Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pond ash

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  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Pond ash'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 19 February 2023
Last updated: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Pond ash"

1

Yuvaraj, K., and S. Ramesh. "Experimental investigation on strength properties of concrete incorporating ground pond ash." Cement Wapno Beton 26, no. 3 (2021): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32047/cwb.2021.26.3.7.

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In the present era, the consumption of electricity has increased rapidly with each passing year, due to the industrialization. Coal is a raw material for the production of electricity in the thermal power stations. Particularly, a large amount of unused ash is dumped in ponds, which are major problem concerning many developing countries. Further, dumping of ash in ponds causes environmental hazards effects such as soil, land and water pollution. Identifying a viable alternative to utilize pond ash becomes a necessity, to avoid these environmental hazards. In this research work, an attempt has been made to partially replace cement by the pond ash as a supplementary cementitious material [SCM] in concrete, which will considerably reduce the hazardous effects of pond ash, to the environment. The pond ash was ground to 45 μm and it was used to replace the cement in concrete by proportions of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% by mass. Test on compressive strength, split tensile strength and modulus of rupture were conducted on concrete mixes. The result indicate that the addition of 10% pond ash to concrete significantly increased the strength properties of the concrete at the age of 7, 28, 56 and 90 days.
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Gamrat, Renata, Sławomir Stankowski, and Anna Jaroszewska. "Morphological Features of Plants on Ash Settling Ponds. Case Study." Plants 10, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10040616.

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Owing to variable water conditions, chemical conditions of water or ash substrate, ash settling ponds belong to anthropogenic objects which do not easily undergo plant succession. However, there are plants exhibiting biological traits allowing colonisation of a substrate characterised by variability in terms of acidity and heavy metal content. The aim of the study was to determine differences in morphology of plants colonising spontaneous surfaces of ash settling ponds with variability moisture level. We identified also differences in morphology of the plants. Identified: Agrostis stolonifera, Atriplex patula, Juncus bufonius, Phragmites australis, Poa pratensis and Ranunculus sceleratus. The obtained results broaden the knowledge on the bioremediation of degraded areas, indicate species that inhabit the surface of ash settlers. Lower water level in ash settling pond I created more favourable conditions for growth of the aboveground parts of plants, and higher waterlevel in ash settling pond II contributed to a more intensive development of the root part of plants. Considering the generative factors and measurement values of the aboveground part of plants, the best adapted species were Juncus bufonius and Atriplex patula. Due to changing water level in ash settling ponds, the species to be monitored is Phragmites australis—most deeply colonising the surface of ash settling ponds.
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Putra, Agik Dwika, Ilham Satria Raditya Putra, and Rochim Bakti Cahyono. "Pemanfaatan Sludge Ash Pond PT. Cirebon Electrical Power (CEP) sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif." Eksergi 20, no. 2 (July 3, 2023): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31315/e.v20i2.9845.

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As one of the power plants that uses coal as an energy source, PT Cirebon Electric Power (PT CEP) is committed to addressing waste problems with the 3R principle. Sludge ash ponds which is waste of the process production has the potential for alternative fuel. This study aims to evaluate the utilization of sludge ash ponds with the main target parameter in the form of calorific value. Based on proximate analysis, sludge pond ash only had a low heating value, around 210 kcal/kg, thus unbeneficial to be used as fuel directly. In order to make efficient utilization, a pyrolysis process was carried out to increase the existing heating value and was obtained at 700 – 870 kcal/kg. Generally, the standard of alternative fuel had minimum heating value of 4500 kcal/kg, therefore the blending process was carried out based on the fuel availability in the industrial site. The results of blending using coal showed that the high heating value of mixed briquette product was achieved at elevated more coal content used. By paying attention to the standard heating value, the ratio composition of ash pond to coal, 20/80 satisfy for utilization, where the heating value was around 4600 kcal/kg. The blending proses using pyrolysis char of ash pond showed un significant effect on the increasing of heating value, for example in a 40/60 ratio, the difference between the two types materials was only 210 kcal/kg. Therefore, pyrolysis pretreatment of sludge ash pond had unsignificant impact compared to the energy expended to run the process
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Harihara Kumar, PV, Sasanka Mouli Sravanam, JYV Shiva Bhushan, and Faizanjunaid Mohammed. "Assessment of Liquefaction Potential of Ash Ponds in Indian Regions Incorporating Different Seismic Conditions." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1086, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1086/1/012019.

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Abstract In India, coal ash is produced in quantities of over 70 million tons per year by NTPC plants with a global coal reserve of 8%. This coal ash will be held in ash ponds, which will be closed out when their capacity is reached. It can be decided whether to use the current ash pond or leave it unaltered based on the physical attributes and seismic characterization of the pond. Therefore, the characterization of coal ash ponds situated at NTPC Korba, Ramagundam, Singrauli, Sipat, and VTPS Vijayawada is presented in this research by considering shear wave velocity and penetration number. The seismic characterization of these sites is carried out in Deep-Soil employing equivalent linear analysis by considering the moment magnitude of four different earthquakes (Bhuj, Chamoli, India-Burma, and Kobe) through which peak surface accelerations and maximum strains are inferred. With the magnitudes of factor of safety and acceleration, respectively, it is determined that the ash ponds examined in this research are susceptible to liquefaction. The results of the Mercalli scale are compared to show the potentiality of vibrations induced by the earthquakes evaluated in this study. The ranges of accelerations determined from the final analysis show that the Kobe earthquake produced moderate to heavy damage while inflicting severe perceived shaking.
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Singh, Janmeet, and Sanjay Kumar Singh. "Geotechnical Characterization and WRCC for Spatially Varied Pond Ash within an Ash Pond." Indian Geotechnical Journal 49, no. 3 (December 7, 2018): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40098-018-0340-4.

