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1
Jeffs, G. M. F., and D. J. Sparrow. "Progress in the Reduction and Elimination of the Use of CFCs in Rigid Polyurethane Foam." Cellular Polymers 9, no. 4 (1990): 253–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248939000900401.
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There is a growing consensus that CFCs will be phased out by the year 2000. Finding other ways of blowing polyurethane foams whilst retaining their excellent insulation properties is the major technical challenge currently facing the polyurethanes industry. The most promising technical solution to date is the replacement of CFC 11, the principal blowing agent for rigid polyurethane foams, by either HFA 123 or HFA 141b. Both are proving to be viable alternatives. Significant progress has already been made in reducing substantially the amount of CFC 11 needed for foam manufacture by using a dual-blowing approach – up to 50% of CFC 11 is replaced by an equimolar amount of carbon dioxide. This has been achieved by systems optimisation without compromising insulation values or other properties. Such systems are in production in the appliance industry in Western Europe and are now being commercialised in the USA and Far East. Similar technology has been developed for panels and laminates in the construction industry and systems are now being commercialised. A variety of options to replace CFC 11 totally is under investigation. Complete blowing with carbon dioxide has several drawbacks, but has to be given further consideration. The development of a wider range of air-impermeable facing materials to eliminate rapid λ-value ageing is seen as a key technical requirement. However, hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) products are seen increasingly by the polyurethanes industry as the most viable alternatives for polyurethane foam blowing. HFA 123 and HFA 141b have greatly reduced capabilities for ozone depletion and their global warming potentials are also significantly less than CFC 11. Since toxicity testing is not yet complete, commercial production of either product is unable to start before 1993, given the most optimistic progress. Short-term solutions are being developed for some markets before these alternatives are introduced, but availability of at least one of these HFAs is considered to be essential for polyurethane foam manufacture over a 30 to 40 year timescale.
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Lee, Joo Hyung, Seong Hun Kim, and Kyung Wha Oh. "Bio-Based Polyurethane Foams with Castor Oil Based Multifunctional Polyols for Improved Compressive Properties." Polymers 13, no. 4 (2021): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040576.
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Currently, most commercial polyols used in the production of polyurethane (PU) foam are derived from petrochemicals. To address concerns relating to environmental pollution, a sustainable resource, namely, castor oil (CO), was used in this study. To improve the production efficiency, sustainability, and compressive strength of PU foam, which is widely used as an impact-absorbing material for protective equipment, PU foam was synthesized with CO-based multifunctional polyols. CO-based polyols with high functionalities were synthesized via a facile thiol-ene click reaction method and their chemical structures were analyzed. Subsequently, a series of polyol blends of castor oil and two kinds of castor oil-based polyols with different hydroxyl values was prepared and the viscosity of the blends was analyzed. Polyurethane foams were fabricated from the polyol blends via a free-rising method. The effects of the composition of the polyol blends on the structural, morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of the polyurethane foams were investigated. The results demonstrated that the fabrication of polyurethane foams from multifunctional polyol blends is an effective way to improve their compressive properties. We expect these findings to widen the range of applications of bio-based polyurethane foams.
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Ugarte, Lorena, Tamara Calvo-Correas, Itziar Gonzalez-Gurrutxaga, et al. "Towards Circular Economy: Different Strategies for Polyurethane Waste Recycling and the Obtaining of New Products." Proceedings 2, no. 23 (2018): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2231490.
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As a consequence of the high production and simultaneous consumption of polyurethanes (PU) a great volume of PU waste is landfilled. In this scenario, suitable and efficient routes for PU waste recycling have been searched for many years. In this work two series of PUs using different recycled PU sources were synthesized: a thermoplastic PU series using a glycolysated polyol obtained from the glycolysis of elastomeric PU waste (chemical recycling) and a PU flexible foam series loaded with PU dust waste created in the shaping of PU surf tables (mechanical recycling). Results showed that the incorporation of recycled components in the formulation improved mechanical properties both in the case of thermoplastic polyurethanes and polyurethane foams. The optimum glycolysated polyol was fixed in 15% over the total polyol weight for thermoplastic PUs. In the case of foams, a maximum of 20% PU dust over the polyol weight was incorporated.
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Polaczek, Krzysztof, Maria Kurańska, Elżbieta Malewska, Małgorzata Czerwicka-Pach, and Aleksander Prociak. "From Bioresources to Thermal Insulation Materials: Synthesis and Properties of Two-Component Open-Cell Spray Polyurethane Foams Based on Bio-Polyols from Used Cooking Oil." Materials 16, no. 18 (2023): 6139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16186139.
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Open-cell spray polyurethane foams are widely used as highly efficient thermal insulation materials with vapor permeability and soundproofing properties. Unfortunately, for the production of commercial foams, mainly non-renewable petrochemical raw materials are used. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of completely replacing petrochemical polyols (the main raw material used in the synthesis of polyurethanes, alongside isocyanates) with bio-polyols obtained from used cooking oils, classified as waste materials. The research consisted of three stages: the synthesis of bio-polyols, the development of polyurethane foam systems under laboratory conditions, and the testing of developed polyurethane spray systems under industrial conditions. The synthesis of the bio-polyols was carried out by using two different methods: a one-step transesterification process using triethanolamine and a two-step process of epoxidation and opening oxirane rings with diethylene glycol. The obtained bio-polyols were analyzed using gel chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The developed polyurethane foam formulations included two types of fire retardants: halogenated tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and halogen-free triethyl phosphate (TEP). In the formulations of polyurethane systems, reactive amine catalysts were employed, which become incorporated into the polymer matrix during foaming, significantly reducing their emission after application. The foams were manufactured on both a laboratory and industrial scale using high-pressure spray machines under conditions recommended by commercial system manufacturers: spray pressure 80–100 bar, component temperature 45–52 °C, and component volumetric ratio 1:1. The open-cell foams had apparent densities 14–21.5 kg/m3, thermal conductivity coefficients 35–38 mW/m∙K, closed-cell contents <5%, water vapor diffusion resistance factors (μ) <6, and limiting oxygen indexes 21.3–21.5%. The properties of the obtained foams were comparable to commercial materials. The developed polyurethane spray systems can be used as thermal insulation materials for insulating interior walls, attics, and ceilings.
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Sullivan, W. F., and A. K. Thomas. "The Use of An All CO2 Blown Foam in Production." Cellular Polymers 11, no. 1 (1992): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248939201100102.
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Prior to the Montreal Protocol on ozone depleting substances, dichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) had been widely used in polyurethane foam formulations as both a blowing agent and to endow the foam with excellent insulation properties. Now, U.S. manufacturers of products containing rigid polyurethane foam insulation must face the challenge of eliminating CFC-11 from their products. This must be done while retaining the excellent insulation properties that have made PUR foam the most effective insulation material in use today. Elimination of CFC-11 without any reduction in foam insulation efficiency can be achieved with novel foam systems now in commercial use. These foam systems use C02 as a replacement for CFC-11, but otherwise they are equivalent to CFC-11 based foams in all other respects. Insulated vending equipment is being produced with foam using all C02 blowing and the foam performance is equivalent to, and in some respects better than, the CFC-based foam it replaced. The vending machines have been tested for dimensional stability and energy consumption and initial measurements indicate that the new C02 blown foam gives the same results as CFC-based foams. Of particular concern to manufacturers is the processability of all C02 blown insulation foams. An experimental design was used to evaluate the processing latitude of variables such as chemical temperatures, mixing pressures, and fixture and preheat temperatures. The effect of varying these process variables on foam performance is reviewed. Particularly how these process variables affect demould time, adhesion, overall physical properties and insulation value.
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Domingos, Idalina J., Ana P. Fernandes, José Ferreira, Luísa Cruz-Lopes, and Bruno M. Esteves. "Polyurethane foams from liquefied Eucalyptus globulus branches." BioResources 14, no. 1 (2018): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.1.31-43.
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Currently, polyurethane (PU) production is completely dependent upon fossil oil, as the two primary reagents necessary for PU production, polyol and isocyanate, are derived from fossil fuels. Eucalyptus branches are waste products for most forest management companies. In this work, polyols obtained by the liquefaction of eucalyptus branches were used for foam production. The influence of the isocyanate, catalyst, surfactant, and blowing agent contents on the foam properties was studied. Overall the amount of each chemical used in the production of PU foams had a noticeable effect on the density and compressive properties. The amount of water (blowing agent) had the strongest effect and decreased the density and compressive properties because of higher foam expansion. The other chemicals increased or decreased the density and compressive stress depending on the amount used. The density of the produced foams ranged from 36 kg/m3 to 108 kg/m3, the compressive stress ranged from 15 kPa to 149 kPa, and the Young’s modulus ranged from 64 kPa to 2100 kPa. The results showed that it is possible to convert these forest residues into PU foams with properties somewhat similar to those of commercial foams, although with a lower compressive strength.
