Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pomme de terre – Amélioration'
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Fortin, Gabrielle. "Une technologie de génotypage par séquençage (GBS) au service de la sélection de lignées de pommes de terre résistantes au nématode doré (globodera rostochiensis)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30310/30310.pdf.
Full textCouty, Aude. "Impact environnemental de pommes de terre transgéniques, exprimant une lectine contre des pucerons, sur des parasitoïdes de pucerons." Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR4027.
Full textSimo, Santalla Pablo. "Contribution au développement de techniques pour l'hybridation somatique chez la pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum) : culture et fusion de protoplastes de clones dihaploïdes, diploïdes hybrides interspécifiques et de l'espèce diploïde S. brevidens." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112393.
Full textSolano, Solis Jaime hernán. "Etude d'une collection de pommes de terre (Solanum tuberosum spp tuberosum L.) native de Chiloé (Chili) : Conservation in situ, Diversité morphologique et génétique, Comportement vis-à-vis de Phytophtora infestans." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00910688.
Full textMASSON, JEAN. "Hybridation somatique chez la pomme de terre." Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA112211.
Full textBouchard, Édith. "Interaction tritrophique entre une plante de pomme de terre transgénique et Perillus bioculatus, un prédateur du doryphore de la pomme de terre." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ48999.pdf.
Full textDuceppe, Marc-Olivier. "Protéome et bilan photosynthétique de la pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum L.) en réponse au doryphore de la pomme de terre (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27966/27966.pdf.
Full textHigher plants have developed, over time, a variety of protection mechanisms allowing them to survive and cope with a variety of biotic stress cues in their surrounding environment. The main goal of this three-part doctoral thesis was to characterize the biochemical and the physiological responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum) to defoliation by the coleopteran insect herbivore Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). The first objective of the project was to characterize the impact of the insect on the host plant's leaf proteome, using as a model plants treated with potato beetle larvae, mechanically wounded plants and plants infested with a sucking/piercing insect, the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). The second objective was to gain some insight about the proteome of potato beetle oral secretions, with the aim of assessing the relative incidence of insect and host plant proteins at wound sites generated during insect feeding. The third objective, finally, was to determine the impact of leaf proteome alterations on photosynthetic capacities of the host plant, and to determine the possible impact of the plant's own molecular constituents on the responses observed. In brief, our results showed that several proteins involved in the primary and the secondary metabolisms, including photosynthesis-related proteins, were regulated in leaves in response to potato beetle feeding. However, the negative impact of the insect on several photosynthetic proteins, notably photosystem I proteins, only had negligible effects on the light capture process by the plant. The second phase of photosynthesis, on the other hand, was significantly affected by the insect, presumably via molecular effectors from both the insect and the host plant itself. These findings suggest, overall, a specific, but somewhat limited impact of Colorado potato beetle larvae on the leaf proteome and photosynthetic capacities of the potato host. They also suggest the possible induction of compensatory mechanisms in planta and the high plasticity of primary metabolism functions in the plant upon herbivore feeding.
Kröner, Alexander. "Contribution différentielle des réactions de défense générale aux résistances quantitatives de la pomme de terre à Pectobacterium atrosepticum et à Phytophthora infestans." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSARC106.
Full textUsing genetic resistance (especially quantitative resistance) is a major challenge for the design of more durable and environmentally friendly strategies in crop protection. If quantitative resistance is considered durable, underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. The objective of the present work is to identify key elements underlying this type of resistance to favour its integration in crop protection. It started with the hypothesis that quantitative resistance is linked to quantitative differences (intensity and/or timing) of defence responses induced in the host plant by pathogen derived elicitors. We checked this hypothesis on tubers from 5 potato cultivars with variable levels of resistance against two taxonomically distant pathogens with distinct infectious strategies: the necrotrophic bacterium Pectobacterium atrosepticum causing soft rot and the hemi-biotrophic oomycete Phytophthora infestans causing late blight. A resistance ranking between cultivars has been established by quantification of disease symptoms caused by these pathogens. Simultaneously, induction of defence responses by the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and by a concentrated culture filtrate (CCF) from the oomycete was studied by measuring the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and the accumulation of phenolic compounds. Results provide evidence for a positive link between the level of quantitative resistance of potato to P. Atrosepticum and the intensity of defence induced by CCF, but a negative link for the pathosystem potato – P. Infestans. We also identified individual phenolic compounds positively linked with resistance level. Some of them (i. E. Chlorogenic acid and rutin) diminish growth of both pathogens in vitro, but others (i. E. Nicotiflorin) have no direct toxic effect. This suggests efficacy of inducible defence to be based on a combined action of direct and indirect effects. Taken together, our results point us to a more complex mechanistic model for quantitative resistance than supposed by our initial hypothesis, integrating physiological aspects of induced resistance with infection linked life history traits of the pathogen
Pépin, Geneviève. "Résistance au virus Y de la pomme de terre (PVY) chez des lignées transgéniques de pomme de terre exprimant un inhibiteur de protéases de type cystéine." Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/22301/22301.pdf.
Full textPainchaud, Jacques. "L'azote du sol et la fertilisation de la pomme de terre." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0016/MQ37155.pdf.
Full textJobin, Christian. "Les déterminants du marché de la pomme de terre au Québec." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8641.
