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Huang, Chongwen. "Rheology of Oligomeric Sulfonated Polystyrene Ionomers." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1471281020.
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Zhang, Huan. "Properties and Structures of Sulfonated Syndiotactic Polystyrene Aerogel and Syndiotactic Polystyrene/Silica Hybrid Aerogel." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1405298489.
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Buyukyagci, Arzu. "Synthesis And Characterization Of Monoacetylferrocene Added Sulfonated Polystyrene Ionomers." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/1108026/index.pdf.
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Incorporation of monoacetylferrocene to the sulfonated polystyrene
ionomers imparted some changes in the properties of sulfonated polystyrene.
Sulfonation was carried out by acetic anhydride and concentrated sulphuric acid.
The sulfonation reaction and the degree of sulfonation were determined by
analytical titration and adiabatic bomb calorimeter .
For this purpose, sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) samples with varying
percentages of sulfonation were prepared between 0.85% and 6.51%. Monoacetyl
ferrocene was used in equivalent amount of sulfonation through addition
procedure.
FTIR Spectroscopy was one of the major techniques used to support the
successful addition of AcFe to the SPS samples. Altering the sulfonation degree
did not change the characteristic peak positions, but increased the peak intensities
with increasing the degrees of sulfonation.
Mechanical properties of resultant polymers were investigated. As a result,
elastic modulus of polymers decreased by the amount of monoacetylferrocene.
Thermal characteristic were found by Differential Scanning Calorimeter
(DSC). Thermal analysis revealed that sulfonated polystyrene samples after
addition of monoacetylferrocene displayed lower values of Tg.
Microscopic analysis were made by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
and single phase for each sample was observed. Besides, energy dispersed micro
analysis showed an increase in the intensity of the iron (II) peaks that is related to
the amount of monoacetylferrocene added to the SPS samples.
Flame retardancy for each polymer was also examined and found that
addition of monoacetylferrocene to sulfonated polystyrene does not change the
Limiting Oxygen Index value (LOI)(17). However, LOI value for polystyrene is
18.
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LI, XINDI. "MODIFICATION OF SULFONATED SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE AEROGELS THROUGH IONIC INTERACTIONS." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1525801145416997.
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Cui, Xiaoyu. "POLYCATION REINFORCED SULFONATED SYDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE GELS& SELF-HEALING LATEX CONTAINING POLYELECTROLYTE MULTILAYERS." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1495204173832965.
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Benson, Sonya Denese. "The Effect of Nanoscale Particles and Ionomer Architecture on the Crystallization Behavior of Sulfonated Syndiotactic Polystyrene." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26137.
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Semicrystalline ionomers are an important class of polymers that are utilized in a wide range of applications. The particular end-use applications of these materials are determined by their chemical, physical, and thermomechanical properties which are directly related to their crystallization behavior. It is therefore critical to identify structure-property relationships for these materials. Sulfonated syndiotactic polystyrene (SsPS) is used as a model semicrystalline ionomer and two approaches are utilized to control the rate of crystallization of the SsPS ionomer in the presence of ionic aggregates.
The first approach investigates the effect of the incorporation of nanoscale particles, montmorillonite clay, on the crystallization behavior of SsPS. The morphology of the ionomer clay hybrids were studies via TEM and WAXD while the crystallization behavior of SsPS in the presence of the clay was evaluated using DSC. It was found that the SsPS matrix containing 5 wt.% organically-modified clay crystallized more rapidly than the sPS homopolymer containing the same clay content. This behavior is attributed to the presence of homogenously dispersed nanoscale clay platelets that act as nucleation sites distributed throughout the ionomer matrix.
The second approach that employed involved the manipulation of SsPS ionomer architecture via a controlled placement of the ionic sulfonate groups along the polymer backbone. A post-polymerization sulfonation technique was developed to place the sulfonate groups along the homopolymer backbone in a non-random fashion leading to a pseudo-block ionomer architecture. The crystallization behavior of the non-randomly sulfonated SsPS ionomer is compared to randomly sulfonated SsPS using differential scanning calorimetry. The morphologies of the two ionomers were studied using SALLS and SAXS. We have found that the non-randomly sulfonated SsPS ionomer crystallizes much more rapidly than the randomly sulfonated ionomer. The more rapid crystallization behavior of the non-random ionomer to the presence of longer sequences of unsulfonated homopolymer that are able to readily organize into crystalline structures than the random SsPS ionomer containing the same ionic content.
âPh. D.
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Fahs, Gregory Bain. "The Effect of Ionomer Architecture on the Morphology in Gel State Functionalized Sulfonated Syndiotactic Polystyrene." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/97193.
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This dissertation presents a discussion of blocky and randomly functionalized sulfonated syndiotactic polystyrene copolymers. These copolymers have been prepared over a range of functionalization (from 2% to 10%) in order to assess the effect of the incorporation of these polar side groups on both the thermal behavior and morphology of these polymer systems. The two different architectures are achieved by conducting the reaction in both the heterogeneous gel-state to obtain blocky copolymers and in the homogeneous solution state to obtain randomly functionalized copolymers. In order to compare both the thermal properties and morphology of these two systems several sets of samples were prepared at comparable levels of sulfonation. Thermal analysis of these two systems proved that the blocky functionalized copolymers provided superior properties with regard to the speed and total amount of the crystalline component of sulfonated syndiotactic polystyrene. Above 3% functionalizion the randomly functionalized copolymer was no longer able to crystallize, whereas, the blocky functionalized copolymer is able to crystallize even at a functionalization level of 10.5% sulfonate groups. When considering the morphology of these systems even at low percentages of sulfonation it is clear that the distribution of these groups is different based on the amplitude of the signal measured by small angle x-ray scattering. Additionally, methods were developed to describe both the distribution of ionic multiplets, which varies between blocky and randomly functionalized systems, but also the distribution of crystals. At a larger scale ultra-small angle x-ray scattering was employed to attempt to understand the clustering of ionic multiplets in these systems. Randomly functionalized polymers should a peak that is attributed to ion clusters, whereas blocky polymers show no such peak. Additional studies have also been done to look at the analysis of crystallite sizes in these systems when there are multiplet polymorphs present, it was observed the polymorphic composition is drastically different. All of these studies support that these systems bear vastly different thermal behavior and possess significantly different morphologies. This supports the hypothesis that this gel-state heterogeneous functionalization procedure produces a much different chain architecture compared to homogeneous functionalization in the solution-state.Doctor of Philosophy
Polymers are a class of chemicals that are defined by having a very large set of molecules that are chemically linked together where each unit (monomer) is repeated within the chemical structure. In particular, this dissertation focuses on the construction what are termed as "blocky" copolymers, which are defined by having two chemically different monomers that are incorporated in the polymer chain. The "blocky" characteristic of these polymers means that these two different monomers are physically segregated from each other on the polymer chain, where long portions of the chain that are of one type, followed by another section of the polymer that has the other type of monomer. The goal of creating this type of structure is to try to take advantage of the properties of both types of monomers, which can create materials with superior synergistic properties. In this case a hydrophobic (water hating) monomer is combined with a hydrophilic (water loving) chain. This hydrophobic component in the polymer is able to crystallize, which provides mechanical and thermal stability in the material by acting as a physical tether to hold neighboring chains together. With the other set of hydrophilic monomers, which in this case have an ionic component incorporated, we can now take advantage of this chemical components ability to aide in the transportation of ions. Transportation of ions is useful in a variety of commercially relevant applications, two of the most important applications of these ionic materials is in membranes that can be used to purify water or membrane materials in fuel cell technologies, specifically for proton exchange membranes. The focus of this research in particular was to create a simple synthesis technique that can create these blocky polymer chain architectures, which is done by performing the reaction while the polymer is made into a gel. The key to this is that the crystals within the gel act as a barrier to chemical reactions, creating conditions where we have substantial portions of the material that are able to be functionalized and the crystals within the material that are protected from being functionalized. By looking at the thermal characteristics, such as melting temperatures and amount of crystals within these systems we have seen that functionalizing these polymers in the heterogeneous gel state gives substantially better properties than functionalizing these materials randomly. Much like oil and water, incompatible polymer chains will phase separate from each other. In this case the hydrophobic and ionic components will phase separate from each other. The shape and distribution of these phase separated structure will dictate many of the material properties, which can be described by modeling the data collected from x-ray scattering experiments. All of this information will tell us based on the initial conditions that these polymers were created in, what properties should be expected based on the morphology and thermal behavior. This gives a better understanding of how to fine tune these properties based on the structure of the gel and chemical reaction conditions.