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Sendijarevic, Ibrahim, Karol W. Pietrzyk, Christi M. Schiffman, Vahid Sendijarevic, Alper Kiziltas, and Debbie Mielewski. "Polyol from spent coffee grounds: Performance in a model pour-in-place rigid polyurethane foam system." Journal of Cellular Plastics 56, no. 6 (2020): 630–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x20912204.
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The objective of this study was to produce a polyol from spent coffee grounds via acid liquification process that meets performance requirements for use in polyurethane applications. The spent coffee grounds based polyol was characterized and evaluated on a fully catalyzed model rigid polyurethane foam system. The pH of the polyol was 6.8, acid value 4.12 mg KOH/g, and hydroxyl value 302.6 mg KOH/g, which are in the range of polyols used in rigid polyurethane foams. The reactivity study confirmed enhanced reactivity of the spent coffee grounds polyol compared to standard sucrose-glycerol initiated polyether polyols, which can be attributed to higher content of primary reactive hydroxyls. Scanning electron microscopy microphotographs of the foams prepared with 10%, 20%, and 30% spent coffee grounds polyol based on total polyols in the formulation revealed a drained dodecahedron type cell structure with intact cell windows as a clear indication of the closed cell structure typical for the rigid polyurethane foams used in thermal insulation applications. Results of this study confirmed the feasibility to produce polyols from spent coffee grounds with performance characteristics suitable for polyurethane application. The fact that spent coffee grounds are readily available industrial waste generated in instant coffee manufacturing, makes this biomass residue a sustainable source of raw materials for scalable production of polyols for polyurethanes.
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Omotoyinbo, Joseph Ajibade, Isiaka Oluwole Oladele, Jamiu Mosebolatan Jabar, et al. "Comparative investigation of the influence of kaolin and dolomite on the properties of polyurethane foam." Manufacturing Review 8 (2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2021025.
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This work investigates the influence of kaolin and dolomite on the properties of polyurethane foam. The selected fillers were pulverized and sieved to obtained < 90 μm that were used as reinforcements in the polyurethane matrix in a randomly dispersed mode. The matrix constituents were mixed in the same ratio while fillers were introduced via a one-shot system approach in predetermined proportions of 3–7 wt.%. The work was carried out to identify optimum fillers to be utilized in the production of polyurethane rigid foams given the effect of the fillers on the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the foam. FTIR, XRF, and SEM and mechanical property tests were carried out on the filled polyurethane foam. The presence of the fillers in the foam showed a rupture in the structure of the foams with the cells having similar arrangements. The addition of dolomite and Kaolin degrades the sulfonic acid groups and promoted the appearance of Si–O stretching vibration band. The density, hardness, flexural and compressive strengths of the polyurethane foam were enhanced with the the addition of dolomite and kaolin particles.
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Paciorek-Sadowska, Joanna, Marcin Borowicz, Marek Isbrandt, Bogusław Czupryński, and Łukasz Apiecionek. "The Use of Waste from the Production of Rapeseed Oil for Obtaining of New Polyurethane Composites." Polymers 11, no. 9 (2019): 1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11091431.
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This article presents the results of research on obtaining new polyurethane materials modified by a by-product from vegetable oils industry—rapeseed cake. The chemical composition of rapeseed cake was examined. Rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (RPU/PIR) foams containing a milled rapeseed cake in their composition were obtained as part of the conducted research. Biofiller was added in amount of 30 wt.% up to 60 wt.%. Effects of rapeseed cake on the foaming process, cell structure and selected properties of foams, such as apparent density, compressive strength, brittleness, flammability, absorbability, water absorption, thermal resistance and thermal conductivity are described. The foaming process of RPU/PIR foams modified by rapeseed cake was characterized by a lower reactivity, lower foaming temperature and decrease in dielectric polarization. This resulted in a slowed formation of the polyurethane matrix. Apparent density of RPU/PIR foams with biofiller was higher than in unmodified foam. Addition of rapeseed cake did not have a significant influence on the thermal conductivity of obtained materials. However, we observed a tendency for opening the cells of modified foams and obtaining a smaller cross-sectional area of cells. This led to an increase of absorbability and water absorption of obtained materials. However, an advantageous effect of using rapeseed cake in polyurethane formulations was noted. Modified RPU/PIR foams had higher compressive strength, lower brittleness and lower flammability than reference foam.
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Udayakumar, Mahitha, Renáta Zsanett Boros, László Farkas, et al. "Composite Carbon Foams as an Alternative to the Conventional Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon in Catalytic Application." Materials 14, no. 16 (2021): 4540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164540.
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The suitability of a new type of polyurethane-based composite carbon foam for several possible usages is evaluated and reported. A comparison of the properties of the as-prepared carbon foams was performed with widely available commercial biomass-derived activated carbon. Carbon foams were synthesized from polyurethane foams with different graphite contents through one-step activation using CO2. In this work, a carbon catalyst was synthesized with a moderately active surface (SBET = 554 m2/g), a thermal conductivity of 0.09 W/mK, and a minimum metal ion content of 0.2 wt%, which can be recommended for phosgene production. The composite carbon foams exhibited better thermal stability, as there is a very little weight loss at temperatures below 500 °C, and weight loss is slower at temperatures above 500 °C (phosgene synthesis: 550–700 °C). Owing to the good surface and thermal properties and the negligible metallic impurities, composite carbon foam produced from polyurethane foams are the best alternative to the conventional coconut-based activated carbon catalyst used in phosgene gas production.
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Chmiel-Szukiewicz, Elżbieta. "Hardly Flammable Polyurethane Foams with 1,3-Pyrimidine Ring and Boron Atoms." Polymers 13, no. 10 (2021): 1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101603.
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This work presents the results of research related to the determination of application possibilities of new oligoetherols with 1,3-pyrimidine rings and boron atoms in rigid polyurethane foam production. Oligoetherols were obtained from 1,3-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)uracil, boric acid, and ethylene carbonate. Their structure was determined by instrumental methods (IR, 1H-NMR and MALDI-ToF spectra) and the physicochemical and thermal properties were examined. Obtained oligoetherols were used for synthesis of polyurethane foams. Some properties of the foams, such as apparent density, water uptake, dimensions stability, thermal stability, compression strength, thermal conductivity, oxygen index, and horizontal burning were investigated. The introduction of boron atoms into the foam structure reduced their flammability, but unfortunately it had a negative effect on the water absorption of the obtained materials—the water absorption was higher compared to the boron-free foams. The obtained foams showed good thermal stability compared to classic, rigid polyurethane foams.
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Noureddine, Boumdouha, Safidine Zitouni, Boudiaf Achraf, Chabane Houssém, Duchet-Rumeau Jannick, and Gerard Jean-François. "Development and Characterization of Tailored Polyurethane Foams for Shock Absorption." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (2022): 2206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042206.
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In this paper, different types of polyurethane foams (PUR) having various chemical compositions have been produced with a specific density to monitor the microstructure as much as possible. The foam may have a preferential orientation in the cell structure. The cellular polyurethane tends to have stubborn, typical cellular systems with strong overlap reversibility. Free expansion under atmospheric pressure enables formulas to grow until they are refined. Moreover, the physicochemical characterization of the developed foams was carried out. They later are described by apparent density, Shore hardness, Raman spectroscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, FTIR, TGA, DSC, and compression tests. The detailed structural characterization was used by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an optical microscope (MO) to visualize the alveolar polymer’s semi-opened cells, highlighting the opened-cell morphology and chemical irregularities. Polyurethane foams with different structural variables have a spectrum characterization that influences the phase separation and topography of polyurethane foam areas because their bonding capability with hydrogen depends on chain extender nature. These studies may aid in shock absorption production; a methodology of elaboration and characterization of filled polyurethane foams is proposed.
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Paciorek-Sadowska, Joanna, Marcin Borowicz, and Marek Isbrandt. "Evaluation of the Effect of Waste from Agricultural Production on the Properties of Flexible Polyurethane Foams." Polymers 15, no. 17 (2023): 3529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15173529.
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The management of by-products and waste from agriculture and the agri-food industry is a challenge for the plastics industry. Flexible polyurethane foams (EPPUR) containing ground corncake from corn oil production were obtained. The influence of the bio-filler on the physico-mechanical and thermal properties of synthesized flexible polyurethane foams was investigated. The content of corncake ranged from 0 php (part per 100 parts of polyol) to 10 php. Open-cell flexible polyurethane foams with a favorable comfort factor were obtained. The lower reactivity of the developed polyurethane systems was conducive to the formation of cells of slightly smaller sizes but of a more regular shape in comparison with the foam not modified with the bio-filler. Measurements of the mechanical properties indicated that the modified foams held had similar or even better properties than the reference sample without bio-filler.
