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1

SHORT, MEGAN, VARPU VAHTERA, THOMAS WESENER, and SERGEI I. GOLOVATCH. "The millipede family Polyxenidae (Diplopoda, Polyxenida) in the faunas of the Crimean Peninsula and Caucasus, with notes on other European Polyxenidae." Zootaxa 4772, no. 2 (2020): 306–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.4.

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The Polyxenidae in the fauna of the Crimeo-Caucasian region is represented by four species: Polyxenus lagurus (Linnaeus, 1758) (= P. lagurus caucasicus Lignau, 1924, syn. n.), Propolyxenus argentifer (Verhoeff, 1921) comb. n. (= P. trivittatus Verhoeff, 1941, = P. sokolowi Lignau, 1924, both syn. n.), a new species, Polyxenus lankaranensis sp. n., and an undescribed Polyxenus sp. The distributions of all these species in the region concerned are mapped, based on old and new records. A molecular phylogeny based on COI sequences is used to study the relationship within and among the genera Polyxenus and Propolyxenus from Western Europe to the southern Caucasus. The results highlight the presence of a number of undescribed species of Polyxenus across this region.
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2

ISHII, Kiyoshi, and Song-Sik Choi. "A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS POLYXENUS (DIPLOPODA: PENICILLATA: POLYXENIDAE) FROM KOREA." Canadian Entomologist 120, no. 8-9 (1988): 711–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent120711-8.

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3

Ishii, Kiyoshi, and Lairong Liang. "TWO NEW SPECIES OF PENICILLATE DIPLOPODS OF THE FAMILY POLYXENIDAE (DIPLOPODA: PENICILLATA) FROM CHINA." Canadian Entomologist 122, no. 6 (1990): 1239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1221239-11.

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AbstractA fifth species of the genus Eudigraphis, E. sinensis sp.nov., and a third species of the shinoharai group of the genus Polyxenus, P. hangzhoensis sp.nov., are described, representing the first records of penicillate diplopods from China.
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4

Llanos-Soto, Sebastián, Braulio Muñoz, Lucila Moreno, et al. "External and gastrointestinal parasites of the rufous-collared sparrow Zonotrichia capensis (Passeriformes, Emberizidae) in Chile." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 26, no. 3 (2017): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017043.

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Abstract A total of 277 rufous-collared sparrows, Zonotrichia capensis Müller, 1776 (Emberizidae), were examined for external parasites. The birds were captured using mist nets in seven locations in northern and central Chile. Additionally, seven carcasses from central Chile (the Biobío region) were necropsied to evaluate the presence of endoparasite infection. Ectoparasites were found on 35.8% (99/277) of the examined birds and they were represented by the following arthropods: feather mites Amerodectes zonotrichiae Mironov and González-Acuña, 2014 (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae), Proctophyllodes polyxenus Atyeo and Braasch, 1966 (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae), and Trouessartia capensis Berla, 1959 (Analgoidea: Trouessartiidae); a louse Philopterus sp. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera); and ticks Amblyomma tigrinum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) and Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904 (Acari: Ixodidae). Two of the seven necropsied carcasses were infected with the acanthocephalan Mediorhynchus papillosus Van Cleave, 1916 (Gigantorhynchida: Gigantorhynchidae). To our knowledge, this study reports P. polyxenus, Philopterus sp., A. tigrinum, and M. papillosus for the first time for Z. capensis and expands the distributional range for T. capensis to Chile.
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5

Gardella, Mariana. "Ανθρωπος περιπατεῖ. Los argumentos del tercer hombre megáricos". Elenchos 37, № 1-2 (2016): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/elen-2016-371-204.

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AbstractThe Platonic Theory of Forms has received many critiques from many critics, among which stands out the well-known “Third man argument”. Although traditionally the studies about this subject only have considered the versions of the argument introduced by Plato and Aristotle, the Megarian philosophers also developed other versions of the same reasoning. In this paper I would like to analyze the argument which is attributed by Alexander of Aphrodisias to “the sophists” and to Polyxenus in his commentary on Aristotle’s Metaphysics. I will try to show that the main point of these objections is to criticize the homonymy of the universal terms, a problem that Plato evokes in his Parmenides, where he also points out some difficulties in relation to the semantics of his own theory.
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6

Wang, Yadong, Ai Jin, Shichen Gao, Jiajia Wang, and Yan Dong. "Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record." ZooKeys 1223 (January 6, 2025): 149–67. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808.

