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Journal articles on the topic 'Pontides'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

SUNAL, GÜRSEL, and OKAN TÜYSÜZ. "Palaeostress analysis of Tertiary post-collisional structures in the Western Pontides, northern Turkey." Geological Magazine 139, no. 3 (May 2002): 343–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756802006489.

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Fingerprints of the opening of the Western Black Sea Basin and collision of Pontides and Sakarya Continent along the Intra-Pontide suture can be traced in the area between Cide (Kastamonu) and Kurucaşile (Bartin) in northern Turkey, along the southern coast of the Black Sea. The Western Black Sea Basin is an oceanic basin opened as a back-arc basin of the northward-subducting Intra-Pontide Ocean. Basement units related to this opening are represented by Lower Cretaceous and older units. The first arc magmatism related to this subduction began during Turonian times. Coeval with this magmatism, back-arc extension affected the region and caused development of horst-graben topography. This extensional period resulted in the break-up of continental crust and the oceanic spreading in the Western Black Sea Basin during Late Santonian times. During the Late Campanian–Early Maastrichtian period, the Sakarya Continent and Pontides collided and arc magmatism on the Pontides ended. After this collision, the Western Pontides thickened, imbricated and developed a mainly N-vergent foreland fold and thrust belt character since Late Eocene–Oligocene times. The palaeostress directions calculated from thrust faults of this foreland fold and thrust belt are 4.6°/156.6° for σ1, 6.4°/66.1° for σ2, and 83.2°/261.9° for σ3. The nature of the imbrication indicates that it was a northward prograding foreland system connected to a floor thrust (detachment) fault at the bottom. Field observations on curved slickenfibres support the theory that the thrust faults of this imbricated structure have transformed to oblique thrusts and strike-slip faults over time.

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2

Akbayram, Kenan, Aral I. Okay, and Muharrem Satır. "Early Cretaceous closure of the Intra-Pontide Ocean in western Pontides (northwestern Turkey)." Journal of Geodynamics 65 (April 2013): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2012.05.003.

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3

Yalçin, M., and Isak Yilmaz. "Devonian in Turkey — a review." Geologica Carpathica 61, no. 3 (June 1, 2010): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-010-0014-3.

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Devonian in Turkey — a reviewThe Devonian Period is represented in Turkey by almost complete non-metamorphic sections of more than 1000 meters, which exhibit varying lithofacial associations. They are parts of thick Paleozoic sedimentary successions in the Pontides, Taurides and Arabian Plate. The tectonic setting and the paleogeographical origin of these terranes is different. Therefore, the litho- and biostratigraphy and facies characteristics of these Devonian successions would enable a comparison and a paleogeographical assignment of these tectono-stratigraphic units. Devonian successions of the Arabian Plate and of the Taurides are represented by facies associations ranging from tidal flat to a deep shelf. Whereas, those of the Istanbul and Çamdağ-Zonguldak areas in the Pontides by a deepening upward sequence from a shallow shelf into a basin and a stable shelf, respectively. The Devonian of the Arabian Plate and the Taurides can surely be assigned to Gondwana. A Peri-Gondwanan (Avalonian) setting is suggested for the paleogeographic position of the Devonian of the Pontides.

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4

REVAN, Mustafa Kemal. "Review of Late Cretaceous volcanogenic massive sulfide mineralization in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey." TURKISH JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 29, no. 7 (November 16, 2020): 1125–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/yer-2006-11.

