Academic literature on the topic 'Polyurethan foam production'
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Journal articles on the topic "Polyurethan foam production"
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Jeffs, G. M. F., and D. J. Sparrow. "Progress in the Reduction and Elimination of the Use of CFCs in Rigid Polyurethane Foam." Cellular Polymers 9, no. 4 (1990): 253–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248939000900401.
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There is a growing consensus that CFCs will be phased out by the year 2000. Finding other ways of blowing polyurethane foams whilst retaining their excellent insulation properties is the major technical challenge currently facing the polyurethanes industry. The most promising technical solution to date is the replacement of CFC 11, the principal blowing agent for rigid polyurethane foams, by either HFA 123 or HFA 141b. Both are proving to be viable alternatives. Significant progress has already been made in reducing substantially the amount of CFC 11 needed for foam manufacture by using a dual-blowing approach – up to 50% of CFC 11 is replaced by an equimolar amount of carbon dioxide. This has been achieved by systems optimisation without compromising insulation values or other properties. Such systems are in production in the appliance industry in Western Europe and are now being commercialised in the USA and Far East. Similar technology has been developed for panels and laminates in the construction industry and systems are now being commercialised. A variety of options to replace CFC 11 totally is under investigation. Complete blowing with carbon dioxide has several drawbacks, but has to be given further consideration. The development of a wider range of air-impermeable facing materials to eliminate rapid λ-value ageing is seen as a key technical requirement. However, hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) products are seen increasingly by the polyurethanes industry as the most viable alternatives for polyurethane foam blowing. HFA 123 and HFA 141b have greatly reduced capabilities for ozone depletion and their global warming potentials are also significantly less than CFC 11. Since toxicity testing is not yet complete, commercial production of either product is unable to start before 1993, given the most optimistic progress. Short-term solutions are being developed for some markets before these alternatives are introduced, but availability of at least one of these HFAs is considered to be essential for polyurethane foam manufacture over a 30 to 40 year timescale.
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Lee, Joo Hyung, Seong Hun Kim, and Kyung Wha Oh. "Bio-Based Polyurethane Foams with Castor Oil Based Multifunctional Polyols for Improved Compressive Properties." Polymers 13, no. 4 (2021): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040576.
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Currently, most commercial polyols used in the production of polyurethane (PU) foam are derived from petrochemicals. To address concerns relating to environmental pollution, a sustainable resource, namely, castor oil (CO), was used in this study. To improve the production efficiency, sustainability, and compressive strength of PU foam, which is widely used as an impact-absorbing material for protective equipment, PU foam was synthesized with CO-based multifunctional polyols. CO-based polyols with high functionalities were synthesized via a facile thiol-ene click reaction method and their chemical structures were analyzed. Subsequently, a series of polyol blends of castor oil and two kinds of castor oil-based polyols with different hydroxyl values was prepared and the viscosity of the blends was analyzed. Polyurethane foams were fabricated from the polyol blends via a free-rising method. The effects of the composition of the polyol blends on the structural, morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of the polyurethane foams were investigated. The results demonstrated that the fabrication of polyurethane foams from multifunctional polyol blends is an effective way to improve their compressive properties. We expect these findings to widen the range of applications of bio-based polyurethane foams.
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Ugarte, Lorena, Tamara Calvo-Correas, Itziar Gonzalez-Gurrutxaga, et al. "Towards Circular Economy: Different Strategies for Polyurethane Waste Recycling and the Obtaining of New Products." Proceedings 2, no. 23 (2018): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2231490.
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As a consequence of the high production and simultaneous consumption of polyurethanes (PU) a great volume of PU waste is landfilled. In this scenario, suitable and efficient routes for PU waste recycling have been searched for many years. In this work two series of PUs using different recycled PU sources were synthesized: a thermoplastic PU series using a glycolysated polyol obtained from the glycolysis of elastomeric PU waste (chemical recycling) and a PU flexible foam series loaded with PU dust waste created in the shaping of PU surf tables (mechanical recycling). Results showed that the incorporation of recycled components in the formulation improved mechanical properties both in the case of thermoplastic polyurethanes and polyurethane foams. The optimum glycolysated polyol was fixed in 15% over the total polyol weight for thermoplastic PUs. In the case of foams, a maximum of 20% PU dust over the polyol weight was incorporated.
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Polaczek, Krzysztof, Maria Kurańska, Elżbieta Malewska, Małgorzata Czerwicka-Pach, and Aleksander Prociak. "From Bioresources to Thermal Insulation Materials: Synthesis and Properties of Two-Component Open-Cell Spray Polyurethane Foams Based on Bio-Polyols from Used Cooking Oil." Materials 16, no. 18 (2023): 6139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16186139.
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Open-cell spray polyurethane foams are widely used as highly efficient thermal insulation materials with vapor permeability and soundproofing properties. Unfortunately, for the production of commercial foams, mainly non-renewable petrochemical raw materials are used. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of completely replacing petrochemical polyols (the main raw material used in the synthesis of polyurethanes, alongside isocyanates) with bio-polyols obtained from used cooking oils, classified as waste materials. The research consisted of three stages: the synthesis of bio-polyols, the development of polyurethane foam systems under laboratory conditions, and the testing of developed polyurethane spray systems under industrial conditions. The synthesis of the bio-polyols was carried out by using two different methods: a one-step transesterification process using triethanolamine and a two-step process of epoxidation and opening oxirane rings with diethylene glycol. The obtained bio-polyols were analyzed using gel chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The developed polyurethane foam formulations included two types of fire retardants: halogenated tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and halogen-free triethyl phosphate (TEP). In the formulations of polyurethane systems, reactive amine catalysts were employed, which become incorporated into the polymer matrix during foaming, significantly reducing their emission after application. The foams were manufactured on both a laboratory and industrial scale using high-pressure spray machines under conditions recommended by commercial system manufacturers: spray pressure 80–100 bar, component temperature 45–52 °C, and component volumetric ratio 1:1. The open-cell foams had apparent densities 14–21.5 kg/m3, thermal conductivity coefficients 35–38 mW/m∙K, closed-cell contents <5%, water vapor diffusion resistance factors (μ) <6, and limiting oxygen indexes 21.3–21.5%. The properties of the obtained foams were comparable to commercial materials. The developed polyurethane spray systems can be used as thermal insulation materials for insulating interior walls, attics, and ceilings.
