Journal articles: 'Pontifex (The Latin word)'

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Khoury, Richard, and Francesca Sapsford. "Latin word stemming using Wiktionary:." Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 31, no. 2 (March 30, 2015): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqv008.

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Phelps, Patricia H., and Susan Peterson. "Building Word Power through Latin Lingo." Middle School Journal 22, no. 2 (November 1990): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00940771.1990.11495130.

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Choi, Ji-Young. "Spanish archaic word of Latin American." Latin American and Caribbean Studies 38, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.17855/jlas.2019.5.38.2.199.

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Hock, Hans Henrich. "Latin influence on German word order?" Belgian Journal of Linguistics 33 (December 31, 2019): 183–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00027.hoc.

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Abstract Behaghel’s claim that verb finality in German dependent clauses (DCs) reflects Latin influence (1892, 1932) has been revived by Chirita (1997, 2003). According to Chirita, DC word order remains variable up to Early New High German, while in Latin, verb-finality is more frequent in DCs than main clauses (MCs); hence, she claims, German verb finality reflects Latin influence. This papers shows that the arguments for Latin influence are problematic and that the Modern German word order difference between MCs and DCs can be explained as the ultimate outcome of developments that started in early North and West Germanic. In the conclusion I briefly discuss similar developments in Western Romance and their implications for European contact linguistics.

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Elerick, Charles. "Latin Word Order: Living on the Edge." Classical World 86, no. 1 (1992): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4351194.

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Greenberg, Nathan A. "Word Juncture in Latin Prose and Poetry." Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-) 121 (1991): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/284456.

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Spevak, Olga. "Latin Word Order. Structured Meaning and Information." Mnemosyne 60, no. 3 (2007): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852507x195592.

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White, John F. "Blitz Latin Revisited." Journal of Classics Teaching 16, no. 32 (2015): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2058631015000203.

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SummaryDevelopment of the machine translator Blitz Latin between the years 2002 and 2015 is discussed. Key issues remain the ambiguity in meaning of Latin stems and inflections, and the word order of the Latin language. Attempts to improve machine translation of Latin are described by the programmer.

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Jasińska, Katarzyna, and Dariusz R. Piwowarczyk. "On the Relatinization of the Latin Term 'magister'." Classica Cracoviensia 21 (July 2, 2019): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/cc.21.2018.21.06.

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The expansion of the linguistic lexicon by means of loanwords is a common phenomenon. During this process the word is taken from the donor language and assimilated in the system of the recipient language. Loanword adaptation is carried out on the semantic and formal level which concerns the pronunciation, spelling and grammatical characteristics of a word in question. In this article we present the case of the Latin word magister concentrating on its phonetic accommodation and process of its relatinization after the original borrowing in the Old Polish language. The word was relatinized in Polish, that is reborrowed from the Latin orthographic form and as such it functions in the Polish lexicon to this very day. Additionally, we investigate the semantic adaptation of the word, describing the relations between the Latin and the Polish meanings of the word magister at different stages of development of both languages.

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Hulstaert, Kristien. "Reading, seeing and understanding Latin." Journal of Latin Linguistics 18, no. 1-2 (December 18, 2019): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joll-2019-0002.

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Abstract Reading Latin. Easy as it sounds, Latin teachers know it is not. Students are able to analyze words or recognize constructions, yet this knowledge does not enable them to read and let the Latin words form images in their minds. In order to develop a reading method focusing on the visualization of the story following the Latin word order, an applied research project was set up. The research approach was that of educational design research. Based upon knowledge of word order and colometry, a reading method was developed focusing on the way the story is directed by the Roman author.

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BERGREN, THEODORE A. "GREEK LOAN-WORDS IN THE VULGATE NEW TESTAMENT AND THE LATIN APOSTOLIC FATHERS." Traditio 74 (2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tdo.2019.12.

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Early Latin Christian documents translated from Greek (e.g., Latin translations of the Greek New Testament) contain a large number of Greek loan-words. This article attempts to collect and catalogue the Greek loan-words found in the Vulgate New Testament and the early Latin versions of the Apostolic Fathers. In this literature I have identified some 420 loan-words. The purpose of this article is to systematically categorize, analyze, and comment on these loan-words. In the main section of the article the loan-words are divided into discrete content groups based on their origin and/or meaning. These groups include: (1.) words that originated in Hebrew or Aramaic Vorlagen and that were then transliterated into Greek and then Latin; (2.) words with biblical or ecclesiological orientation that are found exclusively or predominantly in early Christian Latin writings; (3.) words that fall into distinct categories of items, persons or places (e.g., “animals,” “items of clothing,” “gems and minerals,” “human occupations”); and (4.) words of a general character that do not fit in any of the above categories. In this section of the article are listed, for each loan-word: first, the Latin word; second, the Greek Vorlage; third, the meaning(s) of the Latin word; and fourth, one example of a passage in the Vulgate New Testament or the Latin Apostolic Fathers in which the Latin word may be found. Loan-words with special characteristics (e.g., Latin hapax legomena) are commented on individually.

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Baghdasaryan, Susanna. "Etymology and Word Decoding." Armenian Folia Anglistika 5, no. 1-2 (6) (October 15, 2009): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2009.5.1-2.167.