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Cai, Liang. "GRAFT COPOLYMER AEROGELS FROM SULFONATED SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE FUNCTIONALIZED WITH A QUATERNARY PHOSPHONIUM-CONTAINING RAFT AGENT." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1468851884.
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Merche, Delphine. "Synthèse et caractérisation de couches de polystyrène et de polystyrène sulfoné obtenues par polymérisation-plasma à pression (sub)-atmosphérique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209871.
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Lors de ce travail, de fins films de polystyrène ont été déposés dans la post-décharge d’une torche plasma atmosphérique commerciale, mais aussi dans la décharge d’une DBD (Décharge à Barrière Diélectrique), conçue et développée par nos soins au laboratoire. Une DBD est un procédé permettant d’obtenir des plasmas froids à pression atmosphérique. Nos résultats ont montré que la DBD permettait d’obtenir des films de polystyrène de meilleure qualité (degré d’oxydation moindre…) qu’avec la torche commerciale en raison de l’atmosphère contrôlée de l’enceinte DBD. Les films sont déposés en présence d’un gaz porteur (Ar ou He dans la DBD). Nous avons pu mettre en évidence l’influence de la nature de ce gaz porteur sur la structure des films (degré de branchement, et de réticulation des films et de préservation des cycles aromatiques de la molécule de départ).
Les dépôts de polystyrène sulfoné ont été synthétisés dans la DBD en une seule étape, par « copolymérisation » de deux précurseurs (styrène et acide trifluorométhane sulfonique) injectés simultanément dans la décharge. Ces membranes pourraient servir d’électrolyte dans les piles à combustibles miniaturisées de type PEMFC (« Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell »), utilisant de l’hydrogène ou du méthanol et ce pour des applications portables.
L’acide trifluorométhane sulfonique permet le greffage de groupements sulfoniques échangeurs d’ions (nécessaires pour la conductivité de la membrane) sur le squelette de polystyrène.
La complémentarité des différentes techniques spectroscopiques utilisées -Spectroscopie des Photoélectrons X (XPS), Infra-Rouge à Transformée de Fourier (FTIR), Spectroscopie des Ions Secondaires (SIMS) statique et dynamique- ont montré que les groupements acides sulfoniques (bien préservés dans la décharge à pression sub-atmosphérique) étaient bien greffés dans la matrice de polystyrène, et ce sur toute l’épaisseur de la membrane. L’influence des paramètres (température de l’acide, tension appliquée entre les électrodes, nature du gaz porteur…) sur la quantité de groupements ionisables greffés, sur la vitesse de dépôt et aussi sur la morphologie des films a été étudiée respectivement par XPS et par microscopie.
En plus des dépôts sur substrats usuels (Si, acier…) utilisés pour les caractérisations chimiques, nous avons synthétisé les films directement sur des électrodes de carbone enrichies en platine.
Nous avons déposé le catalyseur à partir d’une solution colloïdale de platine nébulisée dans la post-décharge d’une torche plasma atmosphérique sur des couches de carbones poreuse et sur du carbone vitreux (utilisé comme modèle pour le profilage par SIMS dynamique) dans différentes configurations et ce pour différents paramètres afin de constituer des électrodes servant de substrat pour l’adhésion de la membrane-plasma pour des perspectives d’assemblage membrane-électrodes pour PAC. /
\
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Proença, Marcela Pinheiro. "Desenvolvimento de membranas íon-seletivas com poliestireno sulfonado e polianilina dopada para a aplicação em eletrodiálise." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/18585.
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Atualmente, a preocupação com a redução da poluição industrial tem motivado os pesquisadores na busca de novas tecnologias para o tratamento de resíduos industriais. Tecnologias limpas, como a eletrodiálise, são capazes de tratar alguns destes resíduos, como por exemplo o efluente da indústria de galvanoplastia, minimizando os impactos que ocorreriam caso eles fossem descartados diretamente no meio ambiente. O componente principal desta técnica é a membrana na qual ocorre a etapa de retirada dos íons da solução. Atualmente estas membranas são importadas e caras, o que justifica o desenvolvimento de membranas eficientes e acessíveis. Neste sentido, no presente trabalho membranas de poliestireno sulfonado/ poliestireno de alto impacto (SPS/HIPS), polianilina dopada com ácido canforsulfônico/ poliestireno sulfonado/ poliestireno de alto impacto (PAniCSA/SPS/HIPS), polianilina sulfonada/ poliestireno sulfonado/ poliestireno de alto impacto (SPAN/SPS/HIPS), e polianilina dopada com ácido p-tolueno sulfônico/ poliestireno sulfonado/ poliestireno de alto impacto (PAniTSA/SPS/HIPS) foram desenvolvidas usando o método de mistura química. As membranas foram caracterizadas utilizando as técnicas Análise termogravimétrica (TGA), Análise dinâmico Mecânica (DMA), e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Membranas foram submetidas a curvas corrente-potencial e ensaios de eletrodiálise em soluções de NaCl e KCl, a fim de determinar o transporte iônico através das mesmas. Os resultados foram comparados com uma membrana comercial Selemion CMT. A extração percentual média para íons de Na+ obtidos pelas membranas desenvolvidas foi superior a 20%.Nowadays the concern with the reduction of industrial pollution has motivated researchers to found out new technologies for treatment of industrial waste. The clean technologies, as electrodialysis, are capable of treating some these residues, as for example the galvanoplasty’s waste, minimizing the impacts that would happen to them if they were discarded directly on the environment. The main component of this technique is the membrane on which occurs the ions removal stage of the solution. The membranes are imported and expensive what justifies the development of efficient and accessible membranes. In this sense, in the present work membranes of sulfonated polystyrene / high impact polystyrene (SPS/HIPS), polyaniline doped with camphorsulfonic acid / sulfonated polystyrene / high impact polystyrene (PAniCSA/SPS/HIPS), sulfonated polyaniline/ sulfonated polystyrene / high impact polystyrene (SPAN/SPS/HIPS), and polyaniline doped with p-toluenesulfonic acid / sulfonated polystyrene / high impact polystyrene (PAniTSA/SPS/HIPS) were developed using chemical mixture method. Membranes were characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). Membranes were submitted to current-voltage curves and electrodialysis experiments with NaCl and KCl solutions, in order to determine ionic transport through them. Results were compared with a commercial membrane, Selemion CMT. The average percent extraction for Na+ ions obtained by membranes developed were beyond 20%.
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Silva, Marcelo Castanheira da. "Propriedades ópticas do poliestireno sulfonado dopado com íons de neodímio." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2006. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/15649.
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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas GeraisIn this work we present the synthesis and optic characterization of sulfonated polystyrene films (PSS) doped with ions of neodymium (Nd). The synthesis has a low cost and a simple route. The used dopant was the neodymium nitrate. The maximum incorporation of ions Nd3+ in the matrix, gotten in the synthesis of the films, was around 14.0 %. The absorption spectra in UV-Vis-NIR of the films of Nd-PSS had presented the characteristic bands for neodymium in aqueous solution. The FTIR spectra had presented a significant widening of the bands in relation to the sulfonated polystyrene spectrum. In this same spectrum occurs a great change in the form of line of the Nd-PSS film in the region below of 1400 cm-1 referring to the vibration of linking N-O. The films measured by Raman spectroscopy have presented the same intensity and localization of the peaks, independently of the region of incidence of the laser in the film. The analysis of these spectra demonstrates the overlapping of the bands: stretching of linking S-O, anti-symmetrical stretching of nitrate and the fold is of the plan of linking N-O. This fact proves the doping of the H-PSS and that the Nd07 film (contends the precursory neodymium solution 0.7 mol/L) is of higher concentration. The luminescence spectrum in UV-Vis region had shown that when the PSS polymer matrix is doped a blue shift is observed. The luminescence spectra excited in 458 nm (absorption band of the HPSS) and in 514 nm (absorption band of the Nd3+ ion) indicate, respectively, that it has an aiding of the emission around 520 nm (green) and of 610 nm (orange). The spectra of selective excitement show that it has an overlapping of the bands of excitement of the PSS with the Nd-PSS, when the wavelength of excitement varies of 400 until 500 nm. The bands of the Nd-PSS became wider and are more definite. The films of Nd- PSS present an intense emission in the infrared in 1076 nm (radiative transition 4F3/2®4I11/2). It was not observed dependence with the concentration in all spectra done. The factor of spectroscopic quality of the Nd11 film, gotten for the parameters of Judd-Ofelt, indicates that the domain of the transistion occurs in 4F3/2 ® 4I11/2 (1076 nm), proving with the results of the measures made in the photoluminescence in the infra-red. This confirms that the Nd11 film is an excellent candidate to be used in optic devices.
