concepts are far more prone to polysemy than others, and naturally interpretable clusters of closely related concepts emerge. Statistical analysis of the polysemies observed in a subset of the basic vocabulary shows that these structural properties are consistent across different language groups, and largely independent of geography, environment, and the presence or absence of a literary tradition. The methods developed here can be applied to any semantic domain to reveal the extent to which its conceptual structure is, similarly, a universal attribute of human cognition and language use.
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Adisutrisno, D. Wagiman. "THE NATURE OF SEMANTICS." Kajian Linguistik dan Sastra 19, no. 2 (March 25, 2015): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/kls.v19i2.4425.
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With regard to the teaching of semantics, many semantics teachers find difficultyin deciding what to teach in their semantics classes. They have the opinionthat concepts such as connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning,collocative meaning, thematic meaning, meaning changes of words, synonymy,antonymy, polysemy, harmonymy, homophony, and homography are the primarymaterials of semantics classes. While those concepts are necessary materials ofsemantics and are usually taught, teachers of semantics must be well aware thatthey are not the primary materials of semantics. They are secondary materials.This paper describes the main materials of semantics which consist of word meaning,sentence meaning, and utterance meaning.
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Myhalets, Oksana Ivanivna. "Semantic Peculiarities of the Verbs with the Highest Degree of Polysemy Denoting Conflict Actions." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, no. 3 (May 10, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0038.
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The purpose of thе article is to conduct a lexico-semantic analysis of the language units denoting conflict actions in modern English. Our task is to find out the semantic peculiarities of the polysemantic verbs in the language under study, which form the group of words denoting conflict actions with the highest degree of polysemy. The research has been carried out with the help of the system and structural approach, based on a combination of the formalized analysis of lexical semantics with linguistic methods of research. Such a combination is necessary for revealing the system and structural organization of lexical units denoting conflict actions and their inner mechanisms of functioning in modern English. As a result, the degree of the semantic relativity of the language units denoting conflict actions as well as the character of the semes’ functionality have been revealed. In addition, both common and distinctive features, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the verbs’ semantics in the language under study have been disclosed. Complex lexico-semantic analysis of the language units denoting conflict actions in English gave the opportunity to treat them as phenomena of person’s everyday life and activities as well as to find out different ways and means of their language expressions by means of the matrix.
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EVANS, VYVYAN. "The meaning of time: polysemy, the lexicon and conceptual structure." Journal of Linguistics 41, no. 1 (March 2005): 33–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226704003056.
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In this paper I argue that the lexeme time constitutes a lexical category of distinct senses instantiated in semantic memory. The array of distinct senses constitutes a motivated semantic network organised with respect to a central sense termed the SANCTIONING SENSE. The senses associated with time are derived by virtue of the interaction between the Sanctioning Sense, conceptual processing and structuring, and context. Hence, semantic representations, cognitive mechanisms, and situated language use are appealed to in accounting for the polysemy associated with time. The model adduced is termed PRINCIPLEDPOLYSEMY. The conclusion which emerges, in keeping with recent studies in lexical semantics, most notably Lakoff (1987), Pustejovsky (1995), Tyler & Evans (2003) and Evans (2004), is that the lexicon is not an arbitrary repository of unrelated lexemes; rather, the lexicon exhibits a significant degree of systematicity, and productivity. In order to adduce what constitutes a distinct sense, I introduce three criteria: (1) a meaning criterion, (2) a concept elaboration criterion and (3) a grammatical criterion. A further claim is that the lexicon exhibits significant redundancy. This position is at odds with SINGLE-MEANINGAPPROACHES to polysemy, which posit highly underspecified lexical META-ENTRIES, such as the generative approach of Pustejovsky (1995) or the monosemy position of Ruhl (1989). That is, I propose that lexical items constitute highly granular categories of senses, which are encoded in semantic memory (=the lexicon). This necessitates a set of criteria for determining what counts as a distinct sense without deriving a proliferation of unwarranted senses, a criticism which has been levelled at some studies of word-meaning in cognitive linguistics (e.g. Lakoff 1987).
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Yakovlev, Andrei V. "Semantics and pragmatics of the noun communism and of the adjective communist and challenges in understanding prof. Efremov’s science fiction novels about remote future." Nauka Kultura Obshestvo 27, no. 1 (2021): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/nko.2021.27.1.7.
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The paper deals with the polysemy of the word communism, focusing on its canonical meaning – "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" classless society, depicted in Prof. Efremov’s SF novels and which assumed official definition in 1961. This meaning is now being ousted by the one traditional for the West and referring to what Prof. Efremov called pseudosocialism. The change in the semantics of the word "communism" in the Russian language leads to communicative failures in the perception of texts in which the word "communism" is used in the canonical meaning. Along with the undoubted polysemy of the noun "communism" (and the adjective "communist") – communism as a social movement versus communism as a social system versus communism as a worldview, it is necessary to state the lexical ambiguity of these words in relation to the social system.
