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1
Erbilgin, Nadir, Andrew J. Storer, David L. Wood, and Thomas R. Gordon. "Colonization of cut branches of five coniferous hosts of the pitch canker fungus by Pityophthorus spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in central, coastal California." Canadian Entomologist 137, no. 3 (June 2005): 337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n04-074.
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AbstractPitch canker of pines (Pinus spp.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) (Pinaceae) is caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg et O'Donnell. In California, infections by F. circinatum occur largely through wounds caused by insects. Field experiments were initiated to determine whether the colonization activities of twig beetles, Pityophthorus spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), could explain the incidence of pitch canker on Monterey pine (P. radiata D. Don), Bishop pine (P. muricata D. Don), ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa var. ponderosa Dougl.), knobcone pine (P. attenuata Lemm.), and Douglas-fir. Asymptomatic branches were cut from each of four pairs of tree species (Monterey–Bishop, Monterey–ponderosa, Monterey–knobcone, Monterey–Douglas-fir) at four sites and attached to the lower canopy of both heterospecific and conspecific host trees (total of four combinations per pair). After 10 weeks, branches were collected and placed in rearing tubes in the laboratory. Emerging insects were identified and placed on a Fusarium-selective medium. Monterey, Bishop, and ponderosa pines were more heavily infested by Pityophthorus spp. than Douglas-fir and knobcone pine. Furthermore, more Pityophthorus beetles emerged from Monterey pine branches placed in Monterey pine canopies than from Monterey pine branches placed in Bishop or ponderosa pine canopies, indicating that reduced emergence (colonization) was caused by the hetero specific host. Relatively fewer insects emerged from sites containing either Monterey and knobcone pines or Monterey pine and Douglas-fir. Fusarium circinatum was not isolated from emerging Pityophthorus spp. Susceptibility of the five host species, based on mean lesion lengths resulting from mechanical inoculations, varied significantly. The longest lesions were on Monterey pine and the shortest were on ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir. The low incidence of pitch canker on Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine in nature compared with that on Monterey, Bishop, and knobcone pines may be explained by the low colonization by twig beetles and the greater resistance of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine to this disease, compared with the other three hosts.
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Filip, Gregory M., Helen Maffei, and Kristen L. Chadwick. "Forest Health Decline in a Central Oregon Mixed-Conifer Forest Revisited After Wildfire: A 25-Year Case Study." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.4.278.
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Abstract A 500-ac mixed-conifer forest near Cache Mountain in central Oregon was examined in 1979, 1992, 2002, 2004, and 2005 to document causes of forest health decline and subsequent wildfire damage. The site is dominated by grand fir (Abies grandis) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), with some lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa). Part of the area was clearcut or shelterwood harvested from 1983 to 1985. Between 1979 and 1992, grand fir increased substantially, whereas ponderosa pine decreased in stems and basal area/ac in the unharvested areas. From 1979 to 2002, grand fir experienced severe mortality that was caused primarily by the root pathogen, Armillaria ostoyae, and the fir engraver (Scolytus ventralis). In 2003, a wildfire burned all of the study area, and by 2004, most of the grand fir, subalpine fir, and lodgepole pine was killed. The least amount of mortality from fire occurred in the larger-diameter ponderosa pine. Two years after the 2003 fire, some of the grand firs with bole or crown scorch that were alive in 2004 were killed by fir engravers by 2005. For ponderosa pines, only a few trees with bole or crown scorch that were alive in 2004 were killed by bark beetles, mostly mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) and red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens), by 2005. This case study has relevance to current interpretations of forest health in similar mixed-conifer forests, the major causes of forest health decline, and the role of fire in forest health.
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Shirley, Brian M., and Stephen Cook. "Repellency and Toxicity of Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) by the Host Monoterpene Myrcene." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.4.241.
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Abstract Seed orchards produce high-quality seed from selected tree genotypes. In the intermountain west, Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is a pest in seed orchards of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa (Laws). The effect of myrcene as a deterrent to coneattack by C. ponderosae in a ponderosa pine seed orchard was examined. Two factors were considered, timing of cone cluster attack and average brood production per cone cluster. There was a delayed attack by C. ponderosae on cones treated with vials of myrcene attached at thebase of cone clusters. During both 2003 and 2004, final brood production per cone was not affected significantly by the presence of myrcene. During 2003, brood production was influenced by the timing of attack, with later attacks resulting in fewer brood adults per cone cluster. The toxicity of myrcene to adult C. ponderosae was examined in a laboratory and compared with that of (+)-α-pinene, another host-produced monoterpene that acts as a synergist for the male attractant pheromone pityol.
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Negrón, José F. "Within-Stand Distribution of Tree Mortality Caused by Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins." Insects 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11020112.
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The mountain pine beetle (MPB) (Dendroctonus ponderosae) is a bark beetle that attacks and kills ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), among other pine species throughout the western conifer forests of the United States and Canada, particularly in dense stands comprising large trees. There is information on the stand conditions that the insect prefers. However, there is a paucity of information on how small-scale variation in stand conditions influences the distribution of tree mortality within a stand. I examined the small-scale distribution of ponderosa pine basal area pre- and post a mountain pine beetle infestation, and used geostatistical modeling to relate the spatial distribution of the host to subsequent MPB-caused tree mortality. Results indicated increased mortality in the denser parts of the stand. Previous land management has changed historically open low-elevation ponderosa pine stands with aggregated tree distribution into dense stands that are susceptible to mountain pine beetles and intense fires. Current restoration efforts are aimed at reducing tree density and leaving clumps of trees, which are more similar to historical conditions. The residual clumps, however, may be susceptible to mountain pine beetle populations. Land managers will want to be cognizant of how mountain pine beetles will respond to restoration treatments, so as to prevent and mitigate tree mortality that could negate restoration efforts.
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Kenaley, Shawn, Robert Mathiasen, and E. James Harner. "Mortality Associated with a Bark Beetle Outbreak in Dwarf Mistletoe-Infested Ponderosa Pine Stands in Arizona." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/23.2.113.
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Abstract Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson var. scopulorum Engelm.) mortality was evaluated from a 2002 bark beetle outbreak in areas infested with southwestern dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium vaginatum [Willd.] Presl subsp. cryptopodum [Engelm.] Hawksw. & Wiens) in a total of nine study sites in northern Arizona. Ponderosa pine mortality attributable to bark beetles (Ips and Dendroctonus spp., Scolytidae) was systematically sampled, and stand attributes, such as basal area, tree density, dwarf mistletoe severity, and site indices were recorded. Ponderosa pine mortality was predominately attributed to Ips spp. Although the prolonged drought likely was the inciting factor responsible for the Ips spp. outbreak, results suggested a strong relationship between ponderosa pine mortality and the interaction between crown class and dwarf mistletoe rating class. Ponderosa pines severely infected with dwarf mistletoe and in the intermediate crown class are at the greatest risk of Ips spp. attack during outbreak years in northern Arizona.
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Niebling, Charles R., and M. Thompson Conkle. "Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-044.