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Sullivan, W. F., and A. K. Thomas. "The Use of An All CO2 Blown Foam in Production." Cellular Polymers 11, no. 1 (1992): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248939201100102.
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Prior to the Montreal Protocol on ozone depleting substances, dichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) had been widely used in polyurethane foam formulations as both a blowing agent and to endow the foam with excellent insulation properties. Now, U.S. manufacturers of products containing rigid polyurethane foam insulation must face the challenge of eliminating CFC-11 from their products. This must be done while retaining the excellent insulation properties that have made PUR foam the most effective insulation material in use today. Elimination of CFC-11 without any reduction in foam insulation efficiency can be achieved with novel foam systems now in commercial use. These foam systems use C02 as a replacement for CFC-11, but otherwise they are equivalent to CFC-11 based foams in all other respects. Insulated vending equipment is being produced with foam using all C02 blowing and the foam performance is equivalent to, and in some respects better than, the CFC-based foam it replaced. The vending machines have been tested for dimensional stability and energy consumption and initial measurements indicate that the new C02 blown foam gives the same results as CFC-based foams. Of particular concern to manufacturers is the processability of all C02 blown insulation foams. An experimental design was used to evaluate the processing latitude of variables such as chemical temperatures, mixing pressures, and fixture and preheat temperatures. The effect of varying these process variables on foam performance is reviewed. Particularly how these process variables affect demould time, adhesion, overall physical properties and insulation value.
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Domingos, Idalina J., Ana P. Fernandes, José Ferreira, Luísa Cruz-Lopes, and Bruno M. Esteves. "Polyurethane foams from liquefied Eucalyptus globulus branches." BioResources 14, no. 1 (2018): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.1.31-43.
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Currently, polyurethane (PU) production is completely dependent upon fossil oil, as the two primary reagents necessary for PU production, polyol and isocyanate, are derived from fossil fuels. Eucalyptus branches are waste products for most forest management companies. In this work, polyols obtained by the liquefaction of eucalyptus branches were used for foam production. The influence of the isocyanate, catalyst, surfactant, and blowing agent contents on the foam properties was studied. Overall the amount of each chemical used in the production of PU foams had a noticeable effect on the density and compressive properties. The amount of water (blowing agent) had the strongest effect and decreased the density and compressive properties because of higher foam expansion. The other chemicals increased or decreased the density and compressive stress depending on the amount used. The density of the produced foams ranged from 36 kg/m3 to 108 kg/m3, the compressive stress ranged from 15 kPa to 149 kPa, and the Young’s modulus ranged from 64 kPa to 2100 kPa. The results showed that it is possible to convert these forest residues into PU foams with properties somewhat similar to those of commercial foams, although with a lower compressive strength.
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Sendijarevic, Ibrahim, Karol W. Pietrzyk, Christi M. Schiffman, Vahid Sendijarevic, Alper Kiziltas, and Debbie Mielewski. "Polyol from spent coffee grounds: Performance in a model pour-in-place rigid polyurethane foam system." Journal of Cellular Plastics 56, no. 6 (2020): 630–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x20912204.
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The objective of this study was to produce a polyol from spent coffee grounds via acid liquification process that meets performance requirements for use in polyurethane applications. The spent coffee grounds based polyol was characterized and evaluated on a fully catalyzed model rigid polyurethane foam system. The pH of the polyol was 6.8, acid value 4.12 mg KOH/g, and hydroxyl value 302.6 mg KOH/g, which are in the range of polyols used in rigid polyurethane foams. The reactivity study confirmed enhanced reactivity of the spent coffee grounds polyol compared to standard sucrose-glycerol initiated polyether polyols, which can be attributed to higher content of primary reactive hydroxyls. Scanning electron microscopy microphotographs of the foams prepared with 10%, 20%, and 30% spent coffee grounds polyol based on total polyols in the formulation revealed a drained dodecahedron type cell structure with intact cell windows as a clear indication of the closed cell structure typical for the rigid polyurethane foams used in thermal insulation applications. Results of this study confirmed the feasibility to produce polyols from spent coffee grounds with performance characteristics suitable for polyurethane application. The fact that spent coffee grounds are readily available industrial waste generated in instant coffee manufacturing, makes this biomass residue a sustainable source of raw materials for scalable production of polyols for polyurethanes.
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Omotoyinbo, Joseph Ajibade, Isiaka Oluwole Oladele, Jamiu Mosebolatan Jabar, et al. "Comparative investigation of the influence of kaolin and dolomite on the properties of polyurethane foam." Manufacturing Review 8 (2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2021025.