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Hauer, Bradley, and Grzegorz Kondrak. "One Homonym per Translation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 7895–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6296.
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The study of homonymy is vital to resolving fundamental problems in lexical semantics. In this paper, we propose four hypotheses that characterize the unique behavior of homonyms in the context of translations, discourses, collocations, and sense clusters. We present a new annotated homonym resource that allows us to test our hypotheses on existing WSD resources. The results of the experiments provide strong empirical evidence for the hypotheses. This study represents a step towards a computational method for distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy, and constructing a definitive inventory of coarse-grained senses.
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Luo, Zhaohui. "Type-theoretical semantics with coercive subtyping." Semantics and Linguistic Theory, no. 20 (April 3, 2015): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v0i20.2580.
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In the formal semantics based on modern type theories, common nouns are interpreted as types, rather than as functional subsets of entities as in Montague grammar. This brings about important advantages in linguistic interpretations but also leads to a limitation of expressive power because there are fewer operations on types as compared with those on functional subsets. The theory of coercive subtyping adequately extends the modern type theories with a notion of subtyping and, as shown in this paper, plays a very useful role in making type theories more expressive for formal semantics. In particular, it gives a satisfactory treatment of the type-theoretic interpretation of modified common nouns and allows straightforward interpretations of interesting linguistic phenomena such as copredication, whose interpretations have been found difficult in a Montagovian setting. We shall also study some type-theoretic constructs that provide useful representational tools for formal lexical semantics, including how the so-called dot-types for representing logical polysemy may be expressed in a type theory with coercive subtyping.
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Luo, Zhaohui. "Type-theoretical semantics with coercive subtyping." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 20 (August 14, 2010): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v20i0.2580.
Full textAbstract:
In the formal semantics based on modern type theories, common nouns are interpreted as types, rather than as functional subsets of entities as in Montague grammar. This brings about important advantages in linguistic interpretations but also leads to a limitation of expressive power because there are fewer operations on types as compared with those on functional subsets. The theory of coercive subtyping adequately extends the modern type theories with a notion of subtyping and, as shown in this paper, plays a very useful role in making type theories more expressive for formal semantics. In particular, it gives a satisfactory treatment of the type-theoretic interpretation of modified common nouns and allows straightforward interpretations of interesting linguistic phenomena such as copredication, whose interpretations have been found difficult in a Montagovian setting. We shall also study some type-theoretic constructs that provide useful representational tools for formal lexical semantics, including how the so-called dot-types for representing logical polysemy may be expressed in a type theory with coercive subtyping.
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Brenda, Maria. "A cognitive perspective on the semantics of near." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 15, no. 1 (August 18, 2017): 121–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.15.1.06bre.
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Abstract The present study investigates the semantic structure of the word near assuming that its distinct senses form a semantic network with a prototypical spatial sense at the center and various extended senses at different distances away from the prototype. In order to explain the extensions of near, the cognitive notions of construal, image schema transformation, metaphor and metonymy are taken into consideration. The conceptual blending theory is used to explain the semantic structure of the complex preposition near to. The research reveals that the word near functions as a preposition (also a part of the complex preposition near to), an adverb, an adjective and a verb, and that its semantic structure is best viewed as a continuum encoding both lexical and grammatical information. At the same time, the analysis shows that the polysemy of near is rather impoverished when compared to the polysemies of other spatial prepositions, such as in, on, at or over.
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Myhalets, Oksana. "LEXICO-SEMANTIC PECULIARITIES OF THE WORDS WITH THE MIDDLE DEGREE OF POLYSEMY DENOTING CONFLICT ACTIONS IN UKRAINIAN." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2019, no. 29 (November 2019): 154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2019-29-12.
