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Journal articles on the topic 'Pontile'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Cunningham, Dawn. "One pontile, two pontili: the choir screens of Modena Cathedral." Renaissance Studies 19, no. 5 (November 2005): 673–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-4658.2005.00131.x.

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2

Wang, W., M. L. Fung, and W. M. St John. "Pontile regulation of ventilatory activity in the adult rat." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 2801–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.6.2801.

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Our purpose was to characterize the pontile components of the brain stem ventilatory control system in rats. This study was precipitated by reports that this pontile component might differ fundamentally from that of other species. Efferent activity of the phrenic nerve was recorded in anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed, and ventilated adult rats. As in other species, electrical stimulations of the rostral pons caused premature terminations and/or onsets of phrenic activity in eupnea. Electrolytic lesions of rostrolateral pons resulted in apneusis, characterized by significant prolongations of the phrenic burst. Some effective lesions were in the region of the nucleus parabrachialis medialis and the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, the site of the pneumotaxic center. Other lesions resulting in apneusis were ventral to the pneumotaxic center. As in cats, lesions in the caudal pontile reticular formation caused the duration of the apneustic neural inspiration to return toward that of eupnea. Again, as in other species, gradual alterations from eupnea to gasping in the rat were recorded during hypoxia, which was induced by ventilation with carbon monoxide. We conclude that the brain stem respiratory control system is similarly organized in rats and other mammalian species. These results have implications for contemporary hypotheses concerning the neurogenesis of ventilatory activity.
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3

St John, W. M., and D. Zhou. "Rostral pontile mechanisms regulate durations of expiratory phases." Journal of Applied Physiology 71, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 2133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.6.2133.

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Neural expiration can be divided into two phases. Phase I corresponds to the period of laryngeal adduction, whereas many spinal nerves reach peak discharge in phase II. The present studies evaluated the hypothesis that rostral pontile mechanisms contribute to determining the time of onset of spinal motoneuronal activities in phase II. In decerebrate and paralyzed cats, efferent activities were recorded from the phrenic nerve and from single fibers of the branch of the intercostal nerve innervating the triangularis sterni muscle. These activities were recorded in eupnea and apneusis; the latter was produced by cooling the rostral pons by a fork thermode. In eupnea, there was a delay between the rapid decline of phrenic discharge from peak levels and the commencement of activities of motoneurons of the triangularis sterni. This delay was significantly reduced in apneusis. Peak discharge frequencies of triangularis sterni motoneurons were the same in eupnea and apneusis. We conclude that rostral pontile mechanisms contribute significantly to defining the phases of neural expiration.
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4

St.-John, Walter M., and Julian F. R. Paton. "Role of pontile mechanisms in the neurogenesis of eupnea." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 143, no. 2-3 (November 2004): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2004.05.010.

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5

St John, W. M. "Influence of pulmonary inflations on discharge of pontile respiratory neurons." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 2231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.6.2231.

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The purpose of this study was to characterize the influence of pulmonary inflations on the discharge patterns of rostral pontile respiratory neurons. Decerebrate and paralyzed cats were ventilated with a servo-respirator which produced patterns of pulmonary inflation, assessed by tracheal pressure, which paralleled alterations in integrated activity of the phrenic nerve. Neurons with respiratory-modulated neuronal activities were recorded in the pneumotaxic region of the nucleus parabrachialis medialis and Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, as well as in the trigeminal motor nucleus. Approximately equal numbers of neurons had phasic and tonic respiratory-modulated discharge patterns. The discharge patterns of most neurons were not qualitatively altered when pulmonary inflation was prevented. However, withholding inflation did cause the recruitment of some respiratory-modulated neuronal activities. Similar findings were obtained in normocapnia and hypercapnia. Results support the concept that the discharge of neurons in the pneumotaxic region may exert phasic, as well as tonic, influences on ventilatory activity.
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6

Fung, Man-Lung, Wengang Wang, and Wlater M. St. Johns. "Involvement of pontile NMDA receptors in inspiratory termination in rat." Respiration Physiology 96, no. 2-3 (May 1994): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-5687(94)90125-2.

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7

St.-John, Walter M., Alison H. Rudkin, and J. C. Leiter. "Mylohyoid discharge of the in situ rat: a probe of pontile respiratory activities in eupnea and gasping." Journal of Applied Physiology 108, no. 3 (March 2010): 614–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00988.2009.

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Our purpose was to characterize respiratory-modulated activity of the mylohyoid nerve. Since its motoneurons are in the trigeminal motor nucleus, mylohyoid discharge could serve as a probe of the role of pontile mechanisms in the generation of respiratory rhythms. Studies were performed in the decerebrate, perfused in situ preparation of the rat. Phrenic discharge was recorded as the index of the respiratory rhythm. In eupnea, the mylohyoid nerve discharged primarily during neural expiration, in the period between phrenic bursts. This expiratory discharge increased greatly in hypoxia and fell in hypercapnia. The hypoxia-induced increase in mylohyoid discharge was due, at least in part, to a direct influence of hypoxia on the brain stem. In ischemia, phrenic discharge increased, and then declined to apnea, which was succeeded by gasping. The mylohyoid nerve discharged tonically during the apneic period, but still declined during each of the phrenic bursts of gasping. This maintenance of a respiratory-modulation of the mylohyoid discharge in gasping supports the concept that a release of medullary mechanisms, rather than a ubiquitous suppression of pontile influences, underlies the neurogenesis of gasping. Results also provide additional support for our conclusion that activity of any single cranial nerve does not provide an accurate index of the type of respiratory rhythm, be it eupnea or gasping.
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8

Randall, Walter, Steffani Randall, and Ralph F. Johnson. "Grooming reflexes and Brown-Séquard epilepsy in cats with pontile lesions." Behavioral Neuroscience 99, no. 1 (1985): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.99.1.109.