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Margarita Alexandrovna, Goncharova, Korneeva Anastasia Olegovna, Korneev Oleg Olegovich, and Hameed Ghalib Hussain Al-Surraiwy. "Effective polyurethane compositions filled with industrial wastes." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.13 (2018): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.13.12671.
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Formulations are developed and optimized for of rigid polyurethane foams filled with converter slag. The optimum content of the filler is 30%. Polyurethane compositions have the following characteristics: average density – 42.59 kg/m3, compressive strength at 10% deformation – 0.293 MPa, water absorption by volume 1.71%, coefficient of thermal conductivity – 0.028 W/m·0C. Polyurethane foams are applied in sandwich panels, multi-layer roof constructions and for the manufacture of fixing systems for metal rolled.Sandwich panels with polyurethane foam insulation and sheathing of specialized panels are designed for the construction of pre-fabricated residential buildings. The forecasting of polyurethane durability in building structures as thermal insulation in sandwich panels the foam lifespan is about 75 years, which is approximately two times greater than that of the unreinforced foam.Layered roof structures with modified rigid polyurethane foam are used for buildings and structures for various purposes. Their use makes it possible to solve several tasks: creating a complete architectural image, ensuring high strength and deformation characteristics with good noise and heat insulation, minimization when mounting. The use of lightweight, transportable and technologically advanced roofing elements in conditions of mass production creates significant opportunities for industrial construction. The proposed foam fixing systems during shipping rolled metal in containers makes it possible to exclude the possibility of the longitudinal and transverse shift of pallets with rolls, to protect metal from damage, to simplify the design of the foxing elements, reduce the production cost, and minimize the amount of time for fixing metal rolls in the container.
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Özveren, Nihan, and M. Özgür Seydibeyoğlu. "The Use of Biodiesel Residues for Heat Insulating Biobased Polyurethane Foams." International Journal of Polymer Science 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6310198.
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The commercial and biobased polyurethane foams (PUF) were produced and characterized in this study. Commercial polyether polyol, crude glycerol, methanol-free crude glycerol, and pure glycerol were used as polyols. Crude glycerol is byproduct of the biodiesel production, and it is a kind of biofuel residue. Polyol blends were prepared by mixing the glycerol types and the commercial polyol with different amounts, 10 wt%, 30 wt%, 50 wt%, and 80 wt%. All types of polyol blends were reacted with polymeric diphenyl methane diisocyanates (PMDI) for the production of rigid foams. Thermal properties of polyurethane foams are examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal conductivity tests. The structures of polyurethane foams were examined by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Changes in morphology of foams were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Mechanical properties of polyurethane foams were determined by compression tests. This study identifies the critical aspects of polyurethane foam formation by the use of various polyols and furthermore offers new uses of crude glycerol and methanol-free crude glycerol which are byproducts of biodiesel industry.
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Ajayi, Arinola Bola, Habeeb Akorede Mustapha, Abiodun Felix Popoola, Tosin Emmanuel Folarin, and Samuel Olabode Afolabi. "Development of a Laboratory-Scale Steam Boiler for Polyurethane (Foam) Waste Recycling Machine." Journal of Advanced Engineering and Computation 7, no. 2 (2023): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.55579/jaec.202372.409.
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In this paper, a laboratory-scale (small) Steam Boiler was designed and developed for a small-scale polyurethane recycling machine. A small-sized polyurethane machine was developed for the recycling of polyurethane foams to reduce wastes in the polyurethane production industries and also to reuse old discarded foams after their useful lives. It has been observed from studies carried out in many foam manufacturing industries that the polyurethane foam wastes generated from various plant operations are enormous. Also, polyurethane (foam) products are everywhere in our homes, industries and automobiles and are always discarded after their useful lives. These wastes need to be recycled always in other for them not to get back into our ecosystems thereby polluting our environment because polyurethane foams are non-biodegradables and can remain in the environment for a very long time. However, only a few companies with strong financial capabilities are able to embark on this venture because of the high costs of machinery and large quantities of chemicals involved. The high costs of machinery and chemicals also deter cottage industries from participating in the recycling of old and discarded polyurethane foams. Therefore, there is a need to develop small-scale polyurethane foam waste recycling machines to reduce the costs of machinery and chemicals involved in the recycling thereby allowing more participation in the recycling process. The boiler is used to generate high-temperature steam for curing and better bonding of the shredded foams. The heating chamber of the machine consists of the steam boiler, and pressure hose to enable passage of steam from the steam boiler into the molding box. The total volume of the boiler is 2.5 Litres. The outlet steam temperature is 135 0C and 25 psi pressure. The heat rate is 1.52 kJ/s. The recycled foams were able to cure and bonded better with the addition of steam compared to without the steam. The percentage difference in I.F.D, Resilience, Tensile Stress and percent elongation are +0.56, -2.00, +85.45, and +68.39 respectively. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.
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Кочерженко, А., and A. Kocherzhenko. "OBTAINING FILLED POLYURETHANE FOAM WITH IMPROVED OPERATIONAL PROPERTIES." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 4, no. 4 (2019): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/article_5cb1e65f6791b0.52319300.
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One of the most important advantages of polyurethane foam is the ability of single-stage production. Foaming and curing of this heat insulation does not require the supply of heat in connection with the exothermic fusion reaction that occurs when two or more liquid components are mixed, with simultaneous adhering of polyurethane foam to various surfaces due to good adhesion to almost any material. At the same time, this foam polymer has a low density and is able to withstand quite large loads. 
 Thermal insulation material with improved performance properties can be obtained with a careful selection of the granulometric and chemical composition of raw materials. This paper presents a brief overview of the foaming and shaping of polyurethane, examines the structure of developed composite insulation, and establishes the dependence of the foaming ratio of polyurethane foam on the granulometric composition of fillers, including man-made (waste mining industry Stoylensky GOK). The research results show that in the process of forming filled polyurethane foams, chemical reactions between the components of the polyurethane foam and the elements of the fillers do not occur. The foaming process depends mainly on the granulometry of the filler and its percentage in the total mass of polyurethane foam.
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Ganesan, Kavya, Bethany Guin, Elijah Wilbanks, and James Sternberg. "Synthesis and Characterization of Soy Hull Biochar-Based Flexible Polyurethane Foam Composites." Materials 18, no. 9 (2025): 2006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18092006.
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Flexible polyurethane foams are a diverse class of materials encompassing furniture, packaging, automotive, and many other industrial and domestic applications. Polyurethane foams are synthesized by the addition of polyols and isocyanates; however, the petroleum origin and toxic nature of isocyanates have driven many to look for more sustainable routes to production. Renewable fillers have emerged as a biobased resource to decrease the carbon footprint of this widely used polymeric material. In this study, soy hulls, as mass-produced, industrial by-products of soybean production, were used to create a biochar beneficial in the synthesis of flexible polyurethane foam composites. The addition of soy hull biochar was found to maintain the compression properties of foams at a decreasing isocyanate index, reducing the amount of isocyanates needed for production. In addition, the addition of biochar decreased the flammability of foams, important for many applications where consumer safety is important. The results point to the ability to create safer, more sustainable, and even more cost-effective polyurethane foams through the reduction in isocyanate use while maintaining the properties of this important class of polymers.
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Kiss, Gabriel, Gerlinde Rusu, Geza Bandur, Iosif Hulka, Daniel Romecki, and Francisc Péter. "Advances in Low-Density Flexible Polyurethane Foams by Optimized Incorporation of High Amount of Recycled Polyol." Polymers 13, no. 11 (2021): 1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13111736.
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An industrially manufactured recycled polyol, obtained by acidolysis process, was for the first time proved to be a possible replacement of the reference fossil-based polyol in a low-density formulation suitable for industrial production of flexible polyurethane foams. The influence of increasing recycled polyol amounts on the properties of the polyurethane foam has been studied, also performing foam emission tests to evaluate the environmental impact. Using 10 pbw recycled polyol in the standard formulation, significant differences of the physical properties were not observed, but increase of the recycled polyol amount to 30 pbw led to a dramatic decrease of the foam air flow and a very tight foam. To overcome this drawback, N,N′-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea was selected as tertiary amine catalyst, enabling the preservation of foam properties even at high recycled polyol level (30 pbw). Foam emission data demonstrated that this optimized foam formulation also led to an important reduction of volatile organic compounds. The results open the way for further optimization studies in low-density flexible polyurethane foam formulations, to increase the reutilization of the polyurethane waste and reduce the amount of petroleum-based raw materials.