Full textGoulet-Fortin, Jérôme. "Modélisation des rendements de la pomme de terre par réseau de neurones." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26556/26556.pdf.
Full textProvencher, Maryse. "Évaluation spatiale de l'efficacité agronomique du LIOR dans la pomme de terre." Thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2003/21137/21137.pdf.
Full textInscrite au Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures
Boudjeniba, Messaoud. "Contributions à la connaissance du bioessai "Crown-Gall de pomme de terre"." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37612152k.
Full textNarcy, Agnès. "Intérêt nutritionnel de la pomme de terre pour exercer des effets alcalinisants." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF1MM07.
Full textLast decades studies established that the diet plays a major role in the prevention of several diseases. Particularly, Western diets presented a decrease in the consumption of plant foods, which represent a major source of complex carbohydrates and micronutrients, and an increase in processed foods, that may contribute to the development of various degenerative pathologies. Among every changes induced by this "nutritional transition", we studied the impacts of a decrease in potassium consumption, particularly potassium organic salts that present alkalinizing properties, in acid ash and high sodium diet conditions. The change in Na/K ratio may participate to the development of chronic pathologies such as hypertension, osteoporosis and renal lithiasis. Potato, considered for a long time as a starchy food with a poor nutritional interest, is in fact a major source of potassium organic salts present mainly in the form of citrate and malate. Potassium salts have the particularity to yield potassium bicarbonate, through their metabolism, that may neutralise the excess of acidity resulting from protein catabolism or deleterious effects of salt. We decided, thus, to focus in this thesis on the effect of potato consumption in the regulation of acid-base and mineral homeostasis in rats and humans. The results of the present thesis have confirmed that potato may positively affect acid-base and calcium and magnesium homeostasis contributing to limit bone alterations. Furthermore, taking into account the beneficial impact of potato on citraturia, it may play a major role in the prevention of renal lithiasis. Long term studies in humans remain essential in order to describe the conditions in which potato consumption may be effective through its alkalinizing impact and its contribution in carbohydrates supply
Laissus, Anne. "La Pomme de terre, une "plante utile" aux XVIIème et XVIIIème siècles." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA114044.
Full textBoudjeniba, Messaoud. "Contributions à la connaissance du bioessai "Crow-gall de pomme de terre"." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066094.
Full textPrévost, Karine. "Étude des communautés bactériennes du sol et des tubercules de pomme de terre suite à l'ajout d'agents de lutte biologique contre la gale commune de la pomme de terre." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2004. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4627.
Full textMatteau, Jean-Pascal. "Développement d'une approche intégrée d'irrigation en production de pommes de terre." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69585.
Full textWater scarcity is increasingly recognized as the most pressing limitation to improvement in agricultural production over the upcoming decades. It is expected that the world population will reach 8.6 billion by 2030 and 9.8 billion by 2050, increasing the demand for both food and agriculture production. Therefore, increasing overall water productivity is one of the most critical challenges of the twenty-first century. Potato isthe fourth most cultivated food crop behind wheat, maize, and rice. Among the major crops, potato is the most efficient in calory production by water liter, but potato yields are recognized as sensitive to water stress. Therefore, the precise control of the amount of irrigation water, water application timing, and prevailing micro-meteorological conditions are critical factors that influence the plant health and yield. However, the increasing pressure on agricultural systems can endanger soil health, as several soil health indicators are affected by agricultural production, like soil structural stability, bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, and soil organic carbon. Maintaining soil healthis critical to preserve soil ecosystemic functions like water infiltration, filtration andstorage, nutrient cycling, and carbon storage, impacting plants productivity, and wateruse efficiency. The objective of this thesis was to create an integrated irrigation approach for the potato crop, allowing optimal potato yield, water use efficiency, and minimizing the environmental impact of irrigation. Through six green house experiments using an automatic irrigation system managed using a soil sensors network, the effect of irrigation management on the potato varieties, potato yield, water use efficiency, tuber spatial distribution, and soil organic carbon dynamics has been analyzed and temporalized. The second and third chapters of this study evaluated the effect of precision irrigation thresholds on the potato yields of four varieties with different maturity classes (Envol: very early, Kalmia: early, Goldrush: mid-season, and Red Maria: mid-late). Anoptimal comfort zone between −10 and −24 kP a has been identified. The optimal irrigation thresholds identified were not dependant on maturity class, plant height, or tuber potential production. The −24 kP a is the precision irrigation threshold that allowed higher yields and water use efficiency. The time spent in the comfort zone was identified as critical for the potato yield. The analysis of the irrigation thresholds'temporal effect made in the third chapter showed that precise irrigation managementis needed early in the season and should be maintained throughout all the growingseason as the critical period identified corresponded to the leaf expansion and tuber initiation stage. An appropriate irrigation management of potato crops has been shownto increase yield by a 25 to 40% margin. The fourth chapter evaluated the impact of four soil matric potential (−10, −20, −30,and −45 kP a) on potato tubers’ spatial distribution using an X-ray CT scanner. Alinear relationship between irrigation thresholds and potato tuber depth was identified.The deepest tuber distribution was observed with the −10 kP a treatment. Potato irrigation management using a SMP threshold between −20 and −30 kP a could reduce the harvest depth. Reducing the harvest depth could decrease the negative impacts of soil disturbance on soil structural stability. In the −45 kP a treatment, the tubers were too close to the soil surface, which could lead to a greater preponderance of tuber diseases like late blight or greening. The precision irrigation threshold used in this study affected the decomposition rate of soil organic carbon, evaluated in the fifth chapter. Faster decomposition of labile organic carbon was promoted by water excess (−15 kP a). The dryer (−30, −45, and −60 kP a) precision irrigation thresholds did not show any differences. The difference between the precision irrigation thresholds was made in the second quarter of the growing season,between 38 and 53 days after planting. This critical period occurred in a stage of strong vegetative growth and rapid irrigation cycles, the tuber initiation and tuber bulking stages. The determination of an integrated irrigation management approach will allow potato growers to adapt their farm management processes to integrate more sustainable water management practices and to achieve higher yields and water use efficiency. Improving soil water management may also optimize tuber spatial distribution, enhance harvest efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, soil carbon degradation, and soil disturbance in the cropping systems to benefit global soil health conservation.