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9

Kotsyuba, A. E., and V. M. Chertok. "Immunolocation of Cystationine β-Synthase in Cerebral Pontile Nuclei in Humans." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 155, no. 2 (June 2013): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10517-013-2131-3.

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10

YAMAMOTO, Gaku, Kiyotaka OKADA, Yoshiyuki OHNISHI, Syu YAMAMOTO, Hiroshi KOJIMA, Tadashi MATSUMOTO, Kazuo TADA, Mitsunobu MORI, and Kazusada YOSHITAKE. "A case of trigeminal neuralgia caused by an epidermoid tumor in cerebello-pontile angle." Japanese Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 35, no. 6 (1989): 1564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5794/jjoms.35.1564.

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11

St-John, Walter M., and J. C. Leiter. "High-frequency oscillations in phrenic activity during pontile and medullary respiratory rhythms in rats." Experimental Physiology 92, no. 2 (January 29, 2007): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2006.035931.

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12

St. John, Walter M. "Diffuse pathways convey efferent activity from rostral pontile pneumotaxic center to medullary respiratory regions." Experimental Neurology 94, no. 1 (October 1986): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(86)90279-7.

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13

Munawar, Saira, Farhana Jafri, Ahmad Farzad Qureshi, Darab Fatima, and Aliya Zahid. "Posterior and lateral ponticles of atlas: An osteological study at Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore." Journal of Fatima Jinnah Medical University 14, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37018/nqov7890.

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Background: Among the cervical vertebrae, atlas is known to have many variations, posterior ponticle being the commonest. It may completely or incompletely covers the groove of vertebral artery leading to ischemia of posterior circulation. Therefore, vertebral artery is at greater risk of injury during neurological and spinal surgeries. Prevalence of posterior ponticles varies widely among different populations, for instance in Turkish population it was 10.8%, in American 22.1%, Kenyan 14.7%, Brazilian and Indian 16.7%. The prevalence of lateral ponticle in Kenyan population was reported to be 3.9% and in Indians it was 2%. However, the data regarding the prevalence of these ponticles is largely lacking in Pakistan. Therefore, this research was designed to determine the prevalence of posterior and lateral ponticle in atlas vertebrae of Pakistani population. Materials and methods: A total of 47 human atlas vertebrae of unknown age and gender from bone bank of Department of Anatomy Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore were studied for the presence of complete and incomplete posterior and lateral ponticles. The bones studied were completely intact and did not have any pathology. Results: Total incidence of ponticles was 38 % in this study, of which 36% were posterior ponticles and 2% were lateral ponticles. Bilateral incomplete posterior ponticles/were found in 8 (17%) atlas vertebrae whereas bilateral complete posterior ponticles/foramen arcuale were found in only 1 (2%) atlas vertebrae. Unilateral incomplete posterior ponticle was identified on right side in 5 (11%) and left side in 2 (4%) atlas vertebrae. Unilateral complete posterior ponticle was found in only 1 (2%) atlas on the left side whereas no such finding was identified on right side in any vertebra. Unilateral complete lateral ponticle was found in only 1 (2%) atlas on the right side but not on left side. No bilateral complete lateral ponticle and incomplete unilateral or bilateral lateral ponticles were identified in this study. Conclusion: Presence of posterior and lateral ponticles pose a risk of vertebrobasilar vascular insufficiency and may cause variety of symptoms. Vertebral artery may be at risk during neurosurgical procedures when having a foramen arculae and may give a false impression of much wider posterior arch of atlas. Knowing the prevalence of this can help neurosurgeons, general surgeons, radiologists, and chiropractors in management of the patients.
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14

Parsons, Virginia, and Walter Randal. "An abnormal annual rhythm in adrenaline excretion and grooming reflexes in cats with pontile lesions." Journal of Interdisiplinary Cycle Research 17, no. 3 (September 1986): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09291018609359915.

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15

SUNAL, GÜRSEL, and OKAN TÜYSÜZ. "Palaeostress analysis of Tertiary post-collisional structures in the Western Pontides, northern Turkey." Geological Magazine 139, no. 3 (May 2002): 343–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756802006489.

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Fingerprints of the opening of the Western Black Sea Basin and collision of Pontides and Sakarya Continent along the Intra-Pontide suture can be traced in the area between Cide (Kastamonu) and Kurucaşile (Bartin) in northern Turkey, along the southern coast of the Black Sea. The Western Black Sea Basin is an oceanic basin opened as a back-arc basin of the northward-subducting Intra-Pontide Ocean. Basement units related to this opening are represented by Lower Cretaceous and older units. The first arc magmatism related to this subduction began during Turonian times. Coeval with this magmatism, back-arc extension affected the region and caused development of horst-graben topography. This extensional period resulted in the break-up of continental crust and the oceanic spreading in the Western Black Sea Basin during Late Santonian times. During the Late Campanian–Early Maastrichtian period, the Sakarya Continent and Pontides collided and arc magmatism on the Pontides ended. After this collision, the Western Pontides thickened, imbricated and developed a mainly N-vergent foreland fold and thrust belt character since Late Eocene–Oligocene times. The palaeostress directions calculated from thrust faults of this foreland fold and thrust belt are 4.6°/156.6° for σ1, 6.4°/66.1° for σ2, and 83.2°/261.9° for σ3. The nature of the imbrication indicates that it was a northward prograding foreland system connected to a floor thrust (detachment) fault at the bottom. Field observations on curved slickenfibres support the theory that the thrust faults of this imbricated structure have transformed to oblique thrusts and strike-slip faults over time.
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16

FRASSI, CHIARA, MICHELE MARRONI, LUCA PANDOLFI, M. CEMAL GÖNCÜOĞLU, ALESSANDRO ELLERO, GIUSEPPE OTTRIA, KAAN SAYIT, CHRISTOPHER S. MCDONALD, MARIA LAURA BALESTRIERI, and ALESSANDRO MALASOMA. "Burial and exhumation history of the Daday Unit (Central Pontides, Turkey): implications for the closure of the Intra-Pontide oceanic basin." Geological Magazine 155, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 356–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756817000176.