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The purpose of the present article is to conduct the all-round study of the verbs with middle degree of polysemy denoting conflict actions in modern Ukrainian, taking into account their both lexico-semantic and system-structural characteristics. With the help of linguistic methods of research and the formalized analysis of lexical semantics, both common and distinctive features of lexemes in comparative aspect as well as their position and role in the semantic space of modern Ukrainian have been determined. Lexico-semantic study of the language units denoting conflict actions in modern Ukrainian made it possible to reveal them as a certain means of individual’s everyday activities and lives and to establish different ways of their expression both verbally and non-verbally. Conflict actions in Ukrainian are explained by 96 verbs with the middle degree of polysemy possessing 9–2 lexical meanings. The present article deals with the words in question with the middle degree of polysemy comprise 10 verbs characterized by 9–8 meanings. In the process of our lexico-semantic analysis, we have found common (to argue; to quarrel; to protest against someone or something; to resist against something; to urge; to instigate someone against somebody; to make war; to conquer; to overcome smth.; to compete for something) and distinctive (to show dissatisfaction violently; to disagree; to rage; to object to do something; try to repress or to conceal some feelings, desires; to clash with smb. or smth; to worry, to embarrass, to torment) features of the language units in question. Furthermore, their semantics expresses three stages of conflict actions: 1) the cause of conflict actions – to provoke; to incite; to bring someone against someone; to cause a hostile attitude to someone or something; to instigate; 2) the active stage of the process – to wrangle; to fight with, for or against someone/something; to struggle with, against smb. or smth.; to contend; 3) its result and consequences – to win in a dispute; to surpass smb.; to conquer the opponent; to force the enemy to retreat to a certain ambit, obstacles.
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Кулиева, А. А. "POLYSEMY IN THE AVIATION TERMINOLOGY." Studia Philologica, no. 12 (2019): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-2425.2019.12.8.
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It is known that events in society affect the language. As a result of these changes, we are observing an update of terms and a replenishment of the vocabulary of the language. As we know, modern English is a world-famous, prestigious, recognized spoken language of the international level. Emerging technical innovations, scientific discoveries, international contacts of scientists contribute to the emergence of new terms. The article reveals the main sources and methods of the formation of ambiguous terms in the aviation terminology of the English and Azerbaijani languages. In addition, the relevance of the study of aviation terminology is determined. The article provides a brief overview of the interpretations and definitions of the concept of polysemy, proposed by authoritative terminologists. Understanding polysemy as a cognitive mechanism and understanding the role of nomination in term formation contribute to an increase in the number of ambiguous terms. Here, links were made to the opinions of prominent linguists of the polysemy. Depending on the context and lexical environment, most of the words of common vocabulary can change their meaning, semantics. It is pointed out that in the English aviation, the terms are translated into Azerbaijani with two, three, four or more meanings and confirmed by examples, namely, phrases or even whole sentences that illuminate one or another meaning of a multi-valued word. Accordingly, in a specific situation, the terminology must be accurate and correctly understood. Polysemy in the English language can create difficulties, but if we understand the essence of the discourse, we can memorize as separate words as whole expressions.
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Eremin, A. N. "On the Syncretism in Lexical Semantics." Russian language at school 81, no. 3 (May 21, 2020): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2020-81-3-79-82.
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The article deals with the questions of syncretism in lexical semantics of words belonging to different parts of speech in two aspects: the syncretism of properties of lexical meanings and the syncretism of lexical meanings. Three types of nomination meanings are singled out: 1) nomination meaning oriented on either a person or an animal, or an object (nomination of one denotative area); 2) evaluative meaning which is simultaneously oriented on a person, animal and an object (characterizing three denotative areas); nomination evaluative meaning oriented on one denotative area naming and characterizing it at the same time. The article provides examples of the syncretism of direct and metonymic, several metonymic, direct and metaphoric, metonymic and metaphoric meanings. Theoretical issues are illustrated by examples from fiction. The author’ observations are focused both on general theoretical issues of semantics and on the practice of teaching vocabulary at schools or institutes of higher education.
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Mosina, Natalya M., and Yulia S. Paksyutkina. "Semantics of verbs of auditory perception in the Erzia and Finnish languages." Finno-Ugric World 12, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.012.2020.01.012-019.
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Introduction. The article studies the semantics of Erzia and Finnish verbs of auditory perception. It considers the meanings of some of the most vividly expressing polysemy of audio verbs and verb constructions. The problem associated with the study of the semantics of the verbs of auditory perception is very relevant. The absence of special works on the topic of the research, as well as its insufficient research in comparative terms, adversely affects the development of lexicology and word formation of Finno-Ugric languages. Materials and methods. The authors employed verbal units that have common semantics of auditory perception in modern Erzia and Finnish languages. They are isolated from the explanatory dictionaries of these languages and examined using descriptive, component and comparative methods. Results and discussion. Given the affinity of the Erzia and Finnish languages, this article classifies the lexical-semantic group on the basis of a semantic characteristics to identify nuclear lexemes in the composition of the verb group, as well as to describe peripheral units. In the course of the analysis it was possible to establish that as a result of polysemy, the verbs and verb constructions of auditory perception in the Erzia and Finnish languages can be a part of several synonymous series. Conclusion. Taking into account the semantic characteristics of verbs and verbal constructions of auditory perception, systematization made it possible to determine a number of nuclear auditory units based on material from distant languages. The study showed that the verbs of auditory perception in the Erzia and Finnish languages have common semantics, and allowed us to identify a number of universal meanings, as well as various semantic nuances in both languages.