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Yavinskiy, A., and I. Chulkova. "THE EFFECT OF POND ASH ON THE PROPERTIES OF HEAVY CONCRETE FOR ROAD COVERING." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 7, no. 3 (December 16, 2021): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2021-7-3-16-24.

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Cement concrete covering is characterized by considerable durability, compared to others. But due to the high construction costs, it is not popular in Russia. To reduce costs in the construction of cement concrete pavement it is proposed to replace part of the cement, or part of the cement and sand in equal proportions simultaneously with pond ash. The paper presents the test data of heavy concrete with pond ash at different concepts of component replacement (replacement of 10% of cement; 7.5% of cement and 7.5% of sand). The effect of ash from pond ash of CHPP-4 of Omsk was studied. Omsk on the following properties of heavy concrete: strength, water absorption, density, frost resistance, abrasion. It was shown that the introduction of pond ash can have a positive effect on the strength of heavy concrete at late hardening periods (90 and 180 days). A radiographic analysis of heavy concrete with pond ash and a control ashless sample was carried out. It was found that at the introduction of pond ash into heavy concrete, pozzolanic reaction takes place, the product of which are calcium hydrosilicates. The formation of calcium hydrosilicates has a positive effect on the properties of heavy concrete. The use of pond ash as a component of heavy concrete reduces its cost and improves the environmental situation in the country.
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Olopade, Olaniyi Alaba, Mercy Gbaramana, and Nenibarini Zabbey. "Estimation of Length-Weight Relationship and Proximate Composition of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) from Two Different Culture Facilities." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 3, no. 7 (June 30, 2015): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i7.566-570.323.

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This study was carried out to determine and compare the proximate composition and length weight relationship of C. gariepinus from two culture systems (earthen and concrete ponds). The fish samples were collected from three fish farms with same cultural condition in different areas of Obio-akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Result on the length- weight relationship revealed that C.gariepinus reared in concrete tank had a total length of 15.50- 49.00cm with a mean of 32.71cm and weight of 150-625g, while total length of C. gariepinus reared in the earthen pond ranged from 19.90-58.0cm with a mean of 39.8cm and weight of 195-825g. The T- test shows that the total length of earthen pond were significantly higher than the concrete tank and the weight in the earthen pond was significantly higher than the concrete tank. Parameters of proximate composition analysed were moisture, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash and fiber from the fish flesh. Protein content showed a significantly higher in the earthen ponds than the concrete tanks. Ash contents varied from 1.5±1.66-7.4±0.67% in the concrete tanks and were significantly higher than the earthen ponds which ranged from 3.1±0.94-4.5±2.11%. Lipid was significantly higher in earthen ponds than concrete tanks. Generally, the two culture systems have a significant influence on length–weight relationship and nutritional value of C. gariepinus. However, C. gariepinus reared in concrete tank had a heavier body weight than earthen pond and also C. gariepinus reared in earthen pond had highest nutritive values than the concrete tank.
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Kumar Bera, Ashis, Ambarish Ghosh, and Amalendu Ghosh. "Compaction Characteristics of Pond Ash." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 19, no. 4 (April 2007): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2007)19:4(349).

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Rout, Suryaleen, and Suresh Prasad Singh. "Characterization of pond ash-bentonite mixes as landfill liner material." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 38, no. 12 (April 28, 2020): 1420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x20918013.

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Characterization of pond ash-bentonite mixes is made to assess their suitability as liner material for waste disposal facilities by examining the relevant index and engineering properties. Further, a comparative assessment is made between sand-bentonite and pond ash-bentonite mixes for the range of bentonite content varying from 0 to 30% by weight at an interval of 5% to ensure an effective substitution of sand with pond ash. Addition of bentonite to sand or pond ash significantly influences the plasticity, strength and permeability properties. Besides, the shape parameters of the coarser fraction and morphology of compacted mixes also influence the engineering properties. A multiple linear regression equation is suggested to predict the hydraulic conductivity of these mixes by considering the basic material properties such as liquid limit, plasticity index and void ratio as an input variable with a correlation coefficient of 0.92 between the measured and predicted hydraulic conductivity values. At comparable conditions, compacted pond ash-bentonite mixes exhibit higher strength but also higher permeability than sand-bentonite mixes. Pond ash-bentonite and sand-bentonite mixes met the liner requirements when compacted with modified Proctor compaction effort at a minimum bentonite content of 20% and 15%, respectively.
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Rajak, T. K., A. Mishra, and L. K. Yadu. "Effect of GGBS on Strength Characteristics and Stability of Pond Ash Mixed Soil Embankment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 982, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/982/1/012049.

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Abstract The increased usage of coal by thermal power plants results in enormous volumes of pond ash. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) is produced in huge quantity in iron industries and is mostly utilised in the cement industry. Despite the fact that these industrial by-products have a wide range of applications, it is still conceivable to investigate the alternate mode for batch usage. The present study explores the effectiveness of GGBS in modifying the strength characteristics of a soil-pond ash mix. Pond ash was mixed with soil at 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, and strength behaviour were determined by analysing compaction characteristics, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), bearing ratio behaviour, and shear strength parameters. The effect of GGBS addition in various amounts on the strength properties of pond ash-soil mix was also observed at various curing periods. Stability analysis was also conducted using limit equilibrium based GEOSLOPE software to evaluate the Factor of Safety (F) and stability of stabilized soil embankment. It was found from the test results that the addition of GGBS to the pond ash-soil mix improved the strength behaviours. With the inclusion of GGBS, the curing period was extended, which resulted in a substantial improvement in strength properties. Substantial improvement in factor of safety and stability of embankment was also observed by adding GGBS in pond ash-soil mix. Outcome of present study demonstrates an alternative approach for effective and safe utilization of GGBS and pond ash at optimum proportions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pond ash"

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Stipcevich, Jack. "An experimental investigation into the drainage properties of coarse Loy Yang pond ash." Thesis, Federation University Australia, 2018. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/168589.