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The production of Cu-Zn from volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits in the eastern Pontides began in the early 1900s, with the exploitation of high-grade ores scattered across the district. The district still possesses economically important blind VMS and associated sulfide deposits. Careful descriptive documentation of the typical features of these VMS ores illustrated the geological characteristics that are important in identifying ore localities and can be used to define exploration targets. The eastern Pontide VMS deposits are examples of volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits that exhibit many of the characteristics typical of bimodal-felsic- type VMS mineralization. Nearly all known VMS deposits in the region are hosted by the Kızılkaya Formation, which is characterized by Late Cretaceous dacitic/rhyolitic volcanic rocks that are typically located at the top contact of the dacitic/rhyolitic pile or within the lower part of the overlying polymodal sequence containing various proportions of volcanic and sedimentary facies. Most VMS deposits are composed of a mound of high-grade massive sulfides formed above a zone of lower-grade stringer veins and disseminated mineralization. The dominant sulfide minerals in most deposits are pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. Au also occurs in some deposits. The hydrothermal ore facies are diagnostic of subaqueous emplacement of the Pontide massive sulfide deposits that were deposited on the Cretaceous ocean floor. The immediate host lithologies associated with VMS mineralization have typically experienced intense and widespread alteration. The trace element geochemical signatures of the host rocks indicated that the Pontide VMS deposits likely formed in an extensional tectonic regime during subduction. Major lineaments and circular structures exerted fundamental controls on the locations of the VMS deposits in the eastern Pontide district. Age determinations indicated that almost all of the deposits in this region formed in a restricted time interval between ca. 91.1 and 82 Ma. The sulfur isotope compositions of the ore-forming fluids were consistent with those of fluids derived from modified seawater.

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5

FRASSI, CHIARA, MICHELE MARRONI, LUCA PANDOLFI, M. CEMAL GÖNCÜOĞLU, ALESSANDRO ELLERO, GIUSEPPE OTTRIA, KAAN SAYIT, CHRISTOPHER S. MCDONALD, MARIA LAURA BALESTRIERI, and ALESSANDRO MALASOMA. "Burial and exhumation history of the Daday Unit (Central Pontides, Turkey): implications for the closure of the Intra-Pontide oceanic basin." Geological Magazine 155, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 356–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756817000176.

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AbstractIn northern Turkey, the Intra-Pontide suture zone represents one of the first-order tectonic structures located between the Istanbul–Zonguldak and the Sakarya continental terranes. It consists of an E–W-trending assemblage of deformed and variably metamorphosed tectonic units, including sedimentary rocks and ophiolites derived from a Neo-Tethyan oceanic basin, known as the Intra-Pontide oceanic basin. One of these units is represented by the Daday Unit that consists of a block-in-matrix assemblage derived from supra-subduction oceanic crust and related deep-sea sedimentary cover of Middle Jurassic age. This setting was acquired during Late Jurassic time by tectonic underplating at a depth of 35–42 km associated with blueschist-facies metamorphism (D1 phase). The following D2, D3 and D4 phases produced the exhumation of the Daday Unit up to shallower structural levels in a time span running from the Albian to late Paleocene. The high geothermal gradient detected during the D2 phase indicates that the Daday Unit was exhumed during a continent–arc collisional setting. The tectonic structures of the Intra-Pontide suture zone, resulting from the previously described tectonic history, are unconformably sealed by the upper Paleocene – Eocene deposits. This tectonic setting was intensely reworked by the activity of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, producing the present-day geometrical relationships of the Intra-Pontide suture zone of the Central Pontides.

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6

Okay, Aral I., Demir Altiner, Gürsel Sunal, Mesut Aygül, Remziye Akdoğan, Sevinç Altiner, and Mike Simmons. "Geological evolution of the Central Pontides." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 464, no. 1 (September 15, 2017): 33–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp464.3.

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7

Tüysüz, Okan. "Cretaceous geological evolution of the Pontides." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 464, no. 1 (September 8, 2017): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp464.9.

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8

Kandemir, Özgür, Kenan Akbayram, Mehmet Çobankaya, Fatih Kanar, Şükrü Pehlivan, Turgut Tok, Aynur Hakyemez, Erkan Ekmekçi, Füsun Danacı, and Uğur Temiz. "From arc evolution to arc-continent collision: Late Cretaceous–middle Eocene geology of the Eastern Pontides, northeastern Turkey." GSA Bulletin 131, no. 11-12 (May 9, 2019): 1889–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b31913.1.

