Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pomadasys'

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A taxonomia das espécies do gênero Pomadasys Lacépède que ocorrem no Brasil é revista. Das 12 espécies do gênero, ou de seus sinônimos, citadas para o Brasil, apenas as ocorrências de Pomadasys corvinaeformis (Steindachner, 1868) e P. ramosum (Poey, 1860) foram confirmadas com base em material examinado. Uma terceira espécie, identificada tradicionalmente como P. crocro (Cuvier, 1830), revelou-se distinta desta espécie do Mar do Caribe e é aqui reconhecida como nova. A análise do material-tipo de P. crocro da Ilha da Martinica, de exemplares de uma forma similar do Panamá e do material da espécie nova brasileira, sugere tratar-se o grupo crocro de um complexo de espécies alopátricas muito próximas morfologicamente. Problemas relativos a possíveis grupos de espécies em Pomadasys são comentados. Para cada uma das espécies reconhecidas do Brasil são dadas: uma diagnose, descrição, distribuição geográfica com base em material examinado, e dados bio-ecológicos disponíveis. Uma chave de identificação para as espécies brasileiras de Pomadasys é incluída.
The taxonomy of the species of Pomadasys Lacépède from the coast of Brazil is reviewed. Of the 12 species of the genus, or of its synonyms recorded from Brazil, only Pomadasys corvinaeformis (Steindachner, 1868) and P. ramosum (Poey, 1860) were confirmed based on examined material. A third species, traditionally misidentified as P. crocro (Cuvier, 1830), revealed itself distinct from this species of the Caribbean Sea and is herein recognized as new. The study of the type material of P. crocro from Martinica, of specimens from a closely similar form from Panama, and the material of the Brazilian new species suggests that crocro may represent a species-group of allopatric and closely similar species. Problems related to, the existence of species-groups within Pomadasys are discussed. A diagnosis, a brief description, the geographic distribution based on examined specimens, and available information on species bioecology are given for each of the species recognized from Brazil. A key for the identification of the Brazilian species of Pomadasys is given.

The proximate composition of juvenile spotted grunter, Pomadasys commersonnii and their major prey items were analyzed to test the hypothesis that the dietary protein requirements would approximate the composition of the natural diet. The amino acid profile of juvenile P. commersonnii was analyzed to establish the pattern of limiting amino acids for this species. Juvenile P. commersonnii feed primarily on the mysid, Mesopodopsis slabberi, which has a protein content of 58.27±0.04% and a calorific value of 19.2kJ/g. The first-limiting essential amino acid for this fish was found to be lysine and it was predicted that the optimal dietary protein requirement would be between 50 and 60%. The optimal dietary protein inclusion level was investigated by feeding semi-purified diets containing graded levels of protein, ranging from 37-62%. Maximum growth was found to occur at dietary protein levels ranging from 40-51%. The best food conversion ratio was achieved at 56% dietary protein and the best protein efficiency ratio was obtained at a dietary protein inclusion level of 37-40%. The protein to energy ratio was defined by feeding 3 different protein levels at 3 different P:E levels. These semi-purified diets contained 35, 45 or 55% protein and 6, 8 or 12% dietary lipid, resulting in protein to energy ratios ranging from 21.1 to 42.3mg/kJ. The optimal P:E ratio for this species was found to be 26.7mg/kJ. This diet effected a low food conversion ratio (1.72±0.19), a low hepatosomatic index (4.01±0.23) and a high specific growth rate (5.96±0.36). The essential amino acid requirements of juvenile P. commersonnii were investigated. Semi-purified diets were formulated to contain graded levels of crystalline lysine based on the amino acid profile of the whole body and fed to the fish for a period of 60 days. Fish fed the "ideal protein" diet had significantly higher (p<0.05) specific growth rates (2.95±0.18), protein efficiency ratios (0.41±0.05) and significantly lower (p<0.05) food conversion ratios (3.02±0.29). Lysine levels in the whole body increased with increasing levels of supplemented lysine. The dietary requirement of lysine was found to be 4.30% of dietary protein. The crude protein digestibility of six protein sources was investigated. Diets were prepared with 1% chromic oxide as an internal marker. The tested protein sources included low temperature Danish fishmeal, steam dried Chilean fishmeal, blood meal, carcass meal, defatted soyabean meal and Spirulina meal. These potential fishmeal substitutes were selected due to their favourable amino acid profiles, and in particular their high levels of lysine, and their high protein content. Both the animal and the plant protein sources were highly digestible. Digestibility co-efficients ranged from 66.09% for Spirulina meal to 73.38% for low temperature Danish fishmeal. The results have shown that juvenile spotted grunter require a minimum of 40% crude protein in their diet, a P:E ratio of 26.7mg/kJ and a lysine concentration of 4.30% of the dietary protein. Long term growth trials are needed to confirm these results. The hypothesis that the proximate composition of the natural diet, and the proximate composition of the animal under investigation, provides a reliable indication of the animals' nutritional requirements was shown to be valid. Differences between the predicted, and the empirically determined optimal protein and protein:energy ratios were slight.