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This work investigates the influence of kaolin and dolomite on the properties of polyurethane foam. The selected fillers were pulverized and sieved to obtained < 90 μm that were used as reinforcements in the polyurethane matrix in a randomly dispersed mode. The matrix constituents were mixed in the same ratio while fillers were introduced via a one-shot system approach in predetermined proportions of 3–7 wt.%. The work was carried out to identify optimum fillers to be utilized in the production of polyurethane rigid foams given the effect of the fillers on the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the foam. FTIR, XRF, and SEM and mechanical property tests were carried out on the filled polyurethane foam. The presence of the fillers in the foam showed a rupture in the structure of the foams with the cells having similar arrangements. The addition of dolomite and Kaolin degrades the sulfonic acid groups and promoted the appearance of Si–O stretching vibration band. The density, hardness, flexural and compressive strengths of the polyurethane foam were enhanced with the the addition of dolomite and kaolin particles.
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Paciorek-Sadowska, Joanna, Marcin Borowicz, Marek Isbrandt, Bogusław Czupryński, and Łukasz Apiecionek. "The Use of Waste from the Production of Rapeseed Oil for Obtaining of New Polyurethane Composites." Polymers 11, no. 9 (2019): 1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11091431.
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This article presents the results of research on obtaining new polyurethane materials modified by a by-product from vegetable oils industry—rapeseed cake. The chemical composition of rapeseed cake was examined. Rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (RPU/PIR) foams containing a milled rapeseed cake in their composition were obtained as part of the conducted research. Biofiller was added in amount of 30 wt.% up to 60 wt.%. Effects of rapeseed cake on the foaming process, cell structure and selected properties of foams, such as apparent density, compressive strength, brittleness, flammability, absorbability, water absorption, thermal resistance and thermal conductivity are described. The foaming process of RPU/PIR foams modified by rapeseed cake was characterized by a lower reactivity, lower foaming temperature and decrease in dielectric polarization. This resulted in a slowed formation of the polyurethane matrix. Apparent density of RPU/PIR foams with biofiller was higher than in unmodified foam. Addition of rapeseed cake did not have a significant influence on the thermal conductivity of obtained materials. However, we observed a tendency for opening the cells of modified foams and obtaining a smaller cross-sectional area of cells. This led to an increase of absorbability and water absorption of obtained materials. However, an advantageous effect of using rapeseed cake in polyurethane formulations was noted. Modified RPU/PIR foams had higher compressive strength, lower brittleness and lower flammability than reference foam.
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Udayakumar, Mahitha, Renáta Zsanett Boros, László Farkas, et al. "Composite Carbon Foams as an Alternative to the Conventional Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon in Catalytic Application." Materials 14, no. 16 (2021): 4540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164540.
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The suitability of a new type of polyurethane-based composite carbon foam for several possible usages is evaluated and reported. A comparison of the properties of the as-prepared carbon foams was performed with widely available commercial biomass-derived activated carbon. Carbon foams were synthesized from polyurethane foams with different graphite contents through one-step activation using CO2. In this work, a carbon catalyst was synthesized with a moderately active surface (SBET = 554 m2/g), a thermal conductivity of 0.09 W/mK, and a minimum metal ion content of 0.2 wt%, which can be recommended for phosgene production. The composite carbon foams exhibited better thermal stability, as there is a very little weight loss at temperatures below 500 °C, and weight loss is slower at temperatures above 500 °C (phosgene synthesis: 550–700 °C). Owing to the good surface and thermal properties and the negligible metallic impurities, composite carbon foam produced from polyurethane foams are the best alternative to the conventional coconut-based activated carbon catalyst used in phosgene gas production.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polyurethan foam production"
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Ketter, Kevin M. "Statistical validation in process capability for a high pressure flexible polyurethane foam pouring machine." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2007. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2007/2007ketterk.pdf.
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Zhang, Xiang. "One-pot catalytic reaction of crude glycerin for biopolyols and polyurethane foam production." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306458447.
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Oppon, Charles. "An investigation into the characteristics of polyurethane foam for medical applications produced using additive manufacturing technology." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2016. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/31612/.
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Polyurethane (PU) foam has unique characteristics making it suitable for many applications such as: aeronautics, automotive, building construction, marine, and many house-hold applications. PU’s biodegradability, biocompatibility, lightweight, and durability make it suitable for several medical applications. The porous structure of PU foams enables them to be used for lightweight components and for medical applications where the permeability allows nutrients to reach cell growth areas. The foam components are currently mainly manufactured by material removal i.e. subtractive machining or a casting/moulding processes. Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes (3D printing), build components in 2D layers and have been utilised to manufacture a range of products for many applications including: jewelry, footwear, industrial design, architecture, engineering and construction, etc. The additive processes have the ability to generate internal hollow structures or scaffolds. The nature of parts produced by AM technologies makes it fit for lightweight products such as aerospace parts, medical scaffolds, etc., in metals and polymers, however the technology has not been used to produce objects using PU as its material, due to the foaming nature of the material when its two base materials (polyol and Diisocyanate) encounter with each other. This research has undertaken a critical review of PU foaming processes, medical applications, and characteristics of AM technology processes. The effect of resins mixing ratios, temperature, and foaming direction on the physical and mechanical properties of PU foam have been investigated and used as a base to establish a platform for further development. The research has evaluated the suitability of Additive manufactured PU foam structures for further application such as medical scaffolds by comparing the foams produced using traditional method and have developed an AM production method (In-flight mixing system) for the material (PU). Based on the evaluations, a new technique has been pro-posed and tested which is able to generate PU 3D structures. Foam produced by the designed system has average pore size of 689μm which will allow the following: the flow of fluid such as blood, diffusion of waste products out of the scaffold, and cell infiltration and can therefore be suggested for the production of medi-cal scaffolds.
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Hu, Shengjun. "Production and Characterization of Bio-based Polyols and Polyurethanes from Biodiesel-derived Crude Glycerol and Lignocellulosic Biomass." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374051355.