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The language vocabulary is a system which grows mostly due to word formation. The latter takes place with the help of own or borrowed parts of words (root and suffix), which, certainly, used to be independent words. They penetrated the English vocabulary and made up new words while preserving their previous meanings. Most of the Latin and Greek borrowings do not make up the active vocabulary. They usually refer to scientific terms.

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Pagliarulo, Giuseppe. "On the Etymology of Gothic Alew." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 31, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542718000132.

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Gothic alew ‘oil’ is ultimately derived from Latin oleum. Its phonological features, however, seem hardly reconcilable with those of the Latin word. This has prompted scholars to postulate that the Latin word was not borrowed directly into Gothic but rather via a third language: continental Celtic, Illyrian or Raetic. This article examines the weaknesses of these theories and proposes that the unexpected features of the Gothic item may be explained in terms of proper Gothic or Latin developments, making direct derivation of alew from oleum the most plausible and parsimonious hypothesis.

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Сидорук, Галина Іванівна. "Developing word-consciousness through learning Latin and Greek morphemes." Філологічні студії: Науковий вісник Криворізького державного педагогічного університету 7, no. 2 (November 20, 2012): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/filstd.v7i2.655.

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The article consideres, analyzes and classifies Latin-Greek affixes and roots, which are the main components of morphemes of English scientific and technical terms that require memorization for successful translation and interpretation. Innovativeness of this study is in grounding the necessity for students to understand – "feel" the internal structure and semantics of terms and "construct" a word with meaningful morphological elements without need to "learn by heart" lexical units unclear for them.

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Mare, María. "Issues on word formation. The case of Latin circum." Linguistic Review 35, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 121–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2017-0019.

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Abstract This paper focuses on the characteristics of circum’s prefixation in Latin taking into account the properties of this item in different syntactic contexts and its combination with transitive and intransitive base verbs. The analysis follows a non-lexicalist framework −Distributed Morphology (Halle, Morris & Alec Marantz. 1993. Distributed morphology and the pieces of inflection. In K. Hale & S. Keyser (eds.), The view from building 20, 111–176. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), specifically Acedo-Matellán’s (Acedo-Matellán, Víctor. 2016. The morphosyntax of transitions. A case study in Latin and other languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press) approach−, which is particularly relevant to relate the prefix to its homophonic preposition and adverb. Thus, we assume that this prefix is a Root related to Place in the main structure, not a preposition or an adverb incorporated to a verbal configuration. In fact, we argue that the distinction among the prefix, the preposition and the adverb derives from the merger of the same Root √CIRCUM in different structures. Along this discussion, it is shown that circum’s prefixation has different consequences for the argument structure depending on the location of √CIRCUM in the structure: when it adds the nuance of manner, its presence does not trigger the addition of new arguments; nevertheless, when it is interpreted with reference to final location, unexpected accusative objects frequently appear with the prefixed verb. We argue that these unexpected objects do not end up showing accusative case because of circum’s case assignment, but because of the DP position in the main structure. For that reason, the DPs involved in the structure of the prefixed verb behave like any other argumental DP and they are subject to the same syntactic operations (ellipsis, demotion, and so on).

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Russell, Katharine. "Read Like a Roman: Teaching Students to Read in Latin Word Order." Journal of Classics Teaching 19, no. 37 (2018): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s205863101800003x.

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For countless students of Latin (myself included), prevailing memories of Latin instruction involve being taught to unpick Latin sentences by racing towards the verb and securing the meaning of the main clause before piecing together the rest. However, this ‘hunt the verb’ approach, where one's eyes are jumping back and forth in search of the resolution of ambiguity, is not necessarily conducive to fluent reading of Latin (Hoyos, 1993). If, as so many textbooks and teachers vouch, we are aiming to unlock Roman authors for all students to read, then we need to furnish them with the skills to be able to read Latin fluently, automatically and with enjoyment, not engender in them a process more akin to puzzle-breaking. I chose to experiment with teaching students to read Latin in order, firstly because, as Markus and Ross (2004) point out, the Romans themselves must necessarily have been able to understand Latin in the order in which it was composed as so much of their sharing of literature happened orally. Indeed, as Kuhner (2016) and others who promote the continuation of spoken Latin have argued, this is still a very real possibility today. And secondly, because it is a skill which I, and others, believe to be teachable (Hansen, 1999; Markus & Ross, 2004; Hoyos, 2006; McCaffrey, 2009). Not only that, but whatever our starting point, Wegenhart (2015) believes that by encouraging these reading skills early, we can encourage our students to be ‘expert’ readers who will be able to enjoy reading Latin long after they have been through their exams.

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Whitton, Christopher. "Latin Literature." Greece and Rome 65, no. 2 (September 17, 2018): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383518000177.

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‘Statius’Thebaid’, someone donnishly quipped, ‘has no sufficient reason to exist.’ Kyle Gervais might beg to differ. Like theThebaiditself, his commentary on Book 2 has grown over many years, and deserves to be taken very seriously. The crisp introduction sets the tone and clearly signals priorities in its four sections, a rising tetracolon for author, problems of editing, intratexts, and intertexts; not a word on style and prosody, and reception is excluded on the ground that Statius’ ownimitatiois quite enough to be getting on with. The text is newly constituted, with ample apparatus and text-critical discussion: Gervais joins Barrie Hall's rebellion against the bifid stemma, but fairly questions his view that theThebaidshould be easy reading; he accordingly diverges from his edition nearly a hundred times, and offers a translation which, if less old-falutin’ than Shack's Loeb, does an equally good job of disabusing anyone who thought it would be quicker to read Statius in English. The notes are full and rich: words aren't wasted, but both philological graft and literary interpretation amply attest to fine scholarship, good sense, and long thought.