The spotted grunter, Pomadasys commersonnii (Haemulidae), is an Indian Ocean coastal species, extending from India to False Bay but is absent from the central Indian Ocean islands. Its taste and texture has made it one of the most important line fish species and is caught by recreational and subsistence fisherman along the entire east coast of South Africa. Because of its inshore distribution, reduced catch rates and estuarine dependence the species was de-commercialised in 1992. Since then it has been investigated as a candidate species for mariculture. All previous work on the biology of the species was undertaken on fish collected in KwaZulu-Natal in the mid 1970's. All other information has been incidental and formed part of other ecological studies. All management plans for this species have been based on these data. To develop a more comprehensive management plan that incorporates the entire population of spotted grunter, it was deemed necessary to reassess the biology (including feeding biology, age and growth and reproductive biology) as well as the demography of the population throughout its distributional range in South African waters. Analysis of the diet of spotted grunter, collected in estuaries, indicates that crustaceans form the bulk of the prey selected. Amphipods, mysids and estuarine brachyura predominate the diet of fish < 300 mm TL. At 200 mm TL fish start to prey on anomurans, which are extracted from their burrows using the 'blowing' feeding mechanism. Anomurans, in particular Upogebia africana and Callianassa krausii, become the preferred prey of fish larger than 300 mm TL. The high degree of diet flexibility that spotted grunter exhibit means that the composition and abundance of the macrobenthos of a particular environment will dictate the diet of the species. Otolith growth zones were found to be deposited annually with the opaque zones being deposited during the austral summer (November - February). The optical definition of annual otolith growth rings differed significantly between geographic regions (namely: Western Cape, South Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal). Growth (sex combined) offish in the Western Cape were best described by the specialised 3 parameter Von Bertalanffy with a relative error structure in the form : Lt = 753(1- e⁻°·¹⁵⁴ ⁽t +¹·⁶¹⁵⁾) while growth in the South Eastern Cape was best described by using the Schnute model with an absolute error structure in the form: Lt=177°·⁴¹⁶ + (676.2⁻¹·²⁶⁶ - 169.2⁻¹²⁶⁶)[1-e°·⁴¹⁶⁽t-t₁⁾ / 1-e°·⁴¹⁶⁽t₂-t₁⁾]¹/¹·²⁶⁶ whereas growth was best described in KwaZulu-Natal using the specialised 3 parameter Von Bertalanffy with a relative error structure in the form: Lt = 839(1-e°·¹⁷⁽t⁺°·⁴⁹⁾) In the South Eastern Cape, length at 50% maturity was found to be 305 mm TL for males. Since females with ripe & running or spent gonads were not found in the South Eastern Cape and since histological evidence suggests that females in the South Eastern Cape have spawned, it appears that spawning does not occur in the South Eastern Cape. These results suggest that adults are resident in the estuaries of the Western and South Eastern Cape and undertake the spring/summer, northward spawning migration to KwaZulu-Natal. After joining the resident spawner stock in KwaZulu-Natal and spawning in the offshore environment of KwaZulu-Natal, adults soon return to the southern regions of their distributional range. Juveniles recruit into KwaZulu-Natal estuaries at a length of 25 - 35 mm TL. A proportion of the eggs and larvae are transported southwards along the periphery of the western boundary Agulhas Current where juveniles (25 - 30 mm TL) recruit into the estuaries as far south as the Swartvlei estuary in the Western Cape. There is evidence to suggest that the fish, which occur in the Western Cape estuaries, have migrated there once they have attained sexual maturity further east.

The principal objective of this thesis was to gain an understanding of the movement patterns of spotted grunter Pomadasys commersonnii, an estuarine-dependent fishery species, in the turbid, freshwater dominated Great Fish Estuary. Both manual and automated telemetry methods were used to monitor the movements of spotted grunter during two separate studies conducted in summer and spring 2003 and 2004. Acoustic transmitters were surgically implanted into twenty spotted grunter with lengths between 263 and 387 mm TL in the first study and twenty spotted grunter ranging between 362 and 698 mm TL in the second study. The specific objectives were to gain an understanding of (i) the time spent in the estuarine environment (ii) the space use and home range size, and (iii) the abiotic factors governing the movement patterns of spotted grunter in the estuary. The nursery function of estuarine environments was highlighted in this study as adolescent spotted grunter spent a significantly larger proportion of their time in the estuary than adult fish (p < 0.0001; R² = 0.62). The increased frequency of sea trips, with the onset of sexual maturity, provided testimony of the end of the estuarinedependent phase of their life-cycle. Although considered to be predominantly marine, the adult spotted grunter in the Great Fish Estuary utilised the estuary for considerable periods. Adults are thought to frequent estuaries to forage, seek shelter and to possibly rid themselves of parasites. During this study, the number of sea trips made by tagged fish ranged from 0 to 53, and the duration ranged from 6 hours to 28 days. The tidal phase and time of day had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the sea trips undertaken by fish. Most tagged spotted grunter left the estuary during the night (84%) on the outgoing tide, and most returned in the evening (77%) during the incoming tide. Sea temperature (p < 0.0001; R² = 0.34), barometric pressure (p = 0.004; R² = 0.19) and wind (p = 0.01) had a significant effect on the number of spotted grunter recorded in the estuary. Spotted grunter were more prone to return to the estuary after high barometric pressure, when low sea temperatures (upwelling events) prevailed. There was a significant positive relationship between home range size and fish length (p = 0.004; R² = 0.20). Small spotted grunter (< 450 mm TL) appeared to be highly resident, with a small home range (mean size = 129 167 m²), that was generally confined to a single core area. Larger individuals (> 450 mm TL) occupied larger home ranges (mean size = 218 435 m²) with numerous core areas. The home ranges of small and large spotted grunter overlapped considerably yielding evidence of two high use areas, situated 1.2 km and 7 km from the mouth of the Great Fish Estuary. Tagged spotted grunter were located in a wide range of salinity, turbidity and temperature, but were found to avoid temperatures below 16 ºC. The daily change in environmental variables (salinity, temperature and turbidity) had a significant effect on the change in fish position in the estuary (p < 0.0001; R² = 0.38). The distribution of tagged spotted grunter, particularly the larger individuals, in the Great Fish Estuary was influenced by the tidal phase (p < 0.05); they moved upriver on the incoming tide and downriver on the outgoing tide. This study provides an understanding of the movement patterns of spotted grunter in the estuary and between the estuarine and marine environments. Consequently, it provides information that will assist in the design of a management plan to promote sustainability of this important fishery species. The techniques used and developed in this study also have direct application for further studies on other important estuarinedependent fishery species.