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Ferrari, Felipe Augusto. "Estudo da produção de ácidohialurônico por cultivo de "Streptococus zooepidemicus" em espuma de poliuretano = Study of the production of hyaluronic acid by "Streptococcus zooepidemicus" cultivation in polyurethane foam." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266667.
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Orientadores: Maria Helena Andrade Santana, Reinaldo Gaspar Bastos<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T21:01:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2012<br>Resumo: Neste trabalho estudou-se a produção de ácido hialurônico por cultivo em estado sólido de Streptococcus zooepidemicus em colunas de leito fixo utilizando espuma de poliuretano (EPU) como suporte inerte. Em um primeiro momento, ensaios preliminares foram desenvolvidos visando um melhor conhecimento do sistema. Constatou-se que este não apresentava robustez suficiente para a otimização e escalonamento do processo. Tendo em vista tais aspectos, foi desenvolvido um novo sistema de leito fixo, o CAS-SSF (central aeration system to solid state cultivation), que direciona o fluxo de ar diretamente no interior do leito, aumentando a eficiência na distribuição de oxigênio. Um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR) foi desenvolvido para a concentração inicial de glicose (CIG) e aeração (Aer) objetivando a otimização para essas duas variáveis. Entretanto não foi possível estabelecer um modelo estatístico que se ajustasse satisfatoriamente aos dados experimentais, impossibilitando a análise da superfície de resposta para as variáveis em questão. Contudo, avaliando-se a CIG, pode-se observar que, dentre as condições estudadas, a concentração inicial de 15g.L-1 apresentou maior rendimento de AH por massa de substrato, sendo este de 0,24 g de AH por g de glicose consumida. Se avaliado o comportamento do sistema ao longo de 12 ensaios sequências, fazendo o reuso do suporte nos cultivos, pode-se observar que a EPU manteve constante as propriedades do leito quanto ao tamanho médio dos poros e área superficial. Os valores obtidos ao longo dos ensaios não apresentaram diferença significativa ao nível de 5%, obtendo-se uma produção média de 1,24 mg de AH por grama de EPU<br>Abstract: In this work we studied the production of hyaluronic acid by solid state cultivation of Streptococcus zooepidemicus in packed bed columns using polyurethane foam (PUF) as inert support. At first, preliminary experiment were conducted to better understanding of the system. It was verified that the system, initially employed did not have enough reliability of results for optimization and scheduling process. In view of these aspects were carried out modifications and developed a new system of packed bed, the CAS-SSC (Central Aeration System to Solid State Cultivation), to directly flow air into the bed, increasing the efficiency of oxygen distribution. A central composite rotational design (CCRD) was developed for the initial glucose concentration (IGC) and aeration (Aer) aiming the optimization for these two variables. However it was not possible to establish a statistical model that satisfactorily fits the experimental data, precluding the analysis of response surface for the variables in question. However, evaluating the IGC, among the conditions studied, the initial concentration of 15g.L-1 showed the highest AH yield per mass of substrate, 0.24 g of HA per g of glucose consumed. When we observe the system behavior over a sequence of 12 tests, reusing the support over the cultivations, the EPU kept constant the bed properties average pore size and surface area. The values obtained during the tests showed no significant difference at 5% level, giving an average production of 1.24 mg of HA per gram of EPU<br>Mestrado<br>Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos<br>Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Covizzi, Luiz Gustavo [UNESP]. "Seleção de um suporte sintético para imobilizar células do Botryospaheria rhodina e comparação da produção de lacase por células livres e imobilizadas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88405.
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covizzi_lg_me_sjrp.pdf: 1482206 bytes, checksum: 2f1c1f77dc261f160aba2bc3a1d1ffea (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>O uso de células microbianas imobilizadas para aumentar a produção de metabólitos fúngicos em processos fermentativos tem mostrado altos rendimentos. Nesse trabalho foi avaliado pela primeira vez, a imobilização de células do Botryosphaeria rhodina, um fungo ligninolitico produtor constitutivo de lacases. Três suportes foram avaliados: Fibra Acrílica Fina (FAF); Espuma de Poliuretano Expandido (EPE); Espuma de Poliuretano Fibroso (EPF). O EPF foi o melhor suporte por ter mostrado uma imobilização mais homogenia das células. Um planejamento fatorial foi desenvolvido para otimizar a produção de lacases por células livres, na presença de álcool veratrílico (AV). A análise da superfície de resposta mostrou que 18mM como a melhor concentração de AV para a produção de lacases, usando-se 3 mL de homogeinato de células como inóculo (DOλ400nm 0.4-0.6) para 25 mL de meio de cultura em frascos de 125mL, a 180 rmp, durante 126 horas a 28ºC. O perfil de crescimento do fungo, associado a produção de lacase foram comparados na presença e na ausência de AV, usando-se células livres e células imobilizadas do B. rhodina. A imobilização aumentou aproximadamente 3 vezes a produção de lacases e manteve estável o nível de produção durante 6 reciclos. A imobilização de células do B. rhodina mostrou-se útil uma vez que economizou 72horas para atingir a maior produção de lacase, quando comparada com células livres e também aumentou a tolerância do fungo a concentrações mais altas de AV (500mM)<br>The use of microbial immobilized cells to increase the production of fungal metabolites in fermentation processes has showed higher yields. This work evaluated by the first time, the immobilization of Botryosphaeria rhodina cells, a ligninolytic fungus that produces laccase. Three carriers were evaluated: acrylic fine fiber (FAF), expanded polyurethane foam (EPE), and fiber polyurethane foam (EPF). The EPF was the best carrier because showed a homogeneous immobilization cells. A factorial design was developed in order to optimize the laccase production by free cells in the presence of the laccase inducer veratryl alcohol (VA). The analysis by response surface answer showed 18 mM as the best VA concentration to produce laccase using 3 mL of a cell homogenate (ODλ400nm 0.4-0.6) as inoculum, to 25 mL of culture medium in shaked flasks (125 mL) at 180 rpm, during 126 hours at 28 °C. A growth profile for laccase and fungal biomass production were compared with and without VA using free and immobilized cells of B. rhodina. The cell immobilization increased approximately 3 folds the laccase production and maintained it stable during 6 consecutive recycles. The cell immobilization of B. rhodina showed to be useful once saved 72 hours to achieve the higher laccase production when compared to the one with free cells, and also increased the fungal cell tolerance at higher VA concentrations (500 mM)
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Covizzi, Luiz Gustavo. "Seleção de um suporte sintético para imobilizar células do Botryospaheria rhodina e comparação da produção de lacase por células livres e imobilizadas /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88405.