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Abstract The Eastern Pontide Arc, a major fossil submarine arc of the world, was formed by northward subduction of the northern Neo-Tethys lithosphere under the Eurasian margin. The arc’s volcano-sedimentary sequence and its cover contain abundant fossils. Our new systematical paleontological and structural data suggest the Late Cretaceous arc volcanism was initiated at early-middle Turonian and continued uninterruptedly until the end of the early Maastrichtian, in the northern part of the Eastern Pontides. We measured ∼5500-m-thick arc deposits, suggesting a deposition rate of ∼220 m Ma–1 in ∼25 m.y. We have also defined four different chemical volcanic episodes: (1) an early-middle Turonian–Santonian mafic-intermediate episode, (2) a Santonian acidic episode; when the main volcanic centers were formed as huge acidic domes-calderas comprising the volcanogenic massive sulfide ores, (3) a late Santonian–late Campanian mafic-intermediate episode, and (4) a late Campanian–early Maastrichtian acidic episode. The volcaniclastic rocks were deposited in a deepwater extensional basin until the late Campanian. Between late Campanian and early Maastrichtian, intra-arc extension resulted in opening of back-arc in the north, while the southern part of the arc remained active and uplifted. The back-arc basin was most probably connected to the Eastern Black Sea Basin. In the back-arc basin, early Maastrichtian volcano-sedimentary arc sequence was transitionally overlain by pelagic sediments until late Danian suggesting continuous deep-marine conditions. However, the subsidence of the uplifted-arc-region did not occur until late Maastrichtian. We have documented a Selandian–early Thanetian (57–60 Ma) regional hiatus defining the closure age of the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Ocean along the Eastern Pontides. Between late Thanetian and late Lutetian synorogenic turbidites and postcollisional volcanics were deposited. The Eastern Pontide fold-and-thrust belt started to form at early Eocene (ca. 55 Ma) and thrusting continued in the post-Lutetian times.

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9

CAVAZZA, WILLIAM, ILARIA FEDERICI, ARAL I. OKAY, and MASSIMILIANO ZATTIN. "Apatite fission-track thermochronology of the Western Pontides (NW Turkey)." Geological Magazine 149, no. 1 (June 23, 2011): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756811000525.

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AbstractThe results of apatite fission-track analyses of the Western Pontides of NW Turkey point to three discrete episodes of Cenozoic exhumation correlatable with major supraregional tectonic events. (1) Paleocene–early Eocene exhumation reflected the closure of the İzmir–Ankara ocean. (2) Late Eocene–earliest Oligocene exhumation was the result of renewed tectonic activity along the İzmir–Ankara suture. (3) Late Oligocene–early Miocene exhumation recorded the onset of northern Aegean extension. Samples collected north and south of the tectonic contact between the two terranes forming the Western Pontides (i.e. İstanbul and Sakarya terranes) record the same cooling events, suggesting that such terranes were amalgamated in pre-Cenozoic times.

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10

OKAY, ARAL I., İZVER TANSEL, and OKAN TÜYSÜZ. "Obduction, subduction and collision as reflected in the Upper Cretaceous–Lower Eocene sedimentary record of western Turkey." Geological Magazine 138, no. 2 (March 2001): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756801005088.

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Late Cretaceous–Early Eocene Tethyan evolution of western Turkey is characterized by ophiolite obduction, high-pressure/low-temperature metamorphism, subduction, arc magmatism and continent–continent collision. The imprints of these events in the Upper Cretaceous–Lower Eocene sedimentary record of western Anatolia are studied in thirty-eight well-described stratigraphic sections. During the Late Cretaceous period, western Turkey consisted of two continents, the Pontides in the north and the Anatolide-Taurides in the south. These continental masses were separated by the İzmir-Ankara Neo-Tethyan ocean. During the convergence the Pontides formed the upper plate, the Anatolide-Taurides the lower plate. The arc magmatism in the Pontides along the Black Sea coast is biostratigraphically tightly constrained in time between the late Turonian and latest Campanian. Ophiolite obduction over the passive margin of the Anatolide-Tauride Block started in the Santonian soon after the inception of subduction in the Turonian. As a result, large areas of the Anatolide-Tauride Block subsided and became a region of pelagic carbonate sedimentation during the Campanian. The leading margin of the Anatolide-Tauride Block was buried deeply and was deformed and metamorphosed to blueschist facies during Campanian times. The Campanian arc volcanic rocks in the Pontides are conformably overlain by shaley limestone of Maastrichtian–Palaeocene age. However, Maastrichtian sedimentary sequences north of the Tethyan suture are of fore-arc type suggesting that although arc magmatism ceased by the end of the Campanian age, continent–continent collision was delayed until Palaeocene time, when there was a change from marine to continental sedimentation in the fore-arc basins. The interval between the end of the arc magmatism and continent–continent collision may have been related to a northward jump of the subduction zone at the end of Campanian time, or to continued obduction during the Maastrichtian.