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Leszczyńska, Milena, Elżbieta Malewska, Joanna Ryszkowska, et al. "Vegetable Fillers and Rapeseed Oil-Based Polyol as Natural Raw Materials for the Production of Rigid Polyurethane Foams." Materials 14, no. 7 (2021): 1772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071772.
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The reported study concerns the introduction of renewable raw materials into the formulation of rigid polyurethane foams in the quest for the sustainable development of polymer composites. In this study, rigid polyurethane foam composites were prepared using 75 wt.% of rapeseed oil-based polyol and 15 parts per hundred parts of polyol (php) of natural fillers such as chokeberry pomace, raspberry seeds, as well as hazelnut and walnut shells. The influence of the used raw materials on the foaming process, structure, and properties of foams was investigated using a FOAMAT analyzer and a wide selection of characterization techniques. The introduction of renewable raw materials limited reactivity of the system, which reduced maximum temperature of the foaming process. Moreover, foams prepared using renewable raw materials were characterized by a more regular cell structure, a higher share of closed cells, lower apparent density, lower compressive strength and glass transition temperature, low friability (<2%), low water absorption (<1%), high dimensional stability (<±0.5%) and increased thermal stability. The proper selection and preparation of the renewable raw materials and the rational development of the polyurethane recipe composition allow for the preparation of environmentally-friendly foam products with beneficial application properties considering the demands of the circular economy in the synthesis of rigid foams.
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Singh, Vratika, Mahesh N. Gopalasamudram, and Jaya Maitra. "Variable pressure foaming on functionality and structural properties correlation in flexible polyurethane foam." Brazilian Journal of Development 10, no. 1 (2024): 1605–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv10n1-102.
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The production cost of flexible polyurethane foam is significantly dependent on the cost of polyol, which constitutes the largest percentage of materials used in foam production with the characteristics to induce superior mechanical properties. Suitable fillers that are relatively cheap can be introduced in the foam as replacement for polyol. Certain compositions of filler have deleterious effect on some relevant mechanical properties of the foam. This paper investigates the Effects of Variable Pressure Foaming on functionality and structure property correlation in polyurethane foam using different percentage of inorganic fillers at different pressure in flexible polyurethane foam for the dual purposes of achieving sustained mechanical properties of polyurethane foam and reduction in the production cost by using the VPF Technique. Government restricts the use of certain auxiliary blowing agents like chlorofluorocarbon, trichloroethane, carbon dioxide, methylene chloride, acetone, pentane and water. VPF machine, in which we can make different densities of foam without adding auxiliary blowing agents which are banned in the Europe and other countries. These blowing agents are highly carcinogenic and ozone depletors, which are also harmful for human beings’ health and greenhouse effect. Water is a natural blowing agent, producers have tried to raise the water level substantially as an ABA agent, With the high exotherm associated with high water level formulations, there is so much urea formation that it is difficult to make flexible PU foams and inferior foam quality and durability, scorching in the foam and pose a fire hazard during foam manufacturing. For the rapid cooling process, it required excess Toluene Diisocyanate usage and allowed excess TDI vapour to be released into the atmosphere. In VPF, enclosed chamber and the exhaust is vented through carbon beds, it filters the TDI fumes which are very harmful for human beings’ health and for the environment. Foams can be achieved by foaming under vacuum, thus substantially reducing the water level and TDI usage. VPF technique offers a unique combination of environmental friendliness, superior product consistency and unique foam properties. It provides us with a platform for new product technology and a reliable process to meet the increasingly stringent environmental regulations.
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Grancharov, Georgy, Mariya-Desislava Atanasova, Radostina Kalinova, et al. "Biorenewable Oxypropylated Pentane-1,2,5-triol as a Source for Incorporation in Rigid Polyurethane Foams." Polymers 15, no. 20 (2023): 4148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15204148.
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In this study, as a product from the efficient Achmatowicz rearrangement and mild subsequent hydrogenation–reduction reactions of biorenewable C5 alcohols derived from lignocellulose, pentane-1,2,5-triol was successfully used after oxypropylation in the preparation of rigid polyurethane foams—one of the most important classes of polymeric materials. Despite the broad range of applications, the production of polyurethanes is still highly dependent on petrochemical materials considering the need of renewable raw materials and new process technologies for the production of polyol or isocyanate components as a key point for the sustainable development of polyurethane foams. The synthesized oxypropylated pentane-1,2,5-triol was analyzed using proton NMR spectroscopy, hydroxyl number, and viscosity, whereas the newly obtained foams incorporated with up to 30% biorenewable polyol were characterized using compressive stress, thermogravimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The modified rigid polyurethanes showed better compressive strength (>400.0 kPa), a comparable thermal degradation range at 325–450 °C, and similar morphological properties to those of commercial polyurethane formulations.
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Kairytė, Agnė, Saulius Vaitkus, and Giedrius Balčiūnas. "THE IMPACT OF CHAIN EXTENDER ON THE PROPERTIES OF POLYURETHANE FOAM BASED ON RAPESEED OIL POLYOL OBTAINED VIA CHEMO–ENZYMATIC ROUTE." Engineering Structures and Technologies 8, no. 3 (2016): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/2029882x.2016.1209726.
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Presently, researches regarding green chemistry are conducted due to its significance for the mitigation of environmental problems, particularly those related to carbon dioxide emissions in relation to global warming and the usage of fossil feedstocks not only for energy generation but also for materials production. The study examines the impact of bio-products such as corn starch, rapeseed glycerin as well as petroleum based propylene glycol as bifunctional and trifunctional chain extenders on physical-mechanical properties of polyurethane foam from rapeseed oil polyol derived via chemo-enzymatic route. The obtained foams were characterized using European and international methodologies for determination of density, compressive strength perpendicular and parallel to foaming directions, thermal conductivity, long-term water absorption after 28 days of immersion, closed cell content and cell size. Foams containing (5–25) pphp of corn starch display significantly lower values in density and compressive strength as well as cell size compared to the neat polyurethane foam. The greatest compressive strength and the lowest thermal conductivity are obtained for foams with 25 pphp of rapeseed glycerin. All foams extended with bio-products and propylene glycol are characterized by the higher long-term water absorption compared to that of the neat polyurethane foam.
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Kirpluks, Mikelis, Ugis Cabulis, Viesturs Zeltins, Laura Stiebra, and Andris Avots. "Rigid Polyurethane Foam Thermal Insulation Protected with Mineral Intumescent Mat." Autex Research Journal 14, no. 4 (2014): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aut-2014-0026.
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Abstract One of the biggest disadvantages of rigid polyurethane (PU) foams is its low thermal resistance, high flammability and high smoke production. Greatest advantage of this thermal insulation material is its low thermal conductivity (λ), which at 18-28 mW/(m•K) is superior to other materials. To lower the flammability of PU foams, different flame retardants (FR) are used. Usually, industrially viable are halogenated liquid FRs but recent trends in EU regulations show that they are not desirable any more. Main concern is toxicity of smoke and health hazard form volatiles in PU foam materials. Development of intumescent passive fire protection for foam materials would answer problems with flammability without using halogenated FRs. It is possible to add expandable graphite (EG) into PU foam structure but this increases the thermal conductivity greatly. Thus, the main advantage of PU foam is lost. To decrease the flammability of PU foams, three different contents 3%; 9% and 15% of EG were added to PU foam formulation. Sample with 15% of EG increased λ of PU foam from 24.0 to 30.0 mW/(m•K). This paper describes the study where PU foam developed from renewable resources is protected with thermally expandable intumescent mat from Technical Fibre Products Ltd. (TFP) as an alternative to EG added into PU material. TFP produces range of mineral fibre mats with EG that produce passive fire barrier. Two type mats were used to develop sandwich-type PU foams. Also, synergy effect of non-halogenated FR, dimethyl propyl phosphate and EG was studied. Flammability of developed materials was assessed using Cone Calorimeter equipment. Density, thermal conductivity, compression strength and modulus of elasticity were tested for developed PU foams. PU foam morphology was assessed from scanning electron microscopy images.
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Paciorek-Sadowska, Joanna, Marcin Borowicz, Janusz Datta, Łukasz Piszczyk, Paulina Kosmela, and Iwona Zarzyka. "Polyurethane Nanocomposites with Open-Cell Structure Modified with Aluminosilicate Nano-Filler." Materials 17, no. 22 (2024): 5641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17225641.