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This study describes a new species of Polyxenida from China, Lophoturus sineprocessussp. nov., along with a species newly recorded from China: Eudigraphis nigricans (Miyosi, 1947), and provides additional descriptions of Eudigraphis sinensis Ishii & Liang, 1990 and Polyxenus hangzhoensis Ishii & Liang, 1990. The study conducted mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequencing for all four species and constructed a phylogenetic tree based on the molecular data. The comprehensive morphological descriptions and molecular analyses confirm the addition of one new species and one newly recorded species for the Polyxenida fauna of China, elevating the total number of known Polyxenida species in the country from 10 to 12. The study also includes an identification key for Polyxenida species in China.
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7

Wang, Yadong, Ai Jin, Shichen Gao, Jiajia Wang, and Yan Dong. "Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record." ZooKeys 1223 (January 6, 2025): 149–67. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808.

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This study describes a new species of Polyxenida from China, <i>Lophoturus sineprocessus</i> sp. nov., along with a species newly recorded from China: <i>Eudigraphis nigricans</i> (Miyosi, 1947), and provides additional descriptions of <i>Eudigraphis sinensis</i> Ishii &amp; Liang, 1990 and <i>Polyxenus hangzhoensis</i> Ishii &amp; Liang, 1990. The study conducted mitochondrial cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase subunit I (COI) sequencing for all four species and constructed a phylogenetic tree based on the molecular data. The comprehensive morphological descriptions and molecular analyses confirm the addition of one new species and one newly recorded species for the Polyxenida fauna of China, elevating the total number of known Polyxenida species in the country from 10 to 12. The study also includes an identification key for Polyxenida species in China.
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8

Schlueter, Ulrich, and Gerhard Seifert. "Rickettsiales-like microorganisms associated with the Malpighian tubules of the millipede, Polyxenus lagurus (Diplopoda, Penicillata)." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 46, no. 2 (1985): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(85)90154-5.

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9

Martin, Gunther. "A Dialogic Soliloquy?" Mnemosyne 72, no. 1 (2018): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12342510.

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AbstractIn Euripides’ Hecuba, both the scholia and modern interpreters detect a failure of communication in the farewell scene between the protagonist and Polyxena—though the scholiast names Polyxena as the source of the non-dialogue, whereas the modern commentators claim that neither character is engaging. This paper aims, firstly, by a slight redistribution of lines, to restore coherence to the dialogue. Secondly, it argues that it is Hecuba’s rather than Polyxena’s conversational behaviour that impedes the smooth progress of the dialogue. Polyxena is even the one trying to reintegrate her mother into the dialogue. Her linguistic behaviour thus matches her composed and ‘heroic’ overall conduct.
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10

Vega-Román, Emmanuel, Víctor Hugo Ruiz, and Patricia Arancibia-Ávila. "First record of the genus Polyxenus Latreille (Diplopoda: Penicillata: Polyxenida) in the supralittoral zone of Cocholgüe, Biobío Region, Chile." REVISTA CHILENA DE ENTOMOLOGÍA 45, no. 3 (2019): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.35249/rche.45.3.19.11.

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11

Wright, J. C. "Water vapour absorption in the penicillate millipede Polyxenus lagurus (Diplopoda: Penicillata: Polyxenida): microcalorimetric analysis of uptake kinetics." Journal of Experimental Biology 209, no. 13 (2006): 2486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02280.

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12

Short, Megan. "New species of Polyxenida in Israel (Diplopoda, Penicillata)." Opuscula Zoologica (Budapest) 51, Supplementum 2 (2020): 35–45. https://doi.org/10.18348/opzool.2020.S2.35.

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The identification of 5 species from a recent collection of 23 specimens from two areas in Israel is given. Two new species of Polyxenida are recorded, including the first species in the family Synxenidae (Phryssonotus sp.) and the first species from the family Polyxenidae, subfamily Macroxeninae (Chilexenus sp.), from Israel. These spe-cies are identified only to genus due to the lack of undamaged adult material. Two species in the family Lophoprocti-dae are also identified, one previously recorded but not described, is now described as Lophoproctus israelensis sp. nov., and Lophoproctinus chichinii Cond&eacute;, 1951is recorded from Israel for the first time. The fifth species is identified as possibly a new species in the genus Polyxenus and likely to be synonymous with the specimens identified as Polyx-enus lagurus Linnaeus, 1758 in a previous study. This is just the second collection from Israel to be identified and brings the total number of Polyxenida species found in Israel to 8. All 3 families of Polyxenida are represented in this list, together with all 3 subfamilies of the most numerous family, Polyxenidae.
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13

Rost-Roszkowska, M. M., J. Vilimová, K. Tajovský, et al. "Autophagy and Apoptosis in the Midgut Epithelium of Millipedes." Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, no. 4 (2019): 1004–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192761900059x.

