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1
Gönülateş, Emre. "Quality of Item Pool (QIP) Index: A Novel Approach to Evaluating CAT Item Pool Adequacy." Educational and Psychological Measurement 79, no. 6 (2019): 1133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164419842215.
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This article introduces the Quality of Item Pool (QIP) Index, a novel approach to quantifying the adequacy of an item pool of a computerized adaptive test for a given set of test specifications and examinee population. This index ranges from 0 to 1, with values close to 1 indicating the item pool presents optimum items to examinees throughout the test. This index can be used to compare different item pools or diagnose the deficiencies of a given item pool by quantifying the amount of deviation from a perfect item pool. Simulation studies were conducted to evaluate the capacity of this index for detecting the inadequacies of two simulated item pools. The value of this index was compared with the existing methods of evaluating the quality of computerized adaptive tests (CAT). Results of the study showed that the QIP Index can detect even slight deviations between a proposed item pool and an optimal item pool. It can also uncover shortcomings of an item pool that other outcomes of CAT cannot detect. CAT developers can use the QIP Index to diagnose the weaknesses of the item pool and as a guide for improving item pools.
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Yang, Lihong, and Mark D. Reckase. "The Optimal Item Pool Design in Multistage Computerized Adaptive Tests With the p-Optimality Method." Educational and Psychological Measurement 80, no. 5 (2020): 955–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164419901292.
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The present study extended the p-optimality method to the multistage computerized adaptive test (MST) context in developing optimal item pools to support different MST panel designs under different test configurations. Using the Rasch model, simulated optimal item pools were generated with and without practical constraints of exposure control. A total number of 72 simulated optimal item pools were generated and evaluated by an overall sample and conditional sample using various statistical measures. Results showed that the optimal item pools built with the p-optimality method provide sufficient measurement accuracy under all simulated MST panel designs. Exposure control affected the item pool size, but not the item distributions and item pool characteristics. This study demonstrated that the p-optimality method can adapt to MST item pool design, facilitate the MST assembly process, and improve its scoring accuracy.
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Sedegah, Martha, Chad Porter, Michael R. Hollingdale, et al. "CHARM: COVID-19 Health Action Response for Marines–Association of antigen-specific interferon-gamma and IL2 responses with asymptomatic and symptomatic infections after a positive qPCR SARS-CoV-2 test." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (2022): e0266691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266691.
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SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses are associated with COVID-19 recovery, and Class I- and Class II-restricted epitopes have been identified in the spike (S), nucleocapsid (N) and membrane (M) proteins and others. This prospective COVID-19 Health Action Response for Marines (CHARM) study enabled assessment of T cell responses against S, N and M proteins in symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected participants. At enrollment all participants were negative by qPCR; follow-up occurred biweekly and bimonthly for the next 6 weeks. Study participants who tested positive by qPCR SARS-CoV-2 test were enrolled in an immune response sub-study. FluoroSpot interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and IL2 responses following qPCR-confirmed infection at enrollment (day 0), day 7 and 14 and more than 28 days later were measured using pools of 17mer peptides covering S, N, and M proteins, or CD4+CD8 peptide pools containing predicted epitopes from multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Among 124 asymptomatic and 105 symptomatic participants, SARS-CoV-2 infection generated IFN-γ responses to the S, N and M proteins that persisted longer in asymptomatic cases. IFN-γ responses were significantly (p = 0.001) more frequent to the N pool (51.4%) than the M pool (18.9%) among asymptomatic but not symptomatic subjects. Asymptomatic IFN-γ responders to the CD4+CD8 pool responded more frequently to the S pool (55.6%) and N pool (57.1%), than the M pool (7.1%), but not symptomatic participants. The frequencies of IFN-γ responses to the S and N+M pools peaked 7 days after the positive qPCR test among asymptomatic (S pool: 22.2%; N+M pool: 28.7%) and symptomatic (S pool: 15.3%; N+M pool 21.9%) participants and dropped by >28 days. Magnitudes of post-infection IFN-γ and IL2 responses to the N+M pool were significantly correlated with IFN-γ and IL2 responses to the N and M pools. These data further support the central role of Th1-biased cell mediated immunity IFN-γ and IL2 responses, particularly to the N protein, in controlling COVID-19 symptoms, and justify T cell-based COVID-19 vaccines that include the N and S proteins.
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van der Linden, Wim J., Adelaide Ariel, and Bernard P. Veldkamp. "Assembling a Computerized Adaptive Testing Item Pool as a Set of Linear Tests." Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 31, no. 1 (2006): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986031001081.
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Test-item writing efforts typically results in item pools with an undesirable correlational structure between the content attributes of the items and their statistical information. If such pools are used in computerized adaptive testing (CAT), the algorithm may be forced to select items with less than optimal information, that violate the content constraints, and/or have unfavorable exposure rates. Although at first sight somewhat counterintuitive, it is shown that if the CAT pool is assembled as a set of linear test forms, undesirable correlations can be broken down effectively. It is proposed to assemble such pools using a mixed integer programming model with constraints that guarantee that each test meets all content specifications and an objective function that requires them to have maximal information at a well-chosen set of ability values. An empirical example with a previous master pool from the Law School Admission Test (LSAT) yielded a CAT with nearly uniform bias and mean-squared error functions for the ability estimator and item-exposure rates that satisfied the target for all items in the pool.
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Ou, W. S., S. T. Hu, Y. S. Chang, and Y. K. Zhao. "Case Study for Test Tool of Chloride in Swimming Pool with Method of Effective Evaluation of Multiprocess Performance Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.314.
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Human exposure to chloride ions in swimming pools has been recognized as a potential health concern. Although environmental monitoring is a useful technique to investigate chloride ions concentrations in indoor swimming-pool air, in practice, the interpretations of measured data would inevitably run into difficulties due to the complex interactions among the numerous variables, including environmental conditions and occupant activities. Consequently, the examination of chloride ions within swimming pool becomes an important test item for water quality control procedure. To effectively check the concentration of chloride ions in swimming pool, the evaluation process with an evaluation algorithm, indices of precision degree ( ), accuracy degree ( ) and the objective evaluation method with capability and concept of six sigma, proposed by Sung and Vännman are quoted in this paper to criticize examination tools for water quality in swimming pool. To ensure whether the evaluation method to measure chloride ion concentration in swimming pool holds precision, accuracy degrees and application functionality or not. The analysis results reveal that this method is suitable for examining the evaluation tool of chloride ions within swimming pool.
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Gao, Yan. "The influence of road surface grooving on the bearing capacity of airport road surface is analyzed." MATEC Web of Conferences 363 (2022): 01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236301030.
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Abstract: this paper is mainly to analyze splash water test pavement slot effect on airport pavement bearing capacity, according to the FAA requirements, computing pool water storage requirements, and put forward the pool building, this paper adopts the simulator ChangDao surface modeling, analysis of structures, pools on the pavement when the slot effect on airport pavement bearing capacity, explore the pool to build new methods to provide theoretical support for the follow-up.
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Ahmad, Nasir, Azra Azra, Hafsah Muhammad, et al. "EFFECTIVENESS OF PCR POOL TESTING FOR SCREENING OF COVID-19 INFECTION IN PAKISTAN." Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad 34, no. 4 (2022): 821–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.55519/jamc-04-10294.