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The Latrobe Valley mines, Victoria, Australia, are facing some major challenges as they approach the end of their mining life. Most of these challenges surround current rehabilitation practice and the ability to create safe and stable landforms for future land uses well after the mines have closed. As there has been no developed alternative use for the brown coal at this stage, stopping power generation leads to the cessation of mining. AGL Loy Yang is undertaking rehabilitation cover trials on exposed coal batters to investigate optimal cover materials that will enable safe and stable batters well beyond mine closure. A series of rehabilitation trials using coarse coal ash have been constructed by AGL to assess the performance of coarse coal ash as a ‘subsurface drainage layer’. One of the trials includes the use of a 1 metre coarse coal ash layer placed below a 1 metre thick clay cover and above a coal surface shaped to approximately 18 degrees (1V:3H). Without a drainage layer, water may percolate through the clay cover or seep through the intact brown coal, resulting in a build of pore water pressure at the coal – clay interface and increasing the potential for slope failure. The aim of this research work was to assess the spatial distribution of ash properties known to affect drainage behaviour at the field scale; to test and calibrate field-monitoring equipment that can be used to assess drainage behaviour at the field-scale; to provide recommendations for further research on the use of coal ash drainage layer; and to provide a benchmark for future testing and monitoring. Through an experimental investigation, it was shown that there no significant variation exists in the coarse fraction of Loy Yang pond ash’s physical and chemical properties. Monitoring equipment used to determine the field drainage performance of the ash included a T8 Tensiometer and EnviroPro (multi-capacitance sensor) that were calibrated and tested in the laboratory. It was determined that monitoring devices used in this study were suitable for measuring the ash’s hydraulic behaviour only once calibrations had been performed. As a result the tested field equipment were included in the design of a future monitoring program.
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Kanan, Safwan. "Modelling of a solar pond as a combined heat source and store to drive an absorption cooling system for a building in Iraq." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/modelling-of-a-solar-pond-as-a-combined-heat-source-and-store-to-drive-an-absorption-cooling-system-for-a-building-in-iraq(1d356a21-e8ab-4491-9ebb-3be2caf0f092).html.

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This research studies the performance of a salinity gradient solar pond driving an absorption cooling system, as an alternative to a conventional electrically powered cooling system, to provide cool air for a modern single family house in the hot dry climate of Baghdad, Iraq. The system comprises a salinity gradient solar pond, a hot-water-fired absorption water chiller, a chilled-water cooling coil which cools the air in the house, and a cooling tower which rejects heat to the ambient air. Hot brine from the pond circulates through a heat exchanger, where it heats water that is then pumped to the chiller. This arrangement protects the chiller from the corrosive brine. The system is controlled on-off by a room thermostat in the house. The system performance is modelled by dynamic thermal simulation using TMY2 hourly typical weather data. TRNSYS software is used for the main simulation, coupled to a MATLAB model of heat and mass transfer in the pond and the ground beneath it. The model of the pond and the ground is one-dimensional (only vertical transfers are considered). Radiation, convection, conduction, evaporation and diffusion are considered; the ground water at some depth below the pond is treated as being at a fixed temperature. All input data and parameter values in the simulation are based on published, standard or manufacturer's data. Temperature profiles in the pond were calculated and found to be in good agreement with published experimental results. It was found that a pond area of approximately 400 m2 was required to provide satisfactory cooling for a non-insulated house of approximately 125 m2 floor area. It was found that varying the pond area, ground conditions and pond layer thicknesses affected the system performance. The optimum site is one that has soil with low thermal conductivity, low moisture content and a deep water table. It is concluded that Iraq's climate has a potential for solar-pond-powered thermal cooling systems. It is feasible to use a solar-pond-powered cooling system to meet the space cooling load for a single family house in the summer season. Improving the thermal performance of the house by insulation could reduce the required solar pond area.
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Kumar, Ratnesh. "Compaction Characteristics of Fly Ash and Pond Ash." Thesis, 2017. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/8737/1/2017_MT_RKumar.pdf.

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This study is based on compaction characteristics of Fly ash and pond ash. In thermal power plants, there are three kinds of ash formed named as (a) pond ash, (b) fly ash, and (c) bottom ash. Fly ash is one of the products of coal combustion, consisting of the fine particles that are determined out of the boiler with the flue gasses. The ash falls to the bottom of the boiler is called bottom ashes. In existing coal plants, generally,fly ash is captured by electrostatic precipitators and other clarified particles equipment before reaching the chimney. Pond ash is the by-product of thermoelectric power plants, which is recognized by means of an unused material and disposal is an important environmental issue and also needs a lot of removal regions. Several factors influence the dry density of Fly ash and Pond ash such as specific gravity, moisture content, compaction energy, layer thickness and mold area. The difference of the OMC and MDD of Fly Ash (collected from NTPC kanhia, Odisha) according to the standard proctor compaction energy is 0.90 – 1.59 gm/cc and 18 - 27%, respectively. This difference of the OMC and MDD of Pond ash as per standard proctor compaction energy at the level of 0.856 – 1.248 gm/cc and 33 - 46%, respectively. The study was that variation in these factors influencing the dry density of fly ash and ash pond significantly and to determine the Geotechnical properties of pond ash and fly ash.
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Sahoo, Jyoti Prakash. "Flow Behaviour of Pond Ash Slurry and Shrinkage of Pond Ash Stowed Mine Area." Thesis, 2015. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/7757/1/2015_FLOW_BEHAVIOUR_SAHOO.pdf.