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AbstractThe process of autophagy has been detected in the midgut epithelium of four millipede species: Julus scandinavius, Polyxenus lagurus, Archispirostreptus gigas, and Telodeinopus aoutii. It has been examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which enabled differentiation of cells in the midgut epithelium, and some histochemical methods (light microscope and fluorescence microscope). While autophagy appeared in the cytoplasm of digestive, secretory, and regenerative cells in J. scandinavius and A. gigas, in the two other species, T. aoutii and P. lagurus, it was only detected in the digestive cells. Both types of macroautophagy, the selective and nonselective processes, are described using TEM. Phagophore formation appeared as the first step of autophagy. After its blind ends fusion, the autophagosomes were formed. The autophagosomes fused with lysosomes and were transformed into autolysosomes. As the final step of autophagy, the residual bodies were detected. Autophagic structures can be removed from the midgut epithelium via, e.g., atypical exocytosis. Additionally, in P. lagurus and J. scandinavius, it was observed as the neutralization of pathogens such as Rickettsia-like microorganisms. Autophagy and apoptosis ca be analyzed using TEM, while specific histochemical methods may confirm it.
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14

Shelley, Rowland M. "The millipeds of central Canada (Arthropoda: Diplopoda), with reviews of the Canadian fauna and diplopod faunistic studies." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 11 (2002): 1863–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-170.

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The milliped fauna of central Canada, extending from the Rocky Mountains of Alberta to James Bay and eastern Lake Superior, Ontario, comprises nine species, four Palearctic introductions, Cylindroiulus latestriatus (Curtis), Archiboreoiulus pallidus (Brade-Birks), Nopoiulus kochii (Gervais), and Polydesmus inconstans Latzel, and five native species, Aniulus garius (Chamberlin), Oriulus venustus (Wood), Underwoodia iuloides (Harger), Underwoodia tida Chamberlin, and Brunsonia albertana (Chamberlin). Three additional species, Polyxenus lagurus (L.), Aniulus (Hakiulus)diversifrons diversifrons (Wood), and Oxidus gracilis (C.L. Koch), are potential inhabitants. Aniulus garius is newly recorded from Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, and Archiboreoiulus pallidus is newly reported from British Columbia and Illinois, U.S.A.; Zygotyla phana Chamberlin is formally placed in synonymy under Brunsonia atrolineata (Bollman). The total Canadian fauna consists of 6 orders, 20 families, 43 genera, and 62 species/subspecies, nearly one-third of which (20 species in total) are importations from the Palearctic and Asiatic realms. The total indigenous fauna therefore comprises 6 orders, 15 families, 30 genera, and 42 species, and 10 additional species potentially occur in British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick. Uroblaniulus idahoanus (Chamberlin) is provisionally recognized as the representative of the tribe Uroblaniulini (Julida: Parajulidae) in British Columbia, and specific localities are reported, which also constitute new records for the province and country. Canada is the first large country in the world whose diplopod fauna is essentially completely known; other countries, islands, and island groups in this category are summarized.
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15

Shelley, Rowland M. "The millipeds of eastern Canada (Arthropoda: Diplopoda)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 7 (1988): 1638–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-239.

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The diplopod fauna of eastern Canada, an area containing all or parts of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland, consists of 6 orders, 15 families, 28 genera, and 38 species. Eighteen species, 47% of the total fauna, are synanthropic forms introduced chiefly from Europe, and 11 additional millipeds, including another order and family, may occur there, particularly in southern Ontario. The sole Canadian records of Polyzonium mutabile Causey, Aniulus paludicolens Causey, Uroblaniulus stolidus Causey, Pseudopolydesmus branneri (Bollman), Scytonotus granulatus (Say), and Pleuroloma flavipes Rafinesque; the genera Cleidogona, Scytonotus, and Pleuroloma; and the family Cleidogonidae are from Ontario. Pleuroloma flavipes and Uroblaniulus stolidus, in Essex and Algoma counties, are newly recorded from Canada. Polyxenus lagurus (L.), Underwoodia iuloides (Harger), and Trichopetalum lunatum Harger are the only native diplopods in the Maritime Provinces, and Allajulus caeruleocinctus (Wood), a Palearctic introduction, is the only species known from New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. The combination Polyzonium cryptocephalum (McNeill) is revived for the dominant eastern polyzoniid species, and Petaserpes rosalbus Cope and Polyzonium divaricatum Loomis are recognized as synonyms of it, the latter being new. Other new synonymies are Polyzonium borealis Loomis and P. quadricauda Loomis with P. mutabile Causey; Julus immaculatus Wood and Parajulus dux Chamberlin with Uroblaniulus canadensis (Newport); and Underwoodia polygama Cook and Collins with U. iuloides. Apheloria virginiensis (Drury), n.comb., is proposed as are subspecific statuses for the common eastern spirobolid millipeds. American species improbable for eastern Canada are identified, and a key to known and potential taxa and pertinent anatomical drawings are provided.
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SHIRAIWA, KOJIRO, and NICK V. GRISHIN. "Welcome back Mr. Rudkin: differentiating Papilio zelicaon and Papilio polyxenes in Southern California (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)." Zootaxa 4877, no. 3 (2020): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4877.3.3.