LE, ROMANCER MARC. "La maladie des necroses annulaires superficielles des tubercules de la pomme de terre : identification et caracterisation de l'agent pathogene : le variant yntn du virus y de la pomme de terre." Rennes 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REN10089.
Full textCirou, Amélie. "Développement de stratégies d'anti-virulence ciblant la régulation quorum-sensing chez Pectobacterium atrosepticum, bactérie pathogène de la pomme de terre." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112332.
Full textLn Pectobacterium atrosepticum (Pca), the virulence on potato plants and tubers is modulated by quorum-sensing (QS). N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHL) are QS signal molecules in several phytopathogenic bacteria. This work presents an antivirulence strategy targeting QS, based on AHL degradation. This approach aims at stimulating the growth of bacteria that are naturally able to degrade AHLs. We identified 2 natural and biodegradable molecules, γ-caprolactone (GCL) and γ-heptalactone (GHL), structurally related to AHL, that exhibit such activity. We confirmed that the treated bacterial consortia had a biocontrol activity against P. Carotovorum in maceration assays of Solanum tuberosum tubers. These stimulated bacteria belong mainly to the Rhodococcus genera. Biostimulant activity was tested under hydroponic and soil culture conditions. To evaluate the environmental impact of GCL and GHL treatrnent, microbial diversity analyses (DGGE and taxonomic microarray) as well as the fate of GCL, GHL and their by-products (analysed by HPLC-MS) were investigate. Futhermore, to optimize biocontrol, GHL and GCL treatment were coupled with the inoculation of the strain R. Erythropolis R138 chosen for its ability to inactivated AHLs signal, to grow with GCL or GHL as sole carbon sources and to inhibit the maceration induced by Pca. This coupling process ensures an efficient treatment whatever the bacteria population diversity initially present in the rhizosphere. This strategy was first tested under hydroponic systems and validated on soil culture
Hassane, Ramatou. "La production de pomme de terre et recompositions socio-économiques dans l'Imanan, Niger." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20139/document.
Full textIt is in 1954 when the farmers of the rural district of Imanan, situated in the West of Niger, began the practice of the culture of potato. Of a simple culture of supplement associated with other speculations, the production of potato is an integral part local systems of productions. It is the main adaptive strategy of the farmers of the Imanan to face food crises. Several factors of economic, social and political orders, in narrow link with the evolution and the local events contributed to his distribution and to its expansion. Culture of pension was turned (shot) to the market; the potato allows the developers to reach income contributing strongly to the subsistence of the households (house works). In a context marked by economic and social differentiations between social groups, the production of potato, due to the income which she (it) gets to the farmers, favor the empowerment of the disadvantaged social groups among which the young people and the women. But only the developers who can mobilize enough financial resources can make profitable the production. The difference of the income which pull the producers of the culture of the potato is bound in particular to the access of these to plants, to use of the motor-pump and to employment of an external agricultural workforce. The lack of adequate organization of the sector apple of earth conjugated to the weakness of the alternatives of financing does not allow certain producers to take place storekeeper (Maï Gida) wholesalers of the sector potato. The producers are forced to sell their products to the storekeepers of the " Small market " of Niamey
Badr, Ashraf. "In vitro and ex vitro potato plantlets (Solanum tuberosum) metabolic response to exogenously supplied sucrose : a metabolomic approach." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27937/27937.pdf.
Full textGhomari, Fouad. "Matériau en terre crue compactée : amélioration de sa durabilité à l'eau." Lyon, INSA, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ISAL0026.
Full textLavieville, Laurence. "Étude de la microtubérisation in vitro de la Pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum L. )." Amiens, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AMIE0100.
Full textClément, Chedzer-Clarc. "Lessivage des nitrates en fonction de la fertilisation azotée dans la pomme de terre irriguée et non irriguée au Québec." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69907.
