Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pomme de terre – Maladies et fléaux'
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Pépin, Geneviève. "Résistance au virus Y de la pomme de terre (PVY) chez des lignées transgéniques de pomme de terre exprimant un inhibiteur de protéases de type cystéine." Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/22301/22301.pdf.
Full textWen, Guoqi. "Étude des effets de la fertilisation azotée sur les concentrations foliaires en sucres, en acides aminés et en glycoalcaloïdes des plants de pommes de terre." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66330.
Full textde, Ladurantaye Yannick. "Définition des critères d'entreposage, de transport et de distribution au champ du Perillus bioculatus, un prédateur naturel du doryphore de la pomme de terre." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25352/25352.pdf.
Full textLesueur, Fabrice. "Élaboration de formulations à base d'extraits de neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) pour la protection de la pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum L.) contre le Myzus persicae, un puceron colonisateur et vecteur de virus circulants et non circulants." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23665/23665.pdf.
Full textParé, François. "Étude de la faisabilité de distribution mécanique de la punaise masquée, Perillus bioculatus, pour le contrôle biologique du doryphore de la pomme de terre, Leptinotarsa Decemlineata (SAY)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26358/26358.pdf.
Full textBuitenhuis, Rosemarije. "A comparative study of the life history and foraging behaviour of aphid hyperparasitoids." Doctoral thesis, Québec : Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/21436/21436.pdf.
Full textLegnani, Robert. "Analyse, comparaison et exploitation des résistances au virus Y de la pomme de terre (PVY) et au tobacco etch virus (TEV) chez la tomate." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20240.
Full textBoudjeniba, Messaoud. "Contributions à la connaissance du bioessai "Crow-gall de pomme de terre"." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066094.
Full textBakari, Kouassi Dit Abou. "Résistance de Solanum sparsipilum aux nématodes à galles Meloidoyne incognita, M. Arenaria, M. Javanica et M. Fallax : analyse des mécanismes et cartographie des facteurs de résistance." Rennes, Agrocampus, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NSARC077.
Full textRoot-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp. ) are telluric plant parasites with a broad host range that limits the use of crop rotation as control strategy. Chemicals are also restricted in practical agriculture due to their toxicity for human health. Besides the roots Meloidogyne species infest and induce galls on the surf ace and necrotic spots in the fesh of tubers of the potato, Solanum tuberosum. Infested tubers are unacceptable for both processing and fresh market and they are putative sources of dissemintatin of these parasites. Genetic resistance is the favoured control strategy in nematode management because it is usually effective and has no deleterious effects on environment but, no resistant potato cultivar is yet available. For breeding purpose, the resistances of two accessionsof nematodes species Meloidogyne incognita, M. Arenaria and M. Javanica and the temperate species M. Fallax have been investigated. Our objectives were to : 1° understand the species M. Fallax have been investigated. Our objectives were to: 1) understand the effects on the feeding and the development of the juveniles, genetic determinism of the resistances); 2) map major gene (s) or quantitative trait loci (QTL) that control the resistance. Compared to susceptible potato plants, both resistant accessions were significantly less infected. This was due to delayed and then arrested penetration of the juveniles in the roots. The accession harbouring the resistance to M. Fallax developed a necrotic reaction at the feeding site of the juveniles and prevented their development to the female stage. A “F1” diploid progeny was obtained using a dihaploid susceptible potato genotype as the female juveniles suggesting a monogenic control of the resistance. However, “necrotic” and “non necrotic” hybrid genetoypes showed a continuous distribution when considering the nematode females developed in their roots
Robic, Kévin. "Les populations de Dickeya pathogènes de la pomme de terre : lutte intégrée, structure et génomique des populations Pattern and causes of the establishment of the invasive bacterial potato pathogen Dickeya solani and of the maintenance of the resident pathogen D. dianthicola." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB012.