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Backfilling enables complete or around ninety percent extraction of coal from the seam and then filling the mine voids with mill tailings; sand or excavated stones etc. which provides additional ground support by constraining lateral deformation of surrounding coal pillars and roof. However the overall feasibility of the backfill operation with different materials has to be studied in detail. The objective of this project is to evaluate the suitability of using pond-ash as backfill material over fly ash and sand in respect to shrinkage of the stowed area. The shrinkage study is done with the help of numerical modeling in FLAC of a mine KTK-5 where pond-ash stowing is going to be implemented. The physical properties like bulk modulus, shear modulus, cohesion, friction angle etc. were also found out through experiments which are required during the numerical modeling. Moreover an effort has also been made to develop comprehensive flow model using CFD and then use the model for predicting pressure drop, volume fraction etc. A 20m pipe with diameter of 20cm is modeled, through which flow is conducted where modeling and meshing is done using ANSYS Fluent. High viscosity fly and pond ash slurry with different concentrations up to 70% by weight of pond ash is passed and for each concentration different velocities are used and pressure drops is calculated. MDD ranges from 1.07gm/cc to 1.27gm/cc. With increase in compaction energy MDD increases due to the closer packing of pond ash particles and OMC decreases from 38% to 28% approx. which might be due to the increase in moisture content leading to less friction between the particles and promoting compact packing with increase in compaction which in turn decreases voids and increase saturation limit. The settling rate for the sample is found to be around 30% with water-liquid (phase1) and pond-ash (phase2). Velocity of 3.5m/s of the paste are optimum with respect to pressure drop. The FLAC simulation yields factor of safety (FOS) after excavation of one pillar with no fill to be 1.5 whereas with pond ash fill it is 2.7. Similarly FOS after stowing with pond ash in the voids of two pillars was found to be 2.5 whereas without fill it was 1.2. After excavation of two and half pillars FOS was calculated to be 1.9 with pond ash fill and 1.0 without fill.
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Mallick, Jyotirmayee. "Collapsible Behaviour of Pond Ash." Thesis, 2016. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/8392/1/2016_MT_214CE1462_JMallick.pdf.

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Vitality necessities for the creating nations like India specifically are met from coal based thermal power plants, where 75% of the aggregate force acquired is from coal-based thermal power plants. The coal used for power generation contains 30–40% of ash. The fly ash generation is more because of high ash coal. The fourth position acquired by the India on the world in the generation of coal ash as waste by-product after USSR, USA and China, in a specific order. Pond ash is the by-product of thermal power plants, which is a waste material and its disposal is a most important problem from an environmental point of view and also it needs a lot of disposal area. Acquiring open lands for disposal in creating nations. For example, India is troublesome, where the area to-population proportion is little. The area and population proportion is less so the area necessity and the expense of the area are expanding step by step, it is key to recover or enhance these ash beds so that the area could be used for the development of light and moderate common foundations. The slack ash fill structures may be susceptible to to collapse on wetting. So a research is carried out to observe the factors affecting the collapse of compacted ash fill on flood. If the ash beds intend to be used as footing subgrades to support civil infrastructure so we need to know its collapsibility behaviour. In the current work, importance has been given on the factors that affecting the collapse settlement of the compacted coal ash due to moistening. For this experimental study is taken up to known the collapsible potential of Pond ash. Attempts have been made to correlate the ash characteristics and the specific placement parameters such as dry unit weight, moisture content, and compaction energy and stress level at wetting with collapse. This was based largely on the single oedometer collapse test results. A sequences of tests, like, direct shear test, light compaction and in addition substantial compaction test are performed to evaluate the quality attributes of compacted pond ash and also tests like specific gravity test, grain size distribution test by mechanical sieve analysis and hydrometer test etc. are performed to get more or less physical properties of the pond ash. Total 145 single oedometer collapse tests were conducted to get the collapse potential of pond ash. The results of oedometer test were very much helpful for evaluating the factors affecting the collapse potential of pond ash.
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Pothal, Goutam Kumar. "Improvement of pond ash with geosynthetics." Thesis, 2007. http://localhost:8080/iit/handle/2074/6214.

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Mallik, Gayadhar. "Leaching characteristics of fluoride from pond ash." Thesis, 2011. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/2485/1/Leaching_characteristics_of_fluoride_from_pond_ash.pdf.

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Now, more than 100 million tons of coal fly ash is produced annually in India from combustion of coal in power plants. It is expected that about 150 million tons of coal ash will be produced due to burning of coal in power plants by the year of 2015. This will require about 30,000 hectare of land for the disposal of ash. One of the biggest problems due to disposal of large quantities of coal ash is the possible leaching of different hazardous pollutants, including fluoride. A thorough investigating concerning leaching of fluoride from fly ash is much more indispensable to know the impingement of fluoride due to its leaching from fly ash to ground water as well as surface water. In this paper, short term and long term leaching studies will be carried out on pond ash, pond ash water of different thermal power plants: Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP), Rourkela; National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), Kaniha; National Aluminium Corporation Limited (NALCO), Angul; IB Thermal Power Station (ITPS), Banharpali. The amount of fluoride released in different experiments will be evaluated. Environmental impact of pond ash and fluoride has been discussed.
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Swain, Abhishek, and Somya Nayak. "Geotechnical properties of fiber reinforced pond ash." Thesis, 2012. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/3281/1/thesis_136.pdf.