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Washoe pine (Pinuswashoensis Mason and Stockwell), a narrow endemic native to mountains on the western rim of the Great Basin in northeastern California and northwestern Nevada, may be on the verge of extinction. Lowered genetic diversity and increased interpopulation differentiation are expected evolutionary consequences for small, isolated populations like those of Washoe pine. But the species has levels of allozyme variation (estimated average heterozygosity for 26 loci equals 0.148) similar to those for widespread geographic races of ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.), which are likely to be its closest extant relatives. Heterozygosity in ponderosa pine was 0.144 in the Pacific race, 0.178 in the North Plateau race, and 0.164 in the Rocky Mountain race. Electrophoretic analysis of trees in the three well-documented populations of Washoe pine revealed only minor and nonsignificant population to population differentiation (98.4% of allozyme variation was among samples within populations). Pair-wise genetic distances between the Washoe populations and the three northern races of ponderosa pine indicated that its closest similarity was with the North Plateau race (Nei's unbiased genetic distance averaged 0.004); the next closest similarity was with samples of the Pacific race (genetic distance 0.013). Washoe pine and the Pacific and North Plateau races of ponderosa pine were all strongly differentiated from the Rocky Mountain race of ponderosa pine (genetic distances were 0.066, 0.082, and 0.060, respectively. The few remaining populations of Washoe pine may be a potentially valuable gene source for the yellow pines of North America.
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Podrázský, Vilém, Zdeněk Vacek, Stanislav Vacek, Jan Vítámvás, Josef Gallo, Anna Prokůpková, and Giuseppe D'Andrea. "Production potential and structural variability of pine stands in the Czech Republic: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) vs. introduced pines – case study and problem review." Journal of Forest Science 66, No. 5 (May 31, 2020): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/42/2020-jfs.
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Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is one of the most important tree species in Eurasia. During the past centuries, it has been extensively introduced into artificial monocultures, but is currently experiencing a number of problems related to climate change and extreme droughts. There is a large-scale disintegration of its stands and, in addition to its replacement by other native trees, it is possible to use a wide range of introduced species of the same genus. The aim of the investigation was to compare production parameters, structure and diversity of pine stands at the age of 35 years in school Arboretum of Faculty of Forestry and Wood Science in Central Bohemia (320 m a.s.l., medium rich habitats, water deficit site). Seven species of pine were compared: ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Hawson), Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Balf.), black pine (Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas), Macedonian pine (Pinus peuce Griseb.) and the only native Scots pine. The results showed that significantly (P < 0.001) highest height, diameter at breast height and mean stem volume were achieved in Pinus ponderosa and P. strobus stands, while these parameters were lowest in P. peuce and P. nigra. In contrast, the lowest stand volume was calculated for P. strobus (112 m3·ha–1) due to the lower stand density, while the highest production was again in P. ponderosa (430 m3·ha–1). In terms of structural variability, the highest diversity was found in P. jeffreyi and P. peuce. The introduced pine species, especially P. ponderosa, could therefore play an important role in terms of production and economic potential and even replace native P. sylvestris on suitable sites.
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Haller, Robert, and Nancy Vivrette. "Ponderosa Pine Revisited." Aliso 29, no. 1 (2011): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20112901.07.
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Wallace, John M., Timothy S. Prather, and Vanelle Peterson. "Effects of Aminopyralid on Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa)." Invasive Plant Science and Management 5, no. 2 (June 2012): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-11-00052.1.
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AbstractInvasive weed control within cleared, forested sites in the inland Northwest is complicated by the susceptibility of ponderosa pine to synthetic auxin herbicide injury, used to control broadleaf weeds. Herbicide injury may lead to decreased canopy volume and variable growth patterns of ponderosa pine, which is a commercially important tree species. Herbicide injury to ponderosa pine can be decreased with dormant-season applications, a timing suited to control many weeds that may occur within ponderosa pine sites. However, spring-timed herbicide applications are needed to control other weeds, such as meadow hawkweed, and that application timing coincides with active ponderosa pine growth. In this study, we determined the level of injury to ponderosa pine resulting from spring-timed aminopyralid, clopyralid, and picloram applications beneath ponderosa pine canopies. Herbicide injury to leader and lateral candles and needle elongation was evaluated 1 and 12 mo after treatment (MAT). Low rates of aminopyralid alone (0.05 kg ae ha−1 [3 fl oz ac−1]) and aminopyralid + clopyralid (0.05 + 0.10 kg ae ha−1) resulted in herbicide injury ratings that did not differ from untreated trees. The high rate of aminopyralid (0.12 kg ae ha−1) resulted in leader candle injury on 75% of treated trees, 5% of which were necrotic at 12 MAT. Herbicide injury was observed on 30% of lateral candles. In comparison, picloram (0.28 kg ae ha−1) treatments resulted in necrosis or mortality of leader and lateral candles on 65% and 40% of trees, respectively, at 12 MAT. Results suggest that use of low rates of aminopyralid alone or in combination with low rates of clopyralid minimizes the risk of nontarget injury to ponderosa pine (> 5 yr old) while controlling hawkweed with a spring application.
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Six, Diana L., Mark Vander Meer, Thomas H. DeLuca, and Peter Kolb. "Pine engraver (Ips pini) Colonization of Logging Residues Created Using Alternative Slash Management Systems in Western Montana." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/17.2.96.
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Abstract In this study, we observed effects of various slash treatments on pine engraver colonization. Five slash treatments (slash-free, chipped, small piles, large piles, scattered) were replicated five times at each of two sites, one consisting mainly of ponderosa pine and the other predominantly lodgepole pine. No pine engravers were found in slash-free or chipped slash treatments at either site. At the ponderosa pine site, significantly more pine engraver attacks and galleries were found in the scattered slash treatment than in small and large pile treatments. A significantly greater number of invertebrate natural enemies were also found in the scattered slash treatment, where they were approximately six to nine times as abundant as in the small pile and large pile treatments, respectively. No pine engravers were observed colonizing slash in the lodgepole pine treatments where slash was in an advanced stage of drying. At both sites, the use of a feller buncher–delimber during harvest increased the rate of drying of slash, reducing its suitability for pine engraver colonization. West. J. Appl. For. 17(2):96–100.
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Vickers, Lance, James Houser, James Rooni, and James Guldin. "Some Lessons Learned on Early Survival and Growth of Containerized, Locally-Sourced Ponderosa Pine Seedlings in the Davis Mountains of Western Texas, US." Forests 10, no. 3 (March 16, 2019): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10030267.
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The ponderosa pine forests in the Davis Mountains of western Texas recently experienced a major mortality event caused, in part, by an extended regional drought that predisposed trees and stands to mortality from both western pine beetle and wildfires. The loss of many overstory pines and the scarcity of natural ponderosa pine regeneration pose a considerable challenge to restoration. A commissioned study investigated artificial regeneration using containerized ponderosa pine seedlings with multiple planting seasons and vegetation management alternatives. Early survival was statistically greater for dormant season plantings than monsoon season plantings. Vegetation management treatments influenced early growth, survival, and herbivory rates. Physical weed control, which consisted of fibrous weed mats around the base of planted seedlings, showed early advantages over some vegetation management treatments in growth, survival and herbivory deterrence, but all vegetation management treatments had similar survival and herbivory results after 2.5 years. Early survival was poor in all treatments, mainly due to herbivory, which was identified as the principal short-term obstacle to artificial regeneration of ponderosa pine in the Davis Mountains. The larger question regarding feasibility of recovery in this isolated population, particularly if local climatic conditions become increasingly unfavorable, remains.
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Qian, Y. L., J. M. Fu, J. Klett, and S. E. Newman. "Effects of Long-Term Recycled Wastewater Irrigation on Visual Quality and Ion Concentrations of Ponderosa Pine." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-23.4.185.