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Fabian, Myroslava. "SEMANTIC SPECIFICITY OF ADJECTIVES DENOTING A SUCCESSFUL PERSON /THING IN ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2021, no. 32 (2021): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2021-32-12.
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Comparative studies fascinate scholars working in various branches of human activity. In linguistics, onlycomparison helps find out both common and distinctive features of the languages and trace their interconnections as well as specificity. The present paper deals with the comparative research of two distantly related languages - English and Ukrainian - on the material of adjectives denoting a successful person/thing. The topic in question is relevant and contributes to further studies of lexical and comparative semantics, cross-language and crosscultural communication, lexicography, etc. The adjectives in question occupy significant places in the vocabulary of the languages under study. The concept of success belongs to basic social and cultural values and is studied in philosophy, sociology, psychology, linguistics and other sciences. Having introduced the methodology of formalized analysis of lexical semantics, one of the requirements of which is a formal criterion – belonging of the lexical units to one part of speech – the author of this paper collected, analyzed and classified the obtained language material from lexicographical sources. Depending on the degree of polysemy, three groups in English and two in Ukrainian have been formed. Each of them possesses its own features alongside with their common characteristics. Comparative research of the definite fragment of lexis resulted in in-depth analysis of its system and structural organization, semantic specificity, both common and distinctive featuresas well as its representation in corresponding language and culture bearers’ consciousness.
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Dragicevic, Rajna. "On nouns functioning as prepositions." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 68 (2012): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1268091d.
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This paper analyzes semantic transformations of nouns functioning as prepositions. The semantic characteristics of prepositions are discussed, and Belic? concept of adverbial origin and meaning of prepositions is reviewed. Contrary to usual perception that prepositions have mere grammatical meaning, it is concluded in this paper that they also have lexical meaning, like adverbs. Cognitive linguistics has so far dealt with lexical meanings of prepositions, and it is up to contemporary semantics to further explore and evolve this approach. Based on this fact that prepositions have lexical meaning, it is argued that nouns functioning as prepositions retain that lexical attribute though with different semantic value, rather than it adopts grammatical characteristics. It is concluded that semantic meaning of those nouns used as prepositions could be broken into two segments: adverbial (place) and nominal (partitive). The nouns which upon occasions may function as prepositions in Serbian language as a rule denote place and they always are used with genitive case (mostly partitive), and as a consequence they often have partitive meaning. In the sentences with nouns functioning as prepositions, the act expressed encompasses the part of the localizator or it is performed on its bounds, or near it. Which meaning would prevail depends on the noun, or verb, or noun in genitive case. A noun and its related preposition are treated as two lexemes in Serbian descriptive dictionaries, independent but close in meanings, since the preposition originated from a noun in a process defined by Irena Grickat as grammar polysemy, i.e. a polysemy with the grammatical result. In some grammar books identical forms of a preposition and nominative and accusative noun forms are defined as homophoria, and those prepositions and nouns are called homophores. Since homophoria is a type of homonymy, and homonymy excludes semantic relation between lexemes, the term homophoria had to be discarded. It is suggested in this paper that only few nouns in Serbian language can function as prepositions due to fact that only those few have possibility to combine semantically high-productive spaciality with partitivity (rarely possessiveness), as a result of their obligatory usage with partitive (sometimes, possessive) genitive. The usage of nouns as prepositions in Serbian language is slowly going out because their semantics is imprecise, and in certain circumstances difficult to differentiate, which means that the process of transformation of nouns into prepositions was not complete. Thus, more frequent today are compound prepositions formed by a real preposition and a noun (navrh, uvrh, podno). Their semantics is more distinctive and more precise due to real preposition as constituents.
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Bloch-Trojnar, Maria. "Semantic (Ir)regularities in Action Nouns in Irish." Studia Celto-Slavica 9 (2018): 31–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/xifl4407.