Full textIn potato plant, Solanum tuberosum, the phytopathogens Pectobacterium and Dickeya are responsible for blackleg and soft rot diseases causing extensive damage in fields and also during storage of tubers. Apart from prophylaxis methods, no treatment permits to control these diseases. The FN3PT / inov3PT is carrying out various research projects in order to better understand these pathogens and to offer suitable treatments. The objective of this work was to study the genes essential to the bacterium D. solani RNS 08.23.3.1A during the different stages of the infectious cycle, namely the colonization of the rhizosphere, the maceration of the stems and the maceration of the tubers. For this, a Tn-seq approach was used, the robustness of which was evaluated by determining the essential genome of D. solani. The genes essential to the various conditions in vivo were then identified. Secondly, a screening of biostimulating molecules of the biocontrol agent Pseudomonas spp PA14H7 was carried out. This screening made it possible to identify different molecules metabolized by PA14H7. Greenhouse biostimulation tests were performed to validate the biostimulatory effect of these molecules on a population of biocontrol agents artificially introduced into the potato rhizosphere. The incidence on the disease has been observed. Then the antibiosis action of 6 previously identified biocontrol agents was evaluated in vitro against a panel of 41 pathogens of Pectobacterium and Dickeya
Guyader, Sébastien. "Evaluation du potentiel de variabilité du potato leafroll virus (Luteoviridae, poleovirus) et identification de quelques facteurs de sélection." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10049.
Full textQuenouille-Lederer, Julie. "Bases génétiques et fonctionnelles de la durabilité des résistances polygéniques au virus Y de la pomme de terre (PVY) chez le piment (Capsicum annuum)." Thesis, Avignon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AVIG0650/document.
Full textGenetic resistances provide an efficient control of crop diseases but are limited by pathogen adaptation.In pepper, the durability of the pvr23 allele, conferring resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), was demonstrated todepend on the plant genetic background. The aim of my PhD thesis was to characterize the host genetic factorsaffecting the durability of the major resistance gene pvr23 and to answer to the following question s: (i) What istheir action on the evolution of the viral population? (ii) Is there identity between the QTLs (quantitative traitloci) controlling the partial resistance and the QTLs affecting the durability of pvr23? (iii) Are these genetic factorswidespread among the genetic resources of pepper? Various experiments including resistance testing,experimental evolution and competition between various PVY variants, enabled to show that the genetic factorsaffecting the durability of pvr23 acted in: (i) decreasing the viral accumulation, (ii) decreasing the probability ofacquisition of resistance breaking (RB) mutations by PVY and (iii) slowing down the selection of RB variants. QTLdetection and mapping of genetic factors affecting the frequency of pvr23 RB showed that four loci actingadditively and in epistatic interactions explained together 70% of the variance of pvr23 breakdown frequency.Comparative mapping between these QTLs and QTLs affecting partial resistance showed that three of the fourQTLs controlling the frequency of pvr23 RB are also involved in quantitative resistance, suggesting that QTLs forquantitative resistance have a pleiotropic effect on the durability of the major resistance gene. Analysis of acollection of 20 pepper accessions, carrying pvr23 or pvr24 (allele closely related to pvr23) in various geneticbackgrounds, showed that genetic backgrounds favorable to the durability of the pvr2-mediated resistance arewidespread in the genetic resources of pepper. These results highlight that the durability of a major resistancegene can be strongly increased when associated with genetic factors decreasing the pathogen multiplication.Moreover, the frequency of a major gene RB is a highly heritable trait and QTLs detection for this trait isachievable. The direct selection for such QTLs opens new prospects to preserve the durability of major resistancegenes used by breeders
Kettani, Halabi Mohamed. "Etude de la diversité de Pectobacterium spp et des effets induits par les lipopolysaccharides chez les plantes." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01070631.
Full textChane, Andrea. "Régulation, expression in situ et biostimulation de l'activité quorum-quenching d'un agent de biocontrôle : Rhodococcus erythropolis." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR031.
Full textBiocontrol is defined as a set of plant protection methods through the use of natural mechanisms. Its principle involves the control of populations of aggressors rather than their eradication. The protection of the potato Solanum tuberosum against soft-rot bacteria (Dickeya and Pectobacterium) has been previously proposed as an application of biocontrol. This involves disturbing the quorum-sensing (QS) communication used by the pathogen to coordinate its attack and virulence. In order to optimize this quorum-quenching (QQ) biocontrol method and to control its effectiveness, we have studied the catabolic pathway of -lactones of a biocontrol agent, the Rhodococcus erythropolis bacterium. This pathway is involved in the degradation of the pathogen N-acyl-homoserine lactones signals. We firststudied the role of the QsdR repressor as well as the transcriptional regulation of the qsd operon involved in signal degradation. The understanding of this regulation has made it possible to generate biosensors capable of monitoring the QS of the pathogen and QQ of the protector. Under confocal laser scanning microscopy, these tools provided visual evidence of the role and link between these two activities in the tuber tissues. Finally, the low specificity of the QsdR repressor for its ligands made it possible to propose the -caprolactone, a structural analog of QS signals, as an inducer of the qsd operon. Overall, this work provides insight into the role and function of QQ in R. erythropolis. It also allows to envisage the control of the disease using a biocontrol agent whose QQ activity can be biostimulated by inexpensive lactones during formulation then spreading in the field
Espinel-Correal, Carlos. "Analyse de l’évolution des populations du granulovirus PhopGV en contact avec des hôtes alternatifs Phthorimaea operculella et Tecia solanivora (Lepidoptera gelechiidae)." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EMSE0594/document.