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Abstract Recycled wastewater (RWW) has become a common water source for irrigating golf courses and urban landscapes. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is commonly used in urban landscape settings in the Rocky Mountain West. To evaluate the effects of RWW irrigation on quality and needle ion accumulations of ponderosa pine, eight landscape facilities near metropolitan Denver, CO, were selected for the experiment. Among these sites, four had been irrigated exclusively with domestic RWW [electrical conductivity (EC) = 0.84 dS/m] for 5, 6, 15, and 20 years, respectively. The other four with similar turf species, age ranges, and soil textures had been irrigated with surface water (EC = 0.23 dS/m). Ponderosa pines grown on sites irrigated with RWW exhibited 10 times higher needle burn symptoms than those grown on sites irrigated with surface water (33% vs. 3%). Tissue analysis indicated that ponderosa pine needles collected from sites receiving RWW exhibited 11 times greater Na+ concentration, 2 times greater Cl−, and 50% greater B concentrations than samples collected from the control sites. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that the level of needle burn was largely influenced by leaf tissue Na+ concentration. Tissue Ca level and K/Na ratio were negatively associated with needle burn symptoms, suggesting that calcium amendment and K addition may help mitigate the needle burn syndrome in ponderosa pine caused by high Na+ in the tissue.
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Gower, Stith T., Brent E. Haynes, Karin S. Fassnacht, Steve W. Running, and E. Raymond Hunt Jr. "Influence of fertilization on the allometric relations for two pines in contrasting environments." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 8 (August 1, 1993): 1704–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-212.
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The objective of this study was to examine the effect of fertilization on the allometric relations for red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) and ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) growing in contrasting climates. After 2 years of treatment, fertilization did not significantly affect the allometric relations between stem or branch mass and stem diameter for either species. For a similar-diameter tree, current foliage mass and area and new twig mass were significantly greater for fertilized than for control red pine and ponderosa pine. The significant increase in new foliage mass and area occurred in the upper and middle canopy for red pine and middle and lower canopy for ponderosa pine. For a similar-diameter tree, projected (one-sided) leaf area and total foliage mass were significantly greater for fertilized than for control red pine. However, leaf area and total foliage mass did not differ between similar-diameter fertilized and control ponderosa pine because fertilization decreased leaf longevity. The ratios of leaf area/sapwood cross-sectional area measured at breast height (1.37 m) were 0.14 and 0.11 for control plus fertilized red pine and ponderosa pine, respectively, and were greater (but not significantly) for fertilized than for control trees, while the ratios of leaf area/sapwood cross-sectional area measured at the base of live crown were significantly greater for fertilized than for control red pine and ponderosa pine.
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Hanberry, Brice B., Donald C. Justice, and David C. Powell. "Discovering Douglas-Fir Woodlands in the Historical Forests of Umatilla National Forest, Eastern Oregon and Washington." Forests 11, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101122.
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We discovered unique Douglas-fir open woodlands in the Umatilla National Forest using historical surveys. Historical ponderosa pine forests of the western United States are transitioning to denser forests comprised of a greater proportion of fire-sensitive species, including true firs. We used historical (1879 to 1887) surveys to quantify the composition and structure of the Umatilla National Forest in eastern Oregon and Washington and provided contemporary forest information for comparison. We also modeled fir and pine distributions using environmental predictors and the random forests and extreme gradient boosting classifiers. Historically, ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir comprised about 80% of all trees, with western larch relatively abundant at 10% of all trees. Currently, ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir are about 40% of all trees, while grand fir and lodgepole pine increased from rare species to about 40% of all trees. Historical density was about 165 trees/ha (trees > 12.7 cm in diameter). The wetter north unit of steep slopes and predominantly Douglas-fir was about 120 trees/ha, or open woodlands, whereas the drier, flatter south units of predominantly ponderosa pine were about 210 trees/ha, and densities of 160 and 190 trees/ha occurred on flat and gentle slopes, respectively, with predominantly ponderosa pine. Currently, Umatilla National Forest averages about 390 trees/ha; the north unit of grand fir and Douglas-fir tripled in density to 365 trees/ha, whereas the south units of ponderosa and lodgepole pines doubled in density to 410 trees/ha. Douglas-fir woodlands are an unusual combination of a relatively fire-sensitive tree species with an open structure, which may result from surface fires that remove tree regeneration, resulting in one layer of trees over an understory of herbaceous and shrubby vegetation. We interpreted that a spatially and temporally variable fire return interval favored Douglas-fir, but fires were frequent enough to allow herbaceous vegetation and shrubs to out-compete trees, maintaining the balance between trees and other vegetation in woodlands. Fire exclusion has resulted in forest-type transition and also an information deficit about circumstances under which relatively fire-sensitive Douglas-fir instead of fire-tolerant ponderosa pine would establish at low densities over large extents.
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Lowell, Eini C., and James M. Cahill. "Deterioration of Fire-Killed Timber in Southern Oregon and Northern California." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 11, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/11.4.125.
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Abstract Deterioration of fire-killed timber in the coastal mountains of southern Oregon and northern California was monitored over a 3 yr period (1988-1990). Defect was identified and measured on felled and bucked sample trees by using Scribner and cubic scaling rules. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), grand fir (Abies grandis), white fir (A. concolor),ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), covering a wide range of geographic areas, site conditions, and tree size and age, were studied. One year after death, Douglas-fir, sugar pine, and ponderosa pine had lost about 1% and the true firs 5% of their cubic volume. The sapwood of the pines was heavily stained. The occurrence of sap rot and weather checks increased the second year. Percent loss in all species was correlated with small-end scaling diameter. A logistic regression model predicting the incidence of cull was developed for use on logs that have been dead for 3 yr. West. J. Appl. For. 11(4):125-131.
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Vyse, Alan, Christine Ferguson, Suzanne W. Simard, Tamaki Kano, and Pasi Puttonen. "Growth of Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, and ponderosa pine seedlings underplanted in a partially-cut, dry Douglas-fir stand in south-central British Columbia." Forestry Chronicle 82, no. 5 (September 1, 2006): 723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc82723-5.
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The effects of partial cutting on seedling growth of three conifer species were studied at a very dry, hot interior Douglas-fir site near Kamloops, British Columbia. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. P. & C. Laws.) seedlings were planted in mechanically prepared 50 cm × 50 cm patches under different canopy conditions created by harvesting 60% of the original stand volume. The prepared areas were selected to represent canopy closures from open to closed, slopes from 0 to 60%, and all aspects. After six years, survival of Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine was 78%, 76% and 70%, respectively. Light level had a strong influence on survival and condition. Growth of all species increased linearly with light, and was greatest for lodgepole pine, followed by ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir. Multiple regression analysis showed that six-year seedling size was most significantly affected by total light, and only occasionally by aspect, slope, or crown closure. The best models explained 53%, 47% and 42% of the variation in diameter of lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, and Douglas-fir, respectively. Natural abundance 13C was positively correlated with light and soil moisture availability, reflecting higher photosynthetic capacity of all species in the wetter, open canopy conditions. Patterns in isotopic discrimination also indicated greater water use efficiency of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine than lodgepole pine under low light conditions. Underplanting stands thinned to a basal area of less than 15m2 per ha offers a solution to regeneration difficulties on hot, dry Interior Douglas-fir sites. Key words: partial cutting, Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, light, soil moisture, 13C, growth, survival, Opax Mountain Silvicultural Systems Project
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Kolb, T. E., J. K. Agee, P. Z. Fulé, N. G. McDowell, K. Pearson, A. Sala, and R. H. Waring. "Perpetuating old ponderosa pine." Forest Ecology and Management 249, no. 3 (September 2007): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.002.