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In the recent past huge amount of Fly ash and Pond ash are generated by the thermal power plants. It is a major cause of concern for the people living around the power plants. The current rate of deposition of Pond ash in India has reached 170 million tons per annum. About 90,000 acres of precious land is used for the storage of abandoned Pond ash. But current rate of utilization of ash is only about 35-40%.The unused ash leads to an ever increasing ponding area for storing ash and related environmental issues for the people around the power plants. Besides this, over the last few years, the construction of highways and roads has taken a boost. This requires a huge amount of natural soil and aggregates to excavated or to be deposited. Again this is an environmental issue and economical too. These are some issues now-a-days which motivates in development of alternative methods to overcome those environmental and also the economic issues. This leads to the reuse of suitable industrial byproducts which can fix those issues and also fulfill the specifications. Pond ash is one such byproduct. It is a non-plastic and lightweight material. During this work, the effect of moisture content, degree of compaction, synthetic fiber as a reinforcement etc. on various geotechnical properties of pond ash are studied. A series of tests such as direct shear test, CBR test, light compaction as well as heavy compaction test, Unconfined compression test are done to estimate the strength characteristics of compacted pond ash using synthetic fiber as a reinforcement as well as tests like specific gravity test, grain size distribution test by mechanical sieve analysis and hydrometer test etc. are performed to obtain some physical properties of the pond ash.These results will be very much helpful for the successful application of pond ash in different fields such as embankment construction, road base and sub-base construction, designing of retaining walls etc. as well as the disposal of pond ash in an ecofriendly manner.
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Banavath, Ramesh. "Geo Engineering Properties of Pond Ash-bentonitemixes." Thesis, 2017. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/8746/1/2017_MT_B_Ramesh.pdf.

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The development of any country depends on increasing the industries and agriculture, which is governed by adequate power supply. In India major source of power generation is by coal based thermal power plants. Present day’s coal based thermal power industries are increasing day by day. Coal available in India is low grade coal with ash content of 30-45% in comparison to imported coal which has low ash content of 10-15%. In India, total 145 coal based thermal power plants are existed by the year of 2014-2015. Thermal power plants are major sources of ash generation. Typically these plants are produces two types of ash materials: Fly ash and Bottom ash. These two types of ash are mixed thoroughly with large quantities of water and sluiced to onsite storage ponds called ash ponds. Massive utilization of pond ash in engineering field requires thorough understanding of its geotechnical properties, especially strength characteristics. In the present study, a detailed experimental investigation was carried out on the strength and other geotechnical properties of pond ash samples mixed with different bentonite content. The main focus of the study was to evaluate the engineering properties of pond ash-bentonite mixes and assessing its suitability in various geotechnical constructions mainly the land fill liner. The Pond ash and bentonite samples are characterized and analyzed for the various geotechnical properties. The various experimental works were carried out to determine the index and engineering properties of pond ash with and without bentonite content. Index properties such as density index, plastic limit, liquid limit and engineering properties such as compaction and consolidation characteristics, shear strength were found by conducting various experiments accordingly. All the experiments were conducted by adding bentonite ranging from 5 to 30% at 5% interval to the pond ash and results were compiled in the graphical form to observe the trends in various parameters.
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Raj, Padam. "Compaction Characteristics and Shear Parameters of Pond Ash." Thesis, 2010. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/1917/1/thesis_upload.pdf.

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With the increase in the number of coal based thermal power plants in India, generation of coal ash has reached enormous proportions. India at present produces around 120 Million tonnes of Ash per annum. The power requirements of the country are rapidly increasing with increase in growth of the industrial sectors. India depends on Thermal power as its main source (around 80% of power produced is thermal power), as a result the quantity of Ash produced shall also increase. Indian coal on an average has 35 % Ash and this is one of the prime factors which shall lead to increased ash production and hence, Ash utilization problems for the country. Out of the total ash produced. Fly ash contributes to a small percentage, majority being Pond ash and bottom ash. Ash disposal involves design and installation of ash ponds, which in addition to covering quite large area at each plant site, creates aesthetic as well as hygienic environmental impacts. This has warranted the scientific and industrial community to initiate research and development work for finding avenues for the innovative use and safe disposal of the pond ash so that instead of a waste product, the pond ash could be considered as a usable by-product. Though a lot of research has been carried out for the effective utilization of pond ash like its use in construction industry etc, little literature is available on pond ash utilization particularly its use as a foundation material. One way of disposing off pond ash would be its use as a structural fill material and use as embankment material in highways. The present work aims at evaluating the response of pond ash to various compactive efforts. The compactive efforts have been varied as 595 kj/m3 to 2674 kj/m3 of sample and effect of compaction energy on MDD and OMC have been evaluated by conducting proctor compaction tests, the shear strength parameters of pond ash samples compacted to different dry densities and moisture contents. Based on experimental findings the following conclusions are drawn.  Increase in compaction energy facilitates closer packing of pond ash particles resulting in an increase in MDD  MDD of compacted samples shows a linear relationship with the amount of compaction energy.  The OMC of the samples is found to decrease with increase in compactive effort increased compaction energy forces the particles to come closer resulting in a reduced void space hence OMC is found to be 28%-39%.  It is shown in results,With increase in compaction energy from 3639 to 35554 kg-cm, MDD of pond ash increases, but at the same time OMC decreases.  shear strength tests on freshly compacted pond ash specimens at various water contents and different dry densities show that most of the shear strength is due to internal friction.  Angle of friction doesn’t change much when we applied different compactive efforts  With increase of compaction energy from 595 kj/m3 to 2674 kj/m3 per 1000 cc of compacted sample the MDD is found to change from 1.09 gm/cc and 1.27 gm/cc
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Books on the topic "Pond ash"

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India. Central Pollution Control Board., ed. Assessment of leachability of trace heavy metals from ash ponds to ground water. Delhi: Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment & Forests, 2007.