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We studied wing pattern characters to distinguish closely related sympatric species Papilio zelicaon Lucas, 1852 and Papilio polyxenes Fabricius, 1775 in Southern California, and developed a morphometric method based on the ventral black postmedian band. Application of this method to the holotype of Papilio [Zolicaon variety] Coloro W. G. Wright, 1905, the name currently applied to the P. polyxenes populations, revealed that it is a P. zelicaon specimen. The name for western US polyxenes subspecies thus becomes Papilio polyxenes rudkini (F. &amp; R. Chermock, 1981), reinstated status, and we place coloro as a junior subjective synonym of P. zelicaon. Furthermore, we sequenced mitochondrial DNA COI barcodes of rudkini and coloro holotypes and compared them with those of polyxenes and zelicaon specimens, confirming rudkini as polyxenes and coloro as zelicaon.
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Recuero, Ernesto, and Paula C. Rodríguez-Flores‍. "Los polixénidos (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) de la península Ibérica, Baleares y Canarias con nuevos registros y datos sobre su distribución." Graellsia 79, no. 2 (2023): e198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2023.v79.385.

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Polyxenida es un orden pequeño de milpiés que usualmente se encuentran en el suelo, madera muerta, bajo cortezas de troncos muertos o de árboles y arbustos vivos, en hojarasca y debajo de rocas. Dado su pequeño tamaño y su naturaleza elusiva, se han estudiado poco, de modo que el conocimiento sobre la distribución, diversidad, biología e historia natural de las especies ibéricas, baleares y canarias es muy limitado. En este trabajo recopilamos todos los registros publicados y proporcionamos nuevas citas para las áreas mencionadas. También incluimos fotos en vivo de varias especies ibéricas previamente no fotografiadas. En las regiones de estudio se encuentran representantes de 3 familias, 5 géneros y al menos 10 especies. La familia Synxenidae incluye un solo representante, Phryssonotus platycephalus (Lucas, 1846), en la península Ibérica y en las islas Baleares. La diversidad es más alta para Polyxenidae, con una especie de amplia distribución, Polyxenus lagurus (Linnaeus, 1758), en Iberia y también Baleares, en donde podría haber otra especie del género no descrita; en las Canarias está presente otra especie de amplia distribución, P. fasciculatus Say, 1821, y el endemismo P. oromii Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, 1996; el género Macroxenus Brolemann, 1917 está representado por M. rubromarginatus (Lucas, 1846) en Iberia, y M. enghoffi Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, 1996, posiblemente endémica de las Canarias. Finalmente, en la familia Lophoproctidae, Lophoproctus jeanneli (Brolemann, 1910) se encuentra tanto en la península como en Baleares; L. lucidus (Chalande, 1888) es registrado por primera vez en la península ibérica y en la isla del Hierro; L. pagesi Condè, 1981 es endémico de cuevas de Mallorca, con una forma relacionada en cuevas de Portugal, L. cf. pagesi; Lophoproctinus inferus inferus (Silvestri, 1903) está presente con unos pocos registros en Mallorca y L. i. maurus Marquet &amp; Condè, 1950 se encuentra en las Canarias. Nuestros nuevos registros junto con registros procedentes de iniciativas de ciencia ciudadana (iNaturalist), expanden notablemente el área de distribución conocida de varias especies de Polyxenida en la península Ibérica. Muchas de estas especies presentan patrones de distribución fragmentados, con registros aislados en diferentes áreas geográficas. Un estudio más intenso incluyendo muestreo exhaustivo y datos moleculares ayudará a entender mejor la naturaleza real de estos patrones de distribución.
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Papastamati, Styliani. "The Poetics of kalos thanatos in Euripides’ Hecuba." Mnemosyne 70, no. 3 (2017): 361–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12341972.

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This paper reads Polyxena’s death inHecubavia a different lens and uncovers hidden aspects of Euripides’ technique in configuring her death as a heroic act. It argues that her death is a reshaped version ofkalos thanatos, with a binary, masculine and feminine, quality. In this framework a series of traditional, mainly epic and elegiac, motifs are employed (heroism, athletic victory, beauty, marriage) with multiple effects on Polyxena’s sacrifice. In conclusion, this article explores the implications of Polyxena’s death in the larger narrative ofHecuba.
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19

Prapaipong, Hataichanoke, May R. Berenbaum, and Mary A. Schuler. "Transcriptional regulation of thePapilio polyxenes CYP6B1gene." Nucleic Acids Research 22, no. 15 (1994): 3210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.15.3210.

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20

Martinez, Ana Maria Barral de, Maria Aparecida Gomes, João da Costa Viana, Alvaro José Romanha, and Edward Felix Silva. "Isoenzyme profile as parameter to differentiate pathogenic strains of Entamoeba histolytica in Brazil." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 38, no. 6 (1996): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651996000600004.