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Nanocomposite flexible polyurethane foams (nFPUfs) were obtained by modifying the polyurethane formulation by adding a halloysite nano-filler in the amount of one to five parts by weight per hundred parts of used polyol (php). Flexible polyurethane (PU) foams with an open-cell structure and with a beneficial SAG factor were obtained. Premixes with nano-filler had a lower reactivity than the reference PU system. This favored the production of smaller cells, but with a more rounded shape in comparison with the REF foam without the nano-filler. During the study, the morphology and physical and mechanical properties were characterized, including apparent density, compressive stress, rebound flexibility, SAG factor, closed-cell content, and thermal stability, and compared with the properties of the unmodified reference foam. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the cell structures of all prepared foams were open, and the cell size decreased with increasing nano-filler content. Apparent densities, SAG factors and rebound flexibilities of the foams increased with the increase of nano-filler content, while the resistance to permanent deformation showed the opposite trend. The proper selection of raw materials and optimally developed polyurethane formulations allow for obtaining environmentally friendly foams with favorable functional properties, taking into account price and the needs of sustainable development in the synthesis of flexible foams dedicated to the upholstery industry.
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Yakushin, Vladimir, Ugis Cabulis, Velta Fridrihsone, Sergey Kravchenko, and Romass Pauliks. "Properties of polyurethane foam with fourth-generation blowing agent." e-Polymers 21, no. 1 (2021): 763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2021-0081.
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Abstract Climate change makes it imperative to use materials with minimum global warming potential. The fourth-generation blowing agent HCFO-1233zd-E is one of them. The use of HCFO allows the production of polyurethane foam with low thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity, like other foam properties, depends not only on the density but also on the cellular structure of the foam. The cellular structure, in turn, depends on the technological parameters of foam production. A comparison of pouring and spray foams of the same low density has shown that the cellular structure of spray foam consists of cells with much less sizes than pouring foam. Due to the small size of cells, spray foam has a lower radiative constituent in the foam conductivity and, as a result, a lower overall thermal conductivity than pouring foam. The water absorption of spray foam, due to the fine cellular structure, also is lower than that of pouring foam. Pouring foam with bigger cells has higher compressive strength and modulus of elasticity in the foam rise direction. On the contrary, spray foam with a fine cellular structure has higher strength and modulus in the perpendicular direction. The effect of foam aging on thermal conductivity was also studied.
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Fedorova, T. P., G. V. Pavlova, and V. A. Zelenin. "Hygienic assessment of working conditions in the manufacture of polyurethane foam products." Kazan medical journal 68, no. 2 (1987): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj96059.
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We studied working conditions in the production of polyurethane foam products for the automotive industry. Polyurethanes are synthesized by interaction of isocyanates with polyesters in the presence of stabilizers, catalysts, emulsifiers, foaming agents, colorants, etc. Of all compounds used, the most toxic are toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane diisocyanate (DMI) and the amines triethylenediamine, triethanolamine.
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Gu, Xiaohua, Shangwen Zhu, Siwen Liu, and Yan Liu. "Analysis of the Influencing Factors of the Efficient Degradation of Waste Polyurethane and Its Scheme Optimization." Polymers 15, no. 10 (2023): 2337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15102337.
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This work proposes an efficient catalytic recovery and utilization method for waste polyurethane foam. This method uses ethylene glycol (EG) and propylene glycol (PPG) as two-component alcohololytic agents for the alcoholysis of waste polyurethane foams. For the preparation of recycled polyethers, the conditions of different catalytic degradation systems were catalyzed by duplex metal catalysts (DMC) and alkali metal catalysts, and a synergy with both was also used. The experimental method was adopted with the blank control group and was set up for comparative analysis. The effect of the catalysts on the recycling of waste polyurethane foam was investigated. The catalytic degradation of DMC and the alkali metal catalysts alone, as well as the synergistic effect of the two catalysts, was explored. The findings revealed that the NaOH and DMC synergistic catalytic system was the best, and that the system activity was high under a two-component catalyst synergistic degradation. When the amount of NaOH added in the degradation system was 0.25%, the amount of DMC added was 0.04%, the reaction time was 2.5 h, and the reaction temperature was 160 °C, the waste polyurethane foam was completely alcoholized, and the prepared regenerated polyurethane foam had high compressive strength and good thermal stability. The efficient catalytic recycling method of waste polyurethane foam proposed in this paper has certain guiding and reference values for the practical production of solid-waste-recycled polyurethane.
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Bello, Kabirat O., and Ning Yan. "Mechanical and Insulation Performance of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Reinforced with Lignin-Containing Nanocellulose Fibrils." Polymers 16, no. 15 (2024): 2119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16152119.
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Isocyanates are critical components that affect the crosslinking density and structure of polyurethane (PU) foams. However, due to the cost and hazardous nature of the precursor for isocyanate synthesis, there is growing interest in reducing their usage in polyurethane foam production—especially in rigid PU foams (RPUF) where isocyanate is used in excess of the stoichiometric ratio. In this study, lignin-containing nanocellulose fibrils (LCNF) were explored as mechanical reinforcements for RPUF with the goal of maintaining the mechanical performance of the foam while using less isocyanate. Different amounts of LCNF (0–0.2 wt.%) were added to the RPUF made using isocyanate indices of 1.1, 1.05, 1.0, and 0.95. Results showed that LCNF served as a nucleating agent, significantly reducing cell size and thermal conductivity. LCNF addition increased the crosslinking density of RPUF, leading to enhanced compressive properties at an optimal loading of 0.1 wt.% compared to unreinforced foams at the same isocyanate index. Furthermore, at the optimal loading, LCNF-reinforced foams made at lower isocyanate indices showed comparable stiffness and strength to unreinforced foams made at higher isocyanate indices. These results highlight the reinforcing potential of LCNF in rigid polyurethane foams to improve insulation and mechanical performance with lower isocyanate usage.
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El Khezraji, Said, Suman Thakur, Mustapha Raihane, et al. "Use of Novel Non-Toxic Bismuth Catalyst for the Preparation of Flexible Polyurethane Foam." Polymers 13, no. 24 (2021): 4460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244460.
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Foam products are one of the largest markets for polyurethane (PU) and are heavily used in many sectors. However, current PU formulations use highly toxic and environmentally unfriendly production processes. Meanwhile, the increasing environmental concerns and regulations are intensifying the research into green and non-toxic products. In this study, we synthesized flexible polyurethane foam (PUF) using different weight percentages (0.025%, 0.05% and 0.1%) of a non-toxic bismuth catalyst. The bismuth-catalyzed foams presented a well evolved cellular structure with an open cell morphology. The properties of the bismuth-catalyzed flexible PUF, such as the mechanical, morphological, kinetic and thermal behaviors, were optimized and compared with a conventional tin-catalyzed PUF. The bismuth-catalyst revealed a higher isocyanate conversion efficiency than the stannous octoate catalyst. When comparing samples with similar densities, the bismuth-catalyzed foams present better mechanical behavior than the tin-catalyzed sample with similar thermal stability. The high solubility of bismuth triflate in water, together with its high Lewis acidity, have been shown to benefit the production of PU foams.
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Majib, Nur Mawaddah, Sam Sung Ting, Noorulnajwa Diyana Yaacob, Nor Munirah Rohaizad, and Lee Boon Beng. "Effects of different biomass on the properties of Pleurotus Djamor eco-friendly foam." E3S Web of Conferences 437 (2023): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343703004.
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Plastic waste and polyurethane foam are major sources of pollution that threatens environments’ biodiversity. The objective of the study is to create an eco-friendly foam from Pleorotus djamor mycelium, rice husk and sugarcane bagasse. The mushroom industry’s overabundance of materials, like oyster mushrooms and biomass, has provided an alternative method to make foam that could be beneficial for the environment. The biomass, consisting of rice husk and sugarcane bagasse, both of which are necessary for the production of foam, was evaluated as a substrate. Pleurotus djamor was inoculated on both substrates and test was done on both produced foams. Mechanical tests showed that rice husk foam had higher hardness and less springy than sugarcane bagasse foam. The morphology of both foams was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the results show that sugarcane bagasse foam is denser than rice husk foam.
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Pendle, T. D. "A Review of the Moulded Latex Foam Industry." Cellular Polymers 8, no. 1 (1989): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248938900800101.
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This review describes the processes used in latex foam production and the changes that have occurred in the industry in the last thirty years. It is concluded that the increased use of synthetic latices for foam production has been nearly sufficient to compensate for the losses in natural latex usage arising from competition from flexible polyurethane foams. As a consequence, the industry is today in a better condition than many people realise and may well have a viable future into the next century. It is also shown that the bulk of latex foam production has moved away from the countries that originated the process and is now in Eastern Europe.