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Background: We tested the utility of mini-pool PCR testing for the rational use of PCR consumables in screening for CoViD-19. Methods: After pilot experiments, 3-samples pool size was selected. One-step RT-PCR was performed. The samples in the mini-pool having COVID gene amplification were tested individually. Results: 1548 samples tested in 516 mini-pools resulted 396 mini-pools as negative and 120 as positive. Upon individual testing, 110 samples tested positive and 9 were inconclusive. 876 PCR reactions were performed to test 1548 samples, saving 43% PCR reagents. Centres with low prevalence resulted in most saving on reagents (50%), while centres with high prevalence resulted in more test reactions. Testing of individual samples resulted in delays in reporting. Conclusion: Pooling can increase lab capacity, however, pooling delays results and cause degradation of samples.
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Porth, Lisa, and Earl Rosenbloom. "APPLICATIONS OF AN SPRT-LIKE TEST IN PARI-MUTUEL WAGERING." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 4, no. 2 (2013): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v4i2.556.
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Pari-mutuel wagering functions as a very simple financial market, and has therefore been important in studying market efficiency. In this study, an SPRT-like test reveals that probabilities from the win pool corrected for the favourite longshot bias using Asch and Quandt’s regression equation can be used to exploit the exacta pool, and probabilities obtained from the exacta pool can be used to exploit the win pool. These finding differ from previously published studies that maintain that the win pool is largely efficient. Further, these findings mirror statistical arbitrage strategies utilized by hedge funds, where pricing inefficiencies are exploited between related assets.
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Erkul, E., A. Yaz, C. Cİngİ, H. M. İnançlI, T. San, and C. Bal. "Effects of indoor swimming pools on the nasal cytology of pool workers." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 128, no. 5 (2014): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215114000784.
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AbstractObjective:We aimed to evaluate the relationship between swimming pool pollutants and allergic rhinitis in swimming pool workers.Materials and methods:Twenty-seven indoor pool workers (group 1) and 49 control subjects (group 2) were enrolled in the study. A skin prick test was performed and a nasal smear was obtained from each subject to evaluate rhinitis.Results:When the groups were compared in terms of epithelial cells, group 1 had significantly more epithelial cells than group 2. When the groups were compared with regard to eosinophils, group 1 had significantly more eosinophils than group 2. The skin prick test results for both groups were not significantly different.Conclusion:Indoor pool workers showed severe symptoms of rhinitis and eosinophilic nasal cytology, likely due to chlorine. Nasal cytology is an easy-to-administer diagnostic test and can be used to follow up rhinitis in indoor pool workers, along with nasal endoscopy, a detailed clinical history and a skin prick test.
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Montesinos-López, Osval Antonio, Abelardo Montesinos-López, José Crossa, and Kent Eskridge. "Sample size for detecting transgenic plants using inverse binomial group testing with dilution effect." Seed Science Research 23, no. 4 (2013): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258513000238.
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AbstractIn this study we developed a sample size procedure for estimating the proportion of genetically modified plants (adventitious presence of unwanted transgenic plants, AP) under inverse negative binomial group testing sampling, which guarantees that exactly r positive pools will be present in the sample. To achieve this aim, pools are drawn one by one until the sample contains r positive pools. The use of group testing produces significant savings because groups that contain several units (plants) are analysed without having to inspect individual plants. However, when using group testing we need to consider an appropriate pool size (k) because if the k individuals that form a pool are mixed and homogenized, the AP will be diluted. This effect increases with the size of the pool; it may also decrease the AP concentration in the pool below the laboratory test detection limit (d), thereby increasing the number of false negatives. The method proposed in this study determines the required sample size considering the dilution effect and guarantees narrow confidence intervals. In addition, we derived the maximum likelihood estimator of p and an exact confidence interval (CI) under negative binomial pool testing considering the detection limit of the laboratory test, d, and the concentration of AP per unit (c). Simulated data were created and tables presented showing different potential scenarios that a researcher may encounter. We also provide an R program that can be used to create other scenarios.
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Kacena, Katherine A., Sean B. Quinn, Suzanne C. Hartman, Thomas C. Quinn, and Charlotte A. Gaydos. "Pooling of Urine Samples for Screening for Neisseria gonorrhoeae by Ligase Chain Reaction: Accuracy and Application." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 12 (1998): 3624–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.12.3624-3628.1998.
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The accuracy of detection of genital Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in pooled urine samples by ligase chain reaction (LCR) was examined in three populations. Firstly, urine specimens from 300 female military recruits (FMR) were tested by LCR individually and in pools of four and six. Secondly, 300 urine specimens from middle-school students (MSS) were tested individually by LCR, and then the processed specimens were stored frozen for subsequent testing in pools of 4 and 10. Thirdly, 600 frozen urine specimens from high-school students (HSS) were tested by using the LCR pooling algorithm, i.e., testing processed specimens in pools of four in one test unit dose, and retesting individual specimens from positive pools. Finally, the pooling algorithm results were compared to culture results for a subset of 344 students from the original 600 HSS from whom cervical or urethral samples were taken at the discretion of the school nurse practitioners. Compared to individual testing of specimens by LCR in the FMR population, the pooling-by-four algorithm was 100% sensitive (5 of 5) and 100% pool specific (70 of 70), and the pool-by-six algorithm was 100% sensitive (5 of 5) and 100% pool specific (45 of 45). In the MSS population, the pool-by-4 algorithm was 95.8% sensitive (23 of 24) and 100% (52 of 52) pool specific, and the pool-by-10 algorithm was 95.8% sensitive (23 of 24) and 100% (17 of 17) pool specific. In the subset of 344 HSS from whom endocervical or urethral specimens were collected for culture, 31 were positive by LCR in urine and 26 were positive by culture. After results discrepant between culture and LCR were adjudicated by a confirmatory LCR test, the pooling algorithm was 93.8% (30 of 32) sensitive and 99.7% (311 of 312) specific. Culture from these 344 HSS was 81.3% (26 of 32) sensitive. The pooling algorithm reduced the cost of the N. gonorrhoeae LCR assay by 60% compared to individual testing of the HSS specimens and was both sensitive and specific.
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Singh, Anirudh K., Ram Kumar Nema, Ankur Joshi, et al. "Testing of four-sample pools offers resource optimization without compromising diagnostic performance of real time reverse transcriptase-PCR assay for COVID-19." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (2021): e0251891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251891.
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Quick identification and isolation of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals is central to managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Real time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR) is the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis. However, this resource-intensive and relatively lengthy technique is not ideally suited for mass testing. While pooled testing offers substantial savings in cost and time, the size of the optimum pool that offers complete concordance with results of individualized testing remains elusive. To determine the optimum pool size, we first evaluated the utility of pool testing using simulated 5-sample pools with varying proportions of positive and negative samples. We observed that 5-sample pool testing resulted in false negativity rate of 5% when the pools contained one positive sample. We then examined the diagnostic performance of 4-sample pools in the operational setting of a diagnostic laboratory using 500 consecutive samples in 125 pools. With background prevalence of 2.4%, this 4-sample pool testing showed 100% concordance with individualized testing and resulted in 66% and 59% reduction in resource and turnaround time, respectively. Since the negative predictive value of a diagnostic test varies inversely with prevalence, we re-tested the 4-sample pooling strategy using a fresh batch of 500 samples in 125 pools when the prevalence rose to 12.7% and recorded 100% concordance and reduction in cost and turnaround time by 36% and 30%, respectively. These observations led us to conclude that 4-sample pool testing offers the optimal blend of resource optimization and diagnostic performance across difference disease prevalence settings.
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Mintsa-Nguema, Rodrigue, Samira Zoa-Assoumou, Ludovic Mewono, et al. "Could pooled samples method affect SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis accuracy using BGI and Sansure-Biotech RT-PCR kits used in Gabon, Central Africa?" PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (2022): e0262733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262733.