Nesse trabalho apresentamos a síntese e caracterização óptica de filmes de poliestireno sulfonado (PSS) dopados com íons de neodímio (Nd), utilizando uma rota sintética simples e de baixo custo. O dopante utilizado foi o nitrato de neodímio. A incorporação máxima de íons Nd3+ na matriz, obtida na síntese dos filmes, ficou em torno de 14,0 %. Os espectros de absorção no UV-Vis-NIR dos filmes de Nd-PSS apresentaram as bandas características para o neodímio em solução aquosa. Os espectros de FTIR apresentaram um alargamento significativo das bandas em relação ao espectro de poliestireno sulfonado. Nesse mesmo espectro ocorre uma grande mudança na forma de linha do filme Nd-PSS na região abaixo de 1400 cm-1 referente à vibração da ligação N-O. Os filmes medidos por espectroscopia Raman apresentaram a mesma intensidade e localização dos picos, independentemente da região de incidência do laser na amostra. A análise desses espectros demonstra a superposição das bandas de: estiramento da ligação S-O, estiramento assimétrico do nitrato e a dobra fora do plano da ligação N-O. Esse fato comprova a dopagem do H-PSS e que o filme Nd07 (contendo a solução precursora de neodímio 0,7 mol/L) é o mais concentrado. Os espectros de luminescência no UV-Vis mostraram que quando se dopa a matriz polimérica PSS ocorre um deslocamento para o azul. Os espectros de luminescência com excitações em 458 nm (banda de absorção do H-PSS) e em 514 nm (banda de absorção do íon Nd3+) indicam que há um favorecimento da emissão em torno de 520 nm (verde) e de 610 nm (alaranjado), respectivamente. Os espectros de excitação seletiva mostram que há uma superposição das bandas de excitação do PSS com o Nd-PSS, quando o comprimento de onda de excitação varia de 400 até 500 nm. Acima de 500 nm, as bandas do Nd-PSS se alargam e ficam mais definidas. Os filmes de Nd-PSS apresentam uma intensa emissão no infravermelho em 1076 nm (transição radiativa 4F3/2®4I11/2). Não foi observada nenhuma dependência com a concentração em todos os espectros realizados. O fator de qualidade espectroscópica do filme Nd11, obtido pelos parâmetros de Judd-Ofelt, indica que ocorre o domínio da transição 4F3/2 ® 4I11/2 em 1076 nm, corroborando com os resultados das medidas feitas via fotoluminescência e infravermelho. Isso confirma que o filme Nd11 é um ótimo candidato para ser usado em dispositivos ópticos.
Mestre em Física
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Omena, Thiago Henrique. "Argamassa modificada com poliestireno sulfonado a partir de copos plásticos descartados." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2012. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/14177.
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The presents study results of the addition of sulfonated polystyrene, derived from
discarded plastic cups as additive in mortars. The mortar were studied with polystyrene
content of 0.0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.0 and 1.4% (relative to the mass of cement). CPV - ARI Portland
cement and sand washed were used at rate 1:4 by weight. It was determined consistency
index, water retention, water absorption, void index, static modulus of elasticity,
compressive strength, tensile strength in bending and adhesion. The mortar modified with
the additive showed increase in the porosity, tensile strength in bending, adhesion, plastic
capacity and water retention. Furthermore the use of polystyrene leads to decrease in the
density, the modulus of elasticity and in the capillary water absorption with increasing
content of sulfonated polystyrene, which may indicate that even by increasing the number
pores in the mortar, the pores are not communicated among themselves and the polymeric
film had contributed for the mechanical properties.O trabalho apresenta resultados do estudo da adição de poliestireno sulfonado, oriundo de copos plásticos descartados, como aditivo em argamassas. Foram analisadas argamassas com os teores de poliestireno de 0,0; 0,2; 0,6; 1,0 e 1,4% em relação à massa de cimento. Foi utilizado o cimento Portland CPV - ARI e areia lavada no traço 1:4 em massa. Para se avaliar a influência da adição de poliestireno nas propriedades das argamassas determinouse índice de consistência, retenção de água, absorção de água, índice de vazios, módulo estático de elasticidade, resistência à compressão, resistência à tração na flexão e resistência potencial de aderência à tração. Em relação à argamassa sem aditivo a argamassa modificada demonstrou aumento na resistência de aderência à tração, resistência a tração na flexão, porosidade, absorção de água, retenção de água e consistência. No entanto, o aumento do teor de poliestireno sulfonado leva à uma redução do módulo de elasticidade, da massa específica e da absorção de água por capilaridade, o que pode indicar que mesmo aumentando o número de poros na argamassa, estes poros não são intercomunicáveis e o filme polimérico contribui para o incremento das propriedades mecânicas, especialmente à tração.
Mestre em Engenharia Civil
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Levy, Florence. "Fonctionnalisation d'un latex de polystyrène par un monomère chloré : le bis 2 chloroéthyl-itaconate." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10538.
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Fonctionnalisation superficielle du polystyrene par bis 2-chloro ethyl-itaconate. Determination des constantes cinetiques et physicochimiques. Etude de la copolymerisation avec le styrene et l'acrylate de butyle
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Hansch, Markus [Verfasser]. "Investigations on polystyrene sulfonates and polyacrylates in the presence of specifically interacting cations / Markus Hansch." Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1135660913/34.
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Rýcová, Eva. "Difúzní vlastnosti opačně nabitých organických molekul v roztocích hydrofilních polyelektrolytů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240539.
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This work is focused on physical interactions of negatively charged polymers with small ionogenic fluorescent molecules. Trying to verify the presence of these interactions using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and provides a comprehensive view of the problem. The aim of this work is to observe the effect of concentration on the diffusion properties. P/D ratio, where P represents number of polymer binding sites and D number of dye binding sites, was chosen for this issue. Hyaluronate, sodium chondroitin sulfate and sodium polystyrene sulfonace were used as polymers and Acridine Orange, and Rhodamine 6G were chosen as fluorescent probes. The reason why this experiment uses these probes, was the assumption, that the positive charge occuring on the fluorescent probe will lead to the electrostatic interaction with the negatively charged polymer. As a result, the bond between acridine orange and polyelectrolyte was not clearly demonstrated, but the interaction with Rhodamine 6G have been proved.
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Roach, Necrisha. "The Development of a Novel Multi-dimensional Product for Wound Healing Applications." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2131.
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A characteristic feature of chronic wounds is a prolonged inflammatory response as well as susceptibility to infection. Studies have shown that during the inflammatory response, there is a significant increase in the levels of neutrophil-derived enzymes. The purpose of this work was to determine whether the anionic macromolecule polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) and five of its salt forms, namely PSS-calcium, PSS-chlorhexidine, PSS-doxycycline, PSS-glutathione and PSS-silver are able to inhibit the activity of three of the enzymes whose levels are elevated in chronic wounds: elastase, cathepsin G and myeloperoxidase. In addition to the enzyme inhibition study, the various formulations’ antimicrobial properties were analyzed by evaluating their ability to inhibit the growth of three common clinical isolates: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii. It is worthy to note that the structure of PSS makes it a very flexible platform to which other molecules can be added in order to address a variety of “targets” as well as tailor quantitative strength. The results from this project showed that purified PSS and the various salt derivatives were able to inhibit elastase and cathepsin G activity. In addition, three of the therapeutic cations attached to PSS: silver, doxycycline and chlorhexidine retained their intrinsic antimicrobial properties without having an adverse effect on healthy tissue. In summary, this study demonstrated that PSS possessed an intrinsic ability to inhibit a number of proteases and that it could also be used as a delivery vehicle for other compounds with potential therapeutic value.
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Lorchat, Philippe. "Structure des solutions aqueuses de polyélectrolytes fortement chargés." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00759325.