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Cross-linguistically, verbal nominalizations display a close semantic and syntactic affinity to their corresponding predicates. Another characteristic feature of action nominalizations is that they exhibit the process/result dichotomy. In the process of lexicalization, the meanings of nominals drift away from the core actional reading, and come to denote ‘something material connected with the verbal idea (agent, instrument, belongings, place or the like)’ (Marchand 1969, 303). Nominalizations in Irish show a systematic polysemy between an abstract action reading and more concrete meanings such as result or object of activity, e.g. míniú ‘explanation’, ceartú ‘correction’, filleadh ‘bend’. We can observe a cline with a non-count action nominal and a count result nominal as extremes. The ability to pluralize is a clear indicator of lexicalization, e.g. oiriúintí ‘fittings, accessories’, admhálacha ‘receipts’, socruithe sochraide ‘funeral arrangements’. It will be demonstrated that the patterns of polysemy in verbal nouns are constrained by the lexical semantics of the base verbs. In the paper an overview is made of nominals related to verbs of different situation types (i.e. Vendler’s (1967) classes such as states, accomplishments, achievements, activities), and different lexical semantic categories (i.e. verbs of creation, consumption, motion, speech act verbs, verbs of emission etc.). The study is based on the corpus of ca. 2300 verbs and their corresponding VNs from Ó Dónaill (1977).
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Evteeva, M. Yu. "THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF THE WORD: POLYSEMY VS BROAD SEMANTIC WORD." Humanities And Social Studies In The Far East 18, no. 1 (2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31079/1992-2868-2021-18-1-28-36.
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The paper deals with the modeling of the semantic structure of polysemantic and broad semantic words. The article suggests determining meanings of polysemantic words as lexical-semantic variants that potentially can be united by means of the invariant meaning though not obligatory for the semantic structure of such words – the invariant meaning of a polysemantic word is seen as something artificial. I argue that it is possible to construct the semantic structure of the broad semantic word on the basis of prototypical meanings which are interpreted as basic meanings. Such prototypical meanings are to be united by the use of a broad invariant meaning. This approach is applied while describing the semantics of the nuclear verbs in the action field (do and make in English, tun and machen in German, делать in Russian). Both types of meanings play a critical role in organizing the semantic structure of the broad semantic words: there is a single invariant while there can be more than one prototype, so that an invariant and definite prototype value is realised in speech. In addition the existence of interdependence of semantic derivation between prototypes and within the meaning itself is assumed. There can be a lot of semantic transfers, but they occur based on a regular cognitive model such as cognitive metaphor and cognitive metonymy. For example, the prototypical meanings of the verbs to do and to make remain the same while the nature of the object changes. Based on the conducted research, a new definition of a broad semantic phenomenon is offered along with distinctive criteria for the phenomena of poly- and broad semantics.
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Agyepong, Dorothy Pokua. "The combinatorial patterns of twá 'to cut' in Asante-Twi (Akan):." Studies in African Linguistics 51, no. 2 (February 22, 2023): 199–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.51.2.127839.
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Cross-linguistically, verbs have combinatorial patterns. When the semantics of a verb combines with the semantics of its internal arguments, different interpretations are derived. These interpretations can be literal or non-literal (Ameka 2019; Spalek 2015; Rappaport Hovav 2014; Bobuafor 2013, 2018; Levin and Rappaport Hovav 2013; Ameka and Essegbey 2007; Levin 1993). Using data collected from written texts, video-stimuli descriptions, spontaneous utterances and native-speaker intuitions, this paper explores the potential combinatorial patterns of twá ‘to cut’ in Asante-Twi (Akan, Kwa-Niger Congo). I show that the verb combines with different types of internal arguments, in different argument structure constructions to derive multiple interpretations. Taking into consideration the fact that “natural language tries to minimize polysemy” (Levin and Rappaport Hovav 2013: 2), I propose a univocal lexical semantics for twá ‘to cut’ and show that its basic semantics is kept constant even in non-prototypical contexts. I argue that the use of twá ‘to cut’ in non-prototypical contexts represent contextual modulations of the verb’s single meaning. Following Spalek (2015) and Ameka (2019), I suggest that such contextual interpretations should be analysed compositionally, paying attention to the verb’s internal arguments as well as the argument structure constructions in which it occurs.
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Mosina, Natalya Michailovna, and Nina Valentinovna Kazaeva. "SEMANTICS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION VERBS IN THE ERZYA-MORDVIN AND FINNISH LANGUAGES." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 15, no. 1 (April 2, 2021): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2021-15-1-23-33.
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The subject of this paper is visual perception verbs in the Erzya-Mordvin and Finnish languages from the point of view of their semantic characteristics in comparison. Depending on the leading role of the sensory system, which, along with the visual system, plays a major role in perception, one distinguishes between auditory, tactile, olfactory and gustatory perception. This verbal group has a sensuous level of interrelations. Being verbs of perception, they are aimed at objects that have physical characteristics, whereas many of them are focused on the perception of concepts. In this regard, the verbs of perception develop a polysemy that goes in different directions. The novelty of the research lies in the comparative study of the lexical level of the Erzya-Mordvin and Finnish languages, which will allow us to tackle some theoretic aspects of Finno-Ugric linguistics in the future. The problem associated with the study of the semantics of perception verbs, or perceptual activity, is of relevance. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to describe the structure of the semantic field of verbs of one aspect of perception, namely the visual one: to determine the nuclear and peripheral verbal units using the material of the languages under study; to describe the system of meanings of verbal lexemes in the Erzya and Finnish languages, to analyze the polysemy of the studied verbal group in each of the above languages; to reveal additional semantic connotations in verbal lexemes; of particular interest is also the comparative study of the specifics of expression of the same semantic meaning in the context of far-related languages, in this case, Erzya and Finnish.