The spotted grunter, Pomodasys commersonnii, has been identified as a candidate species for mariculture in South Africa due to its high market demand and apparent biological suitability for culture. In common with most other potential mariculture species the spotted grunter has an estuarine juvenile phase. In this respect, the difficulties encountered in determining the optimum environmental requirements of spotted grunter are applicable to the majority of other potential mariculture species. Due the variability of estuarine habitats determination of the optimum environmental requirements of estuarine species under laboratory conditions are a prerequisite to subsequent evaluation of aquaculture potential. Therefore, using the spotted grunter as a representative of a typical potent ial mariculture species, the aim of this study was to contribute to the protocol for evaluating the environmental requirements of potential aquaculture species. The growth of fish is dependent on the relationship between food intake, metabolism and environmental factors. In this relationship, environmental factors do not act on growth per se, but rather act through metabolism on growth. Consequently, the environmental factors affecting the growth of a fish species can be classified into functional categories according to their respective influence on metabolic processes. Five functional categories are recognised, namely: controlling, limiting, masking, directive and lethal factors. In this study, the functional categories were sequenced to develop a theoretical protocol for determining the optimum environmental requirements of potential mariculture species under artificial conditions. It was hypothesised that the correct sequence for experimentally determining the optimum environmental requirements of a species should correspond to theoretical protocol. The hypothesis was tested from the experimental investigation into the individual effects of temperature, salinity, light intensity, photoperiod and food intake on growth performance of juvenile spotted grunter. The investigations quantified the relative effects of controlling, masking, directive and limiting factors on growth performance. The results of the studies were statistically compared to obtain a ranking of the effects of the environmental factors (e.g. temperature, salinity, etc.) on growth performance of juvenile spotted grunter. The statistical ranking facilitated the formulation of a second protocol for sequentially determining the optimum environmental requirements of a species. The second protocol was derived purely from the experimental data. Based on the corroboration between the theoretical protocol and that formulated from the experimental investigations, the hypothesis was accepted. Confirmation of the protocol for examining the effects of controlling, limiting, masking and directive factors provided a basis for the development of a preliminary experimental sequence for determining the optimum environmental requirements of juvenile marine fish. In the development of the experimental sequence, the protocol was interpreted in conjunction with the experimental methods used to determine the effects of environmental factors on the growth of juvenile spotted grunter. The experimental sequence provides a logical frame work within which the optimum environmental requirements of other marine fish species can be determined. In addition, evaluation of growth performance by this method provides a basis for comparison of the mariculture potential between species.

Quantitication of stress requires the use of a stress indicator that is easy to measure, and which can be readily interpreted in terms of the potential long-term effects to an organism. This study evaluates the suitability of metabolic rate as an indicator of the stress response in fish. By comparing the metabolic with the cortisol stress response, the most commonly used indicator of stress in fish, it was possible to assess the suitability of metabolic rate as a stress indicator. Changes in metabolic rate were used to predict the long-term effects of transport-related stressors. This study also detennined the baseline metabolic rates of the tish. The standard and the active metabolic rates of juvenile P. cummersonnii were 0.16 ± 0.02 (mean ± S.D, n = 6) mg O₂g⁻¹h⁻¹, and 0.56 ± 0.04 mg O₂g⁻¹h⁻¹, respectively, whereas the routine metabolic rate for the fish was 0.25 ± 0.03 mg O₂g⁻¹h¹. The relationship between metabolic rate and body weight was described by the equation ϺO₂ = 0.64 W⁻°·³⁸. 24-h oxygen consumption measurements showed that juvenile P. commersonnii exhibited diel rhythmicity in oxygen consumption rate, the higher rates occurring at night and the lower rates during the daytime. The higher nocturnal metabolic activity may have been due to increased activity induced by an endogenous rhythm related to feeding. Diel rhythmicity has direct implications for the measurement of baseline metabolic rates since it could result in overestimation or underestimation of these rates. 24-h continuous oxygen consumption measurements enabled the detection of the rhythmicity in oxygen consumption rate, and thereby ensured a greater degree of accuracy in the estimation of these parameters. The metabolic stress response in juvenile P. commersonnii was best described by the equation, y = -0.0013 x² + 0.0364 x ÷ 0.3052, where x = time after application of stressor, and y = oxygen consumption rate. Using the derivative of this equation, the metabolic stress response was estimated to peak approximately 14 min after application of a simulated capture and handling stressor. Oxygen consumption increased by about 300 % as a result of the stress. Approximately 15 min after application of a similar stressor, plasma cortisol levels in stressed fish was 200 % higher than baseline levels. However, cortisol levels in fish sampled 30 min after the disturbance was similar to the baseline cortisol levels, indicating that full recovery had occurred. Although the patterns in the metabolic and cortisol stress responses were similar, metabolic rate could be measured continuously, thereby ensuring accurate interpretation of the data. Furthermore, increases in metabolic rate during the stress response are a culmination of physiological events from the primary to the tertiary levels of biological organization and are, therefore, easier to interpret in terms of long-term effects on the fish. Different transportation procedures elicited variable degrees of stress in juvenile P. commersonnii. The cost of metabolism attributed to the effects of capture and handling was twice as much as that attributed to acute temperature elevation. Acute temperature decrease resulted in a signiticant reduction in the oxygen consumption rate (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Oxygen consumption by the fish was not affected by fish density (ANOVA: F = 2.002, P = 0.5), or by oxygen depletion at dissolved oxygen concentrations above the critical level. Below this level, however, oxygen consumption decreased linearly with further decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration. These results showed that the highest energetic cost to juvenile P. commersonnii was incurred as a result of capture and handling. The results also showed that by subjecting fish to different stressors, it was possible to categorize