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Weinberg, Bella Hass. "Index structures in early Hebrew Biblical word lists." Indexer: The International Journal of Indexing: Volume 22, Issue 4 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/indexer.2001.22.4.5.

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The earliest Hebrew Masoretic Bibles and word lists are analyzed from the perspective of index structure. Masoretic Bibles and word lists may have served as models for the first complete Biblical concordances, which were produced in France, in the Latin language, in the 13th century. The thematic Hebrew Biblical word lists compiled by the Masoretes several centuries earlier contain concordance-like structures - words arranged alphabetically, juxtaposed with the Biblical phrases in which they occur. The Hebrew lists lack numeric locators, but the locations of the phrases in the Bible would have been familiar to learned people. The indexing methods of the Masoretes are not known, but their products contain many structures commonly thought to date from the modern era of information systems, among them word frequency counts, distinction of homographs, positional indexing, truncation, adjacency, and permuted indexes. It is documented that Hebrew Bibles were consulted by the Latin concorders; since Masoretic Bibles had the most accurate text, they were probably the editions consulted. This suggests the likely influence of Masoretic lists on the Latin concorders.

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Pino, Rodney, Renier Mendoza, and Rachelle Sambayan. "A Baybayin word recognition system." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (June 16, 2021): e596. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.596.

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Baybayin is a pre-Hispanic Philippine writing system used in Luzon island. With the effort in reintroducing the script, in 2018, the Committee on Basic Education and Culture of the Philippine Congress approved House Bill 1022 or the ”National Writing System Act,” which declares the Baybayin script as the Philippines’ national writing system. Since then, Baybayin OCR has become a field of research interest. Numerous works have proposed different techniques in recognizing Baybayin scripts. However, all those studies anchored on the classification and recognition at the character level. In this work, we propose an algorithm that provides the Latin transliteration of a Baybayin word in an image. The proposed system relies on a Baybayin character classifier generated using the Support Vector Machine (SVM). The method involves isolation of each Baybayin character, then classifying each character according to its equivalent syllable in Latin script, and finally concatenate each result to form the transliterated word. The system was tested using a novel dataset of Baybayin word images and achieved a competitive 97.9% recognition accuracy. Based on our review of the literature, this is the first work that recognizes Baybayin scripts at the word level. The proposed system can be used in automated transliterations of Baybayin texts transcribed in old books, tattoos, signage, graphic designs, and documents, among others.

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Et al., G. Indrawan. "A Method for the Affixed Word Transliteration to the Balinese Script on the Learning Web Application." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 5, 2021): 2849–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.5792.

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This research proposed a method for the affixed word transliteration to the Balinese Script since there has not been studied yet and it is important since the affixed word needs to be transliterated, inevitably. This research is one of the efforts to preserve digitally the endangered Balinese local language knowledge in Indonesia through the multi-discipline collaboration between Computer Science and Language discipline. The proposed method was taken care of two related aspects, i.e.; (1) A Latin root word has its related Balinese Script root word by using default or special transliteration rule; and (2) A Latin root word with a special transliteration rule for its Balinese Script root word, also need a special transliteration rule for its affixed word. This study was conducted on the pioneering web-based transliteration learning application, BaliScript, that receives the Latin text input and outputs the Balinese Script by using the Noto Serif Balinese font with its dedicated Balinese Unicode. Through the experiment, the proposed method gave the expected transliteration results, added a certain perspective, and strengthened the transliteration knowledge. Future work is to enhance and reuse this method on the mobile computing device, as a part of the Balinese Language ubiquitous learning that supports Balinese Language education, which is a mandatory local subject from the elementary school to the high school in Bali Province.

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Gaspar, Catarina. "Orthography as Described in Latin Grammars and Spelling in Latin Epigraphic Texts." Acta Classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis 56 (September 1, 2020): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22315/acd/2020/4.

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This paper examines writing and orthography in the work of Latin grammarians and spelling variants in epigraphic texts. It focuses on the uses of the letter H and the spelling of the word sepulchrum. The word’s spelling seems to be connected to the spelling of other words through the adjective pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum. The analysis indicates that the teaching and learning of orthography had a limited influence on epigraphic texts, but there is evidence of the consistently high frequency of the spelling sepulcrum. The paper also shows how data on Latin orthography can help in understanding the chronology of the evolution of spelling in epigraphic texts.

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Burdy, Philipp. "On the importance of leader words in word formation: The popular transmission of the Latin abstract-forming suffix -ioin French." Word Structure 12, no. 1 (March 2019): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2019.0138.

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In this article, we trace the origin and development of the French abstract-forming suffix -aison and its collateral forms. Based on derivational inventories for Latin and French, we analyse formal and historical aspects of this suffix group as well as its semantics and its productivity throughout the centuries. Special attention will be devoted to methodological questions concerning the investigation of suffix transmission from Latin to Romance.