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11

SAYAR, CAZIBE, and L. ROBIN M. COCKS. "A new Late OrdovicianHirnantiabrachiopod Fauna from NW Turkey, its biostratigraphical relationships and palaeogeographical setting." Geological Magazine 150, no. 3 (December 5, 2012): 479–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756812000520.

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AbstractLate Ordovician fossils, including the distinctiveHirnantiabrachiopod Fauna, have been found in Lower Palaeozoic successions in Istanbul and Bolu (Yığılca), western Pontides, NW Turkey. The Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) faunas belong to the cooler-water Mediterranean Province, and they are followed by Katian brachiopods includingSulevorthis,Nicolella,Hesperorthis,Glyptorthis,SaukrodictyaandKullervoand ostracods such asPiretella,EochilinaandKlimphores, which represent deposition in warmer waters; however, the Mediterranean Province usually cooler-water brachiopodsDraboviaandLeptestiinaalso occur. The Pendik Formation includes thin bryozoan-rich limestones which probably represent the Boda Global Warming Event. The overlying turbidites contain aHirnantiaFauna, developed within a brachiopod–diplograptid association. Above them there are characteristic Llandovery (Rhuddanian–Aeronian) brachiopods, such asLeangella,Eoplectodonta,StricklandiaandHindellawith the coralsHalysites,PaleofavositesandStreptelasma. In the Bolu area, Katian brachiopods such asMcewanella,Dalmanella,Glyptorthis,Christiania,Oligorhynchia,Nicolella,HowellitesandDrabovinellaalso occur, but there the overlyingHirnantiaFauna is developed within aHirnantia–Mucronaspisassociation. The fauna and sediments indicate that the western Pontides were not very cold during the latest Ordovician. Despite Turkey being placed in higher latitudes by previous authors, it seems more probable that the Pontides were at somewhat lower palaeolatitudes, perhaps at about 40°S in those times; however, the precise palaeogeographical position of the terrane remains uncertain: there are no Hirnantian glaciogenic rocks there, such as are found in the Taurides of southern Turkey.

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12

Hippolyte, J. C., C. Müller, E. Sangu, and N. Kaymakci. "Stratigraphic comparisons along the Pontides (Turkey) based on new nannoplankton age determinations in the Eastern Pontides: geodynamic implications." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 428, no. 1 (October 27, 2015): 323–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp428.9.

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13

GÜRER, Ö. F., and E. ALDANMAZ. "Origin of the Upper Cretaceous–Tertiary sedimentary basins within the Tauride–Anatolide platform in Turkey." Geological Magazine 139, no. 2 (March 2002): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756802006295.

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A number of sedimentary basins formed within the Tauride–Anatolide Platform of Anatolia during the Late Cretaceous–Tertiary period. Previous studies have proposed different tectonic and evolutionary models for each basin. Geological characteristics of the basins, however, suggest that all these basins are of the same origin and that they followed a similar evolutionary model to one another. Basin development within the Tauride–Anatolide Platform took place in a post-collisional environment following the northward subduction of the northern Neotethys ocean beneath the Pontides. The closure of the northern Neotethys ocean ended with collision of the Tauride–Anatolide Platform with the Pontide volcanic arc and resulted in large bodies of oceanic remnants thrust over the Tauride–Anatolide Platform as ophiolite nappes. Formation of the sedimentary basins followed the emplacement of the ophiolite nappes as they formed as piggy-back basins on top of the underlying thrust ophiolite basement.

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14

Cengiz Çinku, Mualla. "Paleogeographic evidence on the Jurassic tectonic history of the Pontides: new paleomagnetic data from the Sakarya continent and Eastern Pontides." International Journal of Earth Sciences 100, no. 7 (June 26, 2010): 1633–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0569-3.