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AbstractIn northern Turkey, the Intra-Pontide suture zone represents one of the first-order tectonic structures located between the Istanbul–Zonguldak and the Sakarya continental terranes. It consists of an E–W-trending assemblage of deformed and variably metamorphosed tectonic units, including sedimentary rocks and ophiolites derived from a Neo-Tethyan oceanic basin, known as the Intra-Pontide oceanic basin. One of these units is represented by the Daday Unit that consists of a block-in-matrix assemblage derived from supra-subduction oceanic crust and related deep-sea sedimentary cover of Middle Jurassic age. This setting was acquired during Late Jurassic time by tectonic underplating at a depth of 35–42 km associated with blueschist-facies metamorphism (D1 phase). The following D2, D3 and D4 phases produced the exhumation of the Daday Unit up to shallower structural levels in a time span running from the Albian to late Paleocene. The high geothermal gradient detected during the D2 phase indicates that the Daday Unit was exhumed during a continent–arc collisional setting. The tectonic structures of the Intra-Pontide suture zone, resulting from the previously described tectonic history, are unconformably sealed by the upper Paleocene – Eocene deposits. This tectonic setting was intensely reworked by the activity of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, producing the present-day geometrical relationships of the Intra-Pontide suture zone of the Central Pontides.
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17

Machado, Manuel. "Mielinólise Pôntica e Extrapôntica Secundária a Hiperglicemia." Sinapse 20, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46531/sinapse/in/190038/2020.

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18

REVAN, Mustafa Kemal. "Review of Late Cretaceous volcanogenic massive sulfide mineralization in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey." TURKISH JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 29, no. 7 (November 16, 2020): 1125–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/yer-2006-11.

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The production of Cu-Zn from volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits in the eastern Pontides began in the early 1900s, with the exploitation of high-grade ores scattered across the district. The district still possesses economically important blind VMS and associated sulfide deposits. Careful descriptive documentation of the typical features of these VMS ores illustrated the geological characteristics that are important in identifying ore localities and can be used to define exploration targets. The eastern Pontide VMS deposits are examples of volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits that exhibit many of the characteristics typical of bimodal-felsic- type VMS mineralization. Nearly all known VMS deposits in the region are hosted by the Kızılkaya Formation, which is characterized by Late Cretaceous dacitic/rhyolitic volcanic rocks that are typically located at the top contact of the dacitic/rhyolitic pile or within the lower part of the overlying polymodal sequence containing various proportions of volcanic and sedimentary facies. Most VMS deposits are composed of a mound of high-grade massive sulfides formed above a zone of lower-grade stringer veins and disseminated mineralization. The dominant sulfide minerals in most deposits are pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. Au also occurs in some deposits. The hydrothermal ore facies are diagnostic of subaqueous emplacement of the Pontide massive sulfide deposits that were deposited on the Cretaceous ocean floor. The immediate host lithologies associated with VMS mineralization have typically experienced intense and widespread alteration. The trace element geochemical signatures of the host rocks indicated that the Pontide VMS deposits likely formed in an extensional tectonic regime during subduction. Major lineaments and circular structures exerted fundamental controls on the locations of the VMS deposits in the eastern Pontide district. Age determinations indicated that almost all of the deposits in this region formed in a restricted time interval between ca. 91.1 and 82 Ma. The sulfur isotope compositions of the ore-forming fluids were consistent with those of fluids derived from modified seawater.
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19

Akbayram, Kenan, Aral I. Okay, and Muharrem Satır. "Early Cretaceous closure of the Intra-Pontide Ocean in western Pontides (northwestern Turkey)." Journal of Geodynamics 65 (April 2013): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2012.05.003.

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20

Kandemir, Özgür, Kenan Akbayram, Mehmet Çobankaya, Fatih Kanar, Şükrü Pehlivan, Turgut Tok, Aynur Hakyemez, Erkan Ekmekçi, Füsun Danacı, and Uğur Temiz. "From arc evolution to arc-continent collision: Late Cretaceous–middle Eocene geology of the Eastern Pontides, northeastern Turkey." GSA Bulletin 131, no. 11-12 (May 9, 2019): 1889–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b31913.1.

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Abstract The Eastern Pontide Arc, a major fossil submarine arc of the world, was formed by northward subduction of the northern Neo-Tethys lithosphere under the Eurasian margin. The arc’s volcano-sedimentary sequence and its cover contain abundant fossils. Our new systematical paleontological and structural data suggest the Late Cretaceous arc volcanism was initiated at early-middle Turonian and continued uninterruptedly until the end of the early Maastrichtian, in the northern part of the Eastern Pontides. We measured ∼5500-m-thick arc deposits, suggesting a deposition rate of ∼220 m Ma–1 in ∼25 m.y. We have also defined four different chemical volcanic episodes: (1) an early-middle Turonian–Santonian mafic-intermediate episode, (2) a Santonian acidic episode; when the main volcanic centers were formed as huge acidic domes-calderas comprising the volcanogenic massive sulfide ores, (3) a late Santonian–late Campanian mafic-intermediate episode, and (4) a late Campanian–early Maastrichtian acidic episode. The volcaniclastic rocks were deposited in a deepwater extensional basin until the late Campanian. Between late Campanian and early Maastrichtian, intra-arc extension resulted in opening of back-arc in the north, while the southern part of the arc remained active and uplifted. The back-arc basin was most probably connected to the Eastern Black Sea Basin. In the back-arc basin, early Maastrichtian volcano-sedimentary arc sequence was transitionally overlain by pelagic sediments until late Danian suggesting continuous deep-marine conditions. However, the subsidence of the uplifted-arc-region did not occur until late Maastrichtian. We have documented a Selandian–early Thanetian (57–60 Ma) regional hiatus defining the closure age of the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Ocean along the Eastern Pontides. Between late Thanetian and late Lutetian synorogenic turbidites and postcollisional volcanics were deposited. The Eastern Pontide fold-and-thrust belt started to form at early Eocene (ca. 55 Ma) and thrusting continued in the post-Lutetian times.
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21