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WILLIAMS, D. J. "Some words used in scale insect names (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)." Zootaxa 3087, no. 1 (November 1, 2011): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3087.1.3.

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In the Introduction to the present International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999) (herein referred to as the Code), there is a remark that few zoologists today or in the future can have any knowledge of the Latin language although there is adherence to Latin grammar in the Code. The present Code, nevertheless, retains the requirement that Latin or latinized adjectival species-group names must always agree in gender with the generic name with which they are combined. Furthermore, Article 30 of the Code states that a genus-group name takes the gender given for that word in standard Latin dictionaries. Moreover, Article 39.1.2.a. states that a genus-group name that is, or ends in, a Greek word transliterated into Latin without change takes the gender given for that word in standard Greek dictionaries. However, such dictionaries may not be readily available to some people. The third edition of the Code, published in 1985, contained an appendix with recommendations on the formation of names that proved useful, but this section was omitted from the present edition of the Code.

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Karbovnik, I. V. "Latin clinical veterinary terminology: word-formation, lexical-semantic and syntactic aspects." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 86 (February 26, 2018): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8631.

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The article is devoted to the research of the Latin medical-veterinary clinical terminology system – one of the subsystems of general medical-veterinary terminology. The ways of formation of the Latin Sublanguage of clinical veterinary medicine are analyzed, sources of its replenishment are determined; It was discovered that most of the terms are composed using terms of Greek-Latin origin, which is a decisive trend in the development of the terminology of veterinary medicine and in our time.It is investigated that for the modern terminological word formation of clinical veterinary vocabulary all main methods are typical, by means of which the vocabulary of the veterinary doctor is replenished: semantical, syntactical, morphological. In the article a word-formation, lexical-semantic and syntactical analysis of the Latin clinical veterinary terminology was made for the first time; the main word-building models are described, the derivation processes, word-formation fortresses of the Latin clinical veterinary terms are described and the complex of methods of their word-formation are analyzed;defined the status and semantic characteristics of formants– components of the term; the lexical-semantic features of the studied terminology are revealed; attention was paid to etymology, the phenomenon of derivation and the most productive affixes and term elements in the structure of one-word clinical veterinary terms.The systematization of term elements according to thematic groups that are in a certain lexical-semantic relationship is carried out, namely: termelements, which denote the names of sciences, treatment, methods of diagnostic examination, surgical techniques; word-formation elements for the designation of organs of animals and tissues; therapeutic methods, names of pathological changes of organs and tissues; term elements that denote various physical properties, quality, color, size; word-formation elements to denote functional changes, processes, and states.The attention is paid to the morphological and syntactical structure of single, dual, and verbose clinical terms with different types of definitions. We consider one of the most important tasks of modern linguistics - not only to fix, study and analyze lexical-semantic innovation processes in terminology, but also codify the terminology system itself. Therefore, one of the priority directions of terminological work in the field of veterinary medicine at the present stage is the normalization of clinical terminology, that is, the revision of the terminology system in accordance with the conceptual basis and norms of the Latin and Ukrainian scientific languages. As the most important aspect, we consider the development of a single concept of terminology, which uses the experience and positive achievements of scientists of different generations.Provision of linguistic normative terms should take place at all levels – both conceptual and actual language – phonetic, orthoepic, spelling, lexical-semantic, word-building, morphological, syntactical.

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Kwapisz, Jan. "An Odd Latin Word and the Date ofanon.155 FGE." Trends in Classics 12, no. 2 (November 24, 2020): 359–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tc-2020-0021.

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AbstractThis note argues, against a recent article published in this journal, that the traditional Hellenistic dates of anon. 155 FGE, an experimental anonymous epigram composed of eccentric compounds, and accordingly of Hegesander of Delphi, who is Athenaeus’ source for this epigram, are correct, since an allusion to this poem is found in the early Roman poet Laevius. Anon. 155 FGE is an attack not on Cynics, but philosophers in general.

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Tweedie, Fiona J., and Bernard D. Frischer. "Analysis of Classical Greek and Latin Compositional Word-Order Data." Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 6, no. 1 (April 1999): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/jqul.6.1.85.4146.

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Lu, Shijian, and Chew Lim Tan. "Retrieval of machine-printed Latin documents through Word Shape Coding." Pattern Recognition 41, no. 5 (May 2008): 1799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2007.10.017.

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Bonfante, Giuliano. "The word for amber in Baltic, Latin, Germanic, and Greek." Journal of Baltic Studies 16, no. 3 (September 1985): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01629778500000211.

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Holmes, Nigel. "Interrogative Nam in Early Latin." Mnemosyne 65, no. 2 (2012): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852511x547802.

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Abstract The article examines the use of nam in close association with a question word (e.g. quisnam, nam quis) in early Latin. As Kroon (1995, 165-5) observes, the use mirrors explicative nam, in that it is found when a speaker seeks supplementary information, while explicative nam is used to provide it. If interrogative nam arose from a sarcastic use of explicative nam to comment on a dialogue partner’s failure to supply information, this could account for several nuances that commentators have found in nam questions.

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Babič, Matjaž. "Word order variation in Plautus." Linguistica 45, no. 1 (December 31, 2005): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.45.1.225-238.