them according to their relative metabolic costs to the fish. At 25º C, the effective concentration of 2-phenoxyethanol to fully anaesthetize (Stage IV, McFarland 1960) juvenile P. commersonnii was 0.4 ml l⁻¹ and the most appropriate concentration for deep sedation (Stage II, McFarland 1960) of the fish for at least 24 h was 0.2 ml l⁻¹. A maximum of 3 minutes was required by the fish to recover from the effects of the anaesthetic. There was no correlation between fish weight and the rate of induction of anaesthesia (r² = 0.001, p = 0.3). At the peak of the metabolic stress response, oxygen consumption was twice as high in the un-anaesthetized fish compared to the fish anaesthetized after the application of the simulated capture and handling stressor, suggesting that anaesthetization with 2-phenoxyethanol may have reduced the effect of the disturbance on the fish. Similar oxygen consumption rates for the fish anaesthetized prior to capture and the non-stressed fish suggested that the increases in metabolic rate could be linked to the struggling associated with attempts by fish to escape from the perceived stressor. Anaesthetization of juvenile P. commersonnii with 0.3 ml l⁻¹ 2-phenoxyethanol resulted in a more than 200 % increase in plasma cortisol concentration. The elevated levels of plasma cortisol in the anaesthetized fish suggested a manifestation of 2-phenoxyethanol as a stressor. At the time of capture, cortisol levels in fish that were anaesthetized prior to capture were the same as those measured in the disturbed fish at the peak of the stress response (ANOVA, p = 0.95), suggesting that the anaesthetized fish were already experiencing considerable stress at the time they were captured. Undisturbed juvenile P. commersonnii that were anaesthetized for 1 h also had cortisol levels that were five times higher than those measured in undisturbed-unanaesthetized fish, indicating that the duration of exposure to the anaesthetic had a significant effect on plasma cortisol levels. The results presented in this study demonstrate the usefulness of metabolic rate as an indicator of acute stress in fish. This was achieved by comparing the metabolic and the cortisol stress responses. The ease and accuracy with which oxygen consumption of fish could be measured made it possible to measure the stress response more accurately than by plasma cortisol concentration. It was also possible to monitor metabolic rate continuously over a long duration using polarographic oxygen sensors, thus enabling a better evaluation of the stress response. These results, thus, suggest that metabolic rate measurements could be a more practical way to quantify the effects of acute stressors on juvenile fishes. By detailing the profile of the metabolic stress response in P. commersonnii, this study makes a contribution towards understanding the physiological effects of stress in fishes. The study also contributes towards the quantification of baseline metabolic rates of this species under captivity. This study also contributes towards understanding the effects of 2-phenoxyethanol on the stress physiology of fish. By anaesthetizing fish under different conditions of stress, it was possible to evaluate the effect of 2-phenoxyethanol on the metabolic stress response. The ability of 2-phenoxyethanol to reduce physical activity of the fish, and thereby reduce the impact of acute stress on the metabolic stress response, makes it a good agent for the mitigation of stress during the capture and handling of fish. However, the increase in plasma cortisol concentration during prolonged anaesthetization using this drug suggests that the anaesthetic might be a stressor to fish and may, therefore, not be suitable for long-term sedation.

In the aquaculture of fish and shrimps, diets generally contain high levels of fish meal. Fish meal is a nutrient rich feed that contains essential amino acids and fatty acids, which are required to maintain optimum growth and health of an animal. It is traditionally used in aquaculture to promote feed efficiency, nutrient uptake and feed intake due to its high palatability and digestibility. Overexploitation of fisheries resources and the high growth rate of aquaculture industry, however, continues to put pressure on the supply of fish meal, thus increasing the demand and price of this sought-after product. The use of alternative ingredients to fish meal, therefore, remains a high priority for aquaculture nutrition. Hence, the aim of this was to investigate the physiological and developmental effects on juvenile spotted grunter, Pomadasys commersonnii, after supplementing fish meal with different feed additives for 12 weeks. One of the additives was then selected for further feeding at graded levels (increasing levels) for 8 weeks to ascertain whether fish meal could be replaced by higher amounts of the feed additive without negative consequences to the cultured spotted grunter.

This thesis investigates the movement behaviour of South African two coastal fish species and evaluates the effectiveness of marine protected areas (MPAs) in their protection and management. Its primary focus is on resolving the movement patterns of roman Chrysoblephus laticeps (Sparidae) in and around the Goukamma and Castle Rock MPAs in the Western Cape province of South Africa. A pilot study of the methodology investigated the movement behaviour of spotted grunter Pomadasys commersonnii (Haemulidae) in the sheltered East Kleinmonde Estuary in the Eastern Cape province. The application of different tagging methods was tested in a controlled tank experiment. Tagged roman were monitored over a 198-day period. Barbed dart, t-bar anchor and Visible Implanted Fluorescent Elastomer (VIFE) tags were compared. Application techniques and underwater visibility of VIFE tags were tested on roman and on fransmadam Boobsoidia inornata in a pilot study. Needles of gauge 25 were found to be optimal for VIFE tag application. Whereas VIFE tagging caused fin rot in fransmadam, it had no negative effect on roman. VIFE tagged fish could be identified by divers from a distance of three metres under ambient light in an observation tank in five metres water depth. There was no significant difference in growth rate between groups of roman with different tags and controls after 198 days. High tag loss rates were experienced for barbed dart and t-bar anchor tags, although barbed dart tags performed better than t-bar anchor tags. Although some of the VIFE marks had deteriorated, all VIFE tagged fish were individually recognised at the end of the study. Conventional dart and VIFE tags are feasible methods to tag roman. However, the high tag loss rate of conventional tags must be taken into account in the design of a tagging study. Previous mark and recapture studies on roman are beset with a number of problems. Poor experimental design and low precision of capture positions resulted in equivocal results of limited value. A tagging experiment was designed to eliminate ambiguity in data interpretation and to produce a dataset that could be used to model roman residency and dispersal. A combination of conventional barbed dart tags and Visible Implanted Fluorescent Elastomer tags was used to tag roman in the Goukamma Marine Protected Area (GMPA) on the temperate South African south coast. Sixty one percent of roman were recaptured