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Owen, Donald R., David L. Wood, and John R. Parmeter. "Association between Dendroctonus valens and black stain root disease on ponderosa pine in the Sierra Nevada of California." Canadian Entomologist 137, no. 3 (June 2005): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n04-084.
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AbstractThe host-colonization behavior of the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was investigated in stands of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson (Pinaceae), with black stain root disease in the central Sierra Nevada of California. By felling live trees, we found that trees with pitch tubes produced during the initiation of tunneling by D. valens had a significantly higher incidence of black stain root disease, caused by Leptographium wageneri var. ponderosum (Harrington et Cobb), than trees without pitch tubes. Trees with the most D. valens pitch tubes had the greatest likelihood of being diseased. Additionally, observations over a 3-year period revealed that trees with D. valens pitch tubes had a significantly higher mortality rate than trees without pitch tubes. Infection by L. wageneri was confirmed for most of the trees that died, and death typically did not occur without mass attacks by the western pine beetle, D. brevicomis LeConte, and (or) the mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins. Trees with the most D. valens pitch tubes had the highest mortality rate. An experiment was conducted to compare the attraction of D. valens and other insects to wounded-diseased, wounded-symptomless, and unwounded trees. More D. valens, Spondylis upiformis Mannerheim (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), and Hylastes spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were attracted to wounded trees than to unwounded trees. Catches of these beetles on wounded-diseased trees were not significantly different from catches on wounded-symptomless trees.
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Perrakis, Daniel DB, and James K. Agee. "Seasonal fire effects on mixed-conifer forest structure and ponderosa pine resin properties." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 238–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-212.
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This study examined the effects of spring and fall restoration burning in an old-growth mixed-conifer ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.) forest in southern Oregon. Variables measured include fuel loads, forest structure indices, mortality of large ponderosa pines, and pine resin defenses. One year after treatment, reductions in surface fuel loads and changes to forest structure parameters suggested that burning treatments could meet restoration objectives, with fall burns being somewhat more effective than spring burns. However, mortality of pre settlement pines was significantly higher in fall burns than in spring burns, and both were higher than in unburned controls. Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were important mortality agents within 2 years after burning. Resin defenses (pressure and flow) were variable over the 2 years of postburn study but showed no evidence of decrease in burned trees; rather, resin defenses were significantly higher in burned trees than in controls at several measurement dates. While increased beetle attacks have previously been documented following burning, there has been much less research on resin responses to fire. These findings suggest that current models of beetlehost interactions do not properly explain the effects of prescribed fire in ponderosa pine forests.
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Pierce, H. D., J. E. Conn, A. C. Oehlschlager, and J. H. Borden. "Monoterpene metabolism in female mountain pine beetles,Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, attacking ponderosa pine." Journal of Chemical Ecology 13, no. 6 (June 1987): 1455–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01012291.
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Davis, Ryan S., Sharon Hood, and Barbara J. Bentz. "Fire-injured ponderosa pine provide a pulsed resource for bark beetles." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 12 (December 2012): 2022–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-147.
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Bark beetles can cause substantial mortality of trees that would otherwise survive fire injuries. Resin response of fire-injured northern Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Lawson & C. Lawson) and specific injuries that contribute to increased bark beetle attack susceptibility and brood production are unknown. We monitored ponderosa pine mortality and resin flow and bark beetle colonization and reproduction following a prescribed fire in Idaho and a wildfire in Montana. The level of fire-caused tree injury differed between the two sites, and the level of tree injury most susceptible to bark beetle attack and colonization also differed. Strip-attacked trees alive 3 years post-fire had lower levels of bole and crown injury than trees mass attacked and killed by bark beetles, suggesting that fire-injured trees were less well defended. Brood production of western pine beetle ( Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte) did not differ between fire-injured and uninjured trees, although mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) brood production was low in both tree types, potentially due to competition with faster developing bark beetle species that also colonized trees. Despite a large number of live trees remaining at both sites, bark beetle response to fire-injured trees pulsed and receded within 2 years post-fire, potentially due to a limited number of trees that could be easily colonized.
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Pascual, D., D. A. Maguire, and F. Bravo. "Assessing the Applicability of Growth Models to New Species and Regions: An Example Comparing Mediterranean Maritime Pine in Central Spain to Ponderosa Pine in Southwestern Oregon, USA." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.4.269.
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Abstract Evaluations of response to variable silvicultural treatments play a key role in developing sustainable forest management. To evaluate silvicultural response, a growth and yield model is needed. A comparison between similar species could act as a logical first step toward building a growth and yield model and to test the efficiency of the calibration of an existing ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) growth model to a Mediterranean maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait. ssp. mesogeensis) growth model. This study aimed at (1) comparing the diameter growth pattern between ponderosa and Mediterranean maritime pine, and (2) assessing the potential of ORGANON for simulating Mediterranean maritime pine growth and yield. The first objective was addressed by fitting a diameter growth equation for Mediterranean maritime pine and comparing it with patterns in ponderosa pine growth represented by the corresponding equation in ORGANON. The second objective was addressed by growing Mediterranean maritime pine as ponderosa pine in ORGANON, conditional on observed diameter growth rates of Mediterranean maritime pine in Spain. The results emphasized the unsuitability of ORGANON for predicting diameter growth of Mediterranean maritime pine in Spain. Mediterranean maritime pine diameter growth depended on basal area in trees with a diameter larger than the subject tree, (BAL) which, in our context is a subrogate of competition from above.
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Thies, Walter G., Douglas J. Westlind, and Mark Loewen. "Season of prescribed burn in ponderosa pine forests in eastern Oregon: impact on pine mortality." International Journal of Wildland Fire 14, no. 3 (2005): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf04051.
Full textAbstract:
A study of the effects of season of prescribed burn on tree mortality was established in mixed-age ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) at the south end of the Blue Mountains near Burns, Oregon. Each of six previously thinned stands was subdivided into three experimental units and one of three treatments was randomly assigned to each: fall 1997 burn, spring 1998 burn, and no burning (control). Burns were conducted as operational prescribed burns. Trees within six 0.2-ha circular plots on each experimental unit were observed for four post-burn growing seasons to determine fire damage and to detect immediate and delayed mortality and occurrence of black stain root disease (BSRD). There were 5321 tagged ponderosa pines alive at the time of the burns. The percentage of ponderosa pine dying was higher after fall burns than after spring burns. Differences in percentages of fire-caused mortality may be because fall burns are inherently more severe than spring burns. Although present in many trees, BSRD appeared to have little impact on mortality. The lion’s-tail appearance, thought to be a symptom of BSRD, was found to be an unreliable indicator of BSRD in the six test stands.
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Widmer, Timothy L., and Stephen C. Dodge. "Infection of Select Pinaceae and Cupressaceae Seedlings to Phytophthora pinifolia." Plant Health Progress 20, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-02-19-0011-rs.
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Phytophthora pinifolia caused a devastating disease on Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) in Chile. This pathogen has not been reported in the United States, but there is concern should it arrive. There is little information regarding other hosts besides Monterey pine that may be susceptible to this pathogen. In the present study, other potential hosts within the Pinaceae and Cupressaceae were inoculated with zoospores of P. pinifolia and observed for symptoms and infection after 4 weeks. Similar to Monterey pine, knobcone (Pinus attenuata), bishop (P. muricata), and ponderosa (P. ponderosa) pines were highly infectious, whereas several important species such as loblolly pine (P. taeda) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) showed no infection. P. pinifolia was also not recovered from slash (Pinus elliottii) and eastern white (P. strobus) pines. This study is important because it demonstrates other economically important tree hosts are at risk by P. pinifolia, should it enter the United States.