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Unlike some other language phenomena, word order is an unavoidable feature of an utterance. It can be observed in any language as it is always necessary to arrange words (provided the language in question discerns such meaningful entities) in some linear order. It is, however, much more difficult to explain it, since its function can not be fully established in advance. Even with fairly numerous indications of its role, it would be quite bold to attempt a comprehensive analysis of word order phenomena even in Plautus, let alone in Latin as a whole.

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Ortner, Nathalie. "The word Aborigine (Given by the Latin Word Aborigine ,,from the Beginning‘‘) Generally Means Indigenous People." Journal of A Sustainable Global South 3, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jsgs.2019.v03.i02.p06.

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We hope you win your battle... we know what it's like to fight for your rights.“ – Carol Barker, Aborigine (2000). By dreams we mean the belief that these beings long ago started human society - they made all natural things and put them in a special place. These dreaming beings were connected with special places or ways and paths.“ – Aborigine man (2014). We're still living in pain and trauma.“ – Yalmay Yunupingu, Aborigine (2014). If we lose this bond to the country, there will be nothing left. We will be wiped out. We exist as a people through our ancestral land. That is all we are.“ – Adrian Burragubba, Aborigine (2015). Index Terms— Aborigine, Latin, word.

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Grzywaczewski, Józef. "Okoliczności zwołania Soboru Nicejskiego." Vox Patrum 62 (September 4, 2014): 139–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.3583.

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The article presents the circumstances of the Council of Nicaea. There was a tradition to compose symbols of the faith (symbola fidei), and to organize synods. The Council of Nicaea was convoked by Emperor Constantine in cooperation with Pope Silvestre. After the victory on Licinius, Constantine wanted to arrange public and religious matters of the Empire. He was not a Christian but he was friendly to Christianity as a religion which he considered to be profitable for the Empire. He possessed the title of Pontifex maximus which authorized him to intervene not only in pagan cults, but also in ecclesiastical affaires. In spite of that, there were three main conflicts in that time: the date of the Passover, Donatism and Arianism. Donatism was a schism born in Latin Africa having a national background; it was a movement of the local population against the Roman administration. Arianism, born in Greek Africa, was inspired by philosophy, especially by Neo-Platonism. Constantine was welcomed by the Pope and other bishops because his actions were useful for the Church. People were waiting for the Council of Nicaea with hope.

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Grotans, Anna A. "Simplifying Latin in Notker's Classroom: Tradition and Innovation." American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures 10, no. 1 (1998): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1040820700002213.

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Much of the rearrangement of the Latin syntax by Notker Labeo in his classroom translation/commentaries is done according to a pedagogic principle called theordo naturalis, which prescribes an SVO word order. A theoretical discussion of theordo naturalisis preserved in a tenth-century treatise composed at St. Gall, and its practical application is found throughout Europe in the form of glosses and construe marks. My analysis shows that Notker varied the traditional and prescribed “natural order” according to the passage at hand, taking into consideration the level of textual difficulty and pedagogic relevance of the passage as well as the text-building strategies of the original. In a few instances Notker even sprinkled his personal variant ofordo naturaliswith OHG word order. Notker expanded upon and modified tradition with his own pedagogic common sense, thus tailoring his teaching materials to the needs of the St. Gall pupils.

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Aubert-Baillot, Sophie. "De la φρόνησις à la prudentia." Mnemosyne 68, no. 1 (January 20, 2015): 68–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12301407.

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This paper focuses on the equivalence between Greek phronesis, a very hard word to translate, and Latin prudentia. Based on the word phren, phronesis means ‘thought’, ‘intellectual perception’, ‘sense’, ‘prudence’, ‘practical wisdom’, while prudentia is derived from prouidentia, meaning ‘ability to look ahead’, ‘forecast’, ‘foresight’ and also ‘Providence’. Why, although their etymological roots were apparently different, did the Romans choose the word prudentia in order to translate Greek phronesis? And how did such a translation alter the evolution of the philosophical concept of prudence in Latin culture? It seems that Cicero offers a new analysis of prudentia by dividing the term prouidentia, from which it was formed, into two parts. The prefix pro- alludes not only to Aristotelian phronesis (a virtue especially related to the future and most important in political field), but also to Stoic pro-noia (or Pro-vidence) on a cosmological level, while the Latin verb videre (‘to see’) leads Ciceronian prudence, in ethics, towards a theoretical, i.e. contemplative, wisdom (sophia), inspired by Plato.

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Boyko, Alexey Nikolaevich, Elena Evgenevna Kabanova, Tatiana Anatolyevna Evstratova, Elena Vladimirovna Litvinova, and Veronika Andreevna Danilova. "Key indicators and issues of the development of culture and leisure in Moscow." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, Extra-D (July 22, 2021): 506–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020217extra-d1131p.506-516.

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The concept of culture exists in almost all languages and is used in a wide range of situations, with a huge number of meanings in different areas of human activity. In its original sense, the word "culture" has never referred to any particular object, condition, or content. The notion of culture first appears in Latin. Poets and scholars of Ancient Rome have used it in their treatises and letters to mean "to cultivate" something or "cultivate" it to improve it. In ancient Greece, a close relative of the term culture has been paideia, which refers to "internal culture" or, in other words, the "culture of the soul". In Latin sources, the word first appears in a treatise on agriculture by the Roman statesman and writer Marcus Porcius Cato (234-149 B.C.), whose Latin translation of the title sounds something like this: agroculture. Hence, the word "culture" is originally used as an agronomic term.