Full textBiological invasions constitute an important economical burden when they affect key resources for human alimentation, health or agronomic productions. Potato pests are important as this tuber is a key food source in Andean countries. The recent dispersion of the Guatemalan potato tuber moth, T. solanivora in South America can be traced back to the introduction in Venezuela, with progressive dispersion towards the South. Recent invasions provide, in addition, a unique model to analyse the process of adaptation of the whole receiving ecosystem to the new comers. This introduction of T. solanivora and its coexistence with the endemic potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella offer us the possibility of studying the adaptation to T. solanivora of virus populations infeodated to the later. A survey has been carried out in the potato-producing regions of Colombia. From the T. solanivora larvae collected, granulovirus infections were detected in five different locations. All virus isolates are related to the previously described Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhopGV). Differences in the pathogenicity against the two hosts were observed. Variability was detected in some isolates at two genetic markers. Genetically diverse populations appear to be more pathogenic for both hosts than genetically homogeneous populations. They provide a possible solution for the biological control of these insect pests. Artificial populations were constructed to mimic the mixed natural populations. They behave similarly from a biological point of view, but the evolution of the markers frequencies is not related to the biological efficacy, suggesting that undetected differences in the genomes could be responsible of this host adaptation. The productivity of the infections in both hosts has been studied as it constitutes a key point for the development of a biocontrol agent. The productivity in P. operculella (1.36 to 2.69 × 108 OBs/ mg) and T. solanivora (0.48 to 3.64 × 108 OBs/mg) are not very different. Genotypically mixed populations cannot be differentiated from homogeneous populations by their total production in one or the other host, however, the yields (virus output/doses to infect) show clear differences, mixed populations (natural or artificial) perform better in both hosts. No reduction in the pathogenicity for one host was observed after few cycles of replication of the virus population in the second host. Virus populations originally adapted to P. operculella had evolved to infect T. solanivora. In regions where both host are present, the populations developed a strategy to be efficient on both hosts
Blin, Pauline. "Dynamique des interactions entre Dickeya dianthicola, Dickeya solani et leur hôte Solanum tuberosum." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS267/document.
Full textIn potato plant (Solanum tuberosum), blackleg and soft rot are diseases caused by bacterial populations associating one or more species of the genus Pectobacterium and Dickeya. For several decades in Europe, the involvement of the genus Dickeya has increased, notably with the recent emergence of D. solani in the 2000s. No effective control exists against these plant pathogens; only prophylactic approaches are set up by the production industry. In this work, analysis of the structure of pathogenic populations in potato fields of northern France shows that D. dianthicola and D. solani dominate populations of Pectobacterium in relative abundance, while D. dianthicola dominates D. solani when both populations coexist. In a second part, artificial populations of D. dianthicola and D. solani isolates have allowed to assessed their aggressiveness and competitiveness in a greenhouse experiment. While the D. dianthicola population confirms its strongest aggressiveness and competitiveness when whole plants of S. tuberosum are infected, D. solani population is more aggressive and competitive when infecting Hyacinthus orientalis, as well as in rich and minimal liquid mediums. The individual analysis of the isolates of the artificial populations of D. dianthicola and D. solani shows that different aggressiveness in the host S. tuberosum is a distinctive trait of these pathogenic species; which reinforces the hypothesis of a recent host transfer (bulb plants to potato plants) of D. solani. Remarkably, in infected tissues of S. tuberosum (stem and tubers), the virulence genes pelD and pelE are highly expressed and more heterogeneously among D. solani isolates than those of D. dianthicola. A comparative transcriptomic analysis confirms the variability of the expression of virulence functions between 3 isolates of D. solani. All this work reveals that D. solani is still in adaptation phase to the host S. tuberosum, with less competitiveness against D. dianthicola during co-infection but an expression of the virulence functions in maceration condition greater that D. dianthicola. Thus, under the condition of selection of favorable genetic variations to its establishment on S. tuberosum host plant and the improvement of its competitiveness against D. dianthicola, D. solani represents a medium-term major risk for potato cultivation
Crespo-Pérez, Maria Veronica. "Global changes and distribution modeling of invasive insect pests in the Tropical Andes." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066013.