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Fox, J. W., D. L. Wood, R. P. Akers, and J. R. Parmeter. "SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF IPS PARACONFUSUS LANIER (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) REARED AXENICALLY AND WITH TREE-PATHOGENIC FUNGI VECTORED BY COHABITING DENDROCTONUS SPECIES." Canadian Entomologist 124, no. 6 (December 1992): 1157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1241157-6.
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AbstractSurvival and development of Ips paraconfusus Lanier larvae reared individually in intact Pinus ponderosa Laws. phloem without associated fungi and dietary supplements was demonstrated. Survival was reduced.in intact ponderosa pine phloem previously occupied by other larvae or by bluestaining fungi [i.e. Ophiostoma ips (Rumb.) vectored by I. paraconfusus, O. minus (Hedge.) H. & P. Syd. vectored by Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, O. clavigerum (Robins.-Jeff. & Davids.) vectored by D. ponderosae Hopkins, and Leptographium terebrantis Barras & Perry vectored by D. valens LeConte] compared with those reared without fungi or symbiotic yeasts. The highest proportion of larvae initiating tunnels and surviving to adult was observed for untreated eggs, and the lowest proportion occurred in the L. terebrantis treatment. Size was reduced and developmental rate was slower for larvae reared without fungi compared with larvae reared with associated fungi.Tunnels excavated by first- and second-instar larvae reared without associated fungi were longer than those excavated by larvae reared with associated fungi. The most frequent larval turnabouts occurred with larvae reared axenically and reared with Ips yeast and O. ips. The fewest occurred with larvae reared with Ips egg niche plugs and from untreated eggs. Females reared free of any fungi or with Penicillium or Aspergillus did not oviposit in surface-sterilized ponderosa pine logs. Naturally eclosed females from ponderosa pine logs in which they developed, laid eggs in these sterilized logs. Potential for a new association among bark beetles and fungi is discussed.
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Kangas, Michael, Gregory M. Filip, and Jeffrey J. Morrell. "Effect of Fire Charring on Condition of Ponderosa Pine Trees in Oregon as Measured by Longitudinal Compression Strength." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/24.1.33.
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Abstract The ability to assess wood quality using longitudinal compression strength (LCS) of plugs removed from along the length of a tree stem was assessed in ponderosa pine damaged to varying degrees 4 years earlier in a prescribed burn. LCS has been used elsewhere to estimate residual strength of utility poles and might be a simple method for assessing wood quality in standing trees. The degree of stem char on fire-killed trees had a significant effect on LCS values. LCS values of plugs from charred portions of fire-killed ponderosa pines were greater than those from uncharred portions of fire-killed ponderosa pine trees. LCS might be a useful tool for forest managers assessing the remaining flexural properties of standing dead timber after fires.
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Fettig, Christopher J., Robert R. Borys, Stephen R. McKelvey, and Christopher P. Dabney. "Blacks Mountain Experimental Forest: bark beetle responses to differences in forest structure and the application of prescribed fire in interior ponderosa pineThis article is one of a selection of papers from the Special Forum on Ecological Studies in Interior Ponderosa Pine — First Findings from Blacks Mountain Interdisciplinary Research." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 5 (May 2008): 924–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-243.
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Mechanical thinning and the application of prescribed fire are commonly used tools in the restoration of fire-adapted forest ecosystems. However, few studies have explored their effects on subsequent amounts of bark beetle caused tree mortality in interior ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws. var. ponderosa. In this study, we examined bark beetle responses to creation of midseral (low diversity) and late-seral stages (high diversity) and the application of prescribed fire on 12 experimental units ranging in size from 76 to 136 ha. A total of 9500 (5.0% of all trees) Pinus and Abies trees died 2 years after treatment of which 28.8% (2733 trees) was attributed to bark beetle colonization. No significant difference in the mean percentage of trees colonized by bark beetles was found between low diversity and high diversity. The application of prescribed fire resulted in significant increases in bark beetle caused tree mortality (all species) and for western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, Ips spp., and fir engraver, Scolytus ventralis LeConte, individually. Approximately 85.6% (2339 trees) of all bark beetle caused tree mortality occurred on burned split plots. The implications of these and other results to sustainable forest management are discussed.
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Fettig, Christopher J., Leif A. Mortenson, and Jackson P. Audley. "Tree Mortality following Thinning and Prescribed Burning in Central Oregon, U.S." Forests 12, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 1677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121677.
Full textAbstract:
We examined causes and levels of tree mortality one year after thinning and prescribed burning was completed in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) forests at Pringle Falls Experimental Forest, Oregon, U.S. Four blocks of five experimental units (N = 20) were established. One of each of five treatments was assigned to each experimental unit in each block. Treatments included thinning from below to the upper management zone (UMZ) for the dominant plant association based on stand density index values for ponderosa pine followed by mastication and prescribed burning: (1) 50% UMZ (low density stand), (2) 75% UMZ (medium density stand), (3) 75% UMZ Gap, which involved a regeneration cut, (4) 100% UMZ (high density stand), and (5) an untreated control (high density stand). Experimental units were thinned in 2011 (block 4), 2012 (block 2), and 2013 (blocks 1 and 3); masticated within one year; and prescribed burned two years after thinning (2013–2015). A total of 395,053 trees was inventoried, of which 1.1% (4436) died. Significantly higher levels of tree mortality occurred on 100 UMZ (3.1%) than the untreated control (0.05%). Mortality was attributed to prescribed fire (2706), several species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (1592), unknown factors (136), windfall (1 tree), and western gall rust (1 tree). Among bark beetles, tree mortality was attributed to western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte) (881 trees), pine engraver (Ips pini (Say)) (385 trees), fir engraver (Scolytus ventralis LeConte) (304 trees), mountain pine beetle (D. ponderosae Hopkins) (20 trees), Ips emarginatus (LeConte) (1 tree), and Pityogenes spp. (1 tree).
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Steckel, Mathias, W. Keith Moser, Miren del Río, and Hans Pretzsch. "Implications of Reduced Stand Density on Tree Growth and Drought Susceptibility: A Study of Three Species under Varying Climate." Forests 11, no. 6 (June 2, 2020): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060627.
Full textAbstract:
A higher frequency of increasingly severe droughts highlights the need for short-term measures to adapt existing forests to climate change. The maintenance of reduced stand densities has been proposed as a promising silvicultural tool for mitigating drought stress. However, the relationship between stand density and tree drought susceptibility remains poorly understood, especially across ecological gradients. Here, we analysed the effect of reduced stand density on tree growth and growth sensitivity, as well as on short-term drought responses (resistance, recovery, and resilience) of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson). Tree ring series from 409 trees, growing in stands of varying stand density, were analysed at sites with different water availability. For all species, mean tree growth was significantly higher under low compared with maximum stand density. Mean tree growth sensitivity of Scots pine was significantly higher under low compared with moderate and maximum stand density, while growth sensitivity of ponderosa pine peaked under maximum stand density. Recovery and resilience of Scots pine, as well as recovery of sessile oak and ponderosa pine, decreased with increasing stand density. In contrast, resistance and resilience of ponderosa pine significantly increased with increasing stand density. Higher site water availability was associated with significantly reduced drought response indices of Scots pine and sessile oak in general, except for resistance of oak. In ponderosa pine, higher site water availability significantly lessened recovery. Higher site water availability significantly moderated the positive effect of reduced stand density on drought responses. Stand age had a significantly positive effect on the resistance of Scots pine and a negative effect on recovery of sessile oak. We discuss potential causes for the observed response patterns, derive implications for adaptive forest management, and make recommendations for further research in this field.