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Koo, Bon young. ""Examination of Word Shape Effect by Adjusting the Strength of the Word Shape Determinants of Latin Characters"." Journal of Basic Design & Art 19, no. 4 (August 31, 2018): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47294/ksbda.19.4.3.

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Alvar, Manuel. "Yakov Malkiel, Studies in the reconstruction of Hispano-Latín word families. (l. The Romance progeny of Vulgar Latin (RE)PEDARE and cognates; II. Hispano-Latin *PEDIA and *MANIA; III. The coalescence of EXPEDIRE and PETERE in lbero-Romance).-University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1954; 223 pp. (UCPL, vol. 11)." Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica (NRFH) 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2007): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/nrfh.v10i2.3320.

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Se reseñó el libro: Studies in the reconstruction of Hispano-Latín word families. (l. The Romance progeny of Vulgar Latin (RE)PEDARE and cognates; II. Hispano-Latin *PEDIA and *MANIA; III. The coalescence of EXPEDIRE and PETERE in lbero-Romance)

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Danilina, Natalia I. "COGNITIVE POTENTIAL OF VERBS OF SPEECH (on the Material of the Latin Language)." Вестник Пермского университета. Российская и зарубежная филология 12, no. 3 (2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2073-6681-2020-3-15-23.

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Тhe article aims to identify and compare the specific cognitive potential of prototypical verbs dicere, loqui, fari in the Latin language of the classical period, to determine its origins. Objects of analysis are semantic variants of the verbs and their derivatives. The research methods include semantic, cognitive, etymological analysis. The cognitive potential of a word family is determined by the etymological semantics of the base word. In the dicere word family, the semantics of speaking is secondary and develops in interaction with the etymological meaning ‘to show’. In some of the subfamilies, this meaning is implemented exclusively; members of these subfamilies represent social realities of the legal sphere. In the word family, there are many derivatives with mental or voluntary components of semantics dominating. The loqui word family stems from the base with the meaning ‘to make a sound’. It is dominated by derivatives with the meaning of speaking, speech is primarily revealed as a means of interpersonal contact. The etymological semantics of the verb fari combines the semantics of speaking with the idea of transpersonal nature of speech. As a result, some derivatives characterize speech as a process, others are concentrated in the cognitive sphere of the cult. The former direction is supported by secondary cognitive spheres associated with the unofficial use of speech (‘Rumor’, ‘Folklore’), the latter direction generates secondary cognitive spheres in which speech is interpreted as a means of communication between a person and higher powers (‘Fate’) or the state (‘Law’). The word families in question have areas of cognitive intersection: ‘Eloquence’ in loqui and fari (actualization of the semantics of speaking), ‘Speech as a means of regulating social relations’ in dicere and fari (actualization of voluntary components of semantics and the idea of transpersonal nature of speech).

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Zago, Anna. "Mytacism in Latin grammarians." Journal of Latin Linguistics 17, no. 1 (June 26, 2018): 23–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joll-2018-0002.

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Abstract This paper focuses on the different definitions of the so-called mytacism in Latin grammarians (from the early imperial period to twelth-century treatises), starting from an assessment of the textual basis of their statements. Mytacism is a vitium orationis which affects the phonetic realization of the final group vowel + [m] when followed by another vowel; mytacism also raises various phonetic and rhetorical issues such as weakening of the sound [m], nasalization of the preceding vowel, elision and hiatus. Two competing theories in modern scholarship (weak nasal consonant versus nasalized vowel) try to explain the pronunciation of the final group vowel+[m] followed by another vowel; however, ancient grammar does not possess a theoretical and terminological framework stringent enough to give an accurate phonetic description of this sound. Finally, the paper argues that mytacism is a linguistic mistake associated with the ancient perception of word boundary; its varying definitions allow us to recognize at least an elementary “phonological awareness” in ancient grammatical doctrines.

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Zudilina, Nadezhda. "Influence of the Meanings of the Greek Сoncept of “'Aret'h” on the Meanings of the Latin Concept of “Virtus” as One of the Reasons for the Polysemanticity of the Concept of “Virtual” in the XX–XXI centuries." Logos et Praxis, no. 1 (June 2019): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2019.1.1.

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The author considers how the influence of the meanings of the Greek concept “'aret'h” on the semantics of the Latin concept “virtus” could cause the concept of “virtual” acquire such meanings as “being something in essence, real” (and not formally); “actual, real”. One of the Greek words translated into Latin as “virtus” in antiquity and the Middle Ages, was the word “'aret'h”. As a result of such a translation, the meanings of the word “'aret'h” and the philosophical (first of all, Platonic) meanings of the concept of “'aret'h” enriched the meanings of the concept “virtus”. It is most likely that the first meaning of the concept of “virtual”, that is, “being something in essence, really” (and not formally), comes from the meaning “in essence” of the English word “virtually”, connected with one of the aspects of Plato’s interpretations of “'aret'h” – 'aret'h as the essence of a thing (Greek “oysia”, Latin “essentia”). Probably, the concept “virtual” acquired the meaning of “ factual, real “ through the the mediation of the word “virtually” (in its meaning “in fact, factually”), from the word “actually”, which, on the one hand, means “ in fact, indeed, really”, and on the other, is used as a synonym for “virtually”. It is possible that the accurrence of meanings “factual, real” of the concept “virtual” has been reinforced by the connection of the word “virtus” and its derivatives with the above mentioned “Platonic” meaning of the concept of “virtual”, that is the meaning “being something in essence”, which is in some respects close to the meaning “factual, real”.