Full textRaoul, des Essarts Yannick. "Pathogénie de Dickeya dianthicola et Dickeya solani chez Solanum tuberosum, développement et évaluation de stratégies de lutte biologique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112099/document.
Full textPectobacterium and Dickeya phytopathogens are the causative agents of the blackleg and soft rot diseases on S. tuberosum, in the field or during tuber-storage. Today, no effective method permits to control these bacteria. The FN3PT / RD3PT conducts plant pathology and epidemiology researches to understand the life traits and physiology of these pathogens and propose adapted control solutions. The aim of this study was dual: to compare the virulence of two emerging pathogens D. dianthicola and D. solani, and to study biocontrol strategies directed at Pectobacterium and Dickeya. First, two strains were isolated from field samples, D. dianthicola RNS04.9 and D. solani 3337. The virulence of these strains was compared in tuber and whole plant-assays. This step required the development of appropriate pathosystems. D. dianthicola RNS04.9 appeared more virulent than D. solani 3337 on whole plant tests, while the opposite was observed on tubers tests. Genome comparisons and functional studies led to the dientifiation of some genetic traits unique to each strain such as the catabolism of arabinose and urea in D. solani 3337 and that of rhamnose in D. dianthicola RNS04.9. A screening of bacterial isolates was also performed to identify biocontrol agents capable of inhibiting the growth of Dickeya and Pectobacterium strains. Six isolates, belonging to the Pseudomonas or Bacillus genera were selected. The greenhouse trials have shown the efficacy of a combination of 3 Pseudomonas to reduce blackleg symptoms caused by D. dianthicola and its transmission to the offspring. The sequence of the genome of each biocontrol agents has been determined. With these data, the survival of biocontrol agents in the soil has been investigated by qPCR. Finally, a screening of chemical compounds was carried out on the basis of their anti-quorum sensing, i.e. their ability to quench the expression of Pectobacterium virulence factors. Two quorum-sensing inhibitors have been identified. As a conclusion to this work, opportunities to mix the various biocontrol strategies directed at pectinolytic pathogens is discussed
Tamisier, Lucie. "Adaptation des populations virales aux résistances variétales et exploitation des ressources génétiques des plantes pour contrôler cette adaptation." Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0696/document.
Full textPlants carrying major resistance genes have been widely used to fight against diseases. However, the pathogensability to overcome the resistance after a few years of usage requires the search for efficient and durable resistances.The objectives of this thesis were (i) to identify plant genomic regions limiting pathogen evolution by inducinggenetic drift effects and (ii) to study the impact of the evolutionary forces imposed by the plant on the pathogenability to adapt to resistance, the goal being to further use these forces to limit pathogen evolution. The pepper(Capsicum annuum) – PVY (Potato virus Y) pathosystem has been mainly used to conduct these researches.Regarding the first objective, quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mapped on a biparental pepper population andthrough genome-wide association on a pepper core-collection. These approaches have allowed the detection ofgenomic regions on chromosomes 6, 7 and 12 controlling viral effective population size during the inoculationstep. Some of these QTLs were common to PVY and CMV (Cucumber mosaic virus) while other were virusspecific.Moreover, the QTL detected on chromosome 6 colocalizes with a previously identified QTL controllingPVY accumulation and interacting with a QTL affecting the breakdown frequency of a major resistance gene.Regarding the second objective, a correlation analysis between the evolutionary forces imposed by the plant andan experimental estimation of the durability of a major resistance gene has been done. Experimental evolution ofPVY populations on plants contrasted for the levels of genetic drift, selection and virus accumulation they imposedhas also been performed. Both studies demonstrated that a plant inducing a strong genetic drift combined to areduction in virus accumulation limits virus evolution and could even lead to the extinction of the virus population.These results open new perspectives to deploy plant genetic factors directly controlling pathogen evolutionarypotential and could help to preserve the durability of major resistance genes