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Grosman, Donald M., Christopher J. Fettig, Carl L. Jorgensen, and A. Steven Munson. "Effectiveness of Two Systemic Insecticides for Protecting Western Conifers from Mortality Due to Bark Beetle Attack." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 25, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/25.4.181.
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Abstract Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are important tree mortality agents in western coniferous forests. Protection of individual trees from bark beetle attack has historically involved applications of liquid formulations of contact insecticides to the tree bole using hydraulic sprayers. More recently, researchers looking for more portable and environmentally safe alternatives have examined the effectiveness of injecting small quantities of systemic insecticides directly into trees. In this study, we evaluated trunk injections of experimental formulations of emamectin benzoate and fipronil for preventing tree mortality due to attack by western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte) on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) in California, mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) in Idaho, and spruce beetle (D. rufipennis [Kirby]) on Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) in Utah. Fipronil appeared ineffective for protecting P. ponderosa from mortality due to D. brevicomis over the 3 years in California because of insufficient mortality of untreated, baited control trees the first 2 years and high mortality of the fipronil-treated trees in the third year. Emamectin benzoate was effective in providing protection of P. ponderosa from D. brevicomis during the third year following a single application. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the successful application of a systemic insecticide for protecting individual conifers from mortality due to bark beetle attack in the western United States. Estimates of efficacy could not be made during both field seasons in P. contorta because of insufficient mortality in control trees. Both emamectin benzoate and fipronil were ineffective for protecting P. engelmannii from D. rufipennis. Lower ambient and soil temperatures and soil moisture may have limited chemical movement and thus efficacy at the Idaho and Utah sites.
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Nepal, Sushil, Bianca N. I. Eskelson, and Martin W. Ritchie. "Difference in Regeneration Conditions in Pinus ponderosa Dominated Forests in Northern California, USA, over an 83 Year Period." Forests 11, no. 5 (May 22, 2020): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050581.
Full textAbstract:
Forest inventories based on field surveys can provide quantitative measures of regeneration such as density and stocking proportion. Understanding regeneration dynamics is a key element that supports silvicultural decision-making processes in sustainable forest management. The objectives of this study were to: 1) describe historical regeneration in ponderosa pine dominated forests by species and height class, 2) find associations of regeneration with overstory, soil, and topography variables, 3) describe contemporary regeneration across various management treatments, and 4) compare differences in regeneration between historical and contemporary forests. The study area, a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosae Dougl. ex P. and C. Law) dominated forest, is located within the Blacks Mountain Experimental Forest (BMEF) in northeastern California, United States, which was designated as an experimental forest in 1934. We used 1935 and 2018 field surveyed regeneration data containing information about three species—ponderosa pine, incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin) and white fir (Abies concolor (Grod. and Glend)—and four height classes: class 1: 0–0.31 m, class 2: 0.31–0.91 m, class 3: 0.91–1.83 m, and class 4: >1.83 m and <8.9 cm diameter at breast height. We used stocking as proxy for regeneration density in this study. We found that historically, stocking in the BMEF was dominated by shade-intolerant ponderosa pine in height classes 2 and 3. Two variables—overstory basal area per hectare (m2 ha−1) and available water capacity at 150 cm, which is the amount of water that is available for plants up to a depth of 150 cm from the soil surface—were significantly associated with stocking, and a beta regression model fit was found to have a pseudo-R2 of 0.49. We identified significant differences in contemporary stocking among six management scenarios using a Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric one-way ANOVA. Control compartments had the highest stocking followed by burned compartments. In contemporary forest stands, recent treatments involving a combination of burning and thinning resulted in high stocking in height classes 2 and 3. Overall, the stocking in historical BMEF stands was higher than in contemporary stands and was dominated by ponderosa pine.
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MacQuarrie, Chris J. K., and Barry J. Cooke. "Density-dependent population dynamics of mountain pine beetle in thinned and unthinned stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 5 (May 2011): 1031–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-007.
Full textAbstract:
Thinning, the selective removal of some trees from a forest, is one way forest managers can reduce the probability that a forest will be susceptible to attack by bark beetles. Although this method has been shown to be effective, it is not clear whether the effect arises when pre-outbreak populations are small or during the epidemic phase when outbreaks are growing. We adopted a population dynamics approach to determine if the effect of limit or basal area thinning could be observed in the form of differential beetle recruitment using lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) and ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.) mortality data from previously published studies as a proxy measure of mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) population size. We found that mountain pine beetle populations exhibit density-dependent population dynamics that are influenced by the silvicultural history of their host’s stand. Thinning did not change the epidemic equilibrium but instead caused a shift in dynamics from linear to nonlinear. In a validation test, the models developed for thinned and unthinned stands predicted reproductive rates in independent locations. These data also suggest the epidemic dynamics of mountain pine beetle may be sensitive to perturbations and to systematic trends associated with climate variability and climate change.
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McDonald, Philip M., Carl N. Skinner, and Gary O. Fiddler. "Ponderosa pine needle length: an early indicator of release treatment effectiveness." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 761–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-103.
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Growth responses of ponderosa pine seedlings range from fast to slow after release and often demonstrate the effectiveness of the prescribed treatments. Although several morphological parameters have heen identified as being sensitive to competition, no link to future growth and treatment effectiveness has been made. Shrubs and grasses in four 1- to 3-year-old ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. var. ponderosa) plantations in northern California were treated by several manual and chemical release techniques that resulted in differing amounts of competition to ponderosa pine seedlings. Differing amounts of competition in turn affected pine growth and led to a wide range of stem heights, diameters, and needle lengths. Correlation coefficients indicated that 1-year-old needles, measured 2–4 years after treatment, were positively associated with pine height and diameter up to 7 years after treatment and potentially beyond. Consequently, length of 1-year-old needles may provide a useful early indication of longer term treatment effectiveness.
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Rudloff, Ernst von, and Martin S. Lapp. "Chemosystematic studies in the genus Pinus. VII. The leaf oil terpene composition of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-050.
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The leaf oil terpene composition of ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) from 37 sites west of the Continental Divide north of 42°, 5 sites east of the Divide in Montana, and 1 each from the Black Hills, South Dakota, Wilkerson Pass, Colorado, and Grand Canyon, Arizona was determined. Tree-to-tree variation was quite low, as was between-population variability at all northwestern locations. Quantitative and qualitative differences in several leaf oil terpenes were found between these and the eastern populations, which lends strong support to the taxonomic separation of ponderosa pine into the typical variety ponderosa and the northeastern var. scopulorum. Intermediate leaf oil terpene compositions were found in several trees near the Continental Divide, indicating that there is a transition between these two varieties. Whereas the Black Hills and Wilkerson Pass samples had terpene compositions that were similar to those of trees from eastern Montana, those from the Grand Canyon area differed quantitatively, indicating that a bridge to the southeastern var. arizonica may be found in the leaf oil composition as well. Key words: ponderosa pine, terpenes, leaf oil, varieties, geographic distribution, chemosystematics.
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Long, James N., and John D. Shaw. "A Density Management Diagram for Even-aged Ponderosa Pine Stands." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 20, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/20.4.205.