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Ornan, Uzzi. "Hebrew Word Structure: Its Rendering in Pointing and in Latin Conversion." Hebrew Studies 49, no. 1 (2008): 207–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2008.0040.

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Susanto, Ronny, Farica P. Putri, and Y. Widya Wiratama. "Skew detection based on vertical projection in latin character recognition of text document image." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.44 (December 1, 2018): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.44.26983.

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The accuracy of Optical Character Recognition is deeply affected by the skew of the image. Skew detection & correction is one of the steps in OCR preprocessing to detect and correct the skew of document image. This research measures the effect of Combined Vertical Projection skew detection method to the accuracy of OCR. Accuracy of OCR is measured in Character Error Rate, Word Error Rate, and Word Error Rate (Order Independent). This research also measures the computational time needed in Combined Vertical Projection with different iteration. The experiment of Combined Vertical Projection is conducted by using iteration 0.5, 1, and 2 with rotation angle within -10 until 10 degrees. The experiment results show that the use of Combined Vertical Projection could lower the Character Error Rate, Word Error Rate, and Word Error Rate (Order Independent) up to 35.53, 34.51, and 32.74 percent, respectively. Using higher iteration value could lower the computational time but also decrease the accuracy of OCR.

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Cuzzolin, Pierluigi. "Negative adjectival morphology in Latin." Journal of Latin Linguistics 20, no. 1 (June 18, 2021): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joll-2021-2020.

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Abstract In the present paper the evaluation of a new etymology for the word uirgō ‘virgin’ serves as occasion for an overview of the morphological prefixes by means of which Latin encodes negation on adjectives and nouns. Using the theoretical framework, whose origin ultimately goes back to Aristotle, three varieties of negation will be described: contrariety, contradiction, and privation. As will be shown, all these varieties, and privation in particular, require some theoretical refinement: in some cases, instead of contrariety, some more adequate conceptualizations are preferable such as neutralization or reverse. In this paper the seven prefixes used to encode negation on adjectives and nouns – dē-, dis-, ex-, in-, nĕ-, sē-, uē- – will be described also diachronically, and for each of them their original function will be tentatively identified.

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Khakimova, Giulnara. "To the question on the efficiency of Greek-Latin terminological elements within the German veterinary system of terms." Филология: научные исследования, no. 3 (March 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2020.3.32617.

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The subject of this research is the auxiliary terminological elements of Greek-Latin origin, determined by the author at the current state of study from the German one-word veterinary terms. The article considers the problem of word creation within the veterinary terminological system of German language using the terminological material of classical languages. The goal consists in identification of the most efficient morphological ways of word creation based on affixation, derivational activity of auxiliary Greek-Latin terminological elements in creation of derivative veterinary terms in German language, as well as review of the semantics of most frequent initial and completive terminological elements. Based on the analysis of the corpus of factual material, the author concludes that the most efficient out of morphological ways of derivatives of nouns and adjectives is the prefix-suffix method. The novelty of this research consists in determination of the most frequent initial and completive auxiliary terminological elements in German veterinary sublanguage among one-word derivatives.

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Bakhouche, Béatrice. "Les expressions de l’essence dans la traduction et le commentaire du Timée par Calcidius (IVe siècle)." Chôra 18 (2020): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/chora2020/202118/196.

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Expressing ‘essence’ in the translation and commentary of Timaeus by Calcidius (4th c. p.D.) depends on Platonist terminology which is not completely stabilised. We will see how, in his translation, Calcidius translated Greek words as οὐσία or φύσις, but also how he used the word substantia whereas there was no expression of essence in the Greek text. The Latin commentator used both essentia and substantia, but the latter quite often. However, in doing so, he weakened the meaning of the word substantia. Lastly, Calcidius translated into Latin and used Greek no‑Platonist expressions with a very specific signification of ‘essence’.

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Nosacheva, Marina, and Nataliya Danilina. "Types of Compound Word-Formation in Medical Terminology (On the Material of the German Language)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 4 (December 2019): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2019.4.11.

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The aim of the study is to optimize the classification of the types of the compound word-building with components of Greek and Latin origin; the research is based on the sample of 2882 substantive compound terms of the German clinical terminology. The researches apply the descriptive analytical and quantitative methods to the study. It is stated, that the words with complex morphemic structures can be formed by composite and non-composite types of word-building. The paper presents the complex classification of different ways of the compound word-formation considering following criteria: the type and the base of the word-formation process (morphological and morphological-and-syntactic ways of the compound word-formation), the number of the word-building processes, taking place within the compound word-formation (pure and mixed types of the compound word-formation). The analysis of the material reveals the dominance of the morphological compound word-building. In the medical terminology the following subtypes of the compound word-formation are distinguished: stem + terminological element, term + term, stem + term, with the latter two to be the most productive.The use of terminological units as structural elements of compounds and their employment in classification allows to avoid excessive extension of stock of morphemes used in the so-called intermediate zone. Further arrangement of word-building patterns is carried out according to the genetic criterion. In German clinical terminology the dominance of hybrid terms with German components has been established; among homogeneous compounds the terms consisting of Greek rather than Latin or German components are more widely represented. The proposed classifications are applicable to the material of medical terminologies in other languages and enable their accurate comparison.