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Nous étudions la structure des solutions concentrées de polyélectrolytes (PE). Celle-ci n'a fait l'objet que de rares études expérimentales et aucun ordre d'orientation n'a jamais pu être observé dans les solutions de PE flexibles et semi-flexibles, bien que des travaux théoriques, basés sur l'approche d'Onsager, prévoient l'apparition d'une phase nématique aux fortes concentrations. Nous avons mesuré la position q* dans l'espace réciproque du pic présent dans la fonction de corrélation des solutions de PE fortement chargés obtenue par diffusion de rayonnement (DXPA et DNPA), et avons confronté sa variation avec la concentration c aux lois d'échelles théoriques q*~ca. Nous avons combiné des très fortes concentrations avec une haute résolution spatiale. La rigidité intrinsèque du PE est le paramètre clef de l'étude. En effet, le PSS, PE flexible, présente 3 régimes déjà connus : a=1/2 -régime semi-dilué- a=1/4 -régime concentré- un régime " ionomère " aux plus fortes concentrations pour lequel a=0. Le PDADMAC, PE semi-flexible, présente un comportement plus original puisque 4 régimes se succèdent : régimes semi-dilué et concentré avec a=1/2 et 1/4, puis deux régimes pour lesquels a=1 puis 1/2 qui sont totalement inédits. Le PaMSS, de rigidité intrinsèque intermédiaire, présente un comportement ambivalent, puisque les régimes semi-dilué et concentré précèdent un régime où a=1, puis un comportement " ionomère ". Nous introduisons un modèle simple permettant d'interpréter la succession des régimes a=1 puis 1/2 par l'apparition d'un ordre d'orientation. Nous discutons aussi les différences observées par DXPA et DNPA, et le rôle de la force ionique, variée par ajout de sel.
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Dejeu, Jérôme. "Films de deux polymères auto-assemblés : chlorhydrate de polyallylamine (PAH) et polystyrène sulfonate de sodium (PSS) : mécanisme de croissance et stabilité." Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA2005.
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Le mécanisme et la stabilité d’auto-assemblage de deux polyélectrolytes (PAH et PSS) en vue de la nano-encapsulation ont été essentiellement étudiés par réflectométrie laser à angle fixe. Cette technique se révèle très utile pour quantifier la masse de polymère adsorbé en fonction du temps sur un substrat. Dans un premier temps, plusieurs méthodes, de conversion du signal réflectométrique en quantité adsorbée, ont été présentées. Ainsi, ans le cas de film monocouche, une nouvelle approche de conversion des signaux est nécessaire afin de prendre en compte un fort changement d’indice de la solution dû à des concentrations de polymères importantes. Dans le cas de films auto-assemblés, le modèle consiste à considérer une couche adsorbée d’épaisseur et d’indice variant après chaque injection. La deuxième partie, a permis de proposer un mécanisme d’auto-assemblage de ces deux polyélectrolytes. Cette étude réalisée sur substrat plan, à l’aide de la réflectométrie et de l’AFM, met en évidence des différences de comportement de chaque polyélectrolyte. On a aussi eu recours à une étude sur colloïde pour montrer le rôle important des ions, le changement d’ionisation des polymères et le nombre de couches nécessaire à une couverture complète du substrat. Enfin, cette partie s’est terminée par l’étude de films très épais, constitués d’un nombre de couches allant jusqu’à 320, et nécessitant l’utilisation de techniques nouvelles dans ce domaine, le faisceau d’ions focalisé et la spectroscopie à décharge luminescente. La dernière partie a traité de la stabilité du film auto-assemblé lors de son rinçage dans des conditions différentes ou non de celles de la construction. Le dernier polyélectrolyte adsorbé et le nombre de couches déposées influent le comportement des films. Ces résultats permettent de prévoir les conditions de conservation de ces films ainsi que celles de déconstruction partielle ou totale en vue du relargage du principe actif contenu dans les capsulesThe growth mechanism and the stability of polyelectolyte films elaborated by multi-steps self association were investigated using principally fixed angle laser reflectometry. The first part of the investigation addressed the conversion of the reflectometric output into the deposited weight of polymer. In the case of a monolayer we have established the range of validity of a linear relationship between the deposited weight and the reflectometric output. In the case of a multilayer film we have used and explored a new approach developed in the laboratory allowing the determination of the stepwise change of the refractive index and the film thickness, leading eventually to the deposited weight. The second part of the work is dedicated to the experimental elaboration of films with the polyelectrolytes poly(allylamine,HCl) and poly(styrene sulfonate). The influence of the principal operational parameters was screened (pH, ionic strength, type of electrolytes, molecular weight of polymers, washing between deposition steps, etc). The charge balance and the incorporation of small ions were determined step by step. The elaboration of films on the flat silica substrate in the reflectometric cell was compared with that on colloidal silica. Complementary characterization of the polymer films were made with AFM and Focused ion beam imaging (FIB-SIM), which allowed the determination of the films morphology and roughness. Very thick films were constructed. A growth mechanism was proposed to explain the transition between an early stage (first steps), influenced by the property of the surface and later steps where the growth only depends on the interaction between the two polymers. Finally the stability of 1 to 5 bilayers films was examined upon change of the pH of the solution
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Leroux, Amélie. "Implant ligamentaire bioactif et biodégradable : élaboration, fonctionnalisation et étude des mécanismes." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCD054.
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La rupture du ligament croisé antérieur du genou est une affection fréquente qui survient majoritairement chez des sujets jeunes et sportifs. Une fois rompu, en raison de sa localisation intra articulaire et de la pauvreté de sa vascularisation, ce ligament ne cicatrise pas spontanément. Le traitement chirurgical de référence, l’autogreffe, présente de nombreux inconvénients et les travaux de recherche se tournent vers le développement d’implants ligamentaires synthétiques. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de la thèse était d’étudier la possibilité d’élaborer un nouveau ligament bioactif et biodégradable en polycaprolactone (PCL) greffé de poly(styrène sulfonate de sodium) (pNaSS). Les résultats présentés dans ce manuscrit décrivent toutes les étapes du choix initial de la PCL brute à sa caractérisation, sa fonctionnalisation, ses propriétés mécaniques après élaboration, au mécanisme de dégradation et à son impact biologique in vitro et in vivo. À l’interface des disciplines de l’ingénierie, de la chimie, de la mécanique et de la biologie, nous avons montré que : le greffage de pNaSS accélère la dégradation de la PCL tout en protégeant la surface durant les six premiers mois ; que les propriétés mécaniques de la PCL sont adaptées à une application ligamentaire ; que le greffage de pNaSS favorise in vitro la vitesse de croissance, la distribution, la densité et l’étalement cellulaires, la production de facteur de croissance et le maintien de l’expression génique ; et enfin que le greffage de pNaSS permet in vivo de diminuer l’inflammation articulaire et l’arthrose post-opératoire tout en favorisant la recolonisation tissulaireThe rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee is a common affection which mainly occurs in young and active population. Because of its joint location and its poor vascularization, this ligament does not heal spontaneously. The “gold-standard”, consisting of using autograft, has many disadvantages and the research focuses on the development of synthetic ligament implants. In this context, this thesis studies and evidences the possibility of a new ligament with bioactive and biodegradable features, made of polycaprolactone (PCL) grafted with poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) (pNaSS). The results presented in this manuscript evaluate the initial choice of raw PCL, its characterization, its functionalization, its mechanical properties after processing, its degradation mechanism and its in vitro and in vivo biological impact. At the interface of engineering, chemistry, mechanics and biology fields, we demonstrated that: the pNaSS grafting accelerates the PCL degradation while protecting the surface during the first six months; the mechanical properties of PCL are adapted to the ligament application; in vitro the pNaSS grafting promotes cell growth, cell distribution, cell density, cell spread, growth factor production, and maintenance of gene expression; and finally that in vivo the pNaSS grafting allows to reduce joint inflammation and postoperative osteoarthritis while promoting tissue recolonization
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Wilson, Krista Marie. "Micellar and Sub-Micellar Chromatography with a Cocamidopropyl Betaine Surfactant." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1632000340907763.
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Braendlein, Marcel. "Lithographic fabrication, electrical characterization and proof-of-concept demonstration of sensor circuits comprising organic electrochemical transistors for in vitro and in vivo diagnostics." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEM007/document.