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15

Delibaş, Okan, Robert Moritz, David Selby, Deniz Göç, and Mustafa Kemal Revan. "Multiple Porphyry Cu-Mo Events in the Eastern Pontides Metallogenic Belt, Turkey: From Early Cretaceous Subduction to Eocene Postcollision Evolution." Economic Geology 114, no. 7 (November 1, 2019): 1285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4663.

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Abstract Four porphyry Cu-Mo systems were investigated by Re-Os molybdenite geochronology to constrain their timing with respect to the geodynamic and magmatic evolution of the eastern Pontides, Turkey. Molybdenite from the Ispir-Ulutaş deposit yielded an Re-Os age of 131.0 ± 0.7 Ma, which is consistent with Early Cretaceous U-Pb laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon ages of local calc-alkaline intrusions. It demonstrates that porphyry deposits were already formed during Early Cretaceous subduction of the Neotethys along the eastern Pontides, and that they can be correlated with porphyry Cu events in the adjacent Lesser Caucasus. Molybdenite Re-Os ages of 76.0 ± 0.4 and 75.7 ± 0.4 Ma at the Elbeyli prospect and 77.2 ± 1.0 Ma at the Emeksen prospect overlap with U-Pb LA-ICP-MS zircon ages of shoshonitic to high-K calc-alkaline intrusions in the region, which were emplaced during Late Cretaceous Neotethys subduction. A 50.7 ± 0.3 Ma molybdenite Re-Os age at the Güzelyayla deposit confirms porphyry Cu-Mo emplacement coeval with Eocene postcollisional, calc-alkaline adakitic magmatism of the eastern Pontides. An electron microprobe study of molybdenite samples, supplemented by data obtained during Re-Os dating, shows that the Eocene Güzelyayla deposit and the Late Cretaceous Emeksen prospect have the highest Re enrichment. Postcollisional melting of a thickened mafic lower continental crust and melting of a metasomatized lithospheric mantle with little to no interaction with upper crustal rocks may explain the Re enrichment at Güzelyayla and Emeksen, respectively.

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16

Karsli, Orhan, Faruk Aydi, and M. Burhan Sadiklar. "Geothermobarometric Investigation of the Zigana Granitoid, Eastern Pontides, Turkey." International Geology Review 44, no. 3 (March 2002): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.44.3.277.

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17

Channell, J. E. T., O. Tüysüz, O. Bektas, and A. M. C. Sengör. "Jurassic-Cretaceous paleomagnetism and paleogeography of the Pontides (Turkey)." Tectonics 15, no. 1 (February 1996): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95tc02290.

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18

Meijers, Maud J. M., Brigitte Smith, Daniel Pastor-Galán, Renzo Degenaar, Nino Sadradze, Shota Adamia, Lilit Sahakyan, et al. "Progressive orocline formation in the Eastern Pontides–Lesser Caucasus." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 428, no. 1 (October 27, 2015): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp428.8.

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19

ROBINSON, A. G., C. J. BANKS, M. M. RUTHERFORD, and J. P. P. HIRST. "Stratigraphic and structural development of the Eastern Pontides, Turkey." Journal of the Geological Society 152, no. 5 (September 1995): 861–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.152.5.0861.

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20

KILIÇ, Ali Murat. "A new pelagic conodont taxon of the Central Pontides (Turkey)." TURKISH JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 25 (2016): 456–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/yer-1602-4.

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21

Sipahi, Ferkan, and M. Burhan Sadιklar. "Geochemistry of Dacitic Volcanics in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey)." Геохимия 2014, no. 4 (2014): 329–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s0016752514040086.

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22

Sipahi, Ferkan, and M. Burhan Sadıklar. "Geochemistry of dacitic volcanics in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey)." Geochemistry International 52, no. 4 (April 2014): 296–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0016702914040089.

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23

Tüysüz, Okan. "Geology of the Cretaceous sedimentary basins of the Western Pontides." Geological Journal 34, no. 1-2 (January 1999): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1034(199901/06)34:1/2<75::aid-gj815>3.0.co;2-s.

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24

Yilmaz, Alİ, Shota Adamia, Alexander Chabukiani, Tamara Chkhotua, Kemal ErdoĞan, SevİM Tuzcu, and Mustafa KarabiyikoĞlu. "Structural Correlation of the Southern Transcaucasus (Georgia)-Eastern Pontides (Turkey)." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 173, no. 1 (2000): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2000.173.01.08.