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Bednárová-Gibová, K. "Synonymic Traps in Selected English Lexical Semantics Terms." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 10, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 754–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2019-10-4-754-760.
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The paper zooms in on terminological and conceptual scrutiny of selected eight English lexical semantics terms with the aim of pointing out their terminological synonymy, which is often misrecognized by English linguistics undergraduates. Does a ‘loose synonym’ denote in lexical semantics the same thing as a ‘partial synonym’ or ‘cognitive synonym’? Is the cognitive content of the term ‘false friend’ identical with that of a ‘pseudosynonym’ or ‘paronym’? What aspects of the semantic continuum are shared and non-shared by the selected terms? These questions are at the core of this contribution which can serve didactic purposes of English linguistics teaching. The desk research findings are part of semantic and lexicographic studies and aspire to forewarn English linguistics undergraduates of conceptual misinterpretations in common lexical semantics terms. The paper operates from the perspective of cultural linguistics across the Anglophone semantic continuum. It is based on a tailored Sharifian’s premise [2015] that the metalanguage of English lexical semantics is a repository of cultural conceptualizations that leave traces in its current terminological practice. The study suggests that some English lexical semantics terms offer a considerable space for their synonymic treatment, however, to the detriment of their correct conceptual decoding. The credit of the paper lies in raising undergraduates’ awareness of metalinguistic terminology but also in increasing their conceptual fluency in the selected terms.
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Kiklewicz, Aleksander. "Analysis of one lexicographic case: the Russian noun svist ‘whistle’." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 13, no. 1 (June 27, 2022): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.7673.
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The subject of the article is the application of the case study method to the description of lexical semantics, in particular, to the analysis of a dictionary entry. The author considers the Russian noun SVIST ‘whistle’ as an object, namely, its description in the “Dictionary of the Russian language” (1984). Semantic analysis shows that the description of the word polysemy in the dictionary does not correspond to the nature of the semantic representations that are assigned to this lexeme. The author offers his own version of the semantic description of this noun, in particular, using the category of image-schematic structure. Special attention is devoted to the problem of the dictionary presentation of syntactic representations, i.e. combinatory of the word.
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Cozma, Ana-Maria. "On the discursive construction of the multiple meanings of francophonie/francophone viewed through the prism of argumentative semantics." Kalbotyra 74 (September 15, 2021): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/kalbotyra.2021.74.3.
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This paper addresses the issue of polysemy, and more precisely of multiple meanings in the case of the words francophonie/francophone from the perspective of argumentative semantics. The aim of the paper is to examine the mechanisms that account for the multiple meanings of francophonie/francophone, i.e. the semantic and discursive mechanisms involved in the (re)construction of lexical meaning as the words occur in discourse. The data analysed in this paper consists of a set of discourse fragments about francophone identity, discourses that vary according to the speaker, the geographical location and the media support. The study is carried out within the framework of the SAP theory (Semantics of Argumentative Possibilities), following a procedure based on a pre-built reference meaning – i.e. a description of the argumentative potential of the lexeme – that will be used when analysing the discursive occurrences. First, the paper briefly presents the SAP theory and the pre-built reference meaning of the lexemes francophonie/francophone (described in terms of core-elements, stereotypes and argumentative possibilities). It then illustrates several discursive mechanisms of meaning construction. The analysis highlights a series of meaning construction mechanisms: transgressive activation of the argumentative potential, reconfiguration by scission of the core-elements or by deletion of one of the elements, modality addition, transgressive reconstruction of the core meaning, and finally core circularity. Thus, the paper indicates, from the perspective of argumentative semantics, that the multiple meanings of the words francophonie/francophone, i.e. the various semantic configurations attached to these words, can be seen as reconfigurations of a single lexical meaning.
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Levisen, Carsten. "Pæn, flot, dejlig, and lækker." International Journal of Language and Culture 8, no. 1 (June 7, 2021): 14–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.00033.lev.