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Orientador: Roberto da Silva<br>Banca: Crispin Humberto Garcia Cruz<br>Banca: Aneli de Melo Barbosa<br>Resumo: O uso de células microbianas imobilizadas para aumentar a produção de metabólitos fúngicos em processos fermentativos tem mostrado altos rendimentos. Nesse trabalho foi avaliado pela primeira vez, a imobilização de células do Botryosphaeria rhodina, um fungo ligninolitico produtor constitutivo de lacases. Três suportes foram avaliados: Fibra Acrílica Fina (FAF); Espuma de Poliuretano Expandido (EPE); Espuma de Poliuretano Fibroso (EPF). O EPF foi o melhor suporte por ter mostrado uma imobilização mais homogenia das células. Um planejamento fatorial foi desenvolvido para otimizar a produção de lacases por células livres, na presença de álcool veratrílico (AV). A análise da superfície de resposta mostrou que 18mM como a melhor concentração de AV para a produção de lacases, usando-se 3 mL de homogeinato de células como inóculo (DOλ400nm 0.4-0.6) para 25 mL de meio de cultura em frascos de 125mL, a 180 rmp, durante 126 horas a 28ºC. O perfil de crescimento do fungo, associado a produção de lacase foram comparados na presença e na ausência de AV, usando-se células livres e células imobilizadas do B. rhodina. A imobilização aumentou aproximadamente 3 vezes a produção de lacases e manteve estável o nível de produção durante 6 reciclos. A imobilização de células do B. rhodina mostrou-se útil uma vez que economizou 72horas para atingir a maior produção de lacase, quando comparada com células livres e também aumentou a tolerância do fungo a concentrações mais altas de AV (500mM)<br>Abstract: The use of microbial immobilized cells to increase the production of fungal metabolites in fermentation processes has showed higher yields. This work evaluated by the first time, the immobilization of Botryosphaeria rhodina cells, a ligninolytic fungus that produces laccase. Three carriers were evaluated: acrylic fine fiber (FAF), expanded polyurethane foam (EPE), and fiber polyurethane foam (EPF). The EPF was the best carrier because showed a homogeneous immobilization cells. A factorial design was developed in order to optimize the laccase production by free cells in the presence of the laccase inducer veratryl alcohol (VA). The analysis by response surface answer showed 18 mM as the best VA concentration to produce laccase using 3 mL of a cell homogenate (ODλ400nm 0.4-0.6) as inoculum, to 25 mL of culture medium in shaked flasks (125 mL) at 180 rpm, during 126 hours at 28 °C. A growth profile for laccase and fungal biomass production were compared with and without VA using free and immobilized cells of B. rhodina. The cell immobilization increased approximately 3 folds the laccase production and maintained it stable during 6 consecutive recycles. The cell immobilization of B. rhodina showed to be useful once saved 72 hours to achieve the higher laccase production when compared to the one with free cells, and also increased the fungal cell tolerance at higher VA concentrations (500 mM)<br>Mestre
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Pavier, Claire. "Oxypropylation de la pulpe de betterave à sucre et utilisation des polyols obtenus pour la préparation de nouveaux matériaux polyuréthanes." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0041.
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L'industrie sucriere, basee sur la betterave a sucre, donne une quantite importante de pulpe, un dechet dont il n'a pas encore ete trouve d'utilisation en tant que source de materiaux. Cette pulpe de betterave est compose essentiellement de polysaccharides et est particulierement riche en fonctions hydroxyles. Alors que l'oxypropylation de la cellulose, de la lignine et plus recemment du chitosane, aient ete etudiees, aucune investigation equivalente sur la pulpe de betterave n'a ete conduite avant ce travail. Le but de cette etude a ete de transformer un solide insoluble dans tous les solvants en un polyol liquide visqueux adapte a l'elaboration de polyurethanes apres melange avec des polyisocyanates. La premiere etape de ce travail consistait a examiner la faisabilite puis a optimiser la reaction d'oxypropylation de la pulpe de betterave a sucre. La reaction a ete menee en suspendant la pulpe dans de l'oxyde de propylene (op) en presence de differents catalyseurs basiques et en chauffant ce melange sous pression. En faisant varier differents parametres, on obtient des polyols possedants des viscosites et des indice d'oh differents. Il s'avere que ces liquides visqueux sont en fait des melanges homogenes de pulpe oxypropylee et d'homopolymeres de op. Ces polyols ont ete utilises seuls ou en combinaison avec des extenseurs de chaines (diols d'origines diverses) pour l'elaboration de polyurethanes a la fois sous forme de materiaux pleins (en utilisant le procede rim) et de mousses. Les cinetiques de ces polymerisations ainsi que la caracterisation des materiaux obtenus ont ete correlees avec la composition du melange reactionnel. Les proprietes de ces nouveaux polyurethanes suggerent que la pulpe de betterave a sucre peut constituer un dechet agroindustriel viable, base sur l'exploitation agricole d'une ressource renouvelable, pour l'elaboration de materiaux polymeres originaux.