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This study aims at establishing specimens pooling approach for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 using the RT-PCR BGI and Sansure-Biotech kits used in Gabon. To validate this approach, 14 positive samples, stored at -20°C for three to five weeks were analyzed individually (as gold standard) and in pools of five, eight and ten in the same plate. We created 14 pools of 5, 8 and 10 samples using 40 μL from each of the selected positive samples mixed with 4, 7 and 9 confirmed negative counterparts in a total volume of 200 μL, 320 μL and 400 μL for the pools of 5, 8 and 10 respectively. Both individual and pooled samples testing was conducted according to the BGI and Sansure-Biotech RT-PCR protocols used at the Professor Daniel Gahouma Laboratory (PDGL). Furthermore, the pooling method was also tested by comparing results of 470 unselected samples tested in 94 pools and individually. Results of our experiment showed that using a BGI single positive sample with cycle threshold (Ct) value of 28.42, confirmed by individual testing, detection occurred in all the pools. On the contrary samples with Ct >31 were not detected in pools of 10 and for these samples (Ct value as high as 37.17) their detection was possible in pool of 8. Regarding the Sansure-Biotech kit, positive samples were detected in all the pool sizes tested, irrespective of their Ct values. The specificity of the pooling method was 100% for the BGI and Sansure-Biotech RT-PCR assays. The present study found an increase in the Ct values with pool size for the BGI and Sansure-Biotech assays. This trend was statistically significant (Pearson’s r = 0.978; p = 0,022) using the BGI method where the mean Ct values were 24.04±1.1, 26.74±1.3, 27.91±1.1 and 28.32±1.1 for the individual, pool of 5, 8 and 10 respectively. The testing of the 470 samples showed that one of the 94 pools had a positive test similar to the individual test using the BGI and Sansure-Biotech kits. The saving of time and economizing test reagents by using the pooling method were demonstrated in this study. Ultimately, the pooling method could be used for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 without modifying the accuracy of results in Gabon. We recommend a maximum pool size of 8 for the BGI kit. For the Sansure-Biotech kit, a maximum pool size of 10 can be used without affecting its accuracy compared to the individual testing.
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Soysal, Tayfun. "A new solidification cracking test: stationary weld-pool deformation test." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 26, no. 8 (2021): 622–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2021.1985369.
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Gou, Weijie, and Lihong Wang. "Test and Analysis of TIG-MIG Hybrid Welding Are." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2152, no. 1 (2022): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2152/1/012031.
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Abstract A high-speed camera is used to observe the arc starting and arc stabilization process of the TIG-MIG hybrid welding system. Paschen’s law is used to analyze the path of TIG welding arc breakdown under the condition of the conductive channel provided by the MIG welding arc, and the arc starting process of the double arc hybrid welding is determined. The study found that when the electrode spacing is less than 8.5 mm, two molten pools can form a common molten pool after arc initiation of MIG welding; when the spacing is 10 mm, the two molten pools after arc initiation form a “8” shape; When the distance is 12 mm, there is a low temperature zone between the two arcs, which is separated.
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Knoll, Ross W., David P. Valentiner, and Jacob B. Holzman. "Development and Initial Test of the Safety Behaviors in Test Anxiety Questionnaire: Superstitious Behavior, Reassurance Seeking, Test Anxiety, and Test Performance." Assessment 26, no. 2 (2016): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191116686685.
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The purpose of the current studies is to identify safety behavior dimensions relevant to test anxiety, to develop a questionnaire to assess those dimensions, and to examine the validity of that questionnaire. Items were generated from interviews with college students ( N = 24). Another sample ( N = 301) completed an initial 33-item measure. Another sample ( N = 151) completed the final 19-item version the Safety Behaviors in Test Anxiety Questionnaire and provided access to their academic records. Interviews and expert evaluations were used to select items for the initial pool. An examination of item distributions and exploratory factor analysis were used to identify dimensions and reduce the item pool. Confirmatory factor analyses were used to validate the factorial structure. Correlational analyses were used to examine criterion validity of the final measure. The Safety Behaviors in Test Anxiety Questionnaire consists of a 9-item “Superstitious Behaviors” scale and a 10-item “Reassurance Seeking.” The measure shows good content validity, factorial validity, internal consistency, and convergent and discriminant validity. Only the Reassurance Seeking scale showed good incremental criterion validity. Overall, these findings suggest that reassurance seeking may be a neglected target for interventions that might increase performance on high stakes tests.
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Lorenz, Klaus, Rattan Lal, and Martin J. Shipitalo. "Stabilized Soil Organic Carbon Pools in Subsoils under Forest Are Potential Sinks for Atmospheric CO2." Forest Science 57, no. 1 (2011): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/57.1.19.
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Abstract The soil organic carbon (SOC) pool stored in subsoil horizons in forests plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. Strategies are needed to increase the subsoil SOC pool in forests because the turnover time of SOC increases with increase in soil depth as subsoil SOC is chemically and physically stabilized. We compared the total SOC and total nitrogen (TN) pools, chemically and physically separated SOC fractions, and C and N pools in fine roots in a soil pedon in an oak-hickory forest type consisting of white oak (Quercus alba L.) and red oak (Quercus rubra L.) with yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) at the North Appalachian Experimental Watershed near Coshocton, Ohio, USA. The SOC pool was the highest in the A horizon (47.4 Mg ha−1) and smaller in the Bt1 (6.9 Mg ha−1) and Bt2 (6.7 Mg ha−1) horizons. The SOC and TN concentrations sharply decreased with depth. Fine root C and N pools were much larger in the A horizon (0.71 and 0.025 Mg ha−1) than in underlying horizons. Although only 22% of the SOC pool was stored below the A horizon, 58% of the chemically stabilized and 31% of the physically stabilized SOC fractions pool occurred in the subsoil horizons. Thus, studies are needed to test whether forest management can increase the stabilized SOC pool in subsoil horizons to mitigate the human-induced climate change.
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Bult, Tammo P., Stephen C. Riley, Richard L. Haedrich, R. John Gibson, and Jan Heggenes. "Density-dependent habitat selection by juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in experimental riverine habitats." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, no. 7 (1999): 1298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-074.
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We investigated habitat use of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr in experimental riverine enclosures made up of pool, riffle, and run habitats over a range of densities (0.1-1.25 fish·m-2) to test the implicit assumption in habitat modelling that habitat selection does not change with population density. Results indicated that habitat use changed with population density, with relatively more parr in pools and fewer in runs at higher population densities. Temperature influenced parr distribution, with relatively more parr in runs and fewer in riffles and pools at higher temperatures. Parr distribution was primarily affected by hydromorphological differences among pool, riffle, and run habitats. Effects of population density and temperature on use of pool, riffle, and run habitats were often as large as effects of hydromorphological differences among pool, riffle, and run habitats on fish distributions over the range of temperatures and densities observed. Results varied considerably, despite controlled experimental conditions. We concluded that habitat selection by juvenile Atlantic salmon parr may be density dependent and potentially quite variable.
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Julias, John G., and Vinay K. Pathak. "Deoxyribonucleoside Triphosphate Pool Imbalances In Vivo Are Associated with an Increased Retroviral Mutation Rate." Journal of Virology 72, no. 10 (1998): 7941–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.10.7941-7949.1998.