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Grâce à leurs excellentes propriétés mécaniques, électriques et chimiques, les dispositifs organiques électroniques à base de polymères conducteurs peuvent résoudre l’incompatibilité entre les modules électroniques rigides en silicone et les exigences des tissus mous qui constituent l’environnement biologique. Les avancées en matière de semiconducteurs organiques et en microélectronique ont donné naissance à la bioélectronique. Cette discipline emploie des capteurs à des fins diagnostiques, telles que la détection des métabolites ou la mesure d’un potentiel d’action neuronal, et des actionneurs à des fins thérapeutiques, comme l’application locale d’un traitement à l’intérieur même du corps, ou la stimulation cérébrale profonde afin de guérir un trouble neurologique. En bioélectronique, l’utilisation de matériaux organiques, tels que le polymère conducteur poly(3,4-éthylènedioxythiophène) polystyrène sulfonate de sodium (PEDOT:PSS) a permis de développer des composants électroniques biomédicaux de qualité exceptionnelle, comme par exemple le transistor organique électrochimique (OECT), qui ont été testés in vitro et in vivo. Ce manuscrit explique en détail la fabrication, la fonctionnalisation et la caractérisation du OECT à base de PEDOT:PSS. Afin de pouvoir intégrer ce capteur à des systèmes de mesure biomédicaux déjà établis, l’OECT est intégré à des circuits simples, tels qu’un amplificateur de tension ou un pont de Wheatstone. Ces circuits sont mis à l’épreuve de la pratique clinique, dans le cas de mesures électrocardiographiques, ou de détection de métabolites dans des cellules cancéreuses. Cela permet d’apprécier à la fois leur applicabilité, et leurs limitesDue to their outstanding mechanical, electrical and chemical properties, organic electronic devices based on conducting polymers can bridge the gap between the rigid silicon based read-out electronics and the soft biological environment and will have a huge impact on the medical healthcare sector. The recent advances in the field of organic semiconductors and microelectronics gave rise to a new discipline termed bioelectronics. This discipline deals with sensors for diagnostic purposes, ranging from metabolite detection and DNA recognition all the way to single neuronal firing events, and actuators for therapeutic purposes, through for example active local drug delivery inside the body or deep brain stimulation to cure neurological disorder. The use of organic materials such as the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) in the field of bioelectronics has brought about a variety of outstanding electronic biomedical devices, such as the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), that have been implemented for both in vitro and in vivo applications. The present manuscript gives a detailed explanation of the fabrication, functionalization and characterization of OECTs based on PEDOT:PSS. To be able to intercept this sensor element with traditional biomedical recording systems, the OECT is implemented into simple circuit layouts such as a voltage amplifier or a Wheatstone bridge. These sensor circuits are then applied to real-life biomedical challenges, such as electrocardiographic recordings or metabolite detection in tumor cell cultures, to demonstrate their applicability as well as their limitations
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Zeman, Jan. "Studium interakcí polyelektrolytů s kladně nabitými dusíkatými amfifilními látkami." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216955.
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The study deals with interactions of polyelectrolytes polystyrene sulfonate and hyaluronic acid with nitrogenic amphiphilic substances, represented by lysine and albumine. To study the interactions pH-metry, conductance, viscositic and turbidity measurement, DLS and reometry were used. All mixtures of different concentrations were measured and the data were compered with data obtained from measurement of samples with amphiphilic sumstances without polyelectrolytes. Observed interactions occured in the aminoacid concentrations between 0 to 20 mmoldm-3, then the PSS interaction groups were fully bonded by lysine and no more interactions were recognized. The same behaviour were observed in albumine solutions with concentration under 2 gdm-3.
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Burdíková, Jana. "Fosfolipidy jako základ biodegradabilních nosičových systémů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216959.
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This thesis is focused on investigation of phospholipid-hyaluronan system. First, appropriate method for preparation of bulk solution of phospholipid/lipid and suitable fluorescence probe were chosen. Sonification was selected as a method for preparation of bulk solution and pyrene was chosen as a fluorescence probe. From the group of phospholipids lecithin was selected. Next to phospholipid, lipid with no phosphate group (DPTAP) was utilized for comparison, alternatively a mixture of lipid (DPTAP) and phospholipid (DPPC). Instead of hyaluronan another polyelectrolytes (sodium polystyrene sulfonate, sodium alginate) were used too. Measurements were performed in water environment and in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). All investigation was accomplished by fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering.
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Stiborský, Filip. "Srovnávací studie interakcí tenzidů s hyauronanem a jinými polyelektrolyty." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216817.
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In this diploma thesis, the interactions between polyelectrolyte and surfactant at low and also at high concentration were studied. There was used pyrene as fluorescent probe during the fluorescence spectroscopy measurement, a cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and as a main polyelectolyte has been chosen sodium polystyrene sulfonate at 1 MDa molecular size. In the medium containing 0.15 M NaCl we could observed a creation of the complexes – precipitates in the surrounding of CMC concentration and behind of this concentration. In the mixtures containing sodium polystyrene sulfonate and hyaluronan together, there was stronger tend to keep aggregation properties of sodium polystyrene sulfonate during difference concentration ratios. Beyond CMC concentration, hyaluronan starts to influence the aggregation properties of the system as well.
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Mikolášová, Kristýna. "Studium bariérových a transportních vlastností vybraných polyelektrolytů v hydrogelových matricích pomocí difúzních technik." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-316195.
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This diploma thesis was focused on study of barrier and transport properties of selected polyelectrolytes in hydrogel matrices by using diffusion techniques. The study of these properties was performed in horizontal diffusion cells where is observed the change in diffusion probe concentration over time. Diffusion experiments were performed on an agarose hydrogel with the addition of alginate, hyaluronic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, humic acids and as a model probe rhodamine 6G was used. Important parts of this thesis are also the methods which characterize the substances and hydrogel matrices such as rheology and potentiometric titration. The main aim of this diploma thesis was to investigate the effect of interactions between passing model dye (rhodamine 6G) and the appropriate gel (agarose + polyelectrolyte) on the fundamental diffusion parameters (effective diffusion coefficient, lag time, etc.).
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Střondalová, Hana. "Ionogenní fluorescenční sondy ve výzkumu koloidních systémů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216960.
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This diploma thesis studied the interaction of ionic and amphiphilic fluorescent probes with polyelectrolytes. The research of such colloidal system could be helpful in deeper understanding of interactions between polyelectrolytes and surfactants. The aim of this thesis was to determine whether ionic or amphiphilic probes are suitable for this research. Two polyelectrolytes, sodium polystyrene sulfonate and hyaluronan were used in this study. Interactions of polyelectrolytes with fluorescent probes (4-Di-2-Asp, methylene blue, dodecyl acridine orange, DiO and DiA) were studied in this work. Then cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylamonium bromide was added to this system. Samples were studied using fluorescence and UV/VIS spectroscopy. Emission and absorption spectra of these probes were recorded. This experiment was based on hypothesis that due to positive charge these probes will bind to the negatively charged polyelectrolyte. Formation of dimers or other aggegates was presumed for fluorescent probes dodecyl acridine orange and methylene blue. When 4-Di-2-Asp was used,changes in fluorescence intensity and absorption spectra in connection with possible formation of aggregates was supposed to be observed. It should be noted that formation of dimers for 4-Di-2-Asp is not described in literature. The formation of dimers wasn't clearly demonstrated during the measurement. Formation of dimers was observed only with dodecyl acridine orange. Probes DiO and DiA were used only in the study of the interaction with polyelectrolytes. These fluorescent probes showed up as inappropriate, because they adsorbed on tube walls. When cationic surfactant was added to hyaluronan-fluorescent probe system, surfactant pushed away fluorescent probe and bonded electrostatically to negatively charged groups of polyelectrolyte.
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Kotouček, Jan. "Charakterizace koloidních částic pomocí deprotonace v excitovaném stavu za použití pokročilých fluorescenčních technik." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240582.
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The deprotonation characteristics of fluorescent probes -naphthol and 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulphonic acid (HPTS) were studied in this diploma thesis, using steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Two cationic surfactants, Septonex and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), were studied. These surfactants were measured in the complex with hyaluronan (1.75 MDa, 1 MDa and 300 kDa). Steady-state fluorescence was used for determination of critical aggregation concentration of each surfactant and pKa*. Time-resolved fluorescence decays were used to calculate the average lifetimes and the deprotonation constants of naphthol and HPTS. The measurement with hyaluronan were compared with the polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) – surfactant system. The effect of hydration shell of hyaluronan on hyaluronan – surfactant complex formation results from the comparison of above mentioned systems. Large differences were found in the deprotonation characteristic between surfactants and even between individual molecular weights of hyaluronan. The measurement shows that the hydration shell is located near to the dissociated carboxyl groups of hyaluronan chain, where the interaction with the positively charged surfactants occurs. Furthermore, the aggregation number of Septonex was determined by quenching of pyrene using cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) as a quencher. The aggregation number for 20 mM Septonex solution was determined as a value of 104 molecules. CPC was used for confirmation of the localization of -naphthol in the micelles of CTAB and polymer – CTAB, respectively.
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Papežíková, Hana. "Potenciál využití semi-interpenetrovaných polymerních sítí na bázi poly-HEMA v moderních nosičových systémech." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-449370.