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Abstract We developed a density management diagram (DMD) for ponderosa pine using Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data. Analysis plots were drawn from all FIA plots in the western United States on which ponderosa pine occurred. A total of 766 plots met the criteria for analysis. Selection criteria were for purity, defined as ponderosa pine basal area ≥80% of plot basal area, and even-agedness, as defined by a ratio between two calculations of stand density index. The DMD is relatively unbiased by geographic area and therefore should be applicable throughout the range of ponderosa pine. The DMD is intended for use in even-aged stands, but may be used for uneven-aged management where a large-group selection system is used. Examples of density management regimes are illustrated, and guidelines for use are provided. West. J. Appl. For. 20(4):205–215.
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Vyse, Alan, Michelle R. Cleary, and Ian R. Cameron. "Tree species selection revisited for plantations in the Interior Cedar Hemlock zone of southern British Columbia." Forestry Chronicle 89, no. 03 (June 2013): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2013-068.
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We provide results from two trials comparing performance of species of known provenance planted on logged sites in the southern Interior Cedar Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone of southern British Columbia 20 and 26 years after establishment. The commonly used plantation species, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia), interior spruce (a naturally occurring hybrid between Picea glauca and P. engelmannii) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca), survived as well as, but grew more slowly than, western larch (Larix occidentalis), western white pine (Pinus monticola) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and faster than western redcedar (Thuja plicata). Site index values were generally higher than published values for similar sites. Numerous pests affected all species in the trials. Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) caused heavy mortality in lodgepole pine in part of one trial, and Armillaria root disease caused widespread damage to western larch and Douglas-fir in the other trial. Western white pine from local seed sources were severely damaged by white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) in both trials but a rust-resistant seed source used in one trial survived better. Frost damage reduced survival and growth of Douglas-fir in one trial and may have affected western white pine. Survival of two planted broadleaves (Betula papyrifera) and a hybrid of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) and black poplar (Populus nigra) was severely reduced by drought. The results support ongoing efforts to broaden the number of species used in British Columbia reforestation programs.
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Steinauer, Ernest M., and Thomas B. Bragg. "Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) Invasion of Nebraska Sandhills Prairie." American Midland Naturalist 118, no. 2 (October 1987): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2425792.
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McDonald, P. M., S. R. Mori, and G. O. Fiddler. "Effect of competition on genetically improved ponderosa pine seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 7 (August 1, 1999): 940–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-061.
Full textAbstract:
In northern California, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. var. ponderosa) height and diameter growth were analyzed to determine if genetically improved seedlings were more competitive than other vegetation and if they outgrew nursery stock in the field. Analysis of growth during the third through sixth growing seasons (1992-1995), indicated no statistical differences for pine height or diameter among genetic classes (control pollinated, wind pollinated, nursery run) when grown with competing vegetation. In 1995, mean height of seedlings grown with competition was 2.4 m for control-pollinated seedlings, 2.3 m for wind-pollinated seedlings, and 2.2 m for nursery-run seedlings. For seedlings grown essentially without competition, control-pollinated seedlings significantly outgrew nursery-run seedlings in height each year for the first six growing seasons. In 1995, the values were 3.0 versus 2.6 m, respectively. The competition consisted of a vigorous stand of shrubs, hardwood sprouts, forbs, and grasses. Within each genetic class, mean height and diameter of pines were significantly larger without competition.
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Thier, R. W., and M. A. Marsden. "VERTICAL GROWTH RESPONSE OF PONDEROSA PINE INFESTED BY WESTERN PINE SHOOT BORER, EUCOSMA SONOMANA KEARFOTT (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 122, no. 2 (April 1990): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent122343-3.
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AbstractIncidence of the western pine shoot borer, Eucosma sonomana Kearfott, and tree growth measurements from 5687 ponderosa pines, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., were recorded in the Calf Pen plantation Payette National Forest, ID. The percentage of trees infested by shoot borer generally increased as tree height increased.Infestation of the tree’s leader usually resulted in reduced height growth especially where needle length was shortened in the leader. Height growth of infested leaders was less than uninfested leaders. This difference in height growth increased with the total height of the tree as measured in the previous year.
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Lerdau, Manuel, Stephen B. Dilts, Hal Westberg, Brian K. Lamb, and Eugene J. Allwine. "Monoterpene emission from ponderosa pine." Journal of Geophysical Research 99, no. D8 (1994): 16609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94jd00406.
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Powers, Robert. "Intensive Managementof Ponderosa Pine Plantations:." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 10, no. 3/4 (June 1, 2001): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j091v10n03_07.
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Allred, W. Sylvester, and William S. Gaud. "Green Foliage Losses from Ponderosa Pines Induced by Abert Squirrels and Snowstorms: A Comparison." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/8.1.16.
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Abstract Abert squirrels (Sciurus aberti) are obligate herbivores on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). The inner bark of pine shoots is considered one of the predominant food resources obtained by foraging squirrels. As squirrels forage for this resource they induce green needle losses from chosen feed trees. Amounts of induced green needle losses appear to vary according to the availability of alternative foods and squirrel population densities. Weather also induces green needle losses to ponderosa pines. Results of this study indicate that, at least in some years, heavy snowstorms can induce greater amounts of green needle losses than squirrels. Squirrel herbivory was not indicated as a factor in any tree mortality. However, losses due to snowstorms are more severe since they may cause the actual depletion of trees in the forest because of the tree mortality they inflict. West. J. Appl. For. 8(1):16-18.
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Chen, Hua, Mark E. Harmon, and Robert P. Griffiths. "Decomposition and nitrogen release from decomposing woody roots in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest: a chronosequence approach." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 246–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-167.
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Decomposition of woody roots in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. Laws. ex C. Laws.) dominated forests in Oregon, U.S.A. was studied using a chronosequence. Roots of five coniferous species were excavated from stumps with ages up to 46 years old. In order of increasing decomposition rate constant (k) the species were Douglas-fir < Sitka spruce < lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) < western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg) < ponderosa pine. Variation in the proportion of bark, wood, and resin cores was correlated to these differences. Root wood showed the highest k, root bark the second, and resin cores the lowest. The occurrence of resin cores in woody roots of Douglas-fir, Sitka spruce, and lodgepole pine greatly slowed the decomposition of these species. White rots occurred frequently in ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine, whereas brown rots mostly appeared in Douglas-fir and Sitka spruce. Species with white rot had a higher k than those with brown rot. Decomposing woody roots started to release N after 2030% mass loss, a point when the dead root C/N ratio averaged 140.
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Savage, Melissa, and Joy Nystrom Mast. "How resilient are southwestern ponderosa pine forests after crown fires?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 967–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-028.
Full textAbstract:
The exclusion of low-severity surface fire from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson) forests of the Southwest has changed ecosystem structure and function such that severe crown fires are increasingly causing extensive stand mortality. This altered fire regime has resulted from the intersection of natural drought cycles with human activities that have suppressed natural fires for over a century. What is the trajectory of forest recovery after such fires? This study explores the regeneration response of ponderosa pine and other species to crown fires that occurred in the region from the late 1940s to the mid-1970s. We address two main questions: (1) What is the success of ponderosa regeneration and establishment, and (2) Can these sites, burned in stand-destroying fires, be "captured" by other species on the scale of decades? Two main trajectories of recovery were found: (1) establishment of unnaturally dense ponderosa pine stands vulnerable to further crown fire and (2) establishment of nonforested grass or shrub communities.
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O'Hara, Kevin L., and Narayanan I. Valappil. "Sapwood–leaf area prediction equations for multi-aged ponderosa pine stands in western Montana and central Oregon." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 9 (September 1, 1995): 1553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-169.