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ABSTRACT Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pool imbalances are associated with an increase in the rate of misincorporation and hypermutation during in vitro reverse transcription reactions. However, the effects of in vivo dNTP pool imbalances on the accuracy of reverse transcription are unknown. We sought to determine the effects of in vivo dNTP pool imbalances on retroviral mutation rates and to test our hypothesis that 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) increases the retroviral mutation rates through induction of dNTP pool imbalances. D17 cells were treated with thymidine, hydroxyurea (HU), or AZT, and the effects on in vivo dNTP pools were measured. Thymidine and HU treatments induced significant dNTP pool imbalances. In contrast, AZT treatment had very little effect on the dNTP pools. The effects of in vivo dNTP pool imbalances induced by thymidine and HU treatments on the retroviral mutation rates were also determined. Spleen necrosis virus (SNV)-based and murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based retroviral vectors that expressed the lacZ mutant reporter gene were used. The frequencies of inactivating mutations introduced in thelacZ gene in a single replication cycle provided a measure of the retroviral mutation rates. Treatment of D17 target cells with 500 μM thymidine increased the SNV and MLV mutant frequencies 4.7- and 4-fold, respectively. Treatment of D17 target cells with 2 mM HU increased the SNV and MLV mutant frequencies 2.1- and 2.7-fold, respectively. These results demonstrate that dNTP pool imbalances are associated with an increase in the in vivo retroviral mutation rates, but AZT treatment results in an increase in the retroviral mutation rates by a mechanism not involving alterations in dNTP pools.
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Houston, Adam L. "Sensitivity of Deep Ascent of Cold-Pool Air to Vertical Shear and Cold-Pool Buoyancy." E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology 11, no. 3 (2021): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.55599/ejssm.v11i3.63.
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The tilting and stretching of solenoidally generated vorticity that is hypothesized to be a necessary condition for supercell tornadogenesis is predicated on the presence of ascent of cold-pool air. Results are presented from experiments designed to test the sensitivity of this ascent to the temperature deficit of the cold pool and the environmental vertical shear. Experiments use idealized 2D numerical simulations involving a density current and a parameterized non-rotating deep convective updraft. Experiments conducted with only the density current demonstrate that simulated cold-pool upward motion generally exhibits a highly correlated direct relationship to both environmental vertical shear and cold-pool temperature deficit. Thus, despite increased negative buoyancy, colder cold pools are theoretically characterized by faster ascent of cold-pool air. In the presence of the parameterized, non-rotating, deep convective updraft, cold-pool upward motion is found to exhibit a strong linear relationship to both environmental shear and cold-pool temperature deficit. A cold-pool tracer is also used to measure the depth of transport of cold-pool air. Maximum tracer depth is found to increase linearly with environmental vertical shear but is found to decrease with increasing cold-pool temperature deficit. These sensitivities are attributed to the degree of phasing between deep positively buoyant ascent and the density current dynamics: for stronger shear and smaller cold-pool temperature deficits, the deep updraft and the gust front remain in close proximity, resulting in deep transport of cold-pool air.
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Zhang, Jinming, Hua-Hua Chang, and Qing Yi. "Comparing single-pool and multiple-pool designs regarding test security in computerized testing." Behavior Research Methods 44, no. 3 (2012): 742–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0178-5.
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Park, Won Man, Sung Man Son, Dae Kyung Choi, et al. "Investigation of the Equivalent Test Condition for the Seismic Safety Assessment of a Spent Fuel Pool with regard to Sloshing Behavior." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2019 (December 1, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1418265.
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Spent fuel pools are used as temporary storage for spent fuel assemblies in nuclear power plants and are filled with coolant which removes the decaying heat from spent fuel assemblies. Sloshing of the coolant can occur if an earthquake occurs in the area. It may produce additional forces on the pool or inner structure and cause overflow of the coolant. It is therefore critical to investigate the phenomenon of sloshing in a seismic assessment of the spent fuel pool. The size of an actual spent fuel pool is excessive for carrying out an experimental study; thus, a scale model is necessary for experimentation. In this study, a scaling law was defined for test conditions using a scale model to understand sloshing behavior, and the results were validated via computational fluid dynamic analysis. Because sloshing is resonant in a fluid and the first mode natural frequency of a fluid is dominant in sloshing behavior, the test condition could be obtained based on the natural frequency of the fluid. In the model, which is scaled with a factor of “Sf,” the scale factors “Sf,” “Sf0,” “Sf−0.5,” and “Sf0.5” were used for displacement, acceleration, excitation frequency, and excitation time, respectively. Approximately 5% difference in maximum sloshing height between two models was predicted in the only case that 1/8 and 1/4 models (1/8 and 1/4 scaled down from an actual spent fuel pool) were excited with 10 Hz and 7.071 Hz, respectively, but the same sloshing height and pressure were predicted in other cases. The results of this study support the idea that the Froude scaling law can be used when using a scale model for a seismic assessment of spent fuel pools to investigate sloshing behavior.
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Heckel, Sofía, Antonella Pacini, Franco Paredes, et al. "Practical considerations to establish a validated platform for pooled detection of SARS-CoV-2 by droplet digital PCR." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (2022): e0271860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271860.
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Detection of SARS-CoV-2 has created an enormous workload for laboratories worldwide resulting in a restriction at the time of massive testing. Pool testing is a strategy that reduces time and costs. However, beyond the detection of infectious diseases in blood banks, this approach is rarely implemented in routine laboratories. Therefore, what was learned from the SARS-CoV-2 pool testing should represent an opportunity to increase diagnostic capabilities. The present work, carried out in the context of a diagnostic laboratory of a public hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic, represents a contribution to this end. The main limitation of pool testing is the risk of false negatives that could have been identified by individual tests. These limitations are the dilution of samples with a low virus load during pooling and that the integrity of the sample may be affected by the quality of the sample collection. Fortunately, both limitations coincide with the main strengths of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). ddPCR is a third-generation PCR that splits the amplification into thousands of droplets that work in parallel, increasing sensitivity and resistance to inhibitors. Therefore, ddPCR is particularly useful for pool testing. Here we show how to factor between test sensitivity and savings in test time and resources. We have identified and optimized critical parameters for pool testing. The present study, which analyzed 1000 nasopharyngeal samples, showed that the pool testing could detect even a single positive sample with a CT value of up to 30 in pools of 34 samples. This test was performed using three different standard extraction methods, the simplest being heating only, which resulted in substantial savings of extraction reagents in addition to PCR reagents. Moreover, we show that pooling can be extended to use saliva, which is less invasive and allows self-collection, reducing the risk for health personnel.
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Li, Kai Xiang, Ji Hong Feng, Hao He, and Hua Juan Bai. "Detection Device Construction and Analysis of Urinary Sediment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 462-463 (November 2013): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.462-463.9.
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The purpose of this paper is to put up a device for urinary sediment detection with a homemade microscope and a CCD, and to test the feasibility of the device. In this study, we use a capillary to absorb the urinalysis control (UC) which is diluted 500 times, and drip it into a counting pool of a urinary sediment quantitative analysis board (USQAB). In this setup device, we detect 30 counting pools in this analysis board with microscopic examination in total. Further, we count the number of red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) of every counting pool, and calculate the average number of RBC and WBC of 30 counting pools. Though this detection device, we are able to get 30 groups of imaging results clearly while the number of RBC and WBC in each counting pool fluctuates around the mean value. The result indicates that the setup detection device in this experiment is simple and feasible.
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Ohno, Shuji, Shinya Miyahara, and Yuji Kurata. "ICONE15-10608 TEST RESULTS OF VOLATILE RADIONUCLIDE EVAPORATION FROM LIQUID LEAD- BISMUTH AND THEIR COMPARISON WITH TEST FROM SODIUM POOL." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2007.15 (2007): _ICONE1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2007.15._icone1510_331.