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Algae management and off-flavor in U.S. catfish operations, 2009. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2011.

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Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1992.

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The enemy's country: Words, contexture and other circumstances of language. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1991.

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The enemy's country: Words, contexture, and other circumstances of language. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press, 1991.

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Panigrahi, Muktikanta, Ratan Indu Ganguly, and Radha Raman Dash. Development of Geopolymer from Pond Ash-Thermal Power Plant Waste: Novel Constructional Materials for Civil Engineers. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2022.

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Panigrahi, Muktikanta, Ratan Indu Ganguly, and Radha Raman Dash. Development of Geopolymer from Pond Ash-Thermal Power Plant Waste: Novel Constructional Materials for Civil Engineers. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2022.

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Panigrahi, Muktikanta, Ratan Indu Ganguly, and Radha Raman Dash. Development of Geopolymer from Pond Ash-Thermal Power Plant Waste: Novel Constructional Materials for Civil Engineers. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2022.

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Panigrahi, Muktikanta, Ratan Indu Ganguly, and Radha Raman Dash. Development of Geopolymer from Pond Ash-Thermal Power Plant Waste: Novel Constructional Materials for Civil Engineers. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2022.

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Raju, V. S. Ash Ponds and Ash Disposal Systems. Narosa Publishing House,India, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pond ash"

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Ghosh, Prasenjit, and Sudha Goel. "Leaching Behaviour of Pond Ash." In Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, 171–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57076-1_9.

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Zachariah, Jithin P., and Ravi S. Jakka. "Liquefaction Potential of Ash Pond Using SPT." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 27–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9976-7_3.

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Gupta, Gaurav, Hemant Sood, and Pardeep Kumar Gupta. "Utilization of Pond Ash for Sustainable Construction." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 611–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9554-7_55.

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Sushma, B. V. "Raising of Ash Pond for Augmented Storage." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 417–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6090-3_30.

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Tam, V. W. Y., K. N. Le, I. M. C. S. Illankoon, C. N. N. Tran, D. Rahme, and L. Liu. "Economic Impacts of Environmentally Friendly Blocks: The Case of Nu-Rock Blocks." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 483–90. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_49.

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AbstractThere are numerous industry byproducts that have negative environmental impacts. Pond ash accumulated from coal power plants is one such byproduct that creates major environmental and social issues, especially with regard to decommissioning a coal power plant. Using pond ash in the block manufacturing process is a promising solution proposed by Nu-Rock. This research study evaluated the economic impact throughout the life cycle of Nu-Rock blocks. Nu-Rock block production use a technology called “Nu-creeting” in ash dams to prevent dust generation followed by the block manufacturing process using pond ash as a raw material. Nu-Rock technology can process approximately 250,000 tonnes of ash per annum and manufacture the equivalent of up to 330,000 tonnes volume of traditional building materials. This manufacturing process already generates jobs and pays tax and royalty fees to local governments, which is an added advantage. The total operating cost for 1 tonne of Nu-Rock blocks amounts to approximately AUD48, and the cost of a Nu-Rock block is AUD1.50–2.40, which is within the range of common bricks. Although there is a considerable initial cost to this process, it derives significant economic benefits in terms of manufacturing blocks using industrial byproducts, job creation and even tax revenue. Apart from these economic benefits, the Nu-Rock block manufacturing process generates environmental benefits through the reuse of pond ash from decommissioned coal power plants.
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Ghosh, Prasenjit, and Sudha Goel. "Environmental Impacts of Pond Ash Dumping at Kolaghat Thermal Power Plant (KTTP) – Physico-chemical Characterization of Pond Ash." In Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, 153–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57076-1_8.

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Gupta, Deepak, Arvind Kumar, Vikas Kumar, Akash Priyadarshee, and Vaibhav Sharma. "Performance of Pond Ash and Rice Husk Ash in Clay: A Comparative Study." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 145–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7017-5_17.

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Jeya Maria Santhiya, D., and M. Muttharam. "Behavioural Analysis of Reinforced Pond Ash Subgrade for Pavement." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 667–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6086-6_54.

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Raghu Babu, U., N. Venkata Ramana, Sakevalla Vinay Babu, and Piantee Pavithra. "Effect of Pond Ash on Black Stone Waste Aggregate Concrete." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 345–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1404-3_29.

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Dev, K. Lini, and R. G. Robinson. "Cyclic Behaviour of Pond Ash-Based Controlled Low Strength Material." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 609–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6086-6_50.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pond ash"

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Mohanty, B., N. R. Patra, and S. Chandra. "Cyclic Triaxial Behavior of Pond Ash." In GeoFlorida 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41095(365)82.

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Khanna, Anmol, and Supriya Mohanty. "2D Ground Response Analysis of Pond Ash Deposits." In Geotechnical Frontiers 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480434.042.

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Nanni, Bernardino P., Justin L. Bolender, and Spencer D. Whittier. "Wastewater Treatment in Support of Ash Pond Closures." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98091.