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25

Çelik, Muazzez. "Clay Minerals in Hydrothermally Altered Volcanic Rocks, Eastern Pontides, Turkey." Clays and Clay Minerals 47, no. 6 (1999): 708–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1999.0470604.

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26

Sipahi, Ferkan and. "Geochemistry of Dacitic Volcanics in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey)." Геохимия, no. 4 (2014): 329–49.

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27

USTAÖMER, P. AYDA, and GRAEME ROGERS. "The Bolu Massif: remnant of a pre-Early Ordovician active margin in the west Pontides, northern Turkey." Geological Magazine 136, no. 5 (September 1999): 579–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756899003015.

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The scope of this study is to understand better the pre-Early Ordovician history of the west Pontides of northern Turkey by focusing on the best-exposed part of the Bolu Massif, which is located between Bolu and Yedigöller (Seven Lakes). The Palaeozoic rocks of the west Pontides tectonic belt of northern Turkey comprise a transgressive sedimentary sequence known as ‘Palaeozoic of İstanbul.’ In a few areas, the basement of the Palaeozoic sequence is exposed, the largest part of which is the Bolu Massif, which is located in the middle of the west Pontides. The lowermost unit of the Palaeozoic of İstanbul in the Bolu area is the Işığandere Formation, which is made up of fluvial red conglomerates and sandstones of Lower Ordovician age. Three different units are exposed unconformably beneath these continental clastics, forming the Bolu Massif. From the structural base to the top, these are as follows: (1) a high-grade metamorphic unit, known as the Sünnice Group); (2) granitoid intrusions, known as the Bolu Granitoid Complex; and (3) a greenschist meta-volcanic sequence (the Çaşurtepe Formation).The Sünnice Group is the lowest, structurally speaking. It is a southwest–northeast-trending belt of migmatitic basement, consisting of amphibolites and paragneisses cut by small (< 10 m) metagranitic intrusions. The Sünnice Group is tectonically overlain by the Bolu Granitoid Complex and the Çaşurtepe Formation along the Karadere Fault. In the study area the Bolu Granitoid Complex is represented by two distinct, north-northeast–south-southwest-trending intrusions, the Tüllükiriş and Kapikaya plutons. The granitoids are mainly tonalitic and granodioritic in composition, cut by lam-prophyre and aplite dykes and intruded into the Çaşurtepe Formation. The Çaşurtepe Formation is composed mainly of andesitic and minor rhyolitic lavas, along with a meta-ignimbrite sequence.The lavas have geochemical characteristics indicative of eruption in a subduction-related tectonic setting. The geochemistry of the intrusions also suggests emplacement in an arc-type setting. Initial Nd isotope data for the Çaşurtepe Formation indicate derivation from a depleted mantle source, whereas those for the granitoids are consistent with greater degrees of crustal contamination.

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Meijers, Maud J. M., Nuretdin Kaymakci, Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen, Cor G. Langereis, Randell A. Stephenson, and Jean-Claude Hippolyte. "Late Cretaceous to Paleocene oroclinal bending in the central Pontides (Turkey)." Tectonics 29, no. 4 (August 2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009tc002620.

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29

Vörös, Attila, and Raif Kandemir. "A new Early Jurassic brachiopod fauna from the Eastern Pontides (Turkey)." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 260, no. 3 (June 1, 2011): 343–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0146.

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30

OKAY, ARAL I., DEMİR ALTINER, and ALİ MURAT KILIÇ. "Triassic limestone, turbidites and serpentinite–the Cimmeride orogeny in the Central Pontides." Geological Magazine 152, no. 3 (September 17, 2014): 460–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756814000429.