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The isoenzyme profiles (IP) of 33 strains of Entamoeba histolytica isolated from patients and carriers of two regions in Brazil (Amazonia and Southeast) were determined. The enzymes phosphoglucomutase, glucose-phosphate isomerase, hexokinase and malic enzyme were considered. IP of the strains was correlated with culture conditions, time of maintenance in laboratory and clinical history of patients. The strains were maintained under polyxenic, monoxenic and axenic culture conditions: 27 polyxenic, 1 polyxenic and monoxenic, 1 polyxenic, monoxenic and axenic and 4 axenic only. The patients were symptomatic and asymptomatic. The symptomatic patients presented either non dysenteric (NDC) or dysenteric colitis (DC), associated or not with hepatic abscess (HA). One patient presented anal amoeboma (AM). The analysis of IP for isolates maintained in polyxenic culture showed non pathogenic IP (I) for strains from carriers and patients with NDC, while the strains isolated from patients presenting DC, HA and AM resulted in isolates II or XIX pathogenic IP. This parameter was not able to differentiate strains from carriers from symptomatic patients when these strains were found in axenic or monoxenic culture. All these strains displayed pathogenic IP (II), demonstrating the inability of this parameter to classifying for virulence since it showed identical IP for strains isolated from carriers or symptomatic patients.
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Shiraiwa, Kojiro, and Nick V. Grishin. "Welcome back Mr. Rudkin: differentiating Papilio zelicaon and Papilio polyxenes in Southern California (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)." Zootaxa 4877, no. 3 (2020): 422–28. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4877.3.3.

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Shiraiwa, Kojiro, Grishin, Nick V. (2020): Welcome back Mr. Rudkin: differentiating Papilio zelicaon and Papilio polyxenes in Southern California (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Zootaxa 4877 (3): 422-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.3.3
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22

Mathew, Brian. "POLYXENA CORYMBOSA: Hyacinthaceae." Curtis's Botanical Magazine 5, no. 1 (1988): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8748.1988.tb00103.x.

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23

Meca, Miguel A., Pilar Drake, and Daniel Martin. "Does polyxenous symbiosis promote sympatric divergence? A morphometric and phylogeographic approach based on Oxydromus okupa (Annelida, Polychaeta, Hesionidae)." Contributions to Zoology 88, no. 2 (2019): 173–200. https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-20191403.

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Meca, Miguel A., Drake, Pilar, Martin, Daniel (2019): Does polyxenous symbiosis promote sympatric divergence? A morphometric and phylogeographic approach based on Oxydromus okupa (Annelida, Polychaeta, Hesionidae). Contributions to Zoology 88 (2): 173-200, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-20191403, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-20191403
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Verrett, Taylor B., Paul W. Webala, Bruce D. Patterson, and Carl W. Dick. "Remarkably low host specificity in the bat fly Penicillidia fulvida (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) as assessed by mitochondrial COI and nuclear 28S sequence data." Parasites & Vectors 15, no. 1 (2022): 392. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13426294.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Background: The recognition and delineation of morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species can have broad implications for wildlife conservation, disease ecology and accurate estimates of biodiversity. Parasites are intriguing in the study of cryptic speciation because unique evolutionary pressures and diversifying factors are generated by ecological characteristics of host-parasite relationships, including host specificity. Bat flies (Diptera: Nycteribiidae and Streblidae) are obligate, hematophagous ectoparasites of bats that generally exhibit high host specificity. One rare exception is Penicillidia fulvida (Diptera: Nycteribiidae), an African bat fly found in association with many phylogenetically distant hosts. One explanation for P. fulvida's extreme polyxeny is that it may represent a complex of host-specific yet cryptic species, an increasingly common finding in molecular genetic studies of supposed generalist parasites. Methods: A total of 65 P. fulvida specimens were collected at 14 localities across Kenya, from bat species representing six bat families. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences were obtained from 59 specimens and used to construct Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenies. Analysis of molecular variance was used to determine how genetic variation in P. fulvida was allocated among host taxa. Results: The 28S rRNA sequences studied were invariant within P. fulvida. Some genetic structure was present in the COI sequence data, but this could be more parsimoniously explained by geography than host family. Conclusions: Our results support the status of P. fulvida as a rare example of a single bat fly species with primary host associations spanning multiple bat families. Gene flow among P. fulvida utilizing different host species may be promoted by polyspecific roosting behavior in bats, and host preference may also be malleable based on bat assemblages occupying shared roosts. The proclivity of generalist parasites to switch hosts makes them more likely to vector or opportunistically transmit pathogens across host species boundaries. Consequently, the presence of polyxenous bat flies is an important consideration to disease ecology as bat flies become increasingly known to be associated with bat pathogens.
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Verrett, Taylor B., Paul W. Webala, Bruce D. Patterson, and Carl W. Dick. "Remarkably low host specificity in the bat fly Penicillidia fulvida (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) as assessed by mitochondrial COI and nuclear 28S sequence data." Parasites & Vectors 15, no. 1 (2022): 392. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13426294.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Background: The recognition and delineation of morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species can have broad implications for wildlife conservation, disease ecology and accurate estimates of biodiversity. Parasites are intriguing in the study of cryptic speciation because unique evolutionary pressures and diversifying factors are generated by ecological characteristics of host-parasite relationships, including host specificity. Bat flies (Diptera: Nycteribiidae and Streblidae) are obligate, hematophagous ectoparasites of bats that generally exhibit high host specificity. One rare exception is Penicillidia fulvida (Diptera: Nycteribiidae), an African bat fly found in association with many phylogenetically distant hosts. One explanation for P. fulvida's extreme polyxeny is that it may represent a complex of host-specific yet cryptic species, an increasingly common finding in molecular genetic studies of supposed generalist parasites. Methods: A total of 65 P. fulvida specimens were collected at 14 localities across Kenya, from bat species representing six bat families. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences were obtained from 59 specimens and used to construct Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenies. Analysis of molecular variance was used to determine how genetic variation in P. fulvida was allocated among host taxa. Results: The 28S rRNA sequences studied were invariant within P. fulvida. Some genetic structure was present in the COI sequence data, but this could be more parsimoniously explained by geography than host family. Conclusions: Our results support the status of P. fulvida as a rare example of a single bat fly species with primary host associations spanning multiple bat families. Gene flow among P. fulvida utilizing different host species may be promoted by polyspecific roosting behavior in bats, and host preference may also be malleable based on bat assemblages occupying shared roosts. The proclivity of generalist parasites to switch hosts makes them more likely to vector or opportunistically transmit pathogens across host species boundaries. Consequently, the presence of polyxenous bat flies is an important consideration to disease ecology as bat flies become increasingly known to be associated with bat pathogens.
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26