within 50 m of the tagging position. A small proportion moved considerable distances of up to four kilometres. The extent of these movements was not dependent on fish size or sex. Data from this experiment and from a previous tagging study in the Tsitsikamma National Park (TNP) were used to model the resident behaviour of roman. The model suggests a probability of 91% (GMPA) and 94% (TNP) of residency within a 10000 m² cell. This result suggests that individual roman will benefit from protection in small MPAs. A different experimental approach was required to investigate the exact home range of this species. Firstly the feasibility of using acoustic telemetry to study the movement of coastal fish in South Africa was investigated. The telemetry equipment comprised two VEMCO V8 transmitters and a VEMCO VR60 receiver linked to a directional hydrophone. A tank experiment was conducted to examine the effects of the transmitter implantation. A tracking experiment was conducted on spotted grunter Pomadasys commersonnii in the East Kleinmonde Estuary. Operated fish recovered quickly and, with respect to swimming behaviour and growth rates, no differences were found between fish with implants and controls. The maximum detection range in the estuary was 400 m. Interference between different transmitter frequencies was negligible. Transmitter location recordings were found to be accurate within five metres. Two fish were tracked over a seven-day period. The fish preferred the lower reaches of the estuary where they made repeated and prolonged use of specific areas. The success of the initial experiments allowed this method to be used to investigate the spatial utilisation and activity patterns of roman Chrysoblephus laticeps. Surgically implanted VEMCO V8, V13 and V16 transmitters were used to track 13 roman inside the Castle Rock MPA in False Bay. Transmitters implanted into C. laticeps in tanks had no apparent effects on growth and physiology. Manual boatand diver-based tracking experiments covered a 17-month period. A VEMCO VRAP radio acoustic positioning system was used over two one-month periods during and after the spawning season of roman. Analysis of data using a 95% fixed kernel algorithm suggests that roman are resident throughout their adult life, occupying home ranges between 1000 and 3000 m². Activity was lower at night. During periods of cold-water upwelling, fish retreated into caves. During the spawning season, females extended their home ranges, possibly to mate with different males. These results confirm that this species is well suited for protection and management with small MPAs. The effect of two MPAs on the South African south coast on the population of C. laticeps was simulated with a spatially explicit individual based model (IBM). Life history parameters determined in recent studies and the effect of fishing on the size of sex change was taken into account. Fish densities and size frequencies were based on recent underwater visual census. The distribution of suitable habitat in the study areas was also incorporated. The results show a rapid recovery of the fish size frequency spectrum and sex ratio to pre-exploitation levels inside both MPAs. Little 'spillover' of fish into the fished areas occurred resulting in negligible improvement of catches. The results suggest that for resident species like roman, even small MPAs offer sufficient protection.

Unidad de práctica para optar al título de Químico Farmacéutico
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Durante los seis meses de duración de práctica prologada, se realizaron diferentes actividades en el departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo del Laboratorio Maver S.A. Para solicitar registro sanitario de los productos farmacéuticos que serán comercializados tanto en territorio nacional como internacional es de carácter obligatorio presentar un dossier del producto, el cual corresponde a toda la documentación solicitada por la entidad regulatoria, que contiene entre otras cosas estudios de estabilidad, los cuales en conjunto con la demás documentación solicitada garantizarán el periodo de eficacia de cada producto. El objetivo principal fue la reformulación de un producto antiinflamatorio tópico con ibuprofeno como principio activo con el fin de que el producto sea estable para obtener registro sanitario en Perú, para ello se trabajó en base a una formula ya registrada en Chile por el laboratorio, que presentaba problemas de estabilidad al realizar ensayos para exportar a país con zona climática IV. Para ello se decidió cambiar el material de envase por uno más protector, debido a que el activo es sensible a la degradación oxidativa y fotolítica.1 Además se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de fórmulas de países de alta vigilancia y se trabajó en base a la fórmula ya registrada por el laboratorio. Luego de desarrolladas las fórmulas se realizaron una serie de ensayos preliminares, de los cuales la fórmula que logró superar estas pruebas, se utilizó para realizar 3 lotes pilotos, los cuales fueron ingresados a condiciones de estabilidad intermedias (real para el caso de Perú) y aceleradas. Para ver el comportamiento de esta fórmula y poder determinar su estabilidad en el tiempo, se realizaron pruebas analíticas (especificaciones de producto terminado), específicamente valoración, oxidación y límite de 4-isobutilacetofenona y se compararon con la fórmula ya registrada como control

Unidad de práctica para optar al título de Químico Farmacéutico
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En la práctica prolongada realizada en Vives & Cía. – Qca. Basel entre el período de septiembre de 2014 y marzo del presente año, se conoció de forma activa el quehacer diario de un distribuidor de materias primas de uso cosmético y de detergencia, no sólo en lo que es la unidad de desarrollo y/o investigación, donde principalmente se hacen las muestras y se realizan los desarrollos de productos, sino que también familiarizándose con lo que rediere a importación de productos, recepción y despachos de éstos, la realización de inventario en bodega, visits a clientes, entre otras cosas. Observando las necesidades del mercado, se vio una carencia en productos cosméticos para personas con pieles sensibles, secas y debilitadas por diversos factores, ya sean genéticos, relacionados a la edad, por tratamientos farmacológicos, factores ambientales, entre otros. Los efectos que se quieren tratar en estas pieles a nivel facial fueron la hiper-pigmentación (manchas en la piel), la sequedad, falta de luminosidad y pérdida de lípidos, y a nivel del contorno de ojos, disminuir la apariencia de las ojeras, falta de hidratación y desinflamar las bolsas bajo los ojos. Para el desarrollo de la crema facial se utilizaron seis activos y para el contorno de ojos se utilizaron tres. Para el esquema de trabajo que se describe a continuación, primeramente se inició una búsqueda de información bibliográfica tanto de activos cosméticos como de materias primas, y tener opciones al realizar variadas formulaciones, ya fuese para hacer cambios entre una y otra, como para realizar distintas combinaciones de materias primas para obtener una fórmula estable y con un buen sensorial. Luego de esto se evaluaron las formulaciones con un panel no entrenado, definiendo así la formulación con mejores características sensoriales. Finalmente, se realizaron las pruebas estabilidad de control de calidades necesarias y se definieron las fórmulas cuali-cuantitativas para ofrecer a los clientes