Full textNitrogen (N) management and irrigation are important factors affecting yield and N losses through nitrate-N (NO3-N) leaching in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production on sandy soils. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the effect of N fertilization (rate and source) on total (TY) and marketable (MY) yields, in-season NO3-N leaching, and residual soil NO3-N (RSN) for potatoes grown on sandy soils under two irrigation regimes (irrigated and non-irrigated). Two field experiments were conducted to compare split-applied conventional soluble N fertilizers (ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and calcium ammonium nitrate) and polymer-coated urea (PCU) products at several N rates during five (2008-2012) and three (2013-2015) years, respectively. The results showed that there was no benefit from additional water by irrigation when water deficits were low. Irrigation increased in-season NO3-N leaching by 52% but had no effect on TY and MY. Results from the 3-year field experiment showed that TY and MY response to N fertilization were not significant when soil N supplied by soil N mineralization was high. However, increasing the fertilizer N rate increased in-season NO3-N leaching and RSN. A single application of PCU resulted in similar TY and MY as split-applied conventional soluble N fertilizers at equivalent N rates. Results from both field experiments suggest that the potential of PCU to reduce in-season NO3-N leaching may vary according to rainfall distribution and irrigation timing due to the N-release characteristics of the PCU. Application of PCU at planting was an effective strategy to reduce in-season NO3-N leaching when there was significant rainfall during the period between planting and hilling. The results also indicated that PCU+urea applied at planting may reduce TY and MY compared to PCU and conventional soluble N fertilizers due to excessive vegetative growth and delayed tuber initiation. Furthermore, PCU+urea increased in-season NO3-N leaching relative to PCU and conventional soluble N fertilizers applied at equivalent N rates. Residual soil NO3-N was an effective index of the potential soil NO3-N losses in the non-growing season, as overwinter NO3-N losses were generally higher with greater RSN. The results indicated that a single application of PCU, alone or mixed with a conventional soluble N fertilizer at planting increases the risk of NO3-N leaching in the non- growing season in comparison to conventional soluble N fertilizers. The overall results suggest that reducing the fertilizer N rate is more important than the choice of N sources to minimize NO3-N leaching from potato production.
Courteau, Mireille. "Purification des protéases extracellulaires de Streptomyces caviscabiesEF 87, associé à la gale profonde de la pomme de terre." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 1997.
Find full textTurk, Mohammad. "Vers une amélioration du procédé industriel d'extraction des fractions solubles de pomme à l'aide de technologies électriques." Compiègne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010COMP1908.
Full textIntroducing Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) to an industrial scale for apple juice processing needed to improve our knowledge about the effects of this technology on the biochemical quality of juice, the quantitative and the energetic benefits. At the laboratory scale, tests have allowed to better describe the effect of the electric treatment and the degree of fragmentation on the extraction yield and composition of simple sugars (fructose, glucose), malic acid and native polyphenols in juices. We have shown that the electric treatment enhances the oxidation of the phenolic compounds by the polyphenoloxidase when protective measures are not taken against the enzymatic reactions. We established a testing methodology on a pilot scale and industrial treatment combining continuous PEF treatment and apple expression. Low intensity treatment (E = 650 V / cm) at a flow rate of 4. 5 t / h improved the extraction yield (Y = 5. 1%) of apple juice by pressing and increased the dry matter of the pomace. The energy consumption of electric treatment (3. 5 W. H/kg mash) was lower compared to the unconsumed energy during pomace drying (12. 1 W. H/kg mash). Finally investing in a pilot at industrial scale should be profitable. Indeed, the payback period of investment is estimated at less than two years. Apple juice from a PEF treatment kept all its qualitative attributes. The sensory analysis carried out by an expert panel showed a better perception of electrically treated juices compared to control juices. In this work, we developed a novel method of extraction by aqueous diffusion of phenolic compounds, in the epidermis of the apple, by various electrotechnologies. This method showed a higher extraction yield of native polyphenols and a shorter diffusion time compared to conventional extraction with alcoholic solvent
Lapointe, Claude. "Impact des pratiques agronomiques sur les rendements et la qualité de la pomme de terre." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq25641.pdf.
Full textDubois, Amaury. "Optimisation et apprentissage de modèles biologiques : application à lirrigation [sic l'irrigation] de pomme de terre." Thesis, Littoral, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020DUNK0560.
Full textThe subject of this PhD concerns one of the LISIC themes : modelling and simulation of complex systems, as well as optimization and automatic learning for agronomy. The objectives of the thesis are to answer the questions of irrigation management of the potato crop and the development of decision support tools for farmers. The choice of this crop is motivated by its important share in the Haut-de-France region. The manuscript is divided into 3 parts. The first part deals with continuous multimodal optimization in a black box context. This is followed by a presentation of a methodology for the automatic calibration of biological model parameters through reformulation into a black box multimodal optimization problem. The relevance of the use of inverse analysis as a methodology for automatic parameterisation of large models in then demonstrated. The second part presents 2 new algorithms, UCB Random with Decreasing Step-size and UCT Random with Decreasing Step-size. Thes algorithms are designed for continuous multimodal black-box optimization whose choice of the position of the initial local search is assisted by a reinforcement learning algorithms. The results show that these algorithms have better performance than (Quasi) Random with Decreasing Step-size algorithms. Finally, the last part focuses on machine learning principles and methods. A reformulation of the problem of predicting soil water content at one-week intervals into a supervised learning problem has enabled the development of a new decision support tool to respond to the problem of crop management
Munger, Aurélie, and Aurélie Munger. "Induction et stabilisation de protéines endogènes chez la pomme de terre exprimant une cystatine recombinante." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26550.