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Wang, Chih-Ting, and 王誌亭. "Crosslinked Sulfonated Polystyrene-block-poly（ethylene-ran-butylene）-block-polystyrene as Proton Exchange Membrane." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11462816041025156592.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
材料科學與工程學研究所
99
The major purposes of this thesis are to prepare crosslinked sulfonated poly(styrene-block-(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-styrene) (sSEBS) membranes as the proton conducting membranes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) as well as to investigate the properties and the microstructure of the crosslinked membranes. Two parts of studies are presented using non-sulfonated (Part I) or sulfonated (Part II) multi-functional alcohols as crosslinkers. Crosslinking occurs within the sulfonated polystyrene (sPS) domains through the formation of sulfonate esters between the hydroxyl groups of the crosslinkers and the sulfonic acids of sPS via thermal curing. In each part, the dependence of transport properties, thermal stability, mechanical strength, chemical stability and morphology of the membrane on the chemical structure and the loading amount of the crosslinkers are systematically studied. In the first part, the crosslinkers with different number of hydroxyl groups, including glycerol, D-mannitol and poly(vinyl alcohol) ( PVA ). The first two alcohols are classified as low molecular weight crosslinkers and PVA is classified as polymeric crosslinker.The introduction of these crosslinkers is demonstrated to improve the thermal stability, mechanical strengths and chemical stability and the enhancements are found to relate to the chemical structure and the loading amount of the crosslinkers. The microstructure of the crosslinked membranes are similar to that of the prisitine sSEBS membrane when glycerol and mannitol are used regardless the loading amount while the addition of PVA with high loading amount alters the microstructure. Ion exchange capacity and proton conductivity decrease with increasing loading of crosslinkers due to the loss of sulfonic acids to form crosslinking and the use of PVA leads to the most significant decrease comparing with pristine sSEBS. The use of glycerol and PVA provide the crosslinked membranes suppressed methanol crossover and improved selectivity. The crosslinked membranes also show much improved proton conductivity at elevated temperature and low relative humidity, probably owing to the better water retention within the membrane attributed to the presence of crosslinks and the hydroxyl groups of the crosslinkers. All the transport properties show complicated trends against the chemical structure and the loading amount of the crosslinkers. In the second part, a novel bifunctinoal alcohol containing two sulfonic acids is designed and synthesized as the crosslinker. Interestingly, IEC and proton conductivity of the corresponding crosslinked membrane are almost constants regardless the loading amount of the crosslinkers, indicating the use of this novel crosslinker could compensate the loss of sulfonic acids originating from the crosslinking. The resulted membranes also exhibit lower methanol permeability and enhanced selectivity. In addition, these membranes also show improved chemical resistance comparing with pristine sSEBS.
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Tseng, Wei-chin, and 曾威搢. "Synthesis of Sulfonated Polystyrene and its Application in Electrospinning." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62217738068891903258.
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碩士逢甲大學
紡織工程所
97
In this research, we used acetyl sulfate as the sulfonating agent. By controlling the content of acetyl sulfate, we prepared sulfonated polystyrene(SPS) of different degree of sulfonation, and the highest degree of sulfonation was obtained. Dissolved in Tetrahydrofuran(THF) and N,N-Dimethyl Formamide(DMF) mixed solvent, the solution was then electro-spun and a filter is made. From the experiments, with the voltage 18kV and distance 16cm (electric field 1.12 kV/cm), the viscosity of the polymer solution made from SPS 17g (17 w/v %) and DMF/THF volume ratio equals to 60/40 is 86cp. These were the best electro-spinning parameters. A uniform electro-spun filter with average diameter 213nm can be obtained applying these parameters, a filter with 10g/m2 weight per unit area can be made in this study. And we measured the efficiency of this filter is 92.5% which almost the same as the efficiency of commercial PET melt blown filter, but the amount of weight per unit area used just only one half is needed.
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Chao, Li-Wei, and 趙立偉. "Sulfonated Polystyrene Membrane Blended with Ionic Liquid for PEM Fuel Cells Application." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34167671249726962788.
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碩士國立高雄大學
化學工程及材料工程學系碩士班
98
The subject of this study is to blend sulfonated polystyrene membrane with ionic liquids for PEM fuel cells application. The proton conductivity of the composite membranes can reach to the order of 10-2 S/cm in a relatively high temperature. The characteristic properties of composite membranes are also investigated including water uptake and proton conductivity. Polystyrene is sulfonated by acetyl sulfate, and the end of the branch of polystyrene is sulfonic acid group. The proton exchange composite membranes are prepared by sulfonated polystyrene blended with ionic liquids. The proton conductivity of sulfonated polystyrene of 21mol% is obtained about 2.42×10-2 S/cm which is in the same magnitude of order as that of commercial Nafion membrane（5.24×10-2 S/cm）. At 80℃, the proton conductivity of Nafion membrane decreases to 1.85×10-2 S/cm because of the loss of water in membrane. However, when temperature is increased from ambient temperature to 80℃, the proton conductivity is enhanced from 5.51×10-3 S/cm to 7.67×10-2 S/cm for PSS/EMICl composite membrane, and from 5.28×10-3 S/cm to 3.33×10-2 S/cm for PSS/EMIBF4 composite membrane. The results imply that the decrease of proton conductivity due to loss of water can be compensated by adding ionic liquids into sulfonated polystyrene membrane. The mechanism of proton conduction in PSS/ILs membrane might differ from that in PSS membrane. The dissociation of ionic liquids might be the major effect for enhancement of proton conductivity of composite membrane. In addition, membrane electrode assembly（MEA） is manufactured by hot-pressing composite membrane in-between two catalytical electrode. The performance of single fuel cell is carried out using H2/O2 as fuel. The power density of PSS/EMIBF4 membrane-based MEA is found to be six times higher than that found in PSS membrane-based MEA. The results suggest that proton exchange membrane blended with ionic liquids can indeed improve the performance of MEA.
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WANG, GUAN-ZHI, and 王冠智. "The characterization of micro-structure of ultra-high molecular weight sulfonated polystyrene." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94191762912084550933.
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碩士南臺科技大學
化學工程與材枓工程系
105
The research is about using Ultrasonic Synthesis to synthesize ultra high molecu-lar weight polystyrene emulsion polymerization. There are many advantages of ultra-sonic induced microemulsion polymerization of styrene, for example, high polymeriza-tion rate can form the smaller latex particles that have a narrow fineness distribution, and need no initiative and lower concentration of surfactant. The surfactant that was used in this experiment is sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The polymer was sulfonated with sulfuric acid, become a membrane, the strength was compared by two film-forming methods. The film-forming method is divided into solvent standing film forming and kneading hot pressing film forming. Using fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), scanning electron mi-croscope (SEM) and acid-base titration experiment to measure the degree of sulpho-nation (DS), and to do physical testing of membrane. The results show polymer molecular weight is 1.2×106 g/mol, sulfonation degree is 5.19% , the higher sulfonation degree of membrane is better the mechanical strength, solvent standing film forming than the kneading hot pressing film forming of good mechanical strength, but was found by dielectric analysis that sulfonate of solvent standing film forming uneven dispersion and large size, the sulfonic acid radical of the hot pressing film forming is uniform dispersion and the size of ion agglomeration is small.
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liu, Kun-lin, and 劉昆霖. "Zirconium Phosphate-Sulfonated Polystyrene Composite Particles and Their Uses in Proton Exchange Membranes." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41821757540320155714.
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碩士臺灣大學
材料科學與工程學研究所
98
In order to improve the efficiency of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), the researches on the organic/inorganic composite proton exchange membranes were dramatically increased recently for the capability to lower the methanol permeability and retain high proton conductivity at high temperature and low relative humidity. However, many of the inorganic additives exhibited low proton conductivity and difficulty in homogeneous dispersion of the nanoparticles within the membrane. Therefore, the preparation of inorganic nanofillers having good proton conductivity and capability of homogeneous dispersion is critical for the improvement of the composite membranes. Among various inorganic fillers, zirconium phosphate (ZrP) has shown good potential due to its moderate proton conductivity, excellent thermal and chemical stability as well as feasible syntheses. To further suppress the aggregation of the zirconium phosphate nanoparticles and to simultaneously enhance the proton conductivity of the corresponding composite membranes, ZrC was modified with sulfonated polystyrene (sPS) to form ZrC-sPS nano-composites since the sulfonic acids in sPS could enhance the proton conductivity and promote the dispersion owing to the good solubility of sPS in water and basic solvents and the steric repulsion of sPS. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiators or nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) initiators decorated with phosphonic acids in-situ reacted with ZrOCl2 and H3PO4 to afford initiator-modified ZrC. Living radical polymerization via NMP or ATRP of styrene was proceeded to afford ZrC-PS; and followed by post-sulfonation to obtain ZrC-sPS. In this thesis, we varied the reaction parameters to obtain the initiator-modified ZrC with different chemical compositions and sizes. We also controlled the feed ratios between the initiator-modified ZrP and the monomers as well as reaction times to obtain ZrC-PS composites carrying different polymer chain lengthes. These ZrC-PS composites showed morphologies in either core-shell particles or exfoliated layer arrangements. Composite membranes containing Nafion® and ZrC-sPS with 10 mol% of degree of sulfonation were prepared via solvent casting. The water uptake, the proton conductivity and the ion exchange capacity of the composite membranes increased first and then decreased with the loading of ZrC-sPS while the methanol permeability was suppressed. The composite membrane with 2.5wt% of ZrC-sPS exhibited the highest selectivity as triple as that of Nafion.