Verrett, Taylor B., Paul W. Webala, Bruce D. Patterson, and Carl W. Dick. "Remarkably low host specificity in the bat fly Penicillidia fulvida (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) as assessed by mitochondrial COI and nuclear 28S sequence data." Parasites & Vectors 15, no. 1 (2022): 392. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13426294.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Background: The recognition and delineation of morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species can have broad implications for wildlife conservation, disease ecology and accurate estimates of biodiversity. Parasites are intriguing in the study of cryptic speciation because unique evolutionary pressures and diversifying factors are generated by ecological characteristics of host-parasite relationships, including host specificity. Bat flies (Diptera: Nycteribiidae and Streblidae) are obligate, hematophagous ectoparasites of bats that generally exhibit high host specificity. One rare exception is Penicillidia fulvida (Diptera: Nycteribiidae), an African bat fly found in association with many phylogenetically distant hosts. One explanation for P. fulvida's extreme polyxeny is that it may represent a complex of host-specific yet cryptic species, an increasingly common finding in molecular genetic studies of supposed generalist parasites. Methods: A total of 65 P. fulvida specimens were collected at 14 localities across Kenya, from bat species representing six bat families. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences were obtained from 59 specimens and used to construct Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenies. Analysis of molecular variance was used to determine how genetic variation in P. fulvida was allocated among host taxa. Results: The 28S rRNA sequences studied were invariant within P. fulvida. Some genetic structure was present in the COI sequence data, but this could be more parsimoniously explained by geography than host family. Conclusions: Our results support the status of P. fulvida as a rare example of a single bat fly species with primary host associations spanning multiple bat families. Gene flow among P. fulvida utilizing different host species may be promoted by polyspecific roosting behavior in bats, and host preference may also be malleable based on bat assemblages occupying shared roosts. The proclivity of generalist parasites to switch hosts makes them more likely to vector or opportunistically transmit pathogens across host species boundaries. Consequently, the presence of polyxenous bat flies is an important consideration to disease ecology as bat flies become increasingly known to be associated with bat pathogens.
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27

Jutzeler, David. "Zerynthia cassandra (Geyer, 1828) or Zerynthia demnosia (Boisduval, 1828)? Which one is the correct name according to the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature?" Entomologica Romanica 28 (December 31, 2024): 12–21. https://doi.org/10.24193/entomolrom.28.3.