Full textTableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdorales, 2015-2016
Des cystatines recombinantes employées en phytoprotection dans des variétés végétales transgéniques ont été étudiées pour les effets d’interférence métabolique qu’elles causaient dans la plante hôte. L’objectif de ce projet était d’évaluer ces effets pléiotropiques à l’aide de lignées de pommes de terre (Solanum tuberosum) exprimant des cystatines de céréales de façon constitutive dans l’ensemble des tissus de la plante. Nos résultats ont montré que la cystatine du maïs CCII induit, dans les feuilles, une activation de protéines endogènes reliées au stress, conférant notamment un effet protecteur contre le champignon Botrytis cinerea. La cystatine du riz OCI, exprimée dans les tubercules transgéniques, a engendré un délai de leur germination et une préservation des principaux nutriments en période d’entreposage. En somme, nos lignées de pommes de terre exprimant une cystatine recombinante démontrent des effets d’interférence métabolique à valeur agronomique éventuellement intéressante.
Des cystatines recombinantes employées en phytoprotection dans des variétés végétales transgéniques ont été étudiées pour les effets d’interférence métabolique qu’elles causaient dans la plante hôte. L’objectif de ce projet était d’évaluer ces effets pléiotropiques à l’aide de lignées de pommes de terre (Solanum tuberosum) exprimant des cystatines de céréales de façon constitutive dans l’ensemble des tissus de la plante. Nos résultats ont montré que la cystatine du maïs CCII induit, dans les feuilles, une activation de protéines endogènes reliées au stress, conférant notamment un effet protecteur contre le champignon Botrytis cinerea. La cystatine du riz OCI, exprimée dans les tubercules transgéniques, a engendré un délai de leur germination et une préservation des principaux nutriments en période d’entreposage. En somme, nos lignées de pommes de terre exprimant une cystatine recombinante démontrent des effets d’interférence métabolique à valeur agronomique éventuellement intéressante.
Coulibali, Zonlehoua. "Modèle de fertilisation NPK localisé de la pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum L.) au Québec." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66697.
Full textHigh-value crops, like potato (Solanum tuberosumL.), are good candidates for the adoption of Precision Agriculture because of the high cost of inputs.The large amount of potato fertilizers requirement makes it economically and environmentally important for producers to determinate site-specific fertilizers dosages. Crop performance responses to fertilizer inputs have yet been modeled using simple functions like quadratic, linear-plateau or Mitscherlich. Even though they should only be used to describe experimental data, such models are used to predict optimal fertilizer doses considering the cost of the fertilizer and crop sales. As large amounts of data are being assembled in repeated observational data sets, machine learning models can become useful to predict and detect patterns in data without hardly presuming how a response curve should behave.This project generated models recommending optimal economic doses of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) for potato crops using machine learning techniques. We assessed the validity of cultivar grouping as new predictive feature, and predicted potato tuber yields using foliar ionomes. A density-based clustering algorithm (dbscan) failed to delineate groups of high-yield cultivars linked to specific cultivar ionomic composition. Algorithms of k-nearest neighbors (KNN), random forests (RF) and support vector machines (SVM) showed a fair diagnostic potential to detect in-season nutritional imbalance, with practically similar accuracy of 70%. The perturbation vector of Aitchison compositional space appeared a good indicator indetecting the presence and magnitude of a nutritional imbalance. Moreover, machine-learning models using KNN, RF, neural networks (NN) and Gaussian processes (GP) algorithms returned almost similar coefficients of determination (R²) superior to that of the Mitscherlich model. The R² values were 0.52, 0.59, 0.49 and 0.58 respectively for the KNN, RF, ANN,and GP, and 0.37 with the Mitscherlich model to predict marketable yield.The models were somewhat more efficient to predict medium-size tubers (R²= 0.60–0.69) and tuber specific gravity (R²= 0.58–0.67) than large-size tubers (R²= 0.55–0.64) and marketable yield. Disagreements appeared between models in site-specific response curves and optimal economic or agronomic N, P, and K doses prediction. However, GP models stood up as the most promising algorithm due to its built-in ability to develop smooth response surfaces and recommendations within a probabilistic risk-assessment framework.
Buitenhuis, Rosemarije. "A comparative study of the life history and foraging behaviour of aphid hyperparasitoids." Doctoral thesis, Québec : Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/21436/21436.pdf.
Full textBoquel, Sébastien. "Propension vectorielle des pucerons dans l’épidémiologie du virus Y (PVY) en culture de pommes de terre." Amiens, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AMIE0107.