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AbstractThe basement of the Central Pontides, and by implication that of Crimea, consists of pre-Permian low-grade metaclastic rocks intruded by latest Permian – Early Carboniferous (305–290 Ma) granitoids. Further up in the stratigraphic sequence are Triassic limestones, which are now preserved as olistoliths in the deformed Upper Triassic turbidites. New conodont and foraminifera data indicate an Anisian to Carnian (Middle to Late Triassic) age for these hemi-pelagic Hallstatt-type limestones. The siliciclastic turbidites surrounding the Triassic limestone contain the Norian (Late Triassic) bivalveMonotis salinaria; the same species is also found in the Tauric series in Crimea. The Upper Triassic flysch in the Central Pontides is locally underlain by basaltic pillow lavas and includes kilometre-size tectonic slices of serpentinite. Both the flysch and the serpentinite are cut by an undeformed acidic intrusion with an Ar–Ar biotite age of 162 ± 4 Ma (Callovian–Oxfordian). This indicates that the serpentinite was emplaced into the turbidites before Middle Jurassic time, most probably during latest Triassic or Early Jurassic time, and that the deformation of the Triassic sequence pre-dates the Middle Jurassic. Regional geological data from the circum-Black Sea region, including widespread Upper Triassic flysch, Upper Triassic eclogites and blueschists of oceanic crustal affinity, and apparent absence of a ‘Cimmerian continent’ between the Cretaceous and Triassic accretionary complexes indicate that the latest Triassic Cimmeride orogeny was accretionary rather than collisional and is probably related to the collision and accretion of an oceanic plateau to the southern active margin of Laurasia.

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31

Çavşak, H., W. R. Jacoby, and A. Şeren. "Eastern Pontides and Black Sea: gravity inversion, crustal structure, isostasy and geodynamics." Journal of Geodynamics 33, no. 3 (April 2002): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-3707(01)00064-3.

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32

Yllmaz, Y., H. S. Serdar, C. Genc, E. Yigitbas, Ö. F. Gürer, A. Elmas, M. Ylldirim, M. Bozcu, and O. GÜRpinar. "The Geology and Evolution of the Tokat Massif, South-Central Pontides, Turkey." International Geology Review 39, no. 4 (April 1997): 365–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206819709465278.

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33

Korkmaz, S. "Geochemistry and Evolution of the Volcanism in the Eastern Pontides, NE-Turkey." Mineralogical Magazine 58A, no. 1 (1994): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1994.58a.1.256.

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34

Saribudak, Mustafa. "New results and a palaeomagnetic overview of the Pontides in northern Turkey." Geophysical Journal International 99, no. 3 (December 1989): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1989.tb02037.x.

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35

Maden, Nafiz. "One-Dimensional Thermal Modeling of the Eastern Pontides Orogenic Belt (NE Turkey)." Pure and Applied Geophysics 169, no. 1-2 (March 13, 2011): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-011-0296-0.

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36

Gücer, Mehmet Ali, Mehmet Arslan, Sarah Sherlock, and Larry M. Heaman. "Permo-Carboniferous granitoids with Jurassic high temperature metamorphism in Central Pontides, Northern Turkey." Mineralogy and Petrology 110, no. 6 (April 27, 2016): 943–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00710-016-0443-5.

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37

Aygül, Mesut, Aral I. Okay, Roland Oberhänsli, and Masafumi Sudo. "Pre-collisional accretionary growth of the southern Laurasian active margin, Central Pontides, Turkey." Tectonophysics 671 (March 2016): 218–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.01.010.

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38

Kırmacı, M. Ziya, and Kemal Akdağ. "Origin of dolomite in the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene limestone turbidites, Eastern Pontides, Turkey." Sedimentary Geology 181, no. 1-2 (November 2005): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.07.003.

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39

Yilmaz, Sabah, and Durmus Boztug. "Space and Time Relations of Three Plutonic Phases in the Eastern Pontides, Turkey." International Geology Review 38, no. 10 (October 1996): 935–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206819709465373.

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40

Yiğitbaş, Erdinç, Ali Elmas, and Yücel Yïlmaz. "Pre-Cenozoic tectono-stratigraphic components of the Western Pontides and their geological evolution." Geological Journal 34, no. 1-2 (January 1999): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1034(199901/06)34:1/2<55::aid-gj814>3.0.co;2-0.

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41

Sanbudak, Mustafa, Muzaffer Sanver, and Ertuǧrul Ponat. "Location of the western Pontides, NW Turkey, during Triassic time: preliminary palaeomagnetic results." Geophysical Journal International 96, no. 1 (January 1989): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1989.tb05249.x.