Memoria para optar al título de Químico Farmacéutico
El tratamiento que se utiliza hoy día para evitar o restablecer la sequedad de la piel se basa fundamentalmente en la elaboración de productos que contengan sustancias humectantes, que son principalmente higroscópicas, y sustancias hidratantes que mejoran la capacidad de retención de la humedad mediante oclusión. Uno de los ingredientes activos que se está utilizando en variadas formulaciones es el aceite de Emú. Este un aceite de origen animal, que se obtiene de un ave del mismo nombre y al cual se le atribuye una buena capacidad humectante. Otro aceite bastante utilizado es el de rosa mosqueta (Rosa moschata L.), que se extrae de la semilla de la planta del mismo nombre. Actualmente se comercializa en Chile y en el mundo como aceite puro o incluido en emulsiones cosméticas. Se le atribuyen propiedades regenerativas y humectantes de la piel. Otro activo cosmético muy de actualidad es el extracto de baba de caracol (Helix aspersa Müller), compuesto principalmente por mucopolisacáridos y agua, debería presentar un efecto humectante, sin embargo se comercializa en nuestro país, en emulsiones regeneradoras de tejidos y atenuadoras de manchas en la piel. Otro activo nuevo en nuestro mercado es el extracto de Imperata cilíndrica Raeuschel. Su alto contenido de ión potasio y de 3-dimetilsulfopropionato (DMSP) aumentarían el equilibrio osmótico, produciendo un aumento de la humedad de la piel. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar comparativamente la capacidad humectante del aceite de Emú incluido en una emulsión, con respecto a otras emulsiones que incluían extracto de baba de caracol (Helix aspersa Müller), aceite de rosa mosqueta (Rosa moschata L.) y extracto de Imperata Cylíndrica R. cada una incluida por separado en una emulsión base, de similar composición a la emulsión de aceite de Emú. Además, se evaluó si existe un aumento en la capacidad humectante al mezclar el aceite de Emú con los otros activos. Todos estos activos fueron incorporados al 5% y las mezclas de aceite de Emú y los demás activos también fueron incorporadas al 5% en total de ambas. Se le realizaron a estas emulsiones los estudios de estabilidad acelerado y de estantería, y los controles de calidad requeridos. Para mejorar la estabilidad de las emulsiones que presentaron signos de inestabilidad se incorporaron agentes viscosantes (carboximetilcelulosa, silicato de Mg y Al, y Carbomer 934) en distintas proporciones y se sometieron a los ensayos de estabilidad en estantería (25ºC) y acelerada (40ºC). Con el Carbomer 934 (1%) se mejoró la estabilidad de las emulsiones, los otros viscosantes no fueron efectivos a las concentraciones utilizadas. Finalmente, se evalúo el efecto humectante de las formulaciones, que originalmente resultaron estables a 25ºC, mediante un método no invasivo utilizando el Corneometer® CM 825. El estudio se realizó en 19 voluntarios sanos cuyas edades fluctuaron entre 21 y 27 años, los productos se aplicaron en los antebrazos dejando una zona control sin tratamiento. Las mediciones se realizaron a los tiempos cero, 30, 60, 90 y 120 minutos después de aplicarse los productos. Los resultados que obtenidos de la evaluación de la capacidad humectante se sometieron a un análisis estadístico. Todos los productos con activos y el vehículo resultaron ser humectantes, además, no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la emulsión de aceite de Emú y el resto de las emulsiones, exceptuando frente a la que contenía extracto de baba de caracol, la cual presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los treinta y noventa minutos. Por otra parte, la incorporación de aceite de rosa mosqueta, extracto de Imperata cylíndrica R. y extracto de baba de caracol junto con el aceite de Emú no produjeron un aumento en los valores de capacitancia eléctrica respecto a la emulsión de aceite de Emú. Sin embargo la asociación del aceite de Emú con estas tres sustancias logró mantener constante el valor de capacitancia eléctrica durante todo el estudio, lo que no sucedió cuando se empleó la emulsión de aceite de Emú solo.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Gestión para la Globalización
Emprendimiento lean start-up que tiene como objetivo principal evaluar la factibilidad de exportar crema natural con extracto de baba de caracol a un mercado internacional que presente características rentables favorables para su comercialización. De manera específica, se busca diseñar planes concretos para saber a qué mercado ingresar, cómo ingresar, a qué precio vender, cómo comercializar, qué inversiones realizar, de cuáles recursos disponer, y finalmente, determinar si el proyecto de exportación es o no rentable. La metodología del proyecto se basa en efectuar un estudio general del mercado internacional de cremas para el cuidado de la piel, en el cual se determina su tamaño, expectativas de crecimiento y tendencias de los productos. Se realiza un análisis del macroentorno y análisis de competitividad de los principales actores involucrados en dicho mercado. Asimismo, se desarrolla un análisis interno de la empresa, mediante el cual se identifican sus capacidades estratégicas, recursos únicos, competencias centrales, fortalezas, debilidades, oportunidades y amenazas. Se selecciona el mercado de destino a través de un análisis de atractividad que considera dos pilares fundamentales: demanda potencial y barrera al comercio. Se diseña un plan de marketing, a través de la definición de la forma de entrada al mercado, las características específicas de los productos a ofrecer y su precio. Finalmente se establece un plan que especifica los recursos, tanto humanos como de capital, que se requieren para producir los productos y se elabora un plan financiero mediante el cual se evalúa la viabilidad económica del proyecto de exportación. Dentro de los resultados obtenidos, el mercado de destino seleccionado resultó ser la Republica Popular de China debido a su potencial de crecimiento, su mayor cantidad de exportaciones, su tendencia hacia el cuidado de la piel y a una mayor conciencia de los potenciales consumidores por preferir productos naturales. A la luz de los resultados el proyecto es rentable con un valor actual neto de más de CLP$195 millones y una tasa interna de retorno de 85% proyectado a un horizonte de cinco años con una tasa de retorno exigida de un 15%. Si bien es cierto que las estimaciones de unidades exportadas al mercado Chino han sido ajustadas, pudiéndose tener un escenario más atractivo, es importante mencionar que con el escenario actual la rentabilidad del producto podría ser susceptible a variaciones en el precio lo que podría afectar dicha rentabilidad y en consecuencia la atractividad del proyecto. Finalmente, los resultados obtenidos sugieren que es rentable realizar el proyecto. Sin embargo para el éxito de este negocio es fundamental la correcta selección del agente comercial a utilizar, participar activamente en ferias y misiones comerciales, buscar asesoría mediante organismos validos y profundizar las relaciones con proveedores y laboratorios a fin de crear sinergias y obtener productos más rentables y de mejor calidad.