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Rosbotham, Dave, Rik De Vos, and Joris Deschaght. "Micro-fine Cellular Technology for the Appliance Industry." Cellular Polymers 11, no. 4 (1992): 288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248939201100403.
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When expanded with CFCs, rigid polyurethane foams display exceptional thermal insulation properties. The imminent phase-out of CFCs due to their environmental impact, however, has produced intensive research programmes throughout the polyurethanes industry. These aim to develop technologies, based on environmentally acceptable blowing agents, which produce foams with equivalent insulation performance to CFC 11 systems. HCFC 22 has been considered as a possible alternative to CFC 11 because of its lower environmental impact. The gas's low boiling point of -40°C, however, results in processing problems which lead to distorted foam morphology, bad initial thermal conductivity X. values and rapid X value ageing. The wide availability of HCFC 22, however, coupled with its low toxicity, non-flammability and high affinity to both polyol and isocyanate make it a strong candidate for replacing CFC 11, if the above problems can be overcome. This paper reports developments with a novel technology based on HCFC 22. The technology results not only in improved X. value performance in rigid polyurethane foams, but also allows high HCFC 22 loadings whilst retaining a fine celled structure. These higher loadings result in further improvements in thermal conductivity, better than production values actually obtained when using reduced CFC 11 systems. Different aspects of this novel technology, including lambda value performance, energy consumption data and relevant physical properties are discussed.
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Zakrzewska, Patrycja, Monika Kuźnia, Beata Zygmunt-Kowalska, Anna Magiera, and Aneta Magdziarz. "Utilization of Sunflower Husk Ash in the Production of Polyurethane Materials." Energies 16, no. 24 (2023): 8080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16248080.
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Energy produced from waste biomass is more environmentally friendly than that produced from fossil resources. However, the problem of managing waste from the thermal conversion of biomass arises. The overarching goal of this article was to propose a method of utilizing biomass ash (sunflower husk) as a filler that positively affects the properties of rigid polyurethane foams. The scope of the presented research is to obtain and characterize rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) with the addition of two types of fillers: sunflower husks (SHs) and sunflower husk ash (SHA). First, an analysis of the fillers was carried out. The carbon content of SHs (C~49%) was ten times higher in comparison to SHA’s carbon content (C~5%). The morphology of the fillers and the particle size distribution were determined, which showed that in the case of SHs, particles with a size of 500–1000 µm predominated, while in SHA, the particles were 1–20 µm. The content of inorganic compounds was also determined. Potassium and calcium compounds were the most abundant in both fillers. The second part of the research was the analysis of polyurethane materials with the addition of fillers. The obtained results indicate that filler addition had a positive effect on the dimensional stability of the foams by eliminating the risk of material shrinkage. The biodegradation process of polyurethane materials was also carried out. The reference foam weight loss after 8 weeks was ~10%, while the weight loss of the foam containing SHA was over 28%. Physical and mechanical properties, cell structure, and thermal stability tests were also carried out. The use of bio-waste fillers creates a possibility for the partial replacement of petrochemical products with environmentally friendly and recycled materials, which fits into the circular economy strategy.
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Colvin, B. G. "An Integrated Approach to Foam Development for Automotive Instrument Panels." Cellular Polymers 11, no. 1 (1992): 29–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248939201100103.
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The technical requirements of semi-rigid polyurethane foams for automotive instrument panels have become increasingly demanding in recent years. This is predominantly due to the change in design of cars and the consequent impact upon the design of instrument panels. In particular, larger and flatter windscreens have resulted in higher interior temperatures and higher thermal stresses. In addition, some companies have moved towards a closed mould technique which when combined with the requirement to produce longer, more complex instrument panels, has put pressure on foam formulators to provide chemicals with excellent flow characteristics whilst reducing foam demould times. A common problem with the production of instrument panels is the potential staining of the PVC caused or assisted by its reaction with polyurethane foam ingredients. Industrial Foam Systems has carried out extensive evaluation of the effect of formulation changes on the important processing and discoloration properties of polyurethane foams. In particular, we have determined the effect of these parameters on foam reactivity, flowability, mouldability (including void formation and cell collapse), PVC discoloration, adhesion to PVC and rate of cure. Reactivity and flowability studies utilised an automated rise profile/dynamic viscosity apparatus, a technique used to determine the change in foam viscosity as a function of rise height. This apparatus was found to be particularly useful in evaluating the effect of changes in catalyst type on foam flowability. An assessment of foam mouldability has been carried out by foaming into a complex-shaped mould and determining the extent of void formation, cell collapse and knit-line efficiency under these stringent flow conditions. The results of our laboratory evaluation have been transferred to production conditions in two types of application. The first is the production of a complex instrument panel manufactured by the closed mould method. The most important processing criteria were good flowability and fast demould times. The second application was an open mould process where foam flowability was less critical but more importance was attached to a very fast demould time and low levels of PVC staining. In both cases very successful production runs have been realised.
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NJEXTR. "DEVELOPMENT OF BIOBASED FOAM FROM JATROPHA SEED OIL POLYOL: EFFECT OF ISCOYANATE ON SOME PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE BIOBASED FOAM." Nigerian Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Research 9, no. 2 (2023): 173–81. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13932871.
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Designers and manufacturers need to study the appropriate factors that affect the polyurethane foams production and full usage in order to exploit their full potential because of the continuous growth of their usage. This work studied the effectiveness of Toluene Isocyanate (TDI) on the tensile strengths, compression set value, elongation at break, density support factor and the hardness of the biobased polyurethane foam. The chemicals (Polyol, Dimethyl ethyl amine, Silicone oil, Methylene chloride, Tin catalyst and Water) were weighed in separate containers and added into the mixing vessel. Various levels of TDI were added last and immediately followed mixing. The results showed that the, density, porosity index and tensile properties of the foam densities of the samples increase with increase in TDI concentration. The samples that had TDI concentration of 10ml showed the best result. In all the foam samples with TDI concentration of 10ml showed better properties than the commercial standard. The tensile properties such as elongation at break and tensile strength vary with increase in TDI concentration. The results established showed that X-Americana oil can be used to produce good flexible polyurethane foams.
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Omotoyinbo, J. A., I. O. Oladele, J. M. Jabar, et al. "MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISATION, RHEOLOGICAL AND WATER ABSORPTION PROPERTIES OF FILLED POLYURETHANE FOAM." FUTA JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY 16, no. 1 (2022): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51459/futajeet.2022.16.1.359.
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This work investigates the microstructural characterization, rheological and water absorption properties of granite and feldspar filled polyurethane foam. Foaming of polyurethane with the use of synthetic materilas as suitable additives remain a major setback for polyurethane foams. Hence, granite and feldspar are selected as the fillers, pulverized and sieved to ˂90 µm and are randomly dispersed into the polyurethane matrix. The matrix constituents were mixed in the same ratio while fillers were introduced via a one-shot system approach in predetermined proportions of 3-7 wt%. The work was carried out to identify optimum fillers to be utilized in the production of rigid polyurethane foams given the effect of the fillers on the microstructural characterisation, rheological and water absorption properties of the foams. SEM, XRF and FTIR analysis were used characterize the foams while rheological and water absorption tests are also carried out. The presence of the fillers in the foam showed a rupture in the structure of the foams with the cells having similar arrangements. The cream, gel, rise, and the tack-free time was delayed with the presence of the filler particles. It was discovered that 7 wt% feldspar addition enhances the cream and gel time while 3 wt% granite enhance rise and tack free time, respectively in the optima conditions. It was discovered that the two fillers had inverse effects on the rheological properties. The addition of granite and feldspar degrades the sulfonic acid groups and promoted the appearance of Si-O stretching vibration band
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Gu, Xiaohua, Xiaoyao Wang, Tong Wang, et al. "Analysis of Factors Influencing the Efficiency of Catalysts Used in Waste PU Degradation." Polymers 14, no. 24 (2022): 5450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245450.