GÜRER, Ö. F., and E. ALDANMAZ. "Origin of the Upper Cretaceous–Tertiary sedimentary basins within the Tauride–Anatolide platform in Turkey." Geological Magazine 139, no. 2 (March 2002): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756802006295.

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A number of sedimentary basins formed within the Tauride–Anatolide Platform of Anatolia during the Late Cretaceous–Tertiary period. Previous studies have proposed different tectonic and evolutionary models for each basin. Geological characteristics of the basins, however, suggest that all these basins are of the same origin and that they followed a similar evolutionary model to one another. Basin development within the Tauride–Anatolide Platform took place in a post-collisional environment following the northward subduction of the northern Neotethys ocean beneath the Pontides. The closure of the northern Neotethys ocean ended with collision of the Tauride–Anatolide Platform with the Pontide volcanic arc and resulted in large bodies of oceanic remnants thrust over the Tauride–Anatolide Platform as ophiolite nappes. Formation of the sedimentary basins followed the emplacement of the ophiolite nappes as they formed as piggy-back basins on top of the underlying thrust ophiolite basement.
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22

GIOLLI, ROLAND A., KENNETH M. GREGORY, DAVID A. SUZUKI, ROBERT H. I. BLANKS, FAUSTA LUI, and KATHLEEN F. BETELAK. "Cortical and subcortical afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and basal pontine nuclei in the macaque monkey." Visual Neuroscience 18, no. 5 (September 2001): 725–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523801185068.

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Anatomical findings are presented that identify cortical and subcortical sources of afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) and basal pontine nuclei. Projections from the middle temporal visual area (MT), medial superior temporal visual area (MST), lateral intraparietal area (LIP), and areas 7a and 7b to the basal pontine nuclei were studied using 3H-leucine autoradiography. The results complemented a parallel study of retrograde neuronal labeling attributable to injecting WGA-HRP into NRTP and neighboring pontine nuclei. Small 3H-leucine injections confined to MT, MST, LIP, area 7a, or area 7b, produced multiple patches of pontine terminal label distributed as follows: (1) An injection within MT produced terminal label limited to the dorsolateral and lateral pontine nuclei. (2) Injections restricted to MST or LIP showed patches of terminal label in the dorsal, dorsolateral, lateral, and peduncular pontine nuclei. (3) Area 7a targets the dorsal, dorsolateral, lateral, peduncular, and ventral pontine nuclei, whereas area 7b projects, additionally, to the dorsomedial and paramedian pontine nuclei. Notably, no projections were seen to NRTP from any of these cortical areas. In contrast, injections made by other investigators into cortical areas anterior to the central sulcus revealed cerebrocortical afferents to NRTP, in addition to nuclei of the basal pontine gray. With our pontine WGA-HRP injections, retrograde neuronal labeling was observed over a large extent of the frontal cortex continuing onto the medial surface which included the lining of the cingulate sulcus and cingulate gyrus. Significant subcortical sources for afferents to the NRTP and basal pontine nuclei were the zona incerta, ventral mesencephalic tegmentum, dorsomedial hypothalamic area, rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, red nucleus, and subthalamic nucleus. The combined anterograde and retrograde labeling data indicated that visuo-motor cortico-pontine pathways arising from parietal cortices target only the basal pontine gray, whereas the NRTP, together with select pontine nuclei, is a recipient of afferents from frontal cortical areas. The present findings implicate the existence of parallel direct and indirect cortico-pontine pathways from frontal motor-related cortices to NRTP and neighboring pontine nuclei.
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23

Dykan, N. І. "Stratigraphy of the Pliocene deposits of the Black Sea (Ukraine) according to evidence from ostracods (Arthropoda, Crustacea)." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 28, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 250–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111926.