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42

Housh, T. B., and E. Çiftçi. "Cu isotope geochemistry of volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits of the eastern Pontides, Turkey." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2 (July 1, 2008): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/2/1/012025.

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43

Siamak, Mansouri Far. "Geothermal field of the transition area between the Anatolian Plate and the East European Platform." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Geography and Geology, no. 2 (November 29, 2019): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2521-6740-2019-2-133-148.

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Heat flow data from the Eastern Mediterranean region indicates an extensive province of low heat flow, spreading over the whole basin of the Mediterranean to the east of Crete (Levantine Sea), Cyprus, and Northern Egypt. Surface geology of East Anatolia is complex because of recent active tectonic and volcanic activity. The region is composed of major tectonic units of Pontides, the Anatolid-Tauride Belt and Bitlis Suture Zone, North and East Anatolian faults. Ophiolitic and young volcanic rocks can be observed in many parts of East Anatolia. The Black Sea is surrounded by the Alpine-Himalayan Orogenic Belt of Crimea, Greater Caucasus, Pontides, Rhodope-Stranja Massif, Eastern Srednegorie, North Dobrogea and older tectonic units of different origins and ages such as the Precambrian East European Craton, Moesian Platform, Istanbul Zone and Adzhar-Trialet Folded System. Low heat flow density dominates in the Black Sea. The lowest (less•30 mW/m2 ) values have been recorded in central parts of the Western and Eastern Black Sea basins with maximal sedimentary thickness. Geothermal studies within the territories of Ukraine have been under way since sixties. Many important features of the thermal field remain unstudied. This applies in particular to the Ukrainian Shield and to the southern part of the Carpathian region. In general, the territory of Alpine folding within Turkey, Marmara and Aegean seas, Caucasus is characterized by high heat flow. The anomaly of its highest values (above 100 –150 mW/m2 ) exists within western Turkey, where tectonic conditions of extension prevail and underground steam is used to produce electricity. Three heat flow density profiles crossing the studied region and heat flow map were compiled.

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44

BOEHM, Katharina, Michael WAGREICH, Erik WOLFGRING, Okan TÜYSÜZ, Susanne GIER, and İsmail Ömer YILMAZ. "Upper Cretaceous volcaniclastic complexes and calcareous plankton biostratigraphy in the Western Pontides, NW Turkey." TURKISH JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 28, no. 2 (March 20, 2019): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/yer-1802-14.

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45

Çelik, Ömer Faruk, Massimo Chiaradia, Andrea Marzoli, Mutlu Özkan, Zeki Billor, and Gültekin Topuz. "Jurassic metabasic rocks in the Kızılırmak accretionary complex (Kargı region, Central Pontides, Northern Turkey)." Tectonophysics 672-673 (March 2016): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.01.043.

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46

Eker, Ç. S., F. Sipahi, and İ. Akpınar. "Organic Maturity and Hydrocarbon Potential of Liassic Coals from the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 37, no. 12 (May 7, 2015): 1260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2011.605632.

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47

Kırmacı, M. Ziya. "Dolomitization of the late Cretaceous–Paleocene platform carbonates, Gölköy (Ordu), eastern Pontides, NE Turkey." Sedimentary Geology 203, no. 3-4 (January 2008): 289–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.12.009.

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48

Topuz, Gültekin, Rainer Altherr, Winfried H. Schwarz, Wolfgang Siebel, Muharrem Satır, and Abdurrahman Dokuz. "Post-collisional plutonism with adakite-like signatures: the Eocene Saraycık granodiorite (Eastern Pontides, Turkey)." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 150, no. 4 (October 7, 2005): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-005-0022-y.

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49

Okay, Aral I., and Demir Altiner. "Carbonate sedimentation in an extensional active margin: Cretaceous history of the Haymana region, Pontides." International Journal of Earth Sciences 105, no. 7 (March 12, 2016): 2013–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-016-1313-4.

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50

Eren, Muhsin, and Selahattin Kadir. "Colour origin of upper cretaceous pelagic red sediments within the Eastern Pontides, northeast Turkey." International Journal of Earth Sciences 88, no. 3 (October 22, 1999): 593–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005310050287.

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