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The author succeeds in clarifying the taxonomic and nomenclatural uncertainties within the species complex of Zerynthia polyxena from Italy. Respecting the specific state of the Italian Festoon as proposed by Dapporto (2010), its species name must be demnosia Boisduval, 1828 with the type locality ‘San Giórgio a Colónica’ (Dapporto, 2010), which corresponds to Florence in the sense of Mann (1844). The name cassandra Geyer, 1828 has to be considered as a younger synonym of polyxena [Denis &amp; Schiffermüller], 1775 and is not available as a species name for the Italian Festoon. The substitution of the species name cassandra sensu Dapporto (2010) by demnosia Boisduval, 1828 allows furthermore the use of the name cassandra Geyer, 1828, as a forma to denote individual and local forms with strong patterning of Zerynthia polyxena in southern Europe including the populations of southern France and eastern Liguria
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Balletto, Emilio, Gian Cristoforo Bozano, Enrico Gallo, and Marco Bonifacino. "Cosa è <em>Thais creusa</em> Meigen, 1829? (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae)." Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 153, no. 3 (2021): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/bollettinosei.2021.129.

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A seguito della recente separazione di Zerynthia polyxena e di Z. cassandra come specie distinte, si pone il problema di capire esattamente la natura del taxon Thais creusa Meigen, 1829. In questo lavoro si riesamina la storia tassonomica di questo nome e si designa per esso come neotipo, secondo le disposizioni dell’articolo 75 dell’ICZN, l’esemplare maschio di Z. polyxena, conservato nel Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova ‘Giacomo Doria’, corredato dai seguenti dati: Liguria, Passo Ghimbegna (IM) m 900, 3.V.1974. leg. G. G. Toso.
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29

Yu, Q., A. E. Hajek, M. Bergoin, and P. Tijssen. "Papilio polyxenes Densovirus Has an Iteravirus-Like Genome Organization." Journal of Virology 86, no. 17 (2012): 9534–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01368-12.

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30

Zumwalt, J. G., and J. J. Neal. "Cytochromes P450 from Papilio polyxenes: Adaptations to host plant allelochemicals." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology 106, no. 1 (1993): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(93)90261-i.

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31

Batáry, P., N. Örvössy, Á. Kőrösi, and L. Peregovits. "Egg Distribution Of The Southern Festoon (Zerynthia Polyxena) (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae)." Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54, no. 4 (2008): 401–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12584905.

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Batáry, P., Örvössy, N., Kőrösi, Á., Peregovits, L. (2008): Egg Distribution Of The Southern Festoon (Zerynthia Polyxena) (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4): 401-410, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12584905
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32

Penwill, John L. "Lucretian Reflections in Seneca'sTrojan Women: The Function of the Second Choral Ode." Antichthon 39 (2005): 77–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066477400001568.

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The function of the second choral ode of Seneca'sTrojan Womenin the overall thematic design of that play is a question that has aroused much critical interest over the years. Its overt Epicureanism appears at first to sit oddly with the assumptions of various characters (including the Chorus themselves) as to whether individual consciousness survives after death, and its relationship to what precedes (Talthybius' report of the appearance of Achilles' ghost, the quarrel between Pyrrhus and Agamemnon and Calchas' injunction that both Polyxena and Astyanax must be sacrificed) and what follows (Andromache's dream of Hector) has been seen as problematic; further, there is the whole issue of how it relates to the ritual killings of Astyanax and Polyxena on which the play focuses so much attention and with which it concludes.
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33

Hung, Chien-Fu, T. L. Harrison, M. R. Berenbaum, and M. A. Schuler. "CYP6B3: a second furanocoumarin-inducible cytochrome P450 expressed in Papilio polyxenes." Insect Molecular Biology 4, no. 3 (1995): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.1995.tb00020.x.

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34

Hazel, Wade N. "Sex-limited variability mimicry in the swallowtail butterfly Papilio polyxenes Fabr." Heredity 65, no. 1 (1990): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1990.76.

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35

Berenbaum, M. R., and A. R. Zangerl. "Furanocoumarin metabolism in Papilio polyxenes: biochemistry, genetic variability, and ecological significance." Oecologia 95, no. 3 (1993): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00320991.

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36

Kulak, A. "New information on the biology and distribution of <i>Zerynthia polyxena</i> (Denis et Schiffermüller, 1775) in Belarus." Science and Innovations, no. 3 (April 16, 2024): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1818-9857-2024-3-36-40.

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New information on the distribution and dynamics of the number Southern Festoon – Zerynthia polyxena (Denis et Schiffermüller, 1775) in Belarus is provided. Currently, there are five isolated areas of the Belarusian fragment of the range in the country, localized in the valleys of the Dnieper, Sozh, and Pripyat Rivers. The water regime of the rivers is characterized by a strong spring flood, which in some years have the character of catastrophic floods and leads to flooding of the butterfly habitats. The warming of the climate, accompanied by frequent winter thaws, has led to a significant decrease in spring floods and their displacement to earlier dates. As a result, Southern Festoon has spread more widely in the South-East Belarus. The largest number of the species speciment was found in 2016-2020, which we associate with the period of weak spring floods on the rivers. Probably, during this period, the species actively explored new habitats in floodplain ecosystems and reached the latitude of Rechytsa City. In 2022 and 2023, there were observed extremely high floods in the South-East of Belarus. As a result of high floods, the number of Polyxena has fallen tenfold and the species has been preserved mainly on the most elevated terrain areas or at a considerable distance from rivers. In years with extreme spring floods, Polyxena does not fly out to the open floodplain and has no opportunity to settle.
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37

Fukai, S., Y. Katsu, T. Narumi-Kawasaki, and E. Kodaira. "Growth and flowering of Polyxena corymbosa (Hyacinthaceae)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1208 (July 2018): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2018.1208.49.