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This article presents a detailed analysis of the taxonomic composition of the Pliocene (Kimmerian, Kujalnikian) and Eopleistocene (Gurian) ostracods in the northern part of the Black Sea. It presents the patterns of the stratigraphic position of the fossil ostracods in the Miocene - Quaternary and their geographic distribution in Western and Eastern Europe (the Pannonian Basin, the Dacian Basin, the Euxinian basin of the Paratethys) and the Mediterranean region.Wedetermined the characteristic species for the Kimmerian, Kujalnikian and Gurian in the northern part of the Black Sea. We established a change in the taxonomic composition of ostracods at the Pliocene (Kujalnikian)/Eopleistocene (Gurian) boundary, namely the disappearance of a large number of Pliocene species and the appearance of new species. Ten species disappeared in the Kujalnikian Cyprideis pontica, Euxinocythere (M.) crebra, Amnicythere mironovi, Camptocypria lobata, Loxoconcha subcrassula, Loxoconcha verticalitercostata, Xestoleberis (X.) cellulocus, Xestoleberis (P.) communis, Candona (C.) expressa, Ilyocypris caspiensis; one species Amnicythere postbissinuata appeared in the Gurian. The brackish water species Cyprideis pontica is the Kujalnikian index species. The stratigraphic position of Cyprideis pontica in the Mediterranean Basin, Pannonian Basin, Dacian Basin, Euxinian Basin (Black Sea) in the Miocene-Quaternary is analyzed. The time of the disappearance of Cyprideis pontica in the Mediterranean, Pannonian and Dacian basins (Messinian, Pontian/Zanclean, Dacian, Kimmerian boundary) and in the Black Sea (Kujalnikian/Gurian boundary) is established. The diagnostic morphological features of the shell Cyprideis pontica (morphology of the surface pore canals) are established and described, which allows us to place this species in the Neogene deposits. Surface pore canals are different shape, sievetyped, deepened in relation to the surface of the valve. Sieve-shaped lamella contains 110-270 internal pores. The internal pores have a staggered shape, the diameter of the osculum of the internal pore is 302-994 nm; diameter of the central pore is 977 nm-1.8 μm). The evolution of Cyprideis pontica, which was separated from the parent species Cyprideis torosa in the Late Miocene, was reconstructed. In the occupation of a new ecological niche with a reduced oxygen content in deeper water biotopes, in the process of adapting to the conditions of hypoxia and necessity of increasing the volume of water filtration, there was a restructuring of the morphology of the surface pore canals of the shell Cyprideis torosa. This involved an increase in the size of the sieve-shaped lamella, the number of internal pores in the sieve-shaped lamella and the size of the osculum of the inner pore. A new morphotype Cyprideis pontica was thus formed within the existing Parathetys-Mediterranean basins. It had a mosaic, ecologically isolated range that coincided geographically or overlapped with the range of the species Cyprideis torosa (sympatric evolutionary speciation). The range of Cyprideis pontica and the dynamics of its populations in the Euxinian Basin during the Sarmatian-Kujalnikian have been reconstructed.
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24

Joy, Anju, Bincy T. Abraham, and K. Krishnakumar. "A Review on Central Pontine Myelinolysis and Correction of Hyponatremia in Hospitalized Patients." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 4 (July 15, 2021): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i4.4876.

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Pontine myelinolysis (PM) can be a nerve disorder represented by pons demyelination. it is characterized by damage to regions of the brain, most commonly tracts pontine substantia alba, after rapid correction of metabolic disorders such as hyponatremia. PM (Pontine Myelinolysis) is categorized into Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) and extra pontine myelinolysis (EPM). The various studies revealed that quick correction of hyponatremia plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of ODS. Prevention of ODS must be conducted by gradually increasing sodium concentration of 4–6 mmol/Lin in any 24-h period. PubMed and Medline literature search was done using CPM and hyponatremia as keywords. The principal aim of this review is to encapsulate, the recent evidence from literature about the association between rapid correction of hyponatremia and central pontine myelinolysis. Keywords: Demyelination syndrome, EPM, CPM, Serum tonicity, Hyponatremia, Demyelination
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Chowdhury, Goutam, Abdul Ahad Mohammed Ryhan Uddin, Md Abdur Rouf, Rajat Sanker Roy Biswas, Md Ismail, Md Siraj, and Mohammed Musfequr Rahman. "Early Detection of Central Pontine Myelinolysis with MRI: A Case Study." Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Journal 13, no. 1 (January 9, 2015): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v13i1.19427.

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Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a complication of treatment of patients with severe hyponatremia. The microscopic appearance of central pontine myelinolysis is loss of myelin with sparing of axons, without evidence of inflammation. The abnormalities associated with central pontine myelinolysis are readily identified on magnetic resonance imaging scans. A patient with central pontine myelinolysis following rapid correction of hyponatremia was studied with magnetic resonance imaging soon after onset of tetraplegia & dysarthria. Affected central pontine white matter showed restricted diffusion on diffusion-weighted images associated with hyper signal on T2-W & FLAIR images. MRI with dedicated sequences is the modality of choice for early detection of osmotic changes in the brain.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v13i1.19427
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Mörschel, Michael, and Mathias Dutschmann. "Pontine respiratory activity involved in inspiratory/expiratory phase transition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1529 (September 12, 2009): 2517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0074.

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Control of the timing of the inspiratory/expiratory (IE) phase transition is a hallmark of respiratory pattern formation. In principle, sensory feedback from pulmonary stretch receptors (Breuer–Hering reflex, BHR) is seen as the major controller for the IE phase transition, while pontine-based control of IE phase transition by both the pontine Kölliker–Fuse nucleus (KF) and parabrachial complex is seen as a secondary or backup mechanism. However, previous studies have shown that the BHR can habituate in vivo . Thus, habituation reduces sensory feedback, so the role of the pons, and specifically the KF, for IE phase transition may increase dramatically. Pontine-mediated control of the IE phase transition is not completely understood. In the present review, we discuss existing models for ponto-medullary interaction that may be involved in the control of inspiratory duration and IE transition. We also present intracellular recordings of pontine respiratory units derived from an in situ intra-arterially perfused brainstem preparation of rats. With the absence of lung inflation, this preparation generates a normal respiratory pattern and many of the recorded pontine units demonstrated phasic respiratory-related activity. The analysis of changes in membrane potentials of pontine respiratory neurons has allowed us to propose a number of pontine-medullary interactions not considered before. The involvement of these putative interactions in pontine-mediated control of IE phase transitions is discussed.
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Handler, Michael H., and Nicholas K. Foreman. "Pontine gliomas." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 5, no. 1 (January 2010): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.5.peds09265.