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Li, Kun Zhou, and 李坤周. "Production of L-DOPA by stizolobium hassjoo cells immobilized on the polyurethane foams." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64920940485767399944.
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Baeta, João Miguel Garcia Martins Monteiro. "Análise da Implementação de DDMRP em Meio Industrial através de Simulação." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/98016.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia<br>Neste trabalho verificou-se que o sistema atual de produção tem inúmeras falhas no planeamento e ruturas de stock levando a constantes mudanças no fluxo de produção. Estas falhas são descritas na literatura como sendo “normais” em sistemas de planeamento com base no MRP. Com base nesta situação, a ferramenta DDMRP tem sido descrito na literatura como sendo uma solução para a minimização e otimização dos fluxos de produção desde a redução dos níveis de stock e as oscilações relativos à procura do mercado tornando os sistemas independentes e reduzindo o efeito chicote ao longo da cadeia de abastecimento.Assim, com estes objetivos foi desenhado um modelo de simulação do processo de transformação química em espuma de poliuretano, por forma, a validar os ganhos possíveis da ferramenta DDMRP.Neste estudo verificou-se que o modelo desenvolvido apenas reflete o fluxo de informação e fluxo de materiais, no entanto, tem algumas limitações. Essas limitações são devido às simplificações utilizadas para o desenvolvimento inicial. As limitações são a utilização do lead time de fornecimento igual a todos os fornecedores e sem análise à possível rutura de fornecimento de um ou mais fornecedores, ausência da definição da capacidade máxima de armazenamento, ausência de histórico real de encomendas em relação à procura de blocos e, por fim, a conversão entre o consumo de matérias-primas relativamente aos blocos, que neste caso se verificou ser 15 vezes inferior ao real.Devido às diversas simplificações e limitações verificadas no modelo de simulação, tornou impossível a reflexão da utilização do DDMRP no meio industrial em estudo, já que os resultados obtidos não correspondem à realidade. Assim, é necessário implementar e desenvolver melhorias que ultrapassem as limitações descritas.<br>In this work it was found that the current production system has numerous flaws in planning and stock outs leading to constant changes in the production flow. These failures are described in the literature as being “normal” in planning systems based on MRP. Based on this situation, the DDMRP tool has been described in the literature as a solution for the minimization and optimization of production flows from the reduction of stock levels and fluctuations related to market demand, making the systems independent and reducing the bullwhip effect throughout the supply chain.Thus, with these objectives, a simulation model of the chemical transformation process in polyurethane foam was designed in order to validate the possible benefits of the DDMRP tool.In this study, it was found that the developed model only reflects the information flow and material flow, however, it has some limitations. These limitations are due to the simplifications used for initial development.The limitations are the use of the supply lead time equal to all suppliers and without analysis of the possible supply disruption of one or more suppliers, absence of definition of the maximum storage capacity, absence of real order history in relation to the demand for blocks and, finally, the conversion between the consumption of raw materials in relation to blocks, which in this case was found to be 15 times lower than the actual.Due to the various simplifications and limitations verified in the simulation model, it became impossible to reflect on the use of DDMRP in the industrial environment under study, since the results obtained do not correspond to reality. Thus, it is necessary to implement and develop improvements that go beyond the limitations described.
Books on the topic "Polyurethan foam production"
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Otu, Victor R. Production of Polyurethane Foam Using Activated Rice Husk as Filler. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2019.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Polyurethan foam production"
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Narayana Saibaba, K. V. "Applications of Waterborne Polyurethanes Foams." In Sustainable Production and Applications of Waterborne Polyurethanes. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72869-4_9.
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McManus, Samuel P., Francis C. Wessling, John T. Matthew, et al. "Production of Polyurethane Foams in Space: Gravitational and Vacuum Effects on Foam Formation." In ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2001-0793.ch006.
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Jozaki, Tadasu, Kentarou Aoki, Hiroshi Mizumoto, and Toshihisa Kajiwara. "Continuous Cell Production from Three Dimensional Hematopoietic Microenvironment in Polyurethane Foam." In Basic and Applied Aspects. Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3892-0_15.
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Soetaert, W., and E. J. Vandamme. "Production of Mannitol by Leuconostoc Mesenteroides, Immobilized on Reticulated Polyurethane Foam." In Bioorganic Chemistry in Healthcare and Technology. Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1354-0_24.
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Chimishkyan, A. L., S. I. Orlov, and T. S. Serebryakova. "Use of ‘Mustard’ Aminolysis Products as Catalysts for Polyurethane Foam Production." In Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and ‘Mustard’ Munitions. Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9115-7_16.
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Koge, Kenji, Yutaka Orihara, and Tsutomu Furuya. "Caffeine Production by Polyurethane Foam Immobilized Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Cells." In Biochemical Engineering for 2001. Springer Japan, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68180-9_81.
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Gama, Nuno, Ana Barros-Timmons, and Artur Ferreira. "The Recycling of Construction Foams: An Overview." In Creating a Roadmap Towards Circularity in the Built Environment. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45980-1_9.