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Choi, Seung W., Sangdon Lim, Luping Niu, et al. "maat: An R Package for Multiple Administrations Adaptive Testing." Applied Psychological Measurement 46, no. 1 (2021): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01466216211049212.
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Multiple Administrations Adaptive Testing (MAAT) is an extension of the shadow-test approach to CAT for the assessment framework involving multiple tests administered periodically throughout the year. The maat package utilizes multiple item pools vertically scaled across grades and multiple phases (stages) within each test administration, allowing for transitioning from an item pool to another as deemed necessary to further enhance the quality of assessment.
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Hayward, Andrew, Anthony McGregor, Mark A. Good, and John M. Pearce. "Absence of Overshadowing and Blocking between Landmarks and the Geometric Cues Provided by the Shape of a Test Arena." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B 56, no. 1b (2003): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724990244000214.
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In three experiments rats were required to escape from a pool of water by swimming to a submerged platform. The position of the platform was determined by the shape of the pool, which was either rectangular or triangular. A landmark that was located on the surface of the pool near the platform failed to overshadow (Experiment 1) or block (Experiment 2) learning about the position of the platform with reference to the shape of the pool. Experiment 3 revealed a similar outcome with cues outside the pool, which could be used, in addition to the shape of the pool, to identify the location of the platform. These findings imply that theories of learning that assume that stimuli must compete with each other for the control that they acquire may not apply to spatial learning based on the shape of the environment.
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Demir, Ömer, and Süleyman Sadi Seferoğlu. "Developing a Scratch-based coding achievement test." Information and Learning Sciences 120, no. 5/6 (2019): 383–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ils-08-2018-0078.
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Purpose The lack of a reliable and valid measurement tool for coding achievement emerges as a major problem in Turkey. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a Scratch-based coding achievement test. Design/methodology/approach Initially, an item pool with 31 items was created. The item pool was classified within the framework of Bayman and Mayer’s (1988) types of coding knowledge to support content validity of the test. Then the item pool was applied to 186 volunteer undergraduates at Hacettepe University during the spring semester of the 2017-2018 academic year. Subsequently, the item analysis was conducted for construct validity of the test. Findings In all, 13 items were discarded from the test, leaving a total of 18 items. Out of the 18-item version of the coding achievement test, 4, 5 and 9 items measured syntactic, conceptual and strategic knowledge, respectively, among the types of coding knowledge. Furthermore, average item discrimination index (0.531), average item difficulty index (0.541) and Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient (0.801) of the test were calculated. Practical implications Scratch users, especially those who are taking introductory courses at Turkish universities, could benefit from a reliable and valid coding achievement test developed in this study. Originality/value This paper has theoretical and practical value, as it provides detailed developmental stages of a reliable and valid Scratch-based coding achievement test.
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Amalia, Firda Ayu, and Thoufan Nur. "Pendampingan Strategis untuk Pengembangan Usaha BumDes di Desa Soco dalam Sektor Pariwisata." Jurnal Pengabdian Nasional (JPN) Indonesia 5, no. 2 (2024): 528–37. https://doi.org/10.35870/jpni.v5i2.880.
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Partner in this service in Bumdes of Soco Village, Bedo District, Magetan Regency. BUMDes has several businesses, one of which is the Soheden swimming pool. Mitra complained that visitors to the Sooheden swimming pool are still limited to local communities around the village and sub-district. In other words, the Sooheden swimming pool business still needs to be discovered and known by the wider community. Based on partner complaints, the Community Service Team provides a solution by developing and marketing a swimming pool business to the broader community. The method used is conducting FGD, conducting socialization related to the principle of BUMDes development using SWOT analysis, and conducting post -socialization; the Community Service Team assists with optimizing BUMDes management. This dedication was carried out by lecturers in collaboration with students 'lecturers dedication students. Partners who attended the FGD and socialization activities included the BUMDes development coordination team, village officials, BUMDes managers, and community representatives. The results of the service show that there is an increase in understanding after socialization related to business development assistance. Before the socialization event began, participants were given a pre-test and post-test after training. Furthermore, the Community Service Team also submitted related to developing the Sooheden swimming pool business based on SWOT analysis. It explained how to market swimming pools using social media, such as TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube. The Community Service Team continues to assist with socialization. In addition, the outcome of the results of this service is the increase in the number of visitors to Soheden's swimming pool, exceeding the expectations of the Community Service Team and Partners.
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Arslan, Kevser, and Asli Görgülü Ari. "Development of Ecology Achievement Test for Secondary School Students." Shanlax International Journal of Education 12, S1-June (2024): 166–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/education.v12is1-june.7195.
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This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable multiple-choice achievement test for the subject area of ecology. The study was conducted within the framework of exploratory sequential design based on mixed research methods, and the study group consisted of a total of 250 middle school students studying at the sixth and seventh grade level. In the process of preparing the question pool, the level and scope of the questions in the pool were shaped by taking into account the achievements of science, environmental education and climate change courses. A question pool consisting of questions obtained as a result of the literature review and prepared by the researcher was created. The pool of 41 questions was reduced to 29 questions in line with expert opinions. The 29-question multiple-choice test, whose language comprehensibility was examined and necessary arrangements were made, was made ready for implementation. The draft form of the achievement test, which was piloted, was applied to 250 students. Item difficulty indices and item discrimination indices of the test answers obtained from the students were calculated. After the item analysis, a total of 4 questions were removed from the test. As a result of the analyses, the average difficulty value of the test was calculated as 0.58 and the average discrimination value was calculated as 0.60. The KR-20 reliability coefficient of the developed test was 0.85 and Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient was 0.88. As a result of the research, a valid and reliable ecology achievement test was developed.
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Patel, Khayati, and Chun-Yip Hon. "Evaluating if airborne chemical levels in indoor swimming pools are influenced by type of water treatment." Environmental Health Review 63, no. 2 (2020): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5864/d2020-014.
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Introduction Airborne chemical contaminants within an indoor space have the potential to cause adverse effects on those who work or visit the building. Indoor pools are no exception and airborne contaminants arise when chemicals, used for disinfection purposes, react with the pool water. Pool water can be treated by different means (e.g., chlorination or ultra-violet (UV) radiation) and whether the type of water treatment affects the airborne chemical levels is unclear. This study examined UV-treated vs. chlorine-treated swimming pools to determine if there is a difference in the resulting airborne chemical concentration of chlorine, hydrochloric acid (HCl) and trichloramines. Methods Two swimming pools (one UV-treated and one chlorine-treated) were selected to participate based upon the inclusion criteria. Partial period sampling was conducted on 3 different days at each facility when swim classes were occurring. For each sampling period, two ambient samples for each analyte (chlorine, HCl, and trichloramines) were collected according to recognized occupational hygiene protocols. Additionally, the temperature and relative humidity were measured, and other pool chemistry information was obtained. Comparative analyses were performed to ascertain if there was a difference in airborne chemical levels between the two pools. Results Summary statistics indicated very similar averages for each of the three airborne chemicals between the two water treatment types. A two-sample t-test found that the difference in means was not statistically significant for any of the three analytes. Conclusion There was no statistically significant difference reported in the mean airborne concentration for any of the analytes between the chlorine-treated swimming pool and the UV-treated swimming pool. In addition, all airborne chemical concentration levels were below their respective occupational exposure limit or recommended guideline level. The type of water treatment does not appear to impact the airborne chemical levels though further research is suggested to confirm these results.
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Kroll, M. H., R. Chesler, and R. J. Elin. "Effect of lyophilization on results of five enzymatic methods for cholesterol." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 7 (1989): 1523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.7.1523.