Full textAbstract:
Ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) frequently grows in pure, multi-aged stands throughout its range. Sapwood–leaf area prediction equations were developed for multi-aged, multi-strata ponderosa pine stands in western Montana and central Oregon. No significant differences were found between equations for trees from lower or upper strata, or between equations for all trees and equations for upper or lower strata trees in either study location. These results indicate overstory ponderosa pine trees do not require significantly greater sapwood conducting tissue per unit of leaf area than understory trees. Single variable models using only sapwood area at breast height are recommended.
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Keefe, Robert F., and Anthony S. Davis. "Modeling individual conifer seed shape as a sum of fused partial ellipsoids." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 11 (November 2010): 2175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-165.
Full textAbstract:
Because of the importance of seed surface area, volume, and fill to hydraulic and thermal exchanges with the soil, mechanistic simulation of seed physiological processes associated with tree migration dynamics and the spread of invasive species require accurate equations to model seed shape. Seed dimensions have previously been described with measurements of the three principal axes, assuming an implied single ellipsoid. However, conifer seeds often exhibit anisotropy that results from bilaterally symmetric pairing on cone scales. We developed a method for measuring and modeling conifer seed shape as a sum of 2jpartial ellipsoids fused at their equators, where j = 0, …, 3. We demonstrate the use of the methods in the study of shape characteristics of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson) seeds from four families in Montana and among commercial lots of ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco). The shapes of 92%, 73%, and 47% of seeds in commercial lots studied had eight unique ellipsoids when classified with 1%, 5%, and 10% difference classification rules, respectively. Ponderosa pine seeds with longer minor axes were less well filled with storage reserves. Three-dimensional surface areas of lodgepole and ponderosa pine were approximately 2 and 3.4 times larger, respectively, than previously reported one-sided surface areas.
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Huffman, David W., Peter Z. Fulé, Kristen M. Pearson, and Joseph E. Crouse. "Fire history of pinyon–juniper woodlands at upper ecotones with ponderosa pine forests in Arizona and New Mexico." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 8 (August 2008): 2097–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-053.
Full textAbstract:
We used maps of fire evidence, fire scar dendrochronology, forest age-structure analysis, and landscape analysis to investigate fire history at pinyon pine ( Pinus edulis Engelm.) – juniper ( Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little, Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.) woodland – ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson) forest ecotones in Arizona (Tusayan) and in New Mexico (Canjilon). Results showed that charred trees were not evenly distributed across vegetative communities but were significantly (p < 0.001) more abundant than expected in ponderosa pine communities. Composite fire scar analysis indicated that surface fires occurred in ponderosa pine stands at both sites and burned at intervals of 7.2–11.1 years (WMPI; Weibull median probability interval). At Tusayan, landscape structure was fine grained, and maximum pinyon age was >200 years across 80% of the site. At Canjilon, landscape pattern was relatively coarse, and most pinyon patches were 200–300 years old. Cumulative standing age distributions suggested pinyon–juniper fire rotations of 340 and 290 years at Tusayan and Canjilon, respectively. We concluded the following: (i) surface fires in ponderosa pine stands did not spread through pinyon–juniper communities at either site, (ii) fire evidence was prevalent across both sites, but old pinyon trees indicated that no widespread lethal fires had occurred in the last 300–400 years, and (iii) structurally heterogeneous landscapes suggested that historical pinyon–juniper fires were of limited extent but lethal in patches.
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Jenkins, Hillary S. "Air Pollution and Climate Drive Annual Growth in Ponderosa Pine Trees in Southern California." Climate 9, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9050082.
Full textAbstract:
The ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa, Douglas ex C. Lawson) is a climate-sensitive tree species dominant in the mixed conifer stands of the San Bernardino Mountains of California. However, the close proximity to the city of Los Angeles has resulted in extremely high levels of air pollution. Nitrogen (N) deposition, resulting from nitrous oxides emitted from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, has been recorded in this region since the 1980s. The impact of this N deposition on ponderosa pine growth is complex and often obscured by other stressors including climate, bark beetle attack, and tropospheric ozone pollution. Here I use a 160-year-long (1855–2015) ponderosa pine tree ring chronology to examine the annual response of tree growth to both N deposition and climate in this region. The chronology is generated from 34 tree cores taken near Crestline, CA. A stepwise multiple regression between the tree ring chronology and various climate and air pollution stressors indicates that drought conditions at the end of the rainy season (March) and NO2 pollution during the water year (pOct-Sep) exhibit primary controls on growth (r2-adj = 0.65, p < 0.001). The direct correlation between NO2 and tree growth suggests that N deposition has a positive impact on ponderosa pine bole growth in this region. However, it is important to note that ozone, a known stressor to ponderosa pine trees, and NO2 are also highly correlated (r = 0.84, p < 0.05). Chronic exposure to both ozone and nitrogen dioxide may, therefore, have unexpected impacts on tree sensitivity to climate and other stressors in a warming world.
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Oester, Paul T., William H. Emmingham, and Pat Larson. "Thinning Alternatives for Ponderosa Pine: Tools and Strategies for Family Forest Owners." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 20, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/20.4.216.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Density management of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests is critical for control of beetles, reducing risk of wildfire and capturing monetary, aesthetic, and ecological values. This case study examined periodic growth response of ponderosa pine 5 and 13 years after installation of a trial including three thinning regimes and an unthinned option in the Wallowa Mountains of northeast Oregon. Family forest owners and their advisors whose management goals include reducing fire and beetle risk and producing timber value can use the results of this case study with the stand density index (SDI) to evaluate thinning options. We analyzed mean tree diameter growth and periodic board foot volume growth of 8-in. diameter and larger trees for the four treatments applied to 85–100-year-old stands. Our treatments were used as a local test for SDI management guidelines and forest vegetation simulator (FVS). As expected, significant increases (α=0.05) were found after 13 years in mean diameter growth of trees and periodic board foot volume growth per tree in the wide and free treatments compared to narrow and control. Thinning to 80 ft2 of basal area or the lower management zone SDI in previously unmanaged, 85-year-old ponderosa pine stands provided for faster tree growth, lower risk of mortality from mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), and no appreciable sacrifice in value of stand growth. Total wood fiber production was better for narrow and control, but with greatly increased fire and beetle risk. This work substantiates research results that thinning to carefully prescribed stocking levels can increase volume growth per tree (even free selection) and maintain reasonable stand value growth even though cubic volume growth is diminished. The resulting changes in stand structure and reduced beetle and fire threats improve the odds that family forestland will generate their full potential of monetary and ecological benefits. West. J. Appl. For. 20(4):216–223.
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Baker, Fred A., and John Guyon. "Distribution of Three Dwarf Mistletoe Species within Their Host Tree Crowns." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 25, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/25.4.194.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract We examined the distribution of dwarf mistletoes within the crowns of Douglas-firs, ponderosa pines, and lodgepole pines. Stand structure and host species had no effect on the proportion of trees within each dwarf mistletoe rating (DMR) class, nor did it affect the distribution of dwarf mistletoe within crown thirds for a given DMR. Dwarf mistletoe tended to infect the lower third of the crown first in all three species. Regardless of DMR, dwarf mistletoe usually intensified in the lowest crown third before doing so in the other thirds. These results are consistent with the distributions of dwarf mistletoe among crown thirds assumed in the Forest Vegetation Simulator for even-aged stands and are also appropriate for uneven-aged stands of Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine. Relationships between percentage of plot infection and DMR and dwarf mistletoe index were strong.