O desenvolvimento de fitoterápicos coloca em evidência a interligação de conhecimentos botânicos, fotoquímicos, farmacológicos e tecnológicos visando obter medicamentos com eficiência terapêutica e viabilidade industrial. Desse modo, com base em pesquisas anteriores realizadas com a Achyrocline satureioldes (Lam.) DC. Compositae, as quais relatam, entre outras, atividades antiviral e antiinflamatória tópica, foi desenvolvida forma farmacêutica plástica contendo extrato concentrado deste vegetal. Foram desenvolvidas e adaptadas metodologias de avaliação da qualidade que fossem viáveis tanto pare a matéria-prima vegetal quanto para os produtos intermediários e final. Para a análise qualitativa a cromatografia em papel preencheu estes pré-requisitos. A determinação quantitativa foi efetuada através do doseamento de queratina por cromatografia em papel associada a espectrofotometria no ultravioleta (CP/UV) e do doseamento de flavonóides totais. A inviabilidade técnica de incorporação às bases monoestearato de glicerina e hidrofílica, do macerado hidroalcoélico a 7,5% (m/V) das sumidades floridas, conduziu a sua concentração e posterior tratamento com polissorbato 80. A incorporação do extrato concentrado tratado causou alterações nas características das bases verificadas através do índice de óleo, espalhabilidade e comportamento reológico. Para a avaliação da liodisponibilidade de constituintes do extrato, foi desenvolvido dispositivo de liberação multicompartimental, dotado de membrana sintética, que propiciou resultados reprodutíveis, demonstrando sue adequabilidade em ensaios comparativos. Estudo preliminar de estabilidade da pomada monoestearato de glicerina, efetuado pelo método da degradação térmica acelerada, detectou alterações nas suas características reológicas sem comprometimento do perfil cromatográfico, da concentração de queratina e da liodisponibilidade.
The development of phytotherapeutic frugs involves ethnopharmacological, botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological and technological knowledges. It aims the obtaintion of a therapeutical efficient and industrial viable product. Based on prior researchs performed with Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC., Compositae, which confirm its antiviral and antiinflammatory properties, it was developed a plastic phasmaceutical dosage form containing a concentrated extract of this plant. The methods for the quality evaluation were choosen in order to improve its viability in the analysis of both plant raw material so as of intermediary and final products. For the qualitative analyisis, paper chromatography fulfilled these purpouses. The quantitative determinations of quercetinthrougt paper chromatography associated to ultraviolet spectrophotometry so as the total flavonoids assay showed to be applicable in this study. The technical problematic incorporation of an hydroalcoholic macerate at 7,5 % (w/v) of the floral summits to the glyceryl monostearate and hydrophilic bases led to its concentration and subsequent treatment with polysorbate 80. The incorporation of the treated extract caused alteration in the oil index, spreading and rheological behavior of the ointment bases. For the "in vitro" release sudies a multicompartimental device with two chambers separated by a synthetic membrane was developed. The results showed reproducibility and adequacy in comparatives assays.Preliminary studey of the stability under accelerated thermal conditions detected alteration in the rheological bahavior, without modification of the chromatographic profile, of the concentration of quercetin and of the lyoavailability of the glyceryl monostearate ointment.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The cutaneous losses are frequent in domestic animals, having as aggravating different etiologies, the extension of the wound and the costs with the treatment. With the objective of evaluating the therapeutic effect of the ointments of polysaccharide of the cashew tree Anacardium occidentale L. (policaju) and the powdered extract of Jacaratia corumbensis O. kuntze (jacaratia) in the treatment of cutaneous wounds 20 goats were used, with medium weight of 24Kg in which six cutaneous flaws of 4cm2 were produced in the right and left thoracic area, being the one of the right hemi-thorax of the 20 animals considered the control wounds, which received topical application of sterile lanolin, the ones located in the left hemi-thorax of ten animals that received topical application of the ointment of policaju and the ones located in the left hemi-thorax of the other ten animals that received topical application of the ointment of jacaratia. The curative was made daily, applying 1ml of each formulation at each wound bed in both groups. The cutaneous lesions were also submitted to clinical, histopathological and microbiological evaluations. For accomplishment of the histopathological exam, the wounds were submitted to biopsies in different and previously determined times; in the ones produced cranially the biopsy was accomplished at the 7th day, the lesions located in the medium-ventral area at the 14th day and on the ones located caudally the biopsy was accomplished at the 28th day of pos-surgical evolution. The clinical evaluations were accomplished using a descriptive scale for evaluation of the parameters, being observed in the groups the presence of hyperemia and circumscrite edema to the lesion until the 3rd day of pos-surgical evolution; granulation tissue starting from the 4th day and cicatricial tissue starting from the 6th day. At the 21st postoperative day all the wounds were reepithelized. The microbiological exam was accomplished in the moment of the wounds production, when bacterial growth was not observed and in the biopsies moments, identifying the presence of Staphylococcus sp, Streptococcus sp, Bacillus sp, Shigella sp, Enterobacter sp and Micrococcus sp. The histopathological evaluation of the wounds revealed infiltrated inflammatory cells, neoangiogenesis, fibroblasts and collagens fibers. Was concluded that the ointments produced can be used as a treatment option for cutaneous wounds in goats.