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Abstract We studied the effect of lyophilization of serum pools on the determination of cholesterol with the enzymatic methods used in five automated analyzers: SMAC (Technicon), the RA-1000 (Technicon), the aca (Du Pont), the TDx (Abbott), and the Ektachem 700P (Kodak). We prepared two serum pools: pool A (2.2 g/L) and pool B (1.9 g/L). We separated each pool into three groups for treatment by lyophilizing or freezing at -20 and -70 degrees C. We determined cholesterol by the above methods at regular intervals during the next 270 days. For all methods, the measured concentration of cholesterol was less for the lyophilized serum than for frozen (P less than 0.007 by the paired-sample t-test). After adjusting for the dilutional effects of reconstitution, the decrease in original value was 0.7% for the SMAC, 1.7% for the RA-1000, 5.7% for the Ektachem, 9.4% for the TDx, and 14.3% for the aca. Lyophilization of cholesterol standards or serum samples may hamper the effective standardization of enzymatic methods and may be a source of apparent inaccuracy (bias) among enzymatic methods.
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Mangala Gitushi, Kevin, Myra Blaylock, and Ethan S. Hecht. "Simulations for Planning of Liquid Hydrogen Spill Test." Energies 16, no. 4 (2023): 1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041580.
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In order to better understand the complex pooling and vaporization of a liquid hydrogen spill, Sandia National Laboratories is conducting a highly instrumented, controlled experiment inside their Shock Tube Facility. Simulations were run before the experiment to help with the planning of experimental conditions, including sensor placement and cross wind velocity. This paper describes the modeling used in this planning process and its main conclusions. Sierra Suite’s Fuego, an in-house computational fluid dynamics code, was used to simulate a RANS model of a liquid hydrogen spill with five crosswind velocities: 0.45, 0.89, 1.34, 1.79, and 2.24 m/s. Two pool sizes were considered: a diameter of 0.85 m and a diameter of 1.7. A grid resolution study was completed on the smaller pool size with a 1.34 m/s crosswind. A comparison of the length and height of the plume of flammable hydrogen vaporizing from the pool shows that the plume becomes longer and remains closer to the ground with increasing wind speed. The plume reaches the top of the facility only in the 0.45 m/s case. From these results, we concluded that it will be best for the spacing and location of the concentration sensors to be reconfigured for each wind speed during the experiment.
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Benninger, Michael S. "Nasal Mucociliary Transport after Exposure to Swimming Pool Water." American Journal of Rhinology 8, no. 5 (1994): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065894782537325.
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Swimmers often complain of nasal dryness, and reports have suggested that swimmers may have an increased incidence of chronic rhinosinusitis (“Swimmer's Sinusitis”). To assess the affect of swimming pool and ocean water on mucociliary transport, a saccharine-particle test was used after spraying the noses of 10 subjects under four test conditions: control, water, hypertonic saline (the concentration of ocean water), and swimming pool water. Nasal transit time was significantly prolonged after administration of swimming pool water, in comparison to the other three test conditions. Although hypertonic saline also prolonged transit times in comparison to water and control, these differences were not significant. The relationship between exercise, swimming pool water, and mucociliary transport will be discussed.
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Wooldridge, C. L., and E. J. Hickin. "Step-pool and cascade morphology, Mosquito Creek, British Columbia: a test of four analytical techniques." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39, no. 4 (2002): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e01-087.
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The identification and geometric definition of individual cascade and step-pool bedforms are investigated in a steep, coarse-grained, mountain stream, Mosquito Creek, by testing four analytical techniques: visual identification, zero-crossing, bedform differencing, and power spectral analysis. The test is the first use of these techniques in a headwater stream, and the analysis of two bed profiles showed that visual identification was able to (i) identify, (ii) determine the geometry of, and (iii) classify the type of individual bedforms better than the other methods. The other techniques were not able to differentiate step-pools from cascades, and the large range of grain sizes and bedform heights hampered their ability to consistently identify stepped bedforms. The step-pool (pronounced, channel-spanning steps that alternate with channel-spanning pools) and cascade (multi-tiered, partially channel-spanning structures) morphology in Mosquito Creek has formed in the last 20 years as fluvial action has restructured its previously engineered, revetment-lined, planar bed. The channel bed exhibits a morphologic regularity that power spectral analysis captured as periodic fluctuations in the bed profiles, with mean wavelengths slightly greater than those identified by the other methods. Further, the active reorganization of revetment has formed stepped structures with geometries similar (i.e., height to wavelength ratios) to stepped features found in natural mountain streams. Channel slope partially controlled bedform geometry (wavelength and height), and bedform height weakly controlled individual step spacing, but there was no relation between wavelength and grain size (D90).
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Li, Hua, Walter Villanueva, Markku Puustinen, Jani Laine, and Pavel Kudinov. "Validation of Effective Models for Simulation of Thermal Stratification and Mixing Induced by Steam Injection into a Large Pool of Water." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2014 (2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/752597.
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The Effective Heat Source (EHS) and Effective Momentum Source (EMS) models have been proposed to predict the development of thermal stratification and mixing during a steam injection into a large pool of water. These effective models are implemented in GOTHIC software and validated against the POOLEX STB-20 and STB-21 tests and the PPOOLEX MIX-01 test. First, the EHS model is validated against STB-20 test which shows the development of thermal stratification. Different numerical schemes and grid resolutions have been tested. A48×114grid with second order scheme is sufficient to capture the vertical temperature distribution in the pool. Next, the EHS and EMS models are validated against STB-21 test. Effective momentum is estimated based on the water level oscillations in the blowdown pipe. An effective momentum selected within the experimental measurement uncertainty can reproduce the mixing details. Finally, the EHS-EMS models are validated against MIX-01 test which has improved space and time resolution of temperature measurements inside the blowdown pipe. Excellent agreement in averaged pool temperature and water level in the pool between the experiment and simulation has been achieved. The development of thermal stratification in the pool is also well captured in the simulation as well as the thermal behavior of the pool during the mixing phase.
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Adila Rosari, Marcella Ezra, Suprijandani, Imam Thohari, Ngadino, and Pradevi Milafitri Farista Ananto. "Analysis of Residual Chlorine Content in Swimming Pool Water on Eye Irritation Complaints." Public Health Research Development 1, no. 1 (2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36568/phrd.v1i1.3.
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Residual chlorine is a residue from the chemical compound chlorine, which is used as a disinfectant in swimming pool water. When in contact with the eyes, these chemicals can cause conjunctiva inflammation, known as conjunctivitis. Symptoms include redness, swelling, pain, and itching in the eyes. Research purposes analyzing the effect of residual chlorine content in swimming pool water on complaints of eye irritation in swimming club members. The type of research used is analytical observational with a cross-sectional approach. The research subjects were visitors to swimming pools in the Surabaya area using purposive sampling. The data collection techniques were questionnaire sheets, observations, and laboratory results. Data analysis used the Spearman Correlation test. The results showed that water pH was a protective factor for residual chlorine in swimming pool water with a value of (PR < 1), and Alkalinity was a protective factor for residual chlorine in swimming pool water with a value of (PR < 1). There was no influence of residual chlorine on complaints of eye irritation with a value (pv = 0.602). It is recommended that swimming pool managers install information boards that guide swimming pool cleanliness and ethics. They have added soda ash to stabilize the pH. Future researchers can examine other factors that influence complaints of eye irritation and residual chlorine content.