Full textPotato virus Y (PVY) is a phytovirus transmitted in a non-persistent fashion by aphid vectors to a broad range of plants. A diagnosis carried out in 2006 in Picardy showed that 80 to 90 % of aphids trapped in potato fields corresponded to non-colonizing potato aphids. Thus, the main aim of this thesis was to evaluate the ability of different aphid species to transmit PVY to potato plants, whether they were potato colonizing aphids (Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae) or not (Aphis fabae, Brevicoryne brassicae, Sitobion avenae, Acyrtosiphon pisum et Rhopalosiphum padi). For each aphid species, vector activity, corresponding to the behavioural component (feeding and locomotion behaviour) involved in the spreading of phytoviruses and vector efficiency, corresponding to its ability to acquire and inoculate viruses, were determined. The vector activity study showed that in potato colonizing aphids, apterous individuals, born from colonizing alates, exhibit a sedentary behaviour and that alate dispersal ability is higher in M. Persicae than in M. Euphorbiae. Both colonizing species did not realize interplant movements contrary to non-colonizing ones. Through the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique, the feeding behaviour study revealed that all species performed the intracellular punctures necessary for virus acquisition and inoculation. The infection status of the plant can modulate aphid vector activity and therefore can strongly impact on the PVY spreading. PVY-infected plants induced a phagostimulant effect on M. Persicae and S. Avenae, and a deterrent one in M. Euphorbiae, A. Fabae and B. Brassicae. Furthermore, dual choice bioassays revealed that all the aphid species tested were unable to discriminate between a healthy and a PVY-infected plant. The vector efficiency study was set up according to a novel methodology that involved the use of in vitro plants and the determination of different virus acquisition periods depending on the aphid species considered. Results showed high transmission rates for potato colonizing aphids (83 % for M. Persicae and 27 % for M. Euphorbiae), a medium to low rate for A. Pisum, B. Brassicae and S. Avenae (< 20 %) and no transmission for A. Fabae and R. Padi. Despite the high transmission rates observed for colonizing aphid species, their involvement in PVY epidemiology may be overestimated due to their sedentary behaviour. By contrast, some non-colonizing species, notably A. Pisum, B. Brassicae and S. Avenae, exhibited a vector activity favouring the spread of viruses and their high population densities in potato fields may compensate for their lower vector efficiency. This work highlights the potential role of non-colonizing potato aphid species and brings new insights into our understanding of the mechanisms governing the PVY epidemiological dynamics
Rolland, Mathieu. "Impact de la capacité nécrogène sur la valeur adaptative du virus Y de la pomme de terre." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSARA061.
Full textPotato virus Y (PVY, genus Potyvirus) is transmitted by aphids in a non persistent manner. This constituted by an increasing proportion of the especially damaging necrotic isolates (PVYN). To improve sanitary selection procedures, a new tool allowing the detection and characterisation of PVY genotypes has been developed. For the first time, this tool, based on SNaPshot technology, targelets molecular determinants involved in PVY necrotic ability (polymorphisms A/G2213 and A/C2271). This innovative tool i) allows the characterisations of PVY isolates according to their ability to induce necrosis, ii) allows the characterisation of viral genomes in groups (PVYo, PVYN) and sub-groupes (PVY NTN, PVYN-W) in single or dual interactions and iii) has an especially low detection threshold (10 copies). For a better comprehension of the mechanisms which have led to the epidemiological observations, the impact of the necrotic ability of PVY fitness has been measured. Two isolates and three genotypes mutated at position 2213 and/or 2271 have been used. Experiments were performed during single and mixed infections, serial passages and aphid inoculations. Obtained results show i) a cost of necrosis property of fitness, ii) a serial passages and aphid inoculations. Obtained results show i) a cost of necrosis property on fitness, ii) a serial passages and aphid inoculations. Obtained results show i) a cost of necrosis property on fitness, ii) a major role ov viral genetic background, PVYN-605 genome being associated to a higher competitiveness than major role of viral genetic background, PVY N-605 genome being associated to a higher competitiveness than PVYo-139, iii) interactions between nucleotides 2213 and 2271, and viral genetic background, iv) host dependant compensatory effects between these two factors
Sene, Ndiaga. "Implication du métabolisme azoté dans la relation plante-insecte : étude des fluctuations des enzymes glutamine synthétase (GS) et glutamate déshydrogénase (GDH) chez le couple Solanum tuberosum-Myzus persicae." Amiens, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AMIE0119.
Full textMyzus persicae which is one of the potato cultures devastators, feeds exclusively on plants phloem compartment. The phloem is the main route for the long-distance transport of photoassimilates and its sap is rich in sugars, particularly, in sucrose. The elaborated phloem sap is also composed of numerous free amino acids, and the relative concentrations of those are strongly unbalanced, which concerns, in particular, a small proportion of essential amino acids. At first, we have shown an increase in the enzymatic activities of the glutamine synthetase (GS) and the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) during the plant development, which has been confirmed by the western-blots and immunohistochemical study. The latter has shown the almost exclusive presence of the GS1 and GDH proteins in phloem companion cells. A study of these enzymes status on the scale of the plant and during plant development has shown a real effect of M. Persicae infection on the GS and GDH, which are two key enzymes probably involved in amino acids synthesis and in the control of fine reorientation of carbon and nitrogenous metabolisms. The induction of these enzymes appears only on the local level as compared to the observed changes of metabolites which are affected on both local and systematic levels. All changes inducted by the aphids suggest that the aphids are able to modify the nutritional composition of phloem in order to gain in qualitative and quantitive increase in amino acids. Our observations have also shown that the change in nitrogenous metabolism, inducted by transgenesis or mutagenesis, has a clear effect on the alimentary habits of the studied aphids
Kotchi, Serge Olivier. "Détection du stress hydrique par thermographie infrarouge : application à la culture de la pomme de terre." Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/22198/22198.pdf.