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TOURPE, Emmanuel. "'L'esprit pontife'." Revue Philosophique de Louvain 98, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 107–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/rpl.98.1.541979.

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Soontornniyomkij, V., and R. I. Schelper. "Pontine neurocytoma." Journal of Clinical Pathology 49, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 764–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.49.9.764.

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Casas Parera, I., M. M. Fernandez Pardal, and F. Micheli. "Pontine hemorrhage." Stroke 19, no. 10 (October 1988): 1307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.str.19.10.1307.

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Iwasaki, Y., and M. Kinoshita. "Pontine hemorrhage." Neurology 43, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.43.2.452.

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Chung, C. S., and C. H. Park. "Pontine hemorrhage." Neurology 43, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.43.2.452-a.

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Tatarunis, Paula. "Pontine Ode." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 10 (September 10, 1997): 798e. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550100007002.

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Dunkel, Ira J., and Mark M. Souweidane. "Pontine glioma." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 3, no. 4 (April 2009): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2008.12.peds08388.

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35

Sufit, Alexandra, Andrew M. Donson, Diane K. Birks, Jeffrey A. Knipstein, Laura Z. Fenton, Paul Jedlicka, Todd C. Hankinson, Michael H. Handler, and Nicholas K. Foreman. "Diffuse intrinsic pontine tumors: a study of primitive neuroectodermal tumors versus the more common diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 10, no. 2 (August 2012): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.3.peds11316.

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Object The diagnosis of diffuse pontine tumors has largely been made on the basis of MRI since the early 1990s. In cases of tumors considered “typical,” as a rule, no biopsy specimen has been obtained, and the tumors have been considered diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs). There have been sporadic reports that primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) of the pons may not be distinguishable from the DIPGs by radiological imaging. This study presents 2 cases of diffuse pontine PNETs with molecular evidence that these are indeed PNETs, distinct from DIPGs, thus supporting biopsy of diffuse pontine tumors as a standard of care. Methods Biopsy specimens were obtained from 7 diffuse pontine tumors and snap frozen. Two of these 7 tumors were identified on the basis of pathological examination as PNETs. All 7 of the diffuse pontine tumors were analyzed for gene expression using the Affymetrix HG-U133 Plus 2.0 GeneChip microarray. Gene expression was compared with that of supratentorial PNETs, medulloblastomas, and low- and high-grade gliomas outside the brainstem. Results Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis of gene expression demonstrated that pontine PNETs are most closely related to PNETs of the supratentorial region and not with gliomas. They do not cluster with the 5 DIPGs in the study. Thirty-eight genes, including GATA3, are uniquely differentially expressed in pontine PNETs compared with other types of pediatric brain tumors, including DIPGs and other PNETs at a false discovery rate statistical significance of less than 0.05. Conclusions The cluster and individual gene expression analyses indicate that pontine PNETs are intrinsically different from DIPGs. The 2 pontine PNET cases cluster with supratentorial PNETs, rather than with DIPGs, suggesting that these tumors should be treated with a PNET regimen, not with DIPG therapy. Since diagnosis by imaging is not reliable and the biology of the tumors is disparate, a biopsy should be performed to enable accurate diagnosis and direct potentially more effective treatments.
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Lydic, Ralph, Ricardo Garza-Grande, Richard Struthers, and Helen A. Baghdoyan. "Nitric oxide in B6 mouse and nitric oxide-sensitive soluble guanylate cyclase in cat modulate acetylcholine release in pontine reticular formation." Journal of Applied Physiology 100, no. 5 (May 2006): 1666–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00962.2005.

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ACh regulates arousal, and the present study was designed to provide insight into the neurochemical mechanisms modulating ACh release in the pontine reticular formation. Nitric oxide (NO)-releasing beads microinjected into the pontine reticular formation of C57BL/6J (B6) mice significantly ( P < 0.0001) increased ACh release. Microdialysis delivery of the NO donor N-ethyl-2-(1-ethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazino)-ethanamine (NOC-12) to the mouse pontine reticular formation also caused a concentration-dependent increase in ACh release ( P < 0.001). These are the first neurochemical data showing that ACh release in the pontine reticular formation of the B6 mouse is modulated by NO. The signal transduction cascade through which NO modulates ACh release in the pontine reticular formation has not previously been characterized. Therefore, an additional series of studies quantified the effects of a soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitor, 1 H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), on ACh release in the cat medial pontine reticular formation. During naturally occurring states of sleep and wakefulness, but not anesthesia, ODQ caused a significant ( P < 0.001) decrease in ACh release. These results show for the first time that NO modulates ACh in the medial pontine reticular formation of the cat via an NO-sensitive sGC signal transduction cascade. Isoflurane and halothane anesthesia have been shown to decrease ACh release in the medial pontine reticular formation. The finding that ODQ did not alter ACh release during isoflurane or halothane anesthesia demonstrates that these anesthetics disrupt the NO-sensitive sGC-cGMP pathway. Considered together, results from the mouse and cat indicate that NO modulates ACh release in arousal-promoting regions of the pontine reticular formation via an NO-sensitive sGC-cGMP pathway.
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Nishida, Yoichiro, and Tadashi Ichikawa. "Pontine Hyperperfusion during Recovery from Central Pontine Myelinolysis." Internal Medicine 51, no. 7 (2012): 817–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.51.7033.

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38

Behrouz, Réza. "Prognostic factors in pontine haemorrhage: A systematic review." European Stroke Journal 3, no. 2 (January 8, 2018): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2396987317752729.