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Adila Rosari, Marcella Ezra, Suprijandani, Imam Thohari, Ngadino, and Pradevi Milafitri Farista Ananto. "Analysis of Residual Chlorine Content in Swimming Pool Water on Eye Irritation Complaints." Public Health Research Development 1, no. 1 (2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36568/publichealthresearchdevelopment.v1i1.3.
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Residual chlorine is a residue from the chemical compound chlorine, which is used as a disinfectant in swimming pool water. When in contact with the eyes, these chemicals can cause conjunctiva inflammation, known as conjunctivitis. Symptoms include redness, swelling, pain, and itching in the eyes. Research purposes analyzing the effect of residual chlorine content in swimming pool water on complaints of eye irritation in swimming club members. The type of research used is analytical observational with a cross-sectional approach. The research subjects were visitors to swimming pools in the Surabaya area using purposive sampling. The data collection techniques were questionnaire sheets, observations, and laboratory results. Data analysis used the Spearman Correlation test. The results showed that water pH was a protective factor for residual chlorine in swimming pool water with a value of (PR < 1), and Alkalinity was a protective factor for residual chlorine in swimming pool water with a value of (PR < 1). There was no influence of residual chlorine on complaints of eye irritation with a value (pv = 0.602). It is recommended that swimming pool managers install information boards that guide swimming pool cleanliness and ethics. They have added soda ash to stabilize the pH. Future researchers can examine other factors that influence complaints of eye irritation and residual chlorine content.
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., Rudramani, Vineet Kumar, Neha Thakur, et al. "Impact of a short-term training in emergency and trauma in a tertiary teaching institute." International Surgery Journal 8, no. 7 (2021): 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20212370.
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Background: The health-workers working in emergency area need better training to handle emergency patients with sincerity and accurate clinical skills. So, it is imperative to train them on simulation models and prepare them to perform their duties with better skills and higher confidence.Methods: A structured course named as Dr. RMLIMS Emergency and Trauma-Basic Course (DrRMLIMS ET-BC), was designed to effectively train the resident doctors from different departments, nursing staff (pool A) and other health-workers, ancillary staff and security persons (pool B) posted in the casualty and emergency wards. Pool A underwent pretest to ascertain basic knowledge. Post-test questionnaire was taken after training. Predesigned google forms were used for feedback. Pool B underwent counselling and motivating sessions about the sense of team, role of leader and effective communication. Direct observation, officer in-charge’s feedback, buddy feedbacks, patient’s attendants’ feedbacks and self-appraisal were done for evaluation. Paired t test was applied on pool A pretest and post-test scores to evaluate the change in the knowledge.Results: Pool A shows a pre-test mean of 37.83±0.92 (approximately 39%) which improved significantly to 72.16±0.90 post training (p value=0.0000). Pool B revealed significant positive change in the attitude, behavior and sense of team and responsibility.Conclusions: This study shows that this training is an adequate training programme to teach the basics emergency and trauma skills and been successful in increasing knowledge, despite the variations in the vision of different subject specialities.
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Redl, Robert, Andreas H. Fink, and Peter Knippertz. "An Objective Detection Method for Convective Cold Pool Events and Its Application to Northern Africa." Monthly Weather Review 143, no. 12 (2015): 5055–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-15-0223.1.
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Abstract Convective cold pool events in (semi) arid areas have significant impacts on their environment. They reach horizontal extents of up to several hundred kilometers and the associated turbulence and shear can cause dust emissions and threaten aviation safety. Furthermore, cold pools play a major role in the organization of deep convection and in horizontal moisture transport. They have even been proposed to have impacts on larger-scale monsoon dynamics. Cold pools are not well represented in models using a convective parameterization. To test and improve these models, it is necessary to reliably detect cold pool occurrence from standard observational data. Former studies, however, focused on single cases or short time periods. Here, an objective and automated method for the generation of multiyear climatologies of cold-pool events is presented. The algorithm combines standard surface observations with satellite microwave data. Representativeness of stations and influence of their spatial density are addressed by comparison to a satellite-only climatology. Applying this algorithm to data from automatic weather stations and manned synoptic stations in and south of the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and Algeria reveals the frequent occurrence of cold pool events in this region. On the order of six cold-pool events per month are detected from May to September when the Saharan heat low is in its northernmost position. The events tend to cluster into several-days-long convectively active periods, often with strong events on consecutive days. The algorithm is flexible enough to be applied in comparable regions around the world.
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Cogo, Paola E., Gianna Maria Toffolo, Antonina Gucciardi, Arianna Benetazzo, Claudio Cobelli, and Virgilio P. Carnielli. "Surfactant disaturated phosphatidylcholine kinetics in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia measured with stable isotopes and a two-compartment model." Journal of Applied Physiology 99, no. 1 (2005): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01423.2004.
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We previously found a shorter surfactant disaturated phosphatidylcholine palmitate (DSPC-PA) half-life in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) by using a single stable isotope tracer and simple formulas based on a one-exponential fit of the final portion of the enrichment decay curve. The aim of this study was to apply noncompartmental and compartmental analysis on the entire enrichment decay curve of DSPC-PA and to compare the kinetic data with our previous results. We analyzed 10 preterm newborns with BPD (gestational age 26 ± 0.6 wk, weight 777 ± 199 g) and 6 controls (gestational age 26 ± 1.4 wk, weight 787 ± 259 g). All took part in our previous study. Endotracheal 13C-labeled dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine was administered, and the 13C-enrichment of surfactant DSPC-PA was measured from serial tracheal aspirates by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Noncompartmental and compartmental models were numerically identified from the tracer-to-tracee ratio and kinetic parameters related to the accessible (pool accessible to sampling, likely to be the lung alveolar pool) and to the nonaccessible pools (pools not accessible to samplings, likely to be the intracellular storage pool) were estimated in the two study groups. Comparison was performed by Mann-Whitney test. A two-compartment model provided the most reliable assessment of DSPC-PA kinetics. In BPD vs. controls, mean ± SE residence time of DSPC-PA in the accessible was 17.5 ± 2.6 vs. 32.2 ± 6.4 h ( P < 0.05), whereas it was 49.7 ± 3.5 vs. 54.4 ± 3.9 h (NS, not significant) in the nonaccessible pool; DSPC-PA recycling was 0.26 ± 0.05 vs. 0.43 ± 0.04% (NS), respectively. A two-compartment model of surfactant DSPC-PA kinetics allowed a thorough assessment of DSPC-PA kinetics, including masses, synthesis, and fluxes between pools. The most important findings of this study are that in BPD infants DSPC-PA loss from the alveolar pool was higher and recycling through the intracellular pool lower than in controls.
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Muslim, Muhammad, Yayuk Kustiningsih, and Endah Yanuarti. "Pemanfaatan Pool Serum sebagai Bahan Kontrol Ketelitian Pemeriksaan Glukosa Darah." Medical Laboratory Technology Journal 1, no. 2 (2015): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31964/mltj.v1i2.17.
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Efforts to efficiency in the implementation of the medical laboratory's internal quality control is done with the use of control serum pool. Pool control serum is a material made from leftover serum of patients who generally discarded because it is not used anymore .. The purpose of the study to determine the accuracy of the quality of the pool serum as compared with the control materials for the plant control serum glucose in improving internal quality control. Type analytic survey research with comparative approach. Analysis of data using the value of CV (coefficient of variation) and the Wilcoxon test. The results showed a decrease in serum pool of blood glucose levels after 30 days of storage by 4.7%. Based on a statistical test serum taken with the pool serum obtained significance value of 0.000 where this value is less than the value of α = 0.05, which means that there is a difference between serum taken with the pool serum. In the control serum before and after storage decreased blood glucose levels of 4.5% and is based on statistical test obtained significance value of 0.073 where the value is more than the value of α = 0.05, so there is no difference between the control serum before and after storage. Based on the calculation, the value of CV (coefficient of variation) of 5.4% serum pool and a CV (coefficient of variation) control serum by 11.6%. Accuracy pool serum and serum control exceeds the limits CV (coefficient of variation) a maximum of 5%. It is suggested further research on how long endurance pool serum as a control.