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AbstractIn 1987, the United Nations Brundtland Commission defined sustainability as “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Yet, after all these years, the humankind is dealing with catastrophic environmental problems which may jeopardize the future generations wellbeing. One cause of such issue is pollution associated to polymer’s disposal. Polymers are mainly produced using petroleum derivatives and/or non-degradable. In addition, after their use, they are normally disposed in land fields or burned for energy. Yet, due to environmental problems, these solutions are not valid options, so plastic wastes must be recycled and used to produce new materials. This circular economy concept is not only a requirement for preventing pollution but is also a need for the reduction of the costs associated with their production and for the enhancement of the eco-efficiency of materials. Furthermore, this approach also addresses the risk of shortage of raw materials in the medium future. With this in mind, this document intends to give an overview of the recycling of construction foams with special focus on polyurethane (PU) and polystyrene (PS) foams. It aims to highlight the possible routes to recycle construction foams, presenting the differences and challenges of recycling different types of polymers. In that perspective, chemical and mechanical recycling routes are discussed, as well as energy recover alternatives. Finally, life cycle analysis (LCA) reports of these products are presented.
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Cruz-Lopes, L., I. Domingos, J. Ferreira, L. Teixeira de Lemos, B. Esteves, and P. Aires. "Production of polyurethane foams from Betula pendula." In Wastes: Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities III. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429289798-51.
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Lazar, A., S. Reuveny, A. Muzrahi, M. Avtalion, J. P. Whiteside, and R. E. Spier. "Production of biologicals by animal cells immobilized in polyurethane foam matrix." In Modern Approaches to Animal Cell Technology. Elsevier, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-408-02732-8.50036-5.
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Abdollahnejad Zahra, Torgal F. Pacheco, and De Aguiar J.L. Barroso. "Foam geopolymers: state of the art and preliminary experimental results." In Construction Materials and Structures. IOS Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-466-4-1503.
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Buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Thus increasing building energy efficiency is the most cost effective way to reduce emissions. The use of thermal insulation materials constitutes the most effective way of reducing heat losses in buildings thus reducing heat energy needs. These materials have a thermal conductivity factor, k (W/m.K) lower than 0.065 while other insulation materials like for instance aerated concrete can go up to 0.11. Current insulation materials are associated with negative impacts in terms of toxicity. Polystyrene, for example contains anti-oxidant additives and ignition retardants, additionally, its production involves the generation of benzene and chlorofluorocarbons. Polyurethane is obtained from isocyanates, which are widely known for their tragic association with the Bhopal disaster. Besides current insulation materials releases toxic fumes when subjected to fire. This paper reviews literature on foam geopolymers that could constitute a lower toxicity alternative to current commercial insulator. Current methods use foaming agents (blowing agents) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium perborate (NaBO3), silica fume, powder alumina. Results of an experimental research on foam hybrid alkaline cements are reported.
Conference papers on the topic "Polyurethan foam production"
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Janoff, Dwight, Sai Prasanth Venkateswaran, and Donald McNicol. "Non-Destructive Evaluation of Subsea Thermal Insulation Using Microwave Imaging." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-3823.
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Abstract As subsea wells are being drilled in over 5000 feet water depth, hydrate formation in the production systems has become a major concern. In subsea trees and production equipment hydrates (ice precipitation) can occur in the event of an interruption in flow caused by a temporary well shut down. During a shut down, hot produced fluids become stagnant and are cooled by the surrounding cold water. In long subsea tie backs, thermal insulation is required to keep the produced fluids above hydrate formations temperatures until they reach the processing location. Hydrates can form as high as 70 °F (21 °C) under subsea production conditions. Thermal insulation is used to extend cool down time and prevent hydrate formation until the production flow, hydrate inhibitor injection can be restored or fluids reach their processing location/facility. Subsea thermal insulation materials are usually composed of polymeric materials that can be cast or molded on to piping and complex shapes, such as subsea trees, and manifolds. These materials typically consist of a polymeric resin matrix, and hollow glass beads, that form a syntactic foam material. Polymer bases can be thermoset materials, such as silicone elastomers, urethanes, or epoxies. Thermoplastic materials are also used, particularly for long subsea tie backs, such as flow lines. Application defects, such as thermal cracking during curing, voids, and lack of bonding in field joints, can affect the long term performance of the insulation by reducing thermal resistance due to water ingress, and cold spots A non-destructive evaluation technique used for dielectric materials can be used to detect cracking, voids, and other defects in the installed insulation systems that may cause a degradation in performance. This technique was developed in the early 1990s for use on fiberglass reinforced piping and rubber expansion joints. The application of this technique on subsea thermal insulation installed on piping and other subsea equipment will be presented. Evaluations will include soundness of field joint bonding in polypropylene and polyurethanes, cracking and disbondment in epoxy syntactic insulation, and detection of voids and laps in cast glass syntactic polyurethane (GPSU).
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Uhlig, M. "Opportunities of Metal Structures in Cooling Systems." In Porous Metals and Metallic Foams. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903094-7.
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Abstract. The growing market of power electronics in the mobility sector leads to an increasing demand for cooling systems. In the project this need to improve performance is to be met by adapting the cooling structure. Depending on the intended application of cooling systems - automotive, railway and aerospace - different requirements are defined for the cooling process resulting in varying conditions for the design. So metallic foam structures are under investigation because of their high inner surface. Two different process lines are most suitable for the aimed application. The production and optimization of galvanized foams seems to be the most lucrative for a low-cost product, while 3D printing is currently only worthwhile for special applications such as aerospace. As a potentially more cost-effective process, which is already being used for small series, investment casting structures are being investigated as an alternative. Depending on the production process chosen, corresponding requirements for structure creation suitable for production apply. Corresponding process adaptations are also taken into consideration. The first optimization step is an analysis of the conventional open cellular metal foam structures using CT. The results of the CT evaluation, together with the empirical data for fluid mechanical and thermal characteristics, are the basis for a later replacement model of the CFD simulation. Besides the Kelvin cell, which is a good geometrical substitute for the conventional structures that copy the Polyurethan master pattern, other cell types are also considered. Alternatively, structures based on mathematical cells e.g. Schwarz P/D, offer the possibility of separating two media to create cross-flow or counter-flow heat exchangers. Regardless of the chosen system, the main task of the investigation is to find an optimum of the relation between pressure drop and heat transfer performance for the corresponding system and to design the cell arrangement in a way that is suitable for manufacturing. This justifies, among other things, the investigation of a minimal surface structure, which at first seems contradictory. Considering the manufacturing process to be defined beforehand, requirements such as self-supporting design (additive process) and free accessibility (electroplating) also play an important role in the structure development. Thus, the goal is still to optimize the cell and web geometry accordingly.