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The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is evaluating rules that will not permit the storage of coal combustion residuals (CCRs) in surface impoundments, and require CCRs to be stored in Subtitle C or Subtitle D landfills. In addition, the EPA is evaluating more stringent effluent guidelines for water discharges which may impact NPDES permits in the future. To support these changes, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is evaluating the elimination of wet CCR handling and surface impoundments at their coal fired facilities. If CCR conveyance is converted to dry methods and the surface impoundments are closed, the other wastewater streams that utilize these impoundments as a point of discharge will also be affected. Therefore, TVA is investigating options to handle the miscellaneous wastewater streams that currently discharge to the impoundments, and meet more stringent effluent limits that may be implemented in the future. This investigation includes characterization of the existing wastewater streams, determining the effects on wastewater streams associated with future plant modifications and anticipated regulatory changes, developing methods to reduce and reuse wastewater streams to avoid discharge, and developing methods to treat the remaining wastewater streams that may be discharged in accordance with potential future effluent limits. TVA is in the forefront of addressing the pending EPA rules that may affect CCR handling and storage, and water discharges. This paper discusses and presents the process being used by TVA to address these changes, the results obtained to date, and how this may be applicable to others potentially impacted by these changes.
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Havanagi, V. G., A. K. Sinha, and S. Mathur. "DESIGN AND STABILITY ANALYSIS OF POND ASH RAILWAY EMBANKMENT." In Proceedings of the 3rd and 5th International Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814365161_0041.

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V., Bhikshma, Ravande Kishore, and Champla Naik D. "Experimental Investigations on Strength Characteristics of Pond Ash Concrete." In Modern Methods and Advances in Structural Engineering and Construction. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-7920-4_s3-m012-cd.

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Fridell, Paul, C. Pearson, Fedir Woskoboenko, Ross Brooker, and Melissa Schenkel. "Coal ash waste categorisation to determine a regulatory capping profile for coal ash pond rehabilitation." In 13th International Conference on Mine Closure. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1915_51_fridell.

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Pegues, James C. "Raising a Rattlesnake: Rattlesnake Hollow Ash Pond Dam Crest Raise." In GeoFlorida 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41095(365)223.

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Yusof, Zeety Md, and Nor Hazwani Md Zain. "Engineering properties of hydrated lime – pond ash treated peat soil." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FOOD SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (FSAB 2021). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0073240.

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Bakalár, Tomáš, Henrieta Pavolová, Naďa Sasáková, Rudolf Hromada, and Ľubica Kozáková. "REMEDIATION OF A TAILING POND IN EASTERN SLOVAKIA." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b2/v3/21.

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In Eastern Slovakia, due to extensive chemical production in the past, especially production of explosives, and continuing combustion of coal, toxic chemicals, PCBs, fly ash and other substances are stored in a tailing pond. The current state of the tailing pond and the surrounding area, as well as its impact on the environment is analysed. Based on the results of the analysis remediation of the tailing pond is suggested. The closure of the tailing pond, including stabilisation of the pond material and the treatment of the pond surface, is designed. The result of the study proposes two possibilities of the use of pond after remediation – for growing crops as biomass and for building of a recreation and regeneration centre. In both the proposals, their advantages and disadvantages were evaluated. Reclamation will take place through a combination of technical and biotechnical stages. These proposals would be a great plus and benefit not only for the tailing pond but also for the environment and the surroundings of the pond.
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Lackova, Eva. "CONCEPT�OF�RECLAMATION�MANAGEMENT�OF�THE�ASH�POND�TRINEC�(CZECH�REPUBLIC)." In SGEM2012 12th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference and EXPO. Stef92 Technology, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2012/s20.v5026.

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Reports on the topic "Pond ash"

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Bill Batchelor, Dong Suk Han, and Eun Jung Kim. Novel Adsorbent-Reactants for Treatment of Ash and Scrubber Pond Effluents. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/979448.

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Langton, C. A., and N. Rajendran. Utilization of SRS pond ash in controlled low strength material. Technical report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/501571.

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Bhushan, Sandeep, Xin Huang, Zongwei Xiao, and Yuanqiong Duan. The impact of regional versus general anesthesia on postoperative neurocognitive outcomes in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0110.

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Review question / Objective: To investigate the prevalence of postoperative delirium (POD) or postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) between regional and general anesthesia in older patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Condition being studied: About 1.6 million people suffer hip fractures each year globally1. The risk of hip fracture-related postoperative mortality within 30 days approximately was 8.2% in December 2020, up 1.5% from December 2016. Across the world, the aging population is growing, and a significant number of elderly patients are undergoing various kinds of orthopedic surgeries. Age as an important independent high-risk factor is associated with perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs), which not only increases the rate but also causes a serious economic and social burden. One previous study investigated that between 2012 and 2016, the absolute total number of hip fractures in people aged 55 and older increased by about 4 times due to an aging population12. In addition, Bhushan et al. reported that along with the increasing aging of society, the incidence rate of POCD is 5% to 56% in the elderly over 55 years old after surgery morbidity and mortality but also causes a serious economic and social burden.
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Xu, Ning, and Wei Rong. Wrist-ankle acupuncture as new therapy for reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting: A meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0132.

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Review question / Objective: The current meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis analyzed the efficacy of WAA as a new therapy for reducing PONV. Condition being studied: Recently, wrist–ankle acupuncture (WAA) provides a new approach and shows advantages in mitigating the occurrence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Eligibility criteria: Different types of traditional Chinese treatment combined with WAA for PONV; duplicate literature or crossover of study participants; failure to provide original data; similar reports or incomplete information; literature type discrepancy and poor quality literature reports were the exclusion criteria for this study.
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Johnson, Corey, Colton James, Sarah Traughber, and Charles Walker. Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Implications in Neostigmine versus Sugammadex. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0005.