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Abstract This paper examines the Danish language of aesthetics from the perspective of four untranslatable adjectives: pæn, flot, dejlig, and lækker. These words are frequent and salient in everyday discourses, and as such they shed light on Danish “folk” conceptions. From the perspective of Lexical Anthropology and NSM Semantics, each of the words are explored and explicated in order to shed light on the ways in which Danish discourse organize positive aesthetic experiences. Sensitive to polysemy, and the variety of lexicogrammatical frames in which the words occur, the paper provides a high-resolution analyses of the “something ADJ frame” which enables discourses of design, food, and art. Based on lexical semantic evidence, the paper locates two themes in Danish discourse: “aesthetic normality” and “ordinary hedonism” which seem to act as cognitive axes around which discourses revolve. The paper argues that words hold the key to understanding the diversity of aesthetic cultures, and that untranslatables in particular, allow for a deep emic understanding of how local configurations of seeing, feeling, touching, and thinking are constituted.
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Tsyhvintseva, Iuliia. "Resources and methods of neosemantization of the modern Ukrainian vocabulary." Ukrainska mova, no. 3 (2021): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2021.03.121.
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This article focuses on the dynamic processes at the lexical level. The research data, e.g., academic dictionaries and dictionaries of new words, online media texts, and specialized professional sites, the Ukrainian journalism, and posts by Facebook users, indicate the emergence of a large number of new meanings of various word classes words well-known in the modern Ukrain- ian language practice. Some of them are already included in dictionaries, and, therefore, have acquired definitions used in this study. Examples not attested in lexicographic sources are reinterpreted in accordance with their new meanings. The author focuses on the ability of the language to update its vocabulary within its own resources through semantic derivation, hidden borrowings, and the use of the available derivation model referring to a new concept. A phenomenon of semantic derivation is outlined and the mechanisms of its main types, e.g., metaphorical and metonymy transfer of meaning, amplification and semantic narrowing, are explicated. The paper looks into the basis for such a unit assimilation process, i.e., the main groups of modern hidden borrowings and resources. The author considers the phenomenon of the reuse of an existing derivation model as a way of updating the semantics of a word and classifies neosemantisms not only by the method of creation but also by lexical and word-formation categories and types of polysemy. The use of neosemantisms in Standard Ukrainian proves their functional and word-formation activity, which shows a constant qualitative development of the language and an increase of its naming resources. Keywords: neosemantism, semantic derivation, polysemy, hidden borrowing, recurrent derivational model, homonym.
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Dwihastuti, Dieni Nurhasanah. "THE SEMANTIC FEATURE ANALYSIS ON TEACHING VOCABULARY FOR YOUNG LEARNERS." Lingua 18, no. 1 (June 23, 2022): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34005/lingua.v18i01.1864.
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ABSTRACT
As vocabulary is a necessary mode of communication, it must be acquired first to be able to master the English language. It is a good idea to start vocabulary classes in elementary school. As their memory is still strong in remembering things, they are ready to learn anything new. However, since English is a second language, teachers will need to employ strategies to have students acquire and memorize new words. This study focuses on linguistic knowledge, that is, semantics, which the teacher uses in the classroom and the learning materials to encourage students’ vocabulary. This is a content analysis of the teacher's approaches to teaching new words to young learners using semantic aspects. This research will be observed through two videos of English-language classrooms. The findings reveal that semantic features such as synonym and antonym pairs, polysemy, and applying in short sentences were used in the classroom when teaching vocabulary. During the class, photos, cassettes, music, and a variety of other learning resources are used. These strategies motivate and encourage students to learn the new vocabulary.
Keywords: vocabulary, instruction, young learner, semantics
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Akimova, Elvira, and Tatiana Mochalova. "Representation of the Lexical and Semantic Field “Time” in the “Dictionary of Russian Dialects on the Territory of the Republic of Mordovia”." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 1 (April 2019): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2019.1.7.
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The article deals with the specifics of the national language world picture of the Republic of Mordovia. On the basis of the lexicographic data analysis the authors note a set of language units that represent the lexical and semantic field "Time" and define its structural and semantic peculiarities. The paper shows that lexemes with time semantics are a segment of the regional dictionary. In accordance with the results of the field complex analysis, this dialectal unity of words is characterized by various meanings of time. The authors prove that the nouns nominate different intervals of time (nominations connected with religious views of rural inhabitants as well as ritual traditions are frequent). The adjectives characterize a thing or an event qualifying them depending on their relation to any time scheme. The verbs point to the actions connected with eating meals at the definite time intervals. The adverbs represent two main meanings – definite or indefinite time. The nominations of time intervals that are referred to the past demonstrate a high level of variability. The authors conclude that the lexical and semantic field "Time" demonstrates a complex lexical and semantic unity with the units that are linked into a system by basic paradigmatic relations (polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, homonymy).
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Handayani, Lilik Tri, and Rohmani Nur Indah. "Denotation and Connotation in Beauty Advertisement: Implication for the teaching of Semantics." Wanastra : Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 14, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31294/wanastra.v14i1.11531.