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Liau, Su-Yu, and 廖素鈺. "The Study of Gas-Transport Properties of Toxic Gases in the Sulfonated polystyrene Membranes." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39812811712442016717.
Full textAbstract:
碩士朝陽科技大學
應用化學系碩士班
90
Abstract A family of polystyrenesulfonate membranes was synthesized using poly- styrene and acetyl sulfate. The extent of sulfonation varies from 5.17 to 23.47 mole%. The proton polystyrenesulfonates (PSSH) were transferred to sodium polystyrenesulfonates (PSSNa) and magnesium polystyrenesulfonates (PSSMg) using ion-exchanging reaction. The resulting polymers were dissolved and casted to form membranes. The gas-transport properties of toxic gases including NO, NO2 and SO2 in various PSS membranes were investigated utilizing an apparatus for single-gas permeation measurement. The results showed that the permeability coefficients of all tested toxic gases decreased with increasing extent of sulfonation. In different membranes, the permeability coefficients decreased in the order of Pg(PSSH) > Pg(PSSNa) > Pg(PSSMg). The diffusion coefficients in the membranes were obtained by using the time-lag method. They were found to decrease in the order of DNO>DSO2>DNO2, which was consistent with the inverses order of gas molecular sizes. Finally, the solubility coefficients of toxic gases were deduced from the relationship, Sg=Pg/Dg, and NO2 and SO2 showed unusually high solubility coefficients in PSS membranes. The permeability coefficients for NO2 and SO2 were obtained varying from 250 to 5000 barrers, which were much greater than those for general gases permeating through polymeric membranes. This observation was due to the significant increase in the solubility coefficients. Besides, PSS membranes showed high NO2 and SO2 selectivities related to NO which were mainly contributed by the high solubility selectivities for NO2 and SO2 related to NO.
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Yang, Chih-yu, and 楊智宇. "Application of Sulfonated Polystyrene as Solid Polymeric Electrolyte to Prepare for Amperometric NO2 Gas Sensors." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82545247940501532248.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄大學
化學工程及材料工程學系碩士班
98
A family of proton polystyrenesulfonate(PSSH) membranes was synthesized using polystyrene and acetyl sulfate. The extent of sulfonation varies from 4.36 to 36.69 mol%. The conductivity of PSSH films of various contents of sulfonation was measured using AC Impedance method. The results showed that the conductivity coefficient varied from 5.7×10-4 Scm-1to 2.3×10-2 Scm-1as the sulfonation content varied from 4.36 mol% to 36.69 mol%. The sensing assembly was fabricated by sputtering Au onto the masked surface of a porous aluminum oxide substrate (Anopore®), followed by coating a thin film of PSSH film as the electrolyte. The amperometric measurement of this sensing device was performed by conducting the gas stream directly toward the PSSH film while water storaging in the back side of Anopore® to provide the suitable humidity for the PSSH membrane. The calibration curve of 100~600 ppm NO2 was linear and the sensitivity was 109.4 nA/cm2ppm, under the conditions of gas flow of 100ml/min and working potential of 750mV(vs. Au-QRE).
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Chung, Pei-Yuan, and 鍾培源. "The Study of Proton Exchange Membrane for DMFC by Mixing Modified Montmorillonite with Sulfonated Polystyrene." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11904288234033800546.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
化學工程學研究所
96
Direct methanol fuel cell has potential for small power supply to portable devices. At the moment, there are still several serious barriers for DMFC application. First, the performance of conductivity and permeability of proton exchange membrane is not well enough. The other problem is the slow electrode kinetics of methanol in the present of electrocatalyst. Perfluoro-carbon sulfonic acid such as Nafion® membrane has been used for proton exchange membrane. But the methanol permeability of Nafion membrane is still high. In this study, polystyrene is prepared and used for direct methanol fuel cell. The ratio of proton conductivity to methanol permeability for partial sulfonated polystyrene is higher than Nafion. The performances of various membranes by using various solvents for membrane preparation has been investigated. Modified montmorillonite (MMT) of nano clay, which has large surface area were blended with partial sulfonated polystyrene, and were intended to be used for reducing methanol permeability. The performance of membrane using dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent is better than other solvents. The membrane with degree of sulfonation 14.38% has the C/P ratio 1.9 times of Nafion. We have found that MMT blended with partial sulfonated polystyrene couldn’t reduce methanol permeability as expected. The membrane thermal stability can be enhanced by blending MMT. Mixing 1 wt% MMT with sulfonated polystyrene can raise the decomposition temperature about 15 oC. Using chlorobenzene/n-butanol as solvent the dispersion of MMT in sulfonated polystyrene can be found to be exfoliated from TEM and XRD analyses.
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Lee, Wei-Luen, and 李維倫. "Sulfonated Polystyrene Impregnated Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Membrane as Proton Exchange Membranes for the Application in Fuel Cell." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94027438361377568395.
Full textAbstract:
碩士元智大學
化學工程學系
90
In this study, porous poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) membranes were treated with Ar/H2 plasma to enhance their surface activity, and then impregnated with sulfonated atactic polystyrene (SaPS). The obtained membranes were tested for the application as proton exchange membranes (PEM) in fuel cell. A series of standard characterization methods were used to identify the membrane properties, such as FIIR-ATR/microscopy, SEM observation, EDX, density measurements, thermal analysis, mechanical test, swelling test in water and in methanol, chemical stability, gas permeability, and AC impedance analysis. The properties of PTFE-SaPS membranes were compared with those of Nafion-117 with an aim to be used for the fabrication of membrane electrode assembly (MEA). After plasma treatment, the hydrophilicity of the membrane surface was improved as the water contact angle of the membrane dropped from 141 ±4° to 102 ±5°. FTIR-microscopy and SEM observation confirmed the impregnation of the sulfonated polystyrene on the surface as well as in the inner pores of the membranes. The permeabilities of oxygen and hydrogen through the PTFE-SaPS membranes were one to two orders lower than those through Nafion-117 membranes. The ion conductivity of the PTFE-SaPS increased as temperature, humidity, and ion-exchange capacity (degree of sulfonation) and degree of swelling of the membranes. When the humidity was 35 %, the ion conductivity of PTFE-SaPS membranes was close to 1.0×10-3 s/cm and it was lower than that of Nafion-117 membrane (σ＝5.7×10-3 S/cm). At 95 % humidity, the ion conductivity of PTFE-SaPS (σ＝1.0 ×10-2 S/cm) was better than Nafion-117 membrane (σ＝6.4×10-3 S/cm). Based on all the data, PTFE-SaPS membranes have potential to be used for PEMFC.
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Chen, Yung-ta, and 陳永達. "Sulfonated Polystyrene Impregnated with Ionic Liquids as Proton Exchange Membranes for the Application in Fuel Cells." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47758909357437958814.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄大學
化學工程及材料工程學系碩士班
102
The subject of this study is sulfonated polystyrene (PSS) impregnated with ionic liquids (ILs) as PEM for the application in fuel cells. PS is sulfonated by acetyl sulfate. The PSS/IL composite membranes are prepared by solution casting of PSS/ILs solutions. The characteristic properties of PSS/IL composite membranes are investigated including proton conductivity. The proton conductivity of PSS of 31.99mol% sulfonation level is obtained about 1.841×10-2S/cm which is in the same magnitude of order as the commercial Nafion membrane(9.63×10-2 S/cm). At 80℃, the proton conductivity of Nafion membrane decreases to 1.85×10-2 S/cm because of the loss of water. However, when temperature is increased from ambient temperature to 80℃, the proton conductivity is enhanced from 3.07×10-2 to 5.56×10-2 S/cm for PSS/EMICl composite membrane, and from 1.77×10-2 to 4.37×10-2 S/cm for PSS/EMICF3SO3 composite membrane. The results imply that the decrease of proton conductivity due to loss of water can be compensated by adding ILs into PSS membrane. The dissociation of ILs might be the major effect for enhancement of proton conductivity of composite membrane. Membrane electrode assembly(MEA) is manufactured by hot-pressing composite membrane in-between two catalytical electrodes. The performance of single fuel cell is carried out using H2/O2 as fuel. The maximum power density of PSS/EMICF3SO3 membrane-based MEA is found to be 43.7% higher than that found in PSS membrane-based MEA. The results suggest that PSS blended with ionic liquids can indeed improve the performance of MEA. The performance of fuel cells with various PSS/IL composite membranes will be explored.