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Polyurethane (PU) is an indispensable part of people’s lives. With the development of polyurethane, the disposal of polyurethane waste has become a significant issue around the world. Conventional degradation catalysts have poor dispersion and low degradation efficiency when used in the process of solid degradation into liquid. Therefore, this paper innovatively adopts self-made core–shell nanoscale titanium catalysis, traditional alkali metal catalyst (KOH), and polyol to carry out the glycolysis of waste polyurethane (PU) pipeline foam. The homogenized nanoscale titanium catalyst coated with alcohol gel has an obvious core–shell structure. The alcohol gel not only protects the catalyst but also dissolves with the alcoholysis agent in the process of glycolysis and disperses more evenly into the alcoholysis agent to avoid the phenomenon of nanocatalyst agglomeration, so as to facilitate catalytic cracking without reducing catalyst activity. In this study, investigated and compared the production of renewable polyurethane foam via a one-step method based on use of a homogeneous core–shell nanostructured titanium catalyst vs. a traditional alkaline catalyst in terms of the properties of regenerated polyether polyols as well as of the foams produced from these polyols. The physicochemical properties of regenerated polyether polyols that were analyzed included viscosity, hydroxyl value, and average molecular weight. The regenerated polyurethane foams were characterized based on water absorption, TG, SEM, and thermal conductivity analyses. The results show that, when the addition of homogeneous titanium catalyst was T2 0.050 wt.%, the viscosity of regenerated polyether polyols was the lowest, at 5356.7 mPa·s, which was reduced by 9.97% compared with those obtained using the alkali metal catalyst (KOH). When the amount of titanium catalyst was T3 0.075 wt.%, the hard foam made of regenerated polyurethane prepared by the catalyst showed the best properties, with a compressive strength of 0.168 MPa, which is 4.76% higher than that of the foam prepared using KOH catalyst.
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Vevere, Laima, Sarmīte Janceva, Alexandr Arshanitsa, and Galina Telysheva. "Polyols from Condensed Tannin Enriched Extracts for Rigid Polyurethane Foam Production." Key Engineering Materials 762 (February 2018): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.762.197.
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A condensed tannin enriched extract from Grey alder bark was completely liquefied using the batch solvent free oxypropylation process in a high pressure reactor. The obtained polyols were characterized in terms of their composition, functionality, viscosity, and reactivity towards isocyanate. The main constituents of the obtained polyols included high functional polyphenolics based copolymers and low functional constituents – carbohydrate derived products based copolymers and polypropylene glycols. This structure is important for governing the balance between the rigidity and elasticity of polyurethane networks. The polyols were successfully tested in rigid polyurethane foam compositions. Closed cell foams with a density of about 45 kg·m-3were produced.
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Kuźnia, Monika, Beata Zygmunt-Kowalska, Artur Szajding, Anna Magiera, Rafał Stanik, and Maik Gude. "Comparative Study on Selected Properties of Modified Polyurethane Foam with Fly Ash." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (2022): 9725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179725.
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The aim of the article is to compare two types of fly ash (from the fluidized and pulverized coal combustion process) as a filler for rigid polyurethane foam. Pulverized fly ash (PFA) is widely used in building materials, while fluidized fly ash (FFA) is not currently recycled, but landfilled. The produced rigid polyurethane foams were reinforced with 5 and 10% by weight addition of fly ash from two different types of boilers. The foaming process, physical properties, morphologies and thermal degradation were subject to comparative analysis. The research indicated that fly ash intensifies the reactions of foam synthesis, most commonly, polyurethane (PU) foam with an addition of 10% PFA. What is interesting is that both ashes can be used in PU foam technology as they do not cause deterioration of the physical parameters. As shown, the addition of filler affects the morphology and impairs the brittleness. Additionally, the use of fly ash from coal combustion in the technology of polyurethane materials complies with the guidelines of the circular economy stated in the European Union legislation. Partial replacement of petrochemical components with waste filler also reduces the total energy consumption in the production of PU composites.
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Kirpluks, Mikelis, Ugis Cabulis, Maria Kurańska, and Aleksander Prociak. "Three Different Approaches for Polyol Synthesis from Rapeseed Oil." Key Engineering Materials 559 (June 2013): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.559.69.
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Three different kinds of polyols from rapeseed oil were synthesised and characterized during this study. Afterwards, using these polyols rigid polyurethane foams were produced, which are used as thermal insulation material in construction industry and in production of refrigerators. Polyols from rapeseed oil were synthesised by epoxidation, transamidization and transesterification methods. One rapeseed oil based polyol was synthesized by partial epoxidation of the double bonds in fatty acid chains and overall opening oxirane rings by using diethylene glycol. Other two methods transamidization and transesterification of ester bonds of triglyceride were carried out using diethanolamine and triethanolamine respectively. To use these polyols for production of polyurethane foams, hydroxyl value, acid value, water content, viscosity and density of polyols were determinated. The functionality of obtained polyols was calculated on the base of number-average molecular weight and hydroxyl value. After laboratory trials a pilot scale production of the rapeseed oil polyols was carried out in 50 L reactor. From synthesized polyols rigid polyurethane foam samples were produced in laboratory scale and also in semi industrial scale, using industrial high pressure spraying equipment machine. Technological parameters, density and closed cell content were determined for obtained polyurethane foams.
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Lin, Zhaojun, Qianqiong Zhao, Ruilan Fan, Xiaoxue Yuan, and Fuli Tian. "Flame retardancy and thermal properties of rigid polyurethane foam conjugated with a phosphorus–nitrogen halogen-free intumescent flame retardant." Journal of Fire Sciences 38, no. 3 (2020): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904119890685.
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In this work, a halogen-free intumescent combining phosphorus and nitrogen, flame-retardant 2-((2-hydroxyphenyl)(phenylamino)methyl5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane 2-oxide (HAPO) was successfully synthesized. It had been synthesized by reaction of 5,5-dimethyl-1,3, 2-dioxphosphinane 2-oxide with Schiff base. Its chemical structure was characterized in detail by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR spectrum. The flame-retardant polyurethanes were prepared with different loadings of HAPO. The thermal properties, flame retardancy and combustion behavior of the pure polyurethane foam thermosets were investigated by a series of measurements involving thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index measurement, UL-94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter test. The results of the aforementioned tests indicated that HAPO can significantly improve the flame retardancy as well as smoke inhibition performance of polyurethane foam. Compared with the PU-Neat, the limited oxygen index of flame-retardant polyurethanes (15%) thermoset was increased from 19.5% to 23.8% and its UL-94 reached V-0 rating. In addition, the cone test results showed that the heat release rate, total heat release, rate of smoke release, and total smoke production of flame-retardant polyurethanes (10%) were decreased obvious sly. The apparent morphology of carbon residue was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and results revealed that the modified polyurethane foam can form dense carbon layer after combustion. Thermogravimetric analysis results also indicated that the char amount of flame-retardant polyurethanes was obviously increased compared with PU-Neat. Based on the above analysis, we can draw the conclusions which in the condensed phase, phosphorus-based acids from the degradation of HAPO, this could promote the formation of continuous and dense phosphorus-rich carbon layer. In the gas phase, the flame-retardant mechanism was ascribed to the quenching effect of phosphorus-based radicals and diluting effect by non-flammable gases.
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Sari, Imas Ganda, and Naziyah Naziyah. "Analisis Asuhan Keperawatan dengan Intervensi Penggunaan Polyurethane Foam sebagai Balutan Sekunder Pada Fase Proliferasi Pada Pasien Tn. M, Ny. N dan Ny. E dengan Ulkus Dekubitus di Wocare Center Kota Bogor." Jurnal Kreativitas Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM) 6, no. 10 (2023): 4349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/jkpm.v6i10.11400.
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ABSTRAK Ulkus dekubitus merupakan suatu keadaan dimana ada kerusakan jaringan setempat atau luka yang diakibatkan oleh tekanan dari luar yang berlebihan, dan pada umumnya terjadi pada pasien yang menderita penyakit kronik yang sering berbaring lama di tempat tidur. Masalah keperawatan utama yang ditemukan pada saat pengkajian terhadap pasien Tn. M, Ny. N dan Ny. E adalah gangguan intergritas kulit/jaringan, yang dibuktikan dengan adanya data subjektif dan objektif pada gejala dan tanda mayor berupa adanya ulkus dekubitus. Menganalisis asuhan keperawatan dengan intervensi penggunaan Polyurethane foam sebagai balutan sekunder pada fase proliferasi pada pasien dengan ulkus dekubitus. Studi kasus dengan menganalisis penggunaan polyurethane foam sebagai balutan sekunder pada pasien dengan ulkus dekubitus di Wocare Center Bogor. Berdasarkan case study yang telah dilakukan penulis menyimpulkan bahwa polyuretahne foam mampu membantu proses penyembuhan luka pada fase proliferasi dan epitalisasi menjadi lebih cepat dan dapat menurunkan produksi eksudat. Kata Kunci: Polyurethane Foam, Fase Proliferasi, Ulkus Dekubitus ABSTRACT Decubitus ulcers are a condition where there is local tissue damage or injury caused by excessive external pressure, and generally occur in patients suffering from chronic illnesses who often lie in bed for a long time. The main nursing problem discovered during the assessment of Mr. M, Mrs. N and Mrs. E is a disturbance of skin/tissue integrity, as evidenced by subjective and objective data on major symptoms and signs in the form of decubitus ulcers. To analyze nursing care with interventions using polyurethane foam as a secondary dressing in the proliferation phase in patients with decubitus ulcers. Case study analyzing the use of polyurethane foam as a secondary dressing in patients with decubitus ulcers at the Wocare Center Bogor. Based on the case study that has been carried out, the author concludes that polyurethane foam is able to help the wound healing process in the proliferation and epithelial phases faster and can reduce exudate production. Keywords: Polyurethane Foam, Proliferative Phase, Decubitus Ulcer
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Ivdre, Aiga, Arnis Abolins, Nikita Volkovs, et al. "Rigid Polyurethane Foams as Thermal Insulation Material from Novel Suberinic Acid-Based Polyols." Polymers 15, no. 14 (2023): 3124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15143124.