As perdas cutâneas são freqüentes nos animais domésticos, tendo como agravantes diferentes etiologias, a extensão da ferida e os custos com o tratamento. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito terapêutico das pomadas do polissacarídeo do cajueiro Anacardium occidentale L.(policaju) e do extrato em pó da Jacaratia corumbensis O. kuntze (jacaratia) no tratamento de feridas cutâneas, foram utilizadas 20 cabras, com peso médio de 24Kg nas quais foram produzidas seis falhas cutâneas de 4cm2 na região torácica direita e esquerda, sendo as do hemi-tórax direito dos 20 animais as feridas consideradas controle, as quais receberam aplicação tópica da lanolina estéril, as localizadas no hemi-tórax esquerdo de dez animais que receberam a aplicação tópica da pomada do policaju e as localizadas no hemi-tórax esquerdo dos outros dez animais que receberam a aplicação tópica da pomada de Jacaratia. O curativo foi efetuado diariamente, aplicando-se 1ml de cada formulação preconizada no leito de cada ferida em ambos os grupos. As lesões cutâneas também foram submetidas a avaliações clínicas, histopatológicas e microbiológicas. Para realização do exame histopatológico, as feridas foram submetidas a biópsias em tempos diferentes e previamente determinados; nas produzidas cranialmente a biópsia foi realizada ao 7º dia, as lesões localizadas na região médio-ventral ao 14º dia e as localizadas caudalmente a biópsia foi realizada ao 28º dia de evolução pós-cirúrgica. As avaliações clínicas foram realizadas utilizando-se uma escala descritiva para avaliação dos parâmetros observando-se nos grupos a presença de hiperemia e edema circunscritos à lesão até o 3º dia de evolução pós-cirúrgica; tecido de granulação a partir do 4º dia e tecido cicatricial a partir do 6º dia. Ao 21º dia de pós-operatório todas as feridas estavam reepitelizadas. O exame microbiológico foi realizado no momento da produção das feridas, onde não observou-se crescimento bacteriano e nos momentos das biópsias, identificando-se a presença de Staphylococcus sp, Streptococcus sp, Bacillus sp, Shigella sp, Enterobacter sp e Micrococcus sp. A avaliação histopatológica das feridas revelou infiltrado inflamatório, neoangiogênse, fibroblastos e fibras colágenas. Concluiu-se que as pomadas testadas podem ser usadas como uma opção de tratamento para feridas cutâneas em caprinos.

Dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus and spotted grunter, Pomadasys commersonnii occur off South Africa’s southern and eastern seaboard. They are the preferred target species for both shore and estuarine anglers. In order to sustain the billion rand recreational angling industry, healthy fish populations are of the utmost importance. However, A. japonicus is currently overexploited, with the species’ spawner biomass estimated at 1-4.5% of pristine levels. Pomadasys commersonnii spawner biomass is estimated at 40% of pristine levels, thus indicating that the species is not overexploited. For effective management of our marine resources, information about the population size, structure, dynamics and population history of individual species is needed. Genetic data can make a valuable contribution to a holistic stock determination, approach, as powerful tools in unraveling population history. Genetic variation gives a reflection of the evolutionary differences within and between populations and allows for indirect assessment of population connectivity and gene flow levels. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region is a useful marker in population studies, due to its high substitution rate. The haploid nature of the mtDNA, maternal inheritance and the absence of recombination, means that the signal obtained from genetic drift is stronger than that for nuclear loci. For this reason the mtDNA control region was analysed for 133 juvenile A. japonicus and 139 P. commersonnii samples from four localities along their South African distribution, to determine the genetic diversity and differentiation among the coastal regions. Juvenile A. japonicus are resident around their natal estuaries until they reach sexual maturity. This residency of juveniles makes them ideal candidates to give a reflection of A japonicus population dynamics, especially to determine if any isolation-by-distance exists along the coast. In the case of P. commersonnii, both juveniles and adults were analysed, since adults are resident around their natal estuaries when not undertaking spawning migrations. High levels of genetic diversity were found in both A. japonicus and P. commersonnii, comparable to that observed in other marine fish species. No significant population differentiation results were obtained, possibly due to the small sample sizes collected or to lack of resolution in the marker. In A. japonicus, where spawning is known to occur off KwaZulu-Natal and off the southern Cape coast, possible isolation-by-distance was detected. This indicates that the adult A. japonicus population probably does not consist of one freely intermixing unit, but rather of geographically separated spawning units. For P. commersonnii, where spawning has only been recorded off the KwaZulu-Natal coast, no population differentiation was observed, indicating that the different regions along the South African coast are highly connected. In conclusion, through future analysis of larger sample sizes, preferably from single cohorts, some of the noise will be reduced and more conclusive answers with respect to female gene flow could be provided. In the case of A. japonicus the use of microsatellite markers which are better at detecting fine-scale differentiation and provide estimates of total gene flow, will be informative. At a broader geographic scale, it will be important to assess differentiation among Dusky kob populations from throughout the Western and Eastern Indian Ocean. As far as P. commersonnii is concerned, it is recommended that a comparison be undertaken to determine the relationship; of the South African population to that found along the Mozambican coast.
Dissertation (MSc (Genetics))--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Genetics
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