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Satsyuk, Olga. "USE OF LATIN ORIGINAL PREFIXES AND SUFFICES IN ROMANIAN LANGUAGE." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 10(78) (February 27, 2020): 215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-10(78)-215-217.

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The article deals with productive affixes of Latin origin, with the help of which many words of the Romanian language have been formed since the beginning of its formation from the Latin language of the Danube region. Latin suffixes and prefixes that continue to be used in the word formation process of modern Romanian are also analyzed. Some Romanian words were borrowed through other languages (French, German) The ways of penetration of the Latin language into the territory of modern Romania have been established. The process of Romanization began after the wars near the Oresteier Mountains (101-106), as a result of which Dacia was conquered and annexed to the Empire. It is noted that Dacia (modern-day territory of Romania) inherited a rich ancient heritage with the conquest of new provinces by the Empire and, thus, the spread of Roman cultural heritage. However, Latin was the official language in Dacia. Many new cities with introduced Roman civilization were also founded. Latin was spoken in the army and in state institutions. The vocabulary of the Romanian language, which was created with the help of Latin word-forming elements at the beginning of the Romanian language formation, is distinguished, and it is shown that these affixes are used in the modern Romanian language thus distinguishing productive and unproductive affixes.

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Watson, Patricia. "Axelson Revisited: the Selection of Vocabulary in Latin Poetry." Classical Quarterly 35, no. 2 (December 1985): 430–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800040271.

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Although it is now fifteen years since G. Williams' thorough-going criticism of B. Axelson'sUnpoetische Wörter, his discussion has failed to elicit the adverse response which might have been expected in view of the widespread influence exerted by the earlier work.The reason for this may be that Axelson's theory is so widely accepted that any refutation thereof may be disregarded. Yet surely Williams was right to point to the dangers of total reliance on statistics and to the necessity of considering the contexts in which words occur in Latin poetry. In this respect, he was not so much rejecting Axelson's work as pointing to its inadequacies: whereas Axelson would be content to label a word that occurs only rarely in poetry as ‘unpoetisch’, it is necessary, as Williams demonstrates, to take the further step of determining the effect that such a word has in a given context. This approach will be particularly helpful, for example, in the case ofparvulusat Virg.Aen.4.328, where the heightened pathos achieved by Virgil's use of a diminutive is better appreciated by the reader who is aware of the scarcity of diminutive adjectives in poetry and in epic above all. To recogniseparvulusas an ‘unpoetic word’, with Axelson, is the essential first step, but we should proceed a stage further to inquire what effect was intended by the employment of a form not normally found in elevated poetry.Of greater importance is Williams' rejection of the ‘hierarchy of genres’ theory, taken for granted by Axelson, that is, that Latin poetry may be divided into a number of higher- or lower-ranking genres and that the more elevated a genre the less unpoetic vocabulary it is liable to employ.

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Oren, Aharon, George M. Garrity, and Bernhard Schink. "Proposal to modify Rule 6, Rule 10a, and Rule 12c of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_4 (April 1, 2014): 1452–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.063461-0.

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According to the current versions of Rule 10a and Rule 12c of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes, names of a genus or subgenus and specific epithets may be taken from any source and may even be composed in an arbitrary manner. Based on these rules, names may be composed of any word or any combination of elements derived from any language with a Latin ending. We propose modifying these rules by adding the text, currently part of Recommendation 6, according to which words from languages other than Latin or Greek should be avoided as long as equivalents exist in Latin or Greek or can be constructed by combining word elements from these two languages. We also propose modification of Rule 6 by adopting some of the current paragraphs of Recommendation 6 to become part of the Rule.

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Moroianu, Cristian. "Connexions interlinguistiques reflétées de manière lexicographique. Regard comparatif : roumain, italien et français." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 65, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 281–281. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2020.4.17.

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"Interlanguage Connections Reflected Lexicographically. A Comparative Study of Romanian, Italian and French. The present article focuses on the concept of etymological word family and the way in which it is reflected in three Romance languages – Romanian, Italian and French – by comparing the historical and cultural journey of one single Latin etymon. I have turned my attention to the Latin verb currere and its family, which have been inherited or borrowed in the three languages under discussion. Analysing the way in which these words are presented in the representative etymological and historical dictionaries (DELR for Romanian, DHLF for French and VLI for Italian), the productivity of the main etymon and its family and, implicitly, the underlying Latin model are discussed. The analysis emphasises both the situation from each individual language, and the inter-linguistic reality, making reference to the cultural contacts existing between the three languages and societies. Starting from an individual case, the main purpose of this study is to show the hereditary and cultural unity of Romanian, Italian and French and the way it has been reflected diachronically via linguistic means. Keywords: etymological word family, borrowing, inherited word, analogy, lexical derivation."

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pontifex (The Latin word)'

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