Full textWater stress affect the yield and the crop quality. For more than twenty years, remote sensing allowed several tools developments to assess water stress detection using sensors and model such as Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI). Sparse crop can generate error in the interpretation of this index. The use of an imaging-radiometer combined to a high spatial resolution visible image help to remove this weakness. This study present a new water stress index based in the use of infrared thermography. A first dataset was taken from greenhouse experimental set up on potatoes species (Highlite and Chieftain) using an hand-held imaging-radiometer (ThermaCAM SC 2000). Repeated measurements were made for water-stress induced plants and for well irrigated plants at different growing stages. The study showed that an early detection of water deficit by infrared thermography is possible as well as the detection of the significant response of plant to heat stress and leaf area change based on water stress intensity. Temperature differences between crop canopy and air (Tc - Ta) are strongly correlated with the water stress. The study has permitted the development of a new index named Area Water Stress Index (AWSI) and the results obtained with this index for water stress detection are very encouraging.
Beaulieu, Rémi. "Synthèse d’analogues de glycoalcaloïdes aux propriétés aphicides, valorisation des coproduits industriels de la pomme de terre." Amiens, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AMIE0111.
Full textBy-products management is an environmental, economic and regulatory issue. The potato industry development leads to an increase of the by-products amount. Nowadays, the valorization of these wastes is restricted to the animal diet. Chaconine and solanine are two glycoalkaloids which are involved in the natural defenses of potato plants and which are present in by-products. They have the same aglycon moiety (solanidine), but the saccharidic moiety is different. This latter plays an important role in the biological activities of chaconine and solanine. Hemisynthesis of glycoalkaloids has been performed, solanidine (extracted from the byproducts) is linked on a saccharidic moiety which is obtained by chemical synthesis. These sugar parts are based on the chacotriose (present on chaconine). Oxygen atoms at various anomeric positions have been replaced, or not, by sulfur atoms. Finally, a spacer has been introduced between the aglycone and the saccharidic moiety by using "click chemistry". Cholesterol and diosgenin have been used as models to develop the experimental conditions. In vivo tests on Macrosiphum euphorbiae (aphid pests of potato plants) have shown the aphicidal properties of our synthetized glycoalkaloids. Furthermore, for glycosteroids based on cholesterol and diosgenin, a study on liquid crystals properties has been performed
OTTAVIANI, MARIE-PAULE. "Transformation de la pomme de terre par agrobacterium rhizogenes : cotransformation et expression differentielle des genes introduits." Paris 11, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA112084.
Full textDoumbouya, Moussa. "Diagnostic de sol et recommandations potassiques pour la culture de pomme de terre en sol minéral." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26481.
Full textPotassium is the element required in largest quantities by the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). The effect of potassium fertilization on potato yield and quality has been extensively described in the bibliography. However, no meta-analysis has yet been performed on the Quebec potato database on potassium fertilization trials. The objective of this project was to evaluate the performance of three diagnostic methods for soil potassium to improve fertilizer recommendation for potato in Quebec: the traditional sufficiency level of available nutrients (SLAN), basic catioon saturation ratios (BCSR) and and the new compositional data analysis method of centred log ratios (CLR). The results of 57 trials of potassium fertilization in Quebec between 1970 and2013 were compiled in a database. The database was analyzed by Cate-Nelson method and meta-analysis. Diagnosis by SLAN and CLR were more accurate compared to BCSR. SLAN generated 32 vs. 21true positive specimens compared to CLR but over estimated cases of K deficiency with10 vs. 23 true negative specimens, hence underestimating cases of small response to added K. The SLAN tended to overestimate the K requirements in the intermediate soil K fertility class compared to CLR. It is suggested that the dose of K should exceed K exportations through harvest when CLR is below -2,9 and that, above a CLR value of -2,9, K fertilization should complement soil K supply. The potassium recommendation potato suggested by CRAAQ (2010) could be improved with the index CLR.
Nechi, Chaima. "Impact de la fertilisation potassique sur le lessivage du potassium sous culture de pomme de terre." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26640.
Full textQuantification of nutrient movement from agricultural soils is important for both fertilizer and environmental management. This study evaluated the impact of potassium (K) fertilization on K leaching in relation to calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) leaching under potato crop in sandy soils. From 2012 to 2014, two sites per year were established on loamy-sand textured soils near Quebec City. Soil series were Morin, Orleans and Saint-Nicolas. Each site included eight K treatments as a combination of rates and sources of KCl and Sul-Po-Mag with three replications. In 2012, the K was applied at four rates (0, 70, 140 and 210 kg K2O ha-1). In 2013 and 2014, another K rate was added (105 kg K2O ha-1) as well as three rates of calcium (15, 125, 250 kg Ca ha-1) applied as CaSO4. The soil solution was sampled biweekly from planting to harvest using suction lysimeters and the concentrations of K (SSK), Ca (SSCa) and Mg (SSMg) in the soil solution were measured. From 2012 to 2014, adding K fertilizers did not significantly influence the SSK except on specific dates. K leaching was higher at the beginning of the growing season, then it gradually decreased but increased at the end of the growing season until plant reached senescence stage. For all the sites, SSCa and SSMg were significantly influenced by the K treatments and the sampling period. The rate of K generally had no impact on the leaching of K in sandy soils but increased SSCa and SSMg leaching.
Wen, Guoqi. "Étude des effets de la fertilisation azotée sur les concentrations foliaires en sucres, en acides aminés et en glycoalcaloïdes des plants de pommes de terre." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66330.
Full textHaffani, Yosr Zakia. "Transfert et expression du gène cry3Ca1 du Bacillus thuringiensis chez la pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum L.)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0019/NQ54001.pdf.