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HSIEH, PO-HSUAN, and 謝帛軒. "The Study on the Preparation of Sulfonated Polystyrene Blended With Synthesized Ionic Liquids for the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42020012627780323862.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄大學
化學工程及材料工程學系碩士班
105
In this study, ionic liquids were synthesized utilizing quaternization reaction of imidazoles, followed by ion-exchanging using specific salts. The successfully synthesized six kinds of [HMIM] series of low melting point ionic liquids induced [HMIM][Cl]，[HMIM][Br]，[HMIM][I]，[HMIM][BF4]，[HMIM][PF6]，[HMIM][SCN]. The yields for the synthesized ionic liquids were in the range of 51% to 94%. The natures of these synthesized ionic liquids were characterized using 1H-NMR, FT-IR, TGA, ion chromatography, and the solubility test. The process of synthesizing [HMIM][SCN] will generate or remain two materials(NaBr, [HMIM][Br]) which can dissociate and generate bromide ion. Through purifying and instrument detection, in the sensitivity range of instrument, it found no bromide ion. The purities of other synthesized ionic liquids were closed to 98 and 99%. The PSS/IL composite membranes were prepared by solution casting of PSS/ILs solutions in various mole ratio of sulfonated group to ionic liquid. Membrane electrode assemblys (MEAs) were manufactured using the hot-pressing method. The polarization curves (I-E curves) of fuel cells based on MEAs of various PSS/IL composite membrane were measured using a fuel cell test station. The electrode areas of MEA prepared with various ratio mole ratio of sulfonate group to ionic liquid were mainly 1 cm x 1 cm. OCVs ranged from 0.423 V to 0.908 V were observed. Maximum power density varies from 0.4 mW/cm2 to 14.3 mW/cm2, and relative maximum current density ranged from 2 mA/cm2 to 43.6 mA/cm2. Among these MEAs based on various , MEA PSS/IL 40mol% PSS/[HMIM][PF6] in mole ratio of 1:0.25 showed the maximum power density with obtained of 14.3 mW/cm2 while the relative voltage and current density were formed to be 0.409 V and 35 mA/cm2, respectively.
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Hrdinková, Veronika. "Studium sulfonovaných polystyrenových nanotkanin s enkapsulovanym sensitizerem." Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-295831.
Full textAbstract:
The diploma thesis is dedicated to the exploitation of sulphonated polystyrene nanofibres as ion exchange nanomaterial. Ion exchange capacity of these nanomaterials has been determined by titration method and AAS. The effect of sulphonation on photophysical, photooxidative and photocytotoxic properties of sensitizer 5,10,15,20-meso- tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) encapsulated in polystyrene nanofibres has been studied as well. Properties of TPP have been examined with time-resolved spectroscopy, photooxidation of uric acid as substrate and bactericidal tests on Escherichia coli DH5α with pGEM11Z plasmid. It has been discovered that following the sulphonation of the nanofabrics, the encapsulated sensitizer is partly present even in aggregation form. The polystyrene nanofabrics with encapsulated sensitizer keep its bactericidal efficiency also after sulphonation.
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Liou, Ling-Shih, and 劉玲詩. "Entry in emulsion polymerization using a mixture of sodium polystyrene sulfonate-b-polystyrene and sodium dodecyl sulfate as the surfactant." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02280937206324094248.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
化學工程學所
97
This study has prepared sodium polystyrene sulfonate – b –polystyrene (NaPSS-b-PS), which exhibits surface activity with NaPSS block as the hydrophilic moiety and PS block as the hydrophobic moiety. Using mixtures of NaPSS-b-PS and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the emulsifier, we performed the emulsion polymerization of styrene and investigate the entry of oligomeric radicals into the emulsion particles. The surfactant NaPSS-b-PS was prepared by using the stable free-radical polymerization technique. Using benzoyl peroxide and 2, 2, 6, 6- tetramethyl- piperidinooxy (Tempo) as initiator , we prepared NaPSS macroradical first, then polymerized with styrene to have the PS block. The NaPSS block has Mw of 66700, and the PS block has Mw of 29300, according to the gel permeation chromatographic determination. The value of polymer number per particle (np)increases monotonously with increasing the volume – average particle diameter (Dv). The Dv at turning point of the recipe series of using singlesurfactant of SDS (D series) is smaller than that of the recipe series of using mixed-surfactant of SDS and NaPSS-b-PS (E series). The E series have the lower capture rate (hence, the PS has higher molecular weight), and the higher polymerization rate. Compared the results using NaPSS (Mw=70000) and SDS reported elsewhere, we found our E series have the smaller particle size, lower capture rate , and the faster polymerization.
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Chang, Yu-Fan, and 鍾宇凡. "Study of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polystyrene Sulfonate/α-MnO2 as Composite Cathode for Zinc-Air Battery." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q36rjz.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
105
This study use the simple experimental to make α-MnO2 have different ratio of a little bit of PEDOT:PSS coating. PEDOT：PSS provide electronic transmission path to α-MnO2, because α-MnO2 have poor conductivity and promote battery performance. In this study, α-MnO2 powders were prepared by solvent-free solid state method. Different ratio of PEDOT：PSS/α-MnO2 were prepared by sol-gel method. The materials had been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM). It was observed that the α-MnO2 prepared by solvent-free solid state method was a rod-like type with a little bit of PEDOT: PSS distribution on the surface of the material. Different PEDOT: PSS ratio of α-MnO2 catalyst with carbon coated on carbon paper. Preparation of air cathode were used for studying the electrochemical properties by half-cell polarization curve, full-cell charge/discharge test, EIS analysis and zinc air battery discharge test. Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) measurement exhibited the current density of 1 %PEDOT: PSS/α-MnO2 further reached -297.67 mA/cm2 at -0.6 V(vs. SCE). Cycle stability test demonstrated the Coulombic efficiency of any ratio of PEDOT :PSS/ α-MnO2 close to 90 %. EIS analysis revealed 1 %PEDOT: PSS/α-MnO2 has lower Rct. It was demonstrated that 1 %PEDOT: PSS/α-MnO2 was evidently provided with excellent electrochemical activity.
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HUANG, CHUN-FU, and 黃俊富. "Multiwall Carbon Nanotube and Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): Polystyrene Sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) Composite Films for Silicon Solar Cell." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/sq7cty.
Full textAbstract:
碩士南臺科技大學
光電工程系
107
The formation of p-n junction in a traditional silicon solar cell needs hightemperature process. Recently, polymer/n-Si hybrid solar cells feature the low cost advantage for their simple and low temperature processing therefore it is worthy for further study. In this study, we will replace PEDOT:PSS with CNT-PEDOT:PSS composite to fabricate the CNT-PEDOT:PSS/n-Si heterojunction solar cell. PEDOT:PSS is commonly used as a p-type semiconductor or hole transport layer in the organic solar cell because its high transparency and good conductivity. This study hopes to optimize the characteristics of PEDOT:PSS by the doping of CNT, so that the efficiency of CNT-PEDOT:PSS/n-Si heterojunction solar cell can be further improved. CNT-PEDOT:PSS films were fabricated with mixed of PEDOT:PSS and CNT aqueous solutions by spin coating. In order to optimize the conductivity of CNT-PEDOT:PSS, we first optimized the content of DMSO in PEDOT:PSS, and then followed a systematic study in varying CNT content. The optical and electrical properties of CNT-PEDOT:PSS films were characterized by UV-VIS spectrometry and four point probe, respectively. Finally, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of CNT-PEDOT:PSS/n-Si heterojunction solar cell was performed under AM1.5 illumination with a solar simulator. The results show that CNT-PEDOT:PSS composite could effectively enhance the PCE of CNT-PEDOT:PSS/n-Si heterojunction solar cell. The highest PCE of 7.1% is achieved for CNT-PEDOT:PSS/n-Si solar cell with 3% CNT in composite. This value is 47% higher than the PCE of PEDOT:PSS/n-Si solar cell.