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Purpose/Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a frequent complaint in the postoperative period, which can delay discharge, result in readmission, and increase cost for patients and facilities. Inducing paralysis is common in anesthesia, as is utilizing the drugs neostigmine and sugammadex as reversal agents for non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers. Many studies are available that compare these two drugs to determine if neostigmine increases the risk of PONV over sugammadex. Sugammadex has a more favorable pharmacologic profile and may improve patient outcomes by reducing PONV. Methods: This review included screening a total of 39 studies and peer-reviewed articles that looked at patients undergoing general anesthesia who received non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers requiring either neostigmine or sugammadex for reversal, along with their respective PONV rates. 8 articles were included, while 31 articles were removed based on our exclusion criteria. These were published between 2014 and 2020 exclusively. The key words used were “neostigmine”, “sugammadex”, “PONV”, along with combinations “paralytic reversal agents and PONV”. This search was performed on the scholarly database MEDLINE. The data items were PONV rates in neostigmine group, PONV rates in sugammadex group, incidence of postoperative analgesic consumption in neostigmine group, and incidence of postoperative analgesic consumption in sugammadex group. Results: Despite numerical differences being noted in the incidence of PONV with sugammadex over reversal with neostigmine, there did not appear to be any statistically significant data in the multiple peer-reviewed trials included in our review, for not one of the 8 studies concluded that there was a higher incidence of PONV in one drug or the other of an y clinical relevance. Although the side-effect profile tended to be better in the sugammadex group than neostigmine in areas other than PONV, there was not sufficient evidence to conclude that one drug was superior to the other in causing a direct reduction of PONV. Implications for Nursing Practice: There were variable but slight differences noted between both drug groups in PONV rates, but it remained that none of the studies determined it was statically significant or clinically conclusive. This review did, however, note other advantages to sugammadex over neostigmine, including its pharmacologic profile of more efficiently reversing non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs and its more favorable pharmacokinetics. This lack of statistically significant evidence found within these studies consequentially does not support pharmacologic decision-making of one drug in favor of the other for reducing PONV; therefore, PONV alone is not a sufficient rationale for a provider to justify using one reversal over another at the current time until further research proves otherwise.
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Moretti, C. J. Development of fly ash-based slope protection materials for waste disposal ponds. Topical report, Task 7.7. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10179331.

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Acred, Aleksander, Milena Devineni, and Lindsey Blake. Opioid Free Anesthesia to Prevent Post Operative Nausea/Vomiting. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0006.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to compare the incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in opioid-utilizing and opioid-free general anesthesia. Background PONV is an extremely common, potentially dangerous side effect of general anesthesia. PONV is caused by a collection of anesthetic and surgical interventions. Current practice to prevent PONV is to use 1-2 antiemetics during surgery, identify high risk patients and utilize tracheal intubation over laryngeal airways when indicated. Current research suggests minimizing the use of volatile anesthetics and opioids can reduce the incidence of PONV, but this does not reflect current practice. Methods In this scoping review, the MeSH search terms used to collect data were “anesthesia”, “postoperative nausea and vomiting”, “morbidity”, “retrospective studies”, “anesthesia, general”, “analgesics, opioid”, “pain postoperative”, “pain management” and “anesthesia, intravenous”. The Discovery Search engine, AccessMedicine and UpToDate were the search engines used to research this data. Filters were applied to these searches to ensure all the literature was peer-reviewed, full-text and preferably from academic journals. Results Opioid free anesthesia was found to decrease PONV by 69%. PONV incidence was overwhelming decreased with opioid free anesthesia in every study that was reviewed. Implications The future direction of opioid-free anesthesia and PONV prevention are broad topics to discuss, due to the nature of anesthesia. Administration of TIVA, esmolol and ketamine, as well as the decision to withhold opioids, are solely up to the anesthesia provider’s discretion. Increasing research and education in the importance of opioid-free anesthesia to decrease the incidence of PONV will be necessary to ensure anesthesia providers choose this protocol in their practice.
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Meyer, Judith, and David Keller. POPD - Requirement No. 2. OceanNETs, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d10.2.

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This deliverable explains how the OceanNETs project ensures that it is compliant with data protection requirements. It outlines the methodology chosen to ensure compliance, as well as providing an overview of relevant tasks, and the measures employed to ensure compliance.
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J.G. Groppo and T.L. Robl. Technology for the Recovery of Fuel and Adsorbent Carbons from Coal Burning Utility Ash Ponds and Landfills. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/860884.

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Kurth, Margaret, Bari Greenfeld, Matthew Smith, Samuel Fielding, Marriah Abellera, and Jeffrey King. Financing natural infrastructure : South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project, California. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45240.

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This technical note is part of a series collaboratively produced by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)–Institute for Water Resources (IWR) and the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC). It describes the funding and financing process for the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project in San Francisco Bay, California and, like the other technical notes in this series, documents successful examples of funding natural infrastructure projects. The research effort is a collaboration between the Engineering With Nature® (EWN®) and Systems Approach to Geomorphic Engineering (SAGE) programs of USACE. A key need for greater application of natural infrastructure approaches is information about obtaining funds to scope, design, construct, monitor, and adaptively manage these projects. As natural infrastructure techniques vary widely by location, purpose, and scale, there is no standard process for securing funds. The goal of this series is to share lessons learned about a variety of funding and financing methods to increase the implementation of natural infrastructure projects.
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