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Developing polyols from biomass sources contributes to a more circular economy by replacing petroleum-based polyols in the vast production of polyurethanes (PUR). One such potential biomass source could be leftover birch bark from which suberinic acids (SA) can be obtained. The purpose of this study was to identify the best synthesis routes for novel SA-based polyols, obtain rigid PUR foams, and evaluate their competitiveness and potential suitability as thermal insulation material. Novel polyols were synthesized from depolymerized SA by esterification with various functionality and molecular weight alcohols in several molar ratios. The moisture content, hydroxyl and acid values, and apparent viscosity were tested. Free-rise rigid PUR foams from the most suitable SA-based polyol and tall oil-based polyol were successfully prepared, reaching ~20 wt.% total renewable material content in the foam. The obtained rigid PUR foams’ morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties were investigated and compared to present foam materials, including commercial foams. The apparent density (~33 kg/m3), as well as the closed cell content (~94%), compression strength (0.25 MPa, parallel to the foaming direction), and thermal conductivity (~0.019 W/(m·K)), approved the competitiveness and potential ability of SA-based rigid PUR foam production as thermal insulation material.
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Czupryński, Bogusław, Joanna Liszkowska, and Joanna Paciorek-Sadowska. "Modyfication of the Rigid Polyurethane-Polyisocyanurate Foams." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/130823.
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The effect of polyethylene glycol 1500 on physicomechanical properties of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PUR-PIR) foams has been studied. It was found that application of polyethylene glycol 1500 for synthesis of foams in amount from 0% to 20%w/whad an effect on reduction of brittleness and softening point, while the greater the increase in compressive strength the higher its content in foam composition was. Wastes from production of these foams were ground and subjected to glycolysis in diethylene glycol with the addition of ethanolamine and zinc stearate. Liquid brown products were obtained. Properties of the resulting products were defined in order to determine their suitability for synthesis of new foams. It was found that glycolysate 6 was the most suitable for reuse and its application in different amounts allowed us to prepare 4 new foams (nos. 25, 26, 27, and 28). Properties of foams prepared in this manner were determined and, on their basis, the suitability of glycolysates for production of rigid PUR-PIR foams was evaluated.
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Paciorek-Sadowska, Joanna, Marcin Borowicz, and Marek Isbrandt. "New Poly(lactide-urethane-isocyanurate) Foams Based on Bio-Polylactide Waste." Polymers 11, no. 3 (2019): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030481.
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The article presents the results of research on the synthesis of a new eco-polyol based on polylactide (PLA) waste and its use for the production of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (RPU/PIR) foams. The obtained recycling-based polyol was subjected to analytical, physicochemical and spectroscopic tests (FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR) to confirm its suitability for the synthesis of polyurethane materials. Then, it was used to partially replace petrochemical polyol in polyurethane formulation. The obtained RPU/PIR foams were characterized by lower apparent density, brittleness, and water absorption. In addition, foams modified by eco-polyol had higher flame retardancy, as compared to reference foam. The results of the research show that the use of PLA polyol based on plastic waste may be an alternative to petrochemical polyols. This research matches with the current trends of sustainable development and green chemistry.
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Simioni, F., M. Modesti, and S. A. Rienzi. "Polyol Recovery from Elastomer Polyurethane Waste." Cellular Polymers 6, no. 6 (1987): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248938700600603.
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Waste and scraps, from polyurethane elastomers, mainly from the shoe sole production, can be conveniently converted by a transesterification process into polyols which can be reused in the production of rigid foams, with both economical and ecological advantages. In the transesterification process, secondary reactions leading to amine formation, can be controlled by means of the reaction conditions. In the production of rigid foam the recovered products are mixed with fresh polyol; the recovered/fresh polyol ratio must be moderate in order to obtain materials with sufficiently high dimensional properties.
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Schäfer, Kay, Susann Anders, Stefan Valentin, et al. "Investigation of the specific adhesion between polyurethane foams and thermoplastics to suited material selection in lightweight structures." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 50, no. 8 (2018): 720–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244318765040.
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Lightweight construction combines various materials to create resource efficient components. Thermoplastics (TPs) combined with polyurethane (PUR) foams are increasingly used to create hybrid composites. Optimizing the energy efficiency is one of the main issues in the development of production processes of components. Reducing the number of process steps offers great potential in this respect. PUR foam develops a strong adhesive bond with most materials. This is used for the manufacturing of hybrid composite components by filling complex cavities with PUR foam simultaneously bonded with other TP polymer components. This way, one process step for joining is saved. The interfaces in this composite structures are critical points of the failure. A huge variety of TP is used for the production of hybrid composite components and PUR foam develops varying bonding strengths with all of them. Selecting the suitable TPs for a durable bonding with PUR foam in the desired production process necessarily requires information about the respective specific adhesion. In this investigation, different TPs were processed with PUR foams in order to manufacture sandwich composites. The TP facings are produced in the injection moulding process. Subsequently, the facings are combined with the foam core during reaction injection moulding. The wetting behaviour was examined using the contact angle measurement and the mechanical strength of the interface in the sandwich composite was determined using a tensile test. A precise order of the selected TPs concerning their specific adhesion to PUR foams was achieved with these investigative methods.
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Hurd, R. "Some Actions Taken by Flexible Foam Producers in Europe to Meet the Requirements of Legislation on Health and the Environment." Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology 8, no. 1 (1992): 49–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/147776069200800104.
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Present and impending EEC and national legislation poses considerable problems for the producers of flexible foams. EUROPUR and B.R.M.A. Working Groups have been defining what information is required by polyurethane foam producers and what practical steps their particular industry can take to meet present and prospective legislation. To meet new requirements in the protection of the health of employees the B.R.M.A. Working Group, including medical advisers and members of the Government Health Inspectorate, has produced a Code of Practice. This gives detailed advice on the medical selection, screening and supervision of people who may be exposed to di-isocyanates and other chemicals used in polyurethane foam production. In addition, the Code recommends detailed and specific working procedures in flexible foam manufacture to ensure safe working practices. The design, examination and testing of engineering and analytical controls is covered in some detail. Some of the practical recommendations on subjects such as ventilation equipment, etc., which are covered in detail in the Code of Practice will be discussed in this paper. Environmental Impact studies aimed at providing specific advice to polyurethane producers on methods of achieving safe operation of the foam production process are in progress and developments will be reported. A number of EUROPUR members are operating various methods for reducing emissions, including alkali and acid scrubbing, Venturi scrubbing and carbon beds. The present status of these methods will be reviewed-also the results of a preliminary investigation into the possible use of a relatively new abatement method using a combination of ultraviolet light and ozone. Progress of a further Study Group charged with defining the total Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from a polyurethane foam production will also be reported.
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Zarzyka, Iwona. "The Modification of Polyurethane Foams Using New Boroorganic Polyols (II) Polyurethane Foams from Boron-Modified Hydroxypropyl Urea Derivatives." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/363260.
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The work focuses on research related to determination of application possibility of new, ecofriendly boroorganic polyols in rigid polyurethane foams production. Polyols were obtained from hydroxypropyl urea derivatives esterified with boric acid and propylene carbonate. The influence of esterification type on properties of polyols and next on polyurethane foams properties was determined. Nitrogen and boron impacts on the foams’ properties were discussed, for instance, on their physical, mechanical, and electric properties. Boron presence causes improvement of dimensional stability and thermal stability of polyurethane foams. They can be applied even at temperature 150°C. Unfortunately, introducing boron in polyurethanes foams affects deterioration of their water absorption, which increases as compared to the foams that do not contain boron. However, presence of both boron and nitrogen determines the decrease of the foams combustibility. Main impact on the decrease combustibility of the obtained foams has nitrogen presence, but in case of proper boron and nitrogen ratio their synergic activity on the combustibility decrease can be easily seen.