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Background Pontine haemorrhage comprises approximately 10% of intracerebral haemorrhages. There is a common presumption that pontine haemorrhage is inherently associated with poor outcome. Purpose The aim of the review was to identify chief predictors of prognosis in (pontine haemorrhage) through systematic review of published literature. Methods A query of PubMed/MEDLINE was conducted in search of studies in English language since, 1980 focusing specifically on outcome in pontine haemorrhage. References for each publication were reviewed for additional studies not detected by the PubMed/MEDLINE probe. Surgical outcome studies were excluded from the review. Findings The query identified 7867 titles, after removal of duplicates and irrelevant studies, 20 titles were included in the review. In a total of 1437 pontine haemorrhage patients included in the 20 studies, the overall rate for early all-cause mortality was 48.1%. Level of consciousness on admission and haemorrhage size were the most consistent predictors of mortality in patients with pontine haemorrhage. Haemorrhage localisation within the pons was also a prognostic factor, but not consistently. Age and intraventricular extension were not found to be powerful prognostic predictors. Discussion/Conclusion Based on this review, level of consciousness on admission and haemorrhage size were the most influential prognostic factors in pontine haemorrhage, whereas age, haemorrhage localisation, and intraventricular haemorrhage did not consistently predict prognosis.
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Tanase, Diana, Helen A. Baghdoyan, and Ralph Lydic. "Dialysis Delivery of an Adenosine A1Receptor Agonist to the Pontine Reticular Formation Decreases Acetylcholine Release and Increases Anesthesia Recovery Time." Anesthesiology 98, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 912–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200304000-00018.

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Background Adenosine modulates cell excitability, acetylcholine release, nociception, and sleep. Pontine cholinergic neurotransmission contributes to the generation and maintenance of electroencephalographic and behavioral arousal. Adenosine A(1) receptors inhibit arousal-promoting, pontine cholinergic neurons, and adenosine enhances sleep. No previous studies have determined whether pontine adenosine also modulates recovery from anesthesia. Therefore, the current study tested the hypotheses that dialysis delivery of the adenosine A(1) receptor agonist N6-p-sulfophenyladenosine (SPA) into the pontine reticular formation would decrease acetylcholine release and increase the time needed for recovery from halothane anesthesia. Methods A microdialysis probe was positioned in the pontine reticular formation of halothane-anesthetized cats. Probes were perfused with Ringer's solution (control) followed by the adenosine A(1) receptor agonist SPA (0.088 or 8.8 mm). Dependent measures included acetylcholine release and a numeric assessment of recovery from anesthesia. An intensive, within-subjects design and analysis of variance evaluated SPA's main effect on acetylcholine release and anesthetic recovery. The adenosine A(1) receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, 100 microm) was coadministered with SPA to test for antagonist blocking of SPA's effects. Results SPA significantly (P &lt; 0.0001) decreased acetylcholine release in the pontine reticular formation and significantly (P &lt; 0.0001) delayed recovery from anesthesia. Coadministration of SPA and DPCPX caused no decrease in acetylcholine release or delay in postanesthetic recovery. Dialysis delivery of SPA into the cerebellar cortex confirmed that the SPA effects were site-specific to the pontine reticular formation. Conclusion The results provide a novel extension of the sleep-promoting effects of adenosine by showing that pontine delivery of an adenosine A(1) receptor agonist delays resumption of wakefulness following halothane anesthesia. This extension is consistent with a potentially larger relevance of the current findings for efforts to specify neurons and molecules causing physiologic and behavioral traits comprising anesthetic states. These data support the conclusion that adenosine A(1) receptors in medial regions of the pontine reticular formation, known to modulate sleep, also contribute to the generation and/or maintenance of halothane anesthesia.
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Picker-Minh, Sylvie, Sebastian Hartenstein, Hans Proquitté, Sebastian Fröhler, Vera Raile, Nadine Kraemer, Sarah Apeshiotis, et al. "Pontine Tegmental Cap Dysplasia in an Extremely Preterm Infant and Review of the Literature." Journal of Child Neurology 32, no. 3 (December 20, 2016): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073816680748.

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Pontine tegmental cap dysplasia is a rare hindbrain malformation syndrome with a hypoplastic pons, a tissue protrusion into the fourth ventricle, and cranial nerve dysfunction. We here report clinical, imaging, and genetic findings of the first extremely low-birth-weight preterm infant with pontine tegmental cap dysplasia born at 25 weeks of gestation and provide an overview of 29 sporadic cases. A prenatally diagnosed hypoplastic and rostrally shifted cerebellum was indicative of a hindbrain defect and later identified as an early sign of pontine tegmental cap dysplasia in our patient. The neonate exhibited severe muscle hypotonia, persistent thermolability, and clinical signs of an involvement of facial, cochlear, and hypoglossal nerves. Furthermore, paroxysmal episodes of agonizing pain with facial tics, tonic and clonic muscle contractions, blepharospasm, and singultus are highlighted as new phenotypic features of pontine tegmental cap dysplasia. With our report, we present a severe case of pontine tegmental cap dysplasia and provide a brief overview of current knowledge on this rare disease.
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Vanini, Giancarlo, Christopher J. Watson, Ralph Lydic, and Helen A. Baghdoyan. "γ-Aminobutyric Acid–mediated Neurotransmission in the Pontine Reticular Formation Modulates Hypnosis, Immobility, and Breathing during Isoflurane Anesthesia." Anesthesiology 109, no. 6 (December 1, 2008): 978–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e31818e3b1b.