Full textEL-IMANE, COLLET RACHIDA. "Ecologie et caracterisation d'helminthosporium solani dur. & mont. , agent de lagale argentee de la pomme de terre." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112489.
Full textYoucef-Ali, Sabri. "Etude numérique et expérimentale des séchoirs solaires indirects à convection forcée : Application à la pomme de terre." Valenciennes, 2001. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/7db5b7f1-e247-4d7f-9a14-5040200b9cb4.
Full textLECARDONNEL, ANNE. "Transformation genetique de la pomme de terre par differents genes marqueurs et d'interet : impact sur le doryphore." Amiens, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AMIE0111.
Full textChaouechi, Ameni. "Lixiviation du potassium sous culture de pomme de terre irriguée en sol sableux : impact des engrais azotés." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25452.
Full textHerbez, Christopher. "Parallélisation massive de dynamiques spatiales : contribution à la gestion durable du mildiou de la pomme de terre." Thesis, Littoral, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DUNK0437/document.
Full textDiscrete-event simulation, in a context of DEVS formalism, has been experiencing a boom over the recent years. In a situation of increasing demand in terms of model size and consequently in calculation time, it is necessary to build up tools to ensure optimality, or even better, an excellent response to simulation times.Admittedly, there exist parallelization and distribution tools like PDEVS, but the distribution of models within compute nodes is under the modeler s sole responsability.The Ph.D. main scope is to propose an optimization approach of parallel and distributed simulation times, restructuring the hierarchy of models. The new founded hierarchy can thus guarantee a simultaneous execution of a maximum quantity of atomic models while minimizing the number of exchanges between models, which are not associated with the same calculation node (i.e. with the same sub-model). Accordingly, optimizing simulation time goes through a simultaneous implementation of a maximum quantity of atomic models, but in a distributed context it is highly important to minimize the adaptation transfer via the network to avoid overcharges related to its use. Ther exist deifferent ways of structuring a DEVS model : some scientist use a multi-leveled hierarchical structure, and others opt for a "flat" structure. Our objective focuses on the latter. Indeed, it is possible to obtain a single graph of models, corresponding to the connection network linking all the atomic models. From this graph the creation of a model hierarchy optimized by the distributed simulation focuses on the partitioning of this model graph. In such cases, the graph theory reveals a certain numbers of tools to partition the graph to meet some constraints. In our study, the resulting model partition must not only balance calculation needs but also minimize the message transfer between sub-models. The Ph.D. main scope it to propose not only an optimization approach but also partitioning and learning tools to achieve full compliance in our processing methods. In such cases, the model graph using the flat structure does not provide us with all the necessary information related to partitioning. That is the reason whi it is highly necessary to assign a weighting in the graph that best reflects the individual dynamics of models composing it. This weighting comes from learning, using the Hidden Markov Models (HMM). The use of learning in DEVS context results in some adjustments ti consider all the specificities. The thesis also ensures the complete validation phase, either in a parallel context to validate the simulation node behavior and observe the limits of atomic model behavior, or in a distributed context. This dissertation in its final state also includes a pratice-oriented approach to sustainably manage potato blight. The current fungus Phytophthora infestans simulation model is conceived for a plot scale. In collacoration with agronomists, we provide a few changes to update the Phytophthora infestans model to extend the scope of action and propose a new scale of values
Bakari, Kouassi Dit Abou. "Résistance de Solanum sparsipilum aux nématodes à galles Meloidoyne incognita, M. Arenaria, M. Javanica et M. Fallax : analyse des mécanismes et cartographie des facteurs de résistance." Rennes, Agrocampus, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NSARC077.
Full textRoot-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp. ) are telluric plant parasites with a broad host range that limits the use of crop rotation as control strategy. Chemicals are also restricted in practical agriculture due to their toxicity for human health. Besides the roots Meloidogyne species infest and induce galls on the surf ace and necrotic spots in the fesh of tubers of the potato, Solanum tuberosum. Infested tubers are unacceptable for both processing and fresh market and they are putative sources of dissemintatin of these parasites. Genetic resistance is the favoured control strategy in nematode management because it is usually effective and has no deleterious effects on environment but, no resistant potato cultivar is yet available. For breeding purpose, the resistances of two accessionsof nematodes species Meloidogyne incognita, M. Arenaria and M. Javanica and the temperate species M. Fallax have been investigated. Our objectives were to : 1° understand the species M. Fallax have been investigated. Our objectives were to: 1) understand the effects on the feeding and the development of the juveniles, genetic determinism of the resistances); 2) map major gene (s) or quantitative trait loci (QTL) that control the resistance. Compared to susceptible potato plants, both resistant accessions were significantly less infected. This was due to delayed and then arrested penetration of the juveniles in the roots. The accession harbouring the resistance to M. Fallax developed a necrotic reaction at the feeding site of the juveniles and prevented their development to the female stage. A “F1” diploid progeny was obtained using a dihaploid susceptible potato genotype as the female juveniles suggesting a monogenic control of the resistance. However, “necrotic” and “non necrotic” hybrid genetoypes showed a continuous distribution when considering the nematode females developed in their roots
Feray, Annie. "Rôle des polyamines dans la tubérisation de la pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum l. ) : relations avec le transport à longue distance." Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2033.
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