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Seidel, K. M., J. M. Lopez Pila, and A. Grohmann. "Disinfection Capability in Water for Swimming and Bathing Pools: A Simple Method for Their Evaluation in Practice." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 2 (1991): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0090.
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Prevention of infectious diseases transmission in swimming and bathing pools requires that sufficient disinfection capability is constantly maintained in the bathing water. Accordingly, German regulations make mandatory that any procedure for the treatment and disinfection of those waters must guarantee a certain minimum capability to inactivate human pathogens in the water. We describe here a simple method to evaluate the disinfection capability of pool water, expressed as the inactivation rate of selected microorganisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli and Legionella pneumophila). The test might be carried out right onsite in the pool area using simple standard laboratory equipment normally present in microbiological laboratories and might be used for the evaluation of standard disinfectants and of others to be developed in the future. Results achieved with this test show good agreement with those obtained using a sophisticated stopped flow apparatus, developed exclusively for the evaluation of disinfection capability.
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Van Der Vekens, Nicky, Marie-Astrid van Dievoet, Hendrik De Puydt, et al. "Analytical validation of a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T assay in horses." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 27, no. 4 (2015): 504–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638715593601.
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Although cardiac troponin T (cTnT) assays have been used to detect myocardial damage in horses, a cTnT assay has not been analytically validated, to our knowledge. The aims of this study were to estimate the precision of a high-sensitivity cTnT assay in horses and determine the effect of hemolysis on the measured cTnT concentration. Serum samples from horses were mixed in 3 different pools. Pool 1 consisted of samples from 3 healthy horses, pool 2 from 6 horses with heart failure or atypical myopathy, and pool 3 from 10 horses with atypical myopathy. The within- and between-run coefficients of variation were determined for each pool. Pools 2 and 3 were diluted to estimate linearity. To study the influence of sample hemolysis, serum was collected from 4 horses with a high cTnT concentration, in which hemolysis was mechanically induced. In addition, ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid blood tubes were collected from 3 other horses, from which hemolysate was prepared and added to plasma at different concentrations. The within- and between-run coefficients of variation of all pools were <10%, and a good linearity was found. Three out of 4 hemolyzed serum samples had a decreased serum cTnT concentration. Plasma samples with a high hemolysis index showed a negative interference, resulting in a lower cTnT concentration. Results of the high-sensitivity cTnT assay were highly reproducible. Because samples from horses with musculoskeletal damage were included, further studies should test the possible cross-reactivity between troponin T of musculoskeletal and cardiac origin before the assay can be used in equine clinical practice.
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Becker, Benjamin, Dries Debeer, Karoline A. Sachse, and Sebastian Weirich. "Automated Test Assembly in R: The eatATA Package." Psych 3, no. 2 (2021): 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/psych3020010.
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Combining items from an item pool into test forms (test assembly) is a frequent task in psychological and educational testing. Although efficient methods for automated test assembly exist, these are often unknown or unavailable to practitioners. In this paper we present the R package eatATA, which allows using several mixed-integer programming solvers for automated test assembly in R. We describe the general functionality and the common work flow of eatATA using a minimal example. We also provide four more elaborate use cases of automated test assembly: (a) The assembly of multiple test forms for a pilot study; (b) the assembly of blocks of items for a multiple matrix booklet design in the context of a large-scale assessment; (c) the assembly of two linear test forms for individual diagnostic purposes; (d) the assembly of multi-stage testing modules for individual diagnostic purposes. All use cases are accompanied with example item pools and commented R code.
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Pomeranz, Irith. "Arranging a Pool of Functional Test Sequences for Variable In-Field Test Periods." IEEE Access 13 (2025): 10009–21. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3528741.
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Costa, Murilo S., Hugo I. Sato, Raissa P. Rocha, et al. "Adjusting the Cut-Off and Maximum Pool Size in RT-qPCR Pool Testing for SARS-CoV-2." Viruses 13, no. 4 (2021): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040557.
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Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA is an essential test to monitor the occurrence of COVID-19. A methodology is proposed for the determination of maximum pool size and adjustments of cut-off values of cycle threshold (Ct in RT-qPCR pool testing, to compensate for the dilution caused by pooling. The trade-off between pool size and test sensitivity is stated explicitly. The procedure was designed to ensure that samples that would be detectable in individual testing remain detectable in pool testing. The proposed relaxation in cut-off is dependent on the pool size, allowing a relatively tight correction to avoid loss of detection of positive samples. The methodology was evaluated in a study of pool testing of adults attending a public emergency care unit, reference for COVID-19 in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, and presenting flu-like symptoms. Even samples on the edge of detectability in individual testing were detected correctly. The proposed procedure enhances the consistency of RT-qPCR pool testing by enforcing that the scales of detectability in pool processing and in individual sample processing are compatible. This may enhance the contribution of pool testing to large-scale testing for COVID-19.
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NOVOSELOV, I. A. "ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF REGISTERS OF MORTGAGE COLLATERAL OF MBS COVERED BY DOM.RF MORTGAGE AGENCY." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, no. 6 (2021): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.06.02.015.
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In the article we consider the regional structure of aggregated mortgage collateral pools of MBS issues covered by the guarantee of the mortgage agency DOM.RF. We analyze the regional structure of outstanding mortgage loan balance in collateral pools and select the regions that represent the bulk of the collateral portfolio. We consider the link between socio-economic and pool characteristics. We find the links, which pass the test for significance. We find the possible presence of the burnout effect.
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Ratajczak, Katarzyna, and Aneta Pobudkowska. "Pilot Test on Pre-Swim Hygiene as a Factor Limiting Trihalomethane Precursors in Pool Water by Reducing Organic Matter in an Operational Facility." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20 (2020): 7547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207547.
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Pool water must be constantly disinfected. Chlorine compounds used to disinfect pools react with organic substances such as sweat, urine, and personal care products introduced into pool water by users and results in the formation of disinfection byproducts. Trihalomethanes (THM), including chloroform and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, were quantified using a two-stage process: determining initial THM and chloroform levels; then searching for a cheap and easy-to-use method to improve water quality. The method proposed here to limit THM and DOC concentrations in water is controlled showering. At three swimming pool facilities, chloroform concentrations (13.8 ± 0.33 µg/L, 15.5 ± 0.44 µg/L, and 13.9 ± 0.06 µg/L) were below the threshold concentration of 30 μg/L. At a fourth facility, however, the chloroform concentration exceeded that threshold (40.7 ± 9.68 μg/L) when showering was not controlled. Those conditions improved after the introduction of a mandatory shower; concentrations of DOC, THMs, and chloroform all decreased. The chloroform concentration decreased to 29.4 ± 3.8 μg/L, the THM concentration was 31.3 ± 3.9 μg/L, and the DOC concentration was 6.09 ± 0.05 mg/L. Pilot tests were carried out at real facilities to determine whether the control of pre-swim hygiene was possible. The introduction of proper pre-swim hygiene limited the concentration of DOC in water and can lead to a healthier environment for everyone attending the swimming facility.
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Marwick, C. "Donor pool may rise as screening blood test falls." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 273, no. 5 (1995): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.273.5.366.
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