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"Extraction of Precursors for Polyurethane foam production." In 7th International Conference on Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology. International Institute of Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iie.e1115012.
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Zahoor, Asima, and Abdel-Hamid I. Mourad. "Ultrasound Assisted Production of Metal Foam From Polyurethane Precursor." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73192.
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Abstract Metal foam is a novel class of metals that is inspired by naturally occurring, functionally graded, cellular structures like wood and bones. The properties of metal foam are so diverse that they can be tailored to suit the particular need, hence the study of metal foams has become attractive to researchers and efforts are being made to optimize the methodology to develop the metal foam. Most of the production methods cannot be widely utilized because of difficult process control and high production costs. One of the most economical ways to produce metal foam is adopting conventional electro deposition technique. The electro deposition technique starts from first metalizing the non-conducting polymeric foam and then electrically depositing metal onto this metallized precursor foam with open cells and later the precursor is removed by the sintering process. The main hindrance in this process is that foam being multi layered, a uniform deposition of the metal in the inner layers of the foam was not achieved. After sintering it was found that the foam sample turned out hollow at the center, due to lack or very less deposition of the metal. Experiments aiming to overcome this problem of non-uniform deposition of the metal in the inner layers of the precursor were conducted. It was found that mechanical agitation in the form of low frequency ultrasound promoted the uniform electro deposition throughout the metalized multilayered precursor. Finally, desired strength foam was produced.
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Zainuddin, Firuz, and Nurul Husna Md Pozi. "Production and characterization of polyurethane foam/paddy leaves charcoal composite." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ADVANCED MATERIALS AND PROCESSING 2021 (ISAMP 2021). AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0090729.
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Gansen, P., J. R. Gricar, and U. Liman. "A New Class of Polyurethane Foam Systems for Instrument Panel Production." In International Congress & Exposition. SAE International, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/961052.
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Zahoor, Asima, Abdel-Hamid I. Mourad, and Sanan Husain Khan. "Production of open cell Nickel-based metal foam from polyurethane template." In 2022 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aset53988.2022.9734976.
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Tarrés, Quim, Manel Alcalà, Marc Delgado-Aguilar, Ramon Serrat, Xavier Espinach, and Pere Mutjé. "PROMOTE CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THROUGH THE PRODUCTION OF POLYURETHANE FOAMS." In 13th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2019.1311.
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Celemin, Alejandro, and Ana M. Polanco. "Manfacturing and Evaluation of Polyurethane Synthetic Long Bone Models." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40543.
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This paper reports the process of production and assessment of rigid polyurethane foam for synthetic bone surrogates. Synthetic bones are currently being used for orthopaedic surgical training and lower limb trauma evaluation. Previous studies have shown that synthetic bones made of rigid polyurethane are able to simulate bone’s mechanical response. In this study, two polyurethane formulations were tested under compression and impact conditions. Results of these tests were compared with data reported in current literature sources for cancellous bone tissue. Comparison between results and reported data, showed that none of the polyurethane foams produced had significant resemblance to cancellous bone properties. Improvements in terms of formulation and manufacturing procedures of polyurethane shall be made in order to acquire a higher mechanical performance.
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Magdadaro, Miceh Rose D., Rey Y. Capangpangan, Arnold A. Lubguban, and Arnold C. Alguno. "Effects of N-Octadecane as PCM on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Foams Utilizing Coconut-Based Polyols." In International Conference on Advances in Materials Science 2021. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2ih4l3.
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The utilization of vegetable oil in producing bio-based polyol, as an alternative replacement to petroleum-based polyol in making polyurethane (PU) foam has gained a lot of interest due to its finite supply and low production cost. In this study, bio-based polyol using coconut oil as raw material produced PU foam as thermal insulation material. The vegetable oil-based polyol was prepared using a two-step method, while PU foams were prepared by the free-rise method. In order to enhance the thermal properties of the produce PU foams, phase change material (PCM) was added to the PU foam formulation. FTIR spectra result showed peaks at 2920 cm-1 and 2850-1, which signifies the CH2 asymmetric stretching, indicating that n-octadecane was successfully incorporated into PU foams. Moreover, heat flow meter (HFM) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) show PU foam with 1% n-octadecane shows better thermal properties than other produced PU foams. Furthermore, the universal testing machine (UTM) result shows an enhancement in the mechanical properties of the produced PU foam. These results demonstrate that the addition of n-octadecane to the PU foam formulation improved the mechanical properties of PU foams while enhancing their thermal properties.
Reports on the topic "Polyurethan foam production"
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McConnachie, Glen, Laura Kenny, Howard Mason, Paul Johson, Ken Nwoko, and Rachel Kerr. Ensuring improved isocyanate exposure assessment to better protect health. HSE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.69730/hse.24rr1199.
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Isocyanates is one of the leading causes of occupational asthma in Great Britain. Spray painting, coatings and adhesives, flexible foam and polyurethane resin production. Effective control of isocyanate exposure in the workplace.MDHS 25/4.
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Mark L. Listemann. Multi-Partner Demonstration of Energy-Efficient and Environmentally Improved Methods for the Production of Polyurethane Foam. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/883699.
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