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38

Gilbert, L. M. "What is New in Hooft'sAchilles en Polyxena?" Dutch Crossing 12, no. 36 (1988): 3–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03096564.1988.11783895.

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39

Slancarova, Jana, Pavel Vrba, Michal Platek, Michal Zapletal, Lukas Spitzer, and Martin Konvicka. "Co-occurrence of three Aristolochia-feeding Papilionids (Archon apollinus, Zerynthia polyxena and Zerynthia cerisy) in Greek Thrace." Journal of Natural History 49, no. 29 (2015): 1825–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1006281.

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Slancarova, Jana, Vrba, Pavel, Platek, Michal, Zapletal, Michal, Spitzer, Lukas, Konvicka, Martin (2015): Co-occurrence of three Aristolochia-feeding Papilionids (Archon apollinus, Zerynthia polyxena and Zerynthia cerisy) in Greek Thrace. Journal of Natural History 49 (29): 1825-1848, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1006281
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40

Szepessy, Tibor. "Narrative Model of the Acta Xanthippae et Polyxenae." Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 44, no. 2-4 (2004): 317–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aant.44.2004.2-4.14.

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41

Kourkoutmani, Polyxeni, Katerina Loufi, Georgia Kalantaridou, Aikaterini Karagianni, and Evangelia Michaloudi. "Spatio-temporal variation of the invasive copepod Oithona davisae in the zooplankton community of Kavala harbour Abstract." Mediterranean Marine Science 24, no. 1 (2023): 174–81. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.32127.

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Kourkoutmani, Polyxeni, Loufi, Katerina, Kalantaridou, Georgia, Karagianni, Aikaterini, Michaloudi, Evangelia (2023): Spatio-temporal variation of the invasive copepod Oithona davisae in the zooplankton community of Kavala harbour Abstract. Mediterranean Marine Science 24 (1): 174-181, DOI: 10.12681/mms.32127, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.32127
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42

Herrell, Jennifer, and Wade Hazel. "Female-limited variability in mimicry in the swallowtail butterfly Papilio polyxenes Fabr." Heredity 75, no. 1 (1995): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1995.110.

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43

Ryan, Robert O., Xiao-Yu Wang, Elizabeth Willott, and John H. Law. "Major hemolymph proteins from larvae of the black swallowtail butterfly,Papilio polyxenes." Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 3, no. 6 (1986): 539–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940030605.

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44

Neal, J. J., and May Berenbaum. "Decreased sensitivity of mixed-function oxidases frompapilio polyxenes to inhibitors in host plants." Journal of Chemical Ecology 15, no. 1 (1989): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02027803.

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45

Wen, Zhimou, Sanjeewa Rupasinghe, Guodong Niu, May R. Berenbaum, and Mary A. Schuler. "CYP6B1 and CYP6B3 of the Black Swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes): Adaptive Evolution through Subfunctionalization." Molecular Biology and Evolution 23, no. 12 (2006): 2434–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msl118.

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46

Ma, R. L., M. B. Cohen, M. R. Berenbaum, and M. A. Schuler. "Black Swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes) Alleles Encode Cytochrome P450S That Selectively Metabolize Linear Furanocoumarins." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 310, no. 2 (1994): 332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1994.1175.

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47

Zheleznov, Alexander F. "The Synthesis of Christian and Ancient Cultures in the “Acts of Xanthippe and Polyxena”." nauka.me, no. 1 (2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s241328880015941-9.

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The paper analyses the early Christian novel “The Acts of Xanthippe and Polyxena”. The text is examined in the context of synchronous popular literature, analyzing the parallels found in the composition and artistic techniques of the novel. The conclusion is made about the purposeful use of entertaining literary genres techniques and the author&amp;apos;s focus on the mass audience.
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48

Gilbert, L. M. "What is new in Hooft'sAchilles en Polyxena? (Part 2)." Dutch Crossing 12, no. 37 (1989): 3–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03096564.1989.11783900.

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49

Posner, Donald. "Pietro da Cortona, Pittoni, and the Plight of Polyxena." Art Bulletin 73, no. 3 (1991): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3045813.

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50

Spice, W. M., and J. P. Ackers. "Large-scale production of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in polyxenic culture." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84, no. 5 (1990): 693–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(90)90149-9.

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