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Background Many general anesthetics are thought to produce a loss of wakefulness, in part, by enhancing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission. However, GABAergic neurotransmission in the pontine reticular formation promotes wakefulness. This study tested the hypotheses that (1) relative to wakefulness, isoflurane decreases GABA levels in the pontine reticular formation; and (2) pontine reticular formation administration of drugs that increase or decrease GABA levels increases or decreases, respectively, isoflurane induction time. Methods To test hypothesis 1, cats (n = 5) received a craniotomy and permanent electrodes for recording the electroencephalogram and electromyogram. Dialysis samples were collected from the pontine reticular formation during isoflurane anesthesia and wakefulness. GABA levels were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. For hypothesis 2, rats (n = 10) were implanted with a guide cannula aimed for the pontine reticular formation. Each rat received microinjections of Ringer's (vehicle control), the GABA uptake inhibitor nipecotic acid, and the GABA synthesis inhibitor 3-mercaptopropionic acid. Rats were then anesthetized with isoflurane, and induction time was quantified as loss of righting reflex. Breathing rate was also measured. Results Relative to wakefulness, GABA levels were significantly decreased by isoflurane. Increased power in the electroencephalogram and decreased activity in the electromyogram caused by isoflurane covaried with pontine reticular formation GABA levels. Nipecotic acid and 3-mercaptopropionic acid significantly increased and decreased, respectively, isoflurane induction time. Nipecotic acid also increased breathing rate. Conclusion Decreasing pontine reticular formation GABA levels comprises one mechanism by which isoflurane causes loss of consciousness, altered cortical excitability, muscular hypotonia, and decreased respiratory rate.
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Baghdoyan, H. A. "Location and quantification of muscarinic receptor subtypes in rat pons: implications for REM sleep generation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 273, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): R896—R904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.3.r896.

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Microinjecting cholinomimetics into the pontine reticular formation produces a state that resembles natural rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Evocation of this REM sleeplike states is anatomically site dependent within the pons and is mediated by muscarinic receptors. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cholinergic REM sleep generation and muscarinic receptor subtype involvement remain to be specified. This study tested the hypothesis that muscarinic receptor subtypes are differentially distributed within the oral and caudal divisions of rat pontine reticular nucleus. In vitro receptor autoradiography was used to localize and quantify M1, M2, and M3 binding sites in the pontine reticular formation and in pontine brain stem regions known to regulate REM sleep. M1-M3 binding sites were present in some REM sleep-related nuclei, such as dorsal raphe and locus ceruleus. The pontine reticular formation was found to have a homogeneous distribution of M2 binding sites across its rostral to caudal extent, indicating that anatomic specificity of cholinergic REM sleep induction cannot be accounted for by a differential density of muscarinic receptors.
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Han, Xinsheng, Gaocai Zhang, Ning Liu, Hongyang Zhang, Jianke Xu, Miao Han, Yun Zhang, Yan Zhang, and Li Chen. "Blood Pressure Variability and Severity of Early Prognosis in Patients with Acute Pontine Infarction." International Journal of Hypertension 2020 (July 13, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1203546.

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Background. Increased blood pressure (BP) variability may worsen the prognosis of stroke. This study aimed at investigating the association between BP variability and early functional prognosis in patients with pontine infarction. Methods. According to types of pontine infarction, all the 137 patients were divided into two groups: 70 patients with paramedian pontine infarction (PPI) and 67 patients with deep pontine infarction (DPI). Common risk factors, 24-hour continuous blood pressure monitoring data, and the coefficient of variation were collected after admission in the hospital. Functional outcomes were evaluated with modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 3 months after discharge (favorable outcome: mRS scores ≤ 2; poor outcome: mRS scores > 2). Results. The level of Glu, HbA1c, LDL, and NIHSS scores in the PPI group was significantly higher than that in the DPI group, and the concentration of blood uric acid was lower in the PPI group. Diastolic pressure in the PPI group is significantly higher than that in the DPI group, and coefficient of variation (CV) of systolic pressure in PPI is higher when compared with DPI ((88.77 ± 1.71) mmHg vs. (80.74 ± 1.31) mmHg; (11.54 ± 0.35) vs. (10.24 ± 0.25)). In multivariate analyses, the CV of systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, NIHSS scores, and the paramedian pontine infarction was independently associated with 3-month clinical outcome (OR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.252–2.994, P=0.003; OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.002–1.166, P=0.04; OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.164–2.159, P=0.003; OR = 9.87, 95% CI = 1.045–32.193, P=0.04). Conclusion. In conclusion, increased 24-hour (BP) variability, NIHSS scores, and paramedian pontine were associated with early poor prognosis in patients with acute pontine infarction.
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SUGIMORI, Hiroshi, Yoshisuke SAKU, Setsuro IBAYASHI, Tetsuzou OGASAWARA, Masatoshi FUJISHIMA, and Mitsuo IIDA. "Solitary Pontine Tuberculoma." Internal Medicine 41, no. 9 (2002): 738–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.41.738.

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Pirzada, Noor A., and Imran I. Ali. "Central pontine myelinolysis." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 76, no. 5 (May 2001): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/76.5.559.

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Chamarthi, S. K., A. L. Kiranmayi, and A. M. Mukarrab. "Central pontine myelinolysis." South African Journal of Radiology 10, no. 1 (February 14, 2006): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajr.v10i1.193.

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Razvi, S. S. M., and J. P. Leach. "Asymptomatic pontine myelinolysis." European Journal of Neurology 13, no. 11 (November 2006): 1261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01456.x.

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48

Grech, R., L. Galvin, P. Brennan, and J. Thornton. "Central pontine myelinolysis." Case Reports 2013, apr22 1 (April 22, 2013): bcr2013008920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2013-008920.

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Köhler, W., and C. Mika. "Zentrale pontine Myelinolyse." RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 152, no. 04 (April 1990): 469–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1046906.

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Bhat, S., A. Koulaouzidis, M. Hans, and C. Tan. "Central pontine myelinolysis." Annals of Hepatology 5, no. 4 (October 2006): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1665-2681(19)31991-x.

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