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Advertising language sets an important role in conveying the purpose of influencing the consumers. To advertise a beauty product, the choice of words representing the concept of beauty becomes the first concern. This study aims to examine the types of meaning of the words used in a beauty product advertisement. To interpret the lexical meaning in beauty product, the method used in this study is descriptive qualitative analysis on six beauty products, particularly the hand body lotion product by Nivea company. The data were analyzed through Leech theory. The result showed two types of meaning in the body lotion products, namely the denotative and connotative meanings. Denotation occurs more in all of the product compared to the connotative meaning. The implication of the finding contributes to the teaching of semantics to enrich the understanding of the perspective of Leech theory in lexical meaning.
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Cordero Badilla, Damaris, and Vianey Martin Núñez. "Lexical Errors in EFL Students’ Written Production." LETRAS, no. 68 (July 6, 2020): 175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rl.2-68.7.
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This research describes and analyzes common vocabulary errors found in the written production of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students. Based on the lexical errors identified, the analysis of the data was carried out by adapting James’ lexical error taxonomy and included the written production of 56 students from the Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica). It can be concluded that the participants had more lexical errors in semantics and less at the level of discourse. Recommendations on teaching methodologies to correct lexical errors related issues are included.
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Mohammad, Ibrahim Abdulrahman, and Muhiadeen Mohammad Saeed. "The semantic indications of the wording (afeal) in the Noble Qur’an." Journal of University of Raparin 7, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(7).no(1).paper9.
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This study aims at investigating the Quranic words which are formed using the metrical unit "Formula afeal function on Sensual meanings”. It is well-known that understanding semantics in Quran is based upon understanding the connotation of its lexical items in addition to the structures used in it. The current study also enriches the Quranic and linguistic studies. The significance of this study lies in the fact that it locates the words which are formed using the metrical unit "Formula 'afeal" then reveals the semantic and morphological meanings of this group of words. It also sheds light on some linguistic phenomena that are usually related to such kind of studies. The study throws light on the role of context in determining the semantic meaning, regarding attentively both synonymy and polysemy and referring to some examples of collocation.
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Peng, Yuhai. "Metaphorical Analyses of Russian Verbs of Thinking Activity Meaning." Russian and Chinese Studies 4, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2020.4(3).244-255.
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The study of cognitive semantics of verbs is an important topic in contemporary linguistics. Taking Russian metaphorical thinking meaning verbs as the object, this article discusses the cognitive semantics of verbs. First of all, the paper combs out the subconscious thinking activity verbs derived from the metaphors of prototype actions of volitional and non volitional activities, and the autonomous thinking activity verbs from the prototype action metaphor of will activity; then focusing on the cognitive similarity and semantic violation, the article separately analyses the metaphorical semantic derivation of these two kinds of thinking activity, meanwhile, it correspondingly discusses the problem of polysemy of Russian verbs. Relevant research will be helpful to further investigate the metaphorical performance and mechanism of the unique thinking activity verbs, at the same time, it is beneficial to promote the theoretical exploration of semantic derivation of Russian polysemous verbs. The relevant study will be helpful to further investigate the cognitive semantic attributes and operational characteristics of Russian verbs with metaphorical thinking meaning, and it is beneficial to promote the research of lexical semantic theory of Russian language on the cognitive level.
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Ayvazyan, Y. S. "ON VARIOUS ASPECTS OF AUTONOMOUS SECONDARY NAMING PROCESS (IDIOMATIC USAGE) IN THE MODERN ARABIC LANGUAGE." Philology at MGIMO 21, no. 2 (July 3, 2020): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2020-2-22-5-14.
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The article is devoted to the study of the theoretical basis of autonomous secondary naming processes and scrutinizing the issues, related to this type of naming in the scope of modern Arabic lexicology as a productive means of assigning meanings to concepts.The article reviews approaches of native and Arabic authors to the comprehension of the phenomenon and features of autonomous secondary naming (in modern Arabic linguistics – ‘Al-Majaaz’).The paper deals with morphological nuances of word formation and specific aspects of functioning of lexical units formed as the result of Al-Majaaz. It also touches upon semantics of secondary autonomous units.The article shows the correlation between autonomous secondary nomination units and single-word semantic borrowings (loans). Morphological characteristics of single-unit loan words and the reasons of their functioning in Modern Literary Arabic are also subject to study.The paper considers the prospects of autonomous secondary units functioning in the context of their interconnection with polysemy, homonymy and synonymy.This paper will be of interest for students, who study Arabic and lexicology, semantics and morphology issues, as well as for translators interested in word formation processes.