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Pavelchak, Nicholas, Karen Cummings, Rachel Stricof, Elizabeth Marshall, Margaret Oxtoby, and Matthew London. "Negative-Pressure Monitoring of Tuberculosis Isolation Rooms Within New York State Hospitals." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 22, no. 08 (2001): 518–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501943.
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Abstract A previously published study recommended the daily use of visible smoke to test for negative air pressure in isolation rooms occupied by potentially infectious tuberculosis cases. Continuous monitoring devices were found to have poor reliability. Findings from our survey of engineering controls in acute-care hospitals within New York State support this recommendation.
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Boughtwood, David, Arthur Friedson, and Nick Gugie. "Social Tax Policies Directed at the Working Poor: The New York State Experience." National Tax Journal 53, no. 3, Part 1 (2000): 439–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2000.3.08.
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Shah, Urvi A., Nishi Shah, Baozhen Qiao, et al. "The Rising Number of Adult T Cell Leukemia Lymphoma (ATLL) Cases in Non-Hispanic Blacks and Its Association with Poor Outcomes." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (2018): 1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-111721.
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Abstract Introduction Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare, aggressive T cell neoplasm associated with a retrovirus human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) and carries a dismal prognosis. Within the United States, New York, and Florida see the majority of cases due to the concentration of Caribbean immigrants (Zell, Assal et al. 2016, Malpica, Pimentel et al. 2018). SEER data does not include states like New York and Florida where most cases are seen and therefore a true estimate of the disease burden in this country is not known (Chihara, Ito et al. 2012, Adams, Newcomb et al. 2016). Aim We aim to study the epidemiology and clinical outcomes of ATLL in the United States particularly in the state of New York. Methods Data for New York was obtained from the New York State Cancer Registry (NYSCR). Data were also retrieved from 18 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries in the United States. Patients with ATLL (HTLV-1 positive) (includes all variants) were categorized using the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition codes ICD-O-3 as 9827/3. Race/ethnicity was categorized as non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, all Hispanic and other/unknown in the NYSCR whereas it was categorized as non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, all Hispanic, non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native, non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander, and non-Hispanic unknown race in SEER. ATLL patients ≥ 15 years of age were identified from 1995 to 2014 in SEER and all ages were included in NYSCR. Survival was estimated from SEER follow-up data with Kaplan Meier survival analysis. For NYSCR mean and median survival time (month) for deceased patients - cases diagnosed through death certificate only were removed. NYSCR does not conduct active patient follow-up and assumes patients are still alive if we didn't find a deathmatch through vital record or National Death Index linkages. Results Five hundred and eleven patients with ATLL were identified in SEER. These patients had a median survival of 8 months (m) which was worse than all other subtypes of peripheral T cell lymphoma. (Figure 1) Four hundred and twenty-nine patients with ATLL were identified in NYSCR and these patients had a median survival of 4.5 m. (Figure 2) Over the years from 2000 until 2014 the number of cases diagnosed within SEER registry coverage areas has not changed. In New York state however there has been a doubling in the number of cases diagnosed from 1995 to 2014. (Figure 3A, B) The non-Hispanic black population was diagnosed at a median age of 52.5 in SEER and 54 in NYSCR while the non-Hispanic whites were diagnosed at a median age of 71 in SEER and 64.5 in NYSCR. The Hispanic patients were diagnosed at a median age of 58.5 in NYSCR and 52.5 in SEER. (Figure 4A, B) There was no gender predominance with 50% males in both registries. ATLL patients in SEER were 47.2% non-Hispanic white, 31.7% non-Hispanic black, 9.8% Hispanic and 11.4% other/unknown. There were 5.5% Japanese patients (n=28) diagnosed in SEER. NYSCR had 22.4% non-Hispanic white, 59.4% non-Hispanic black, 15.9% Hispanic and 2.3% other/unknown. (Figure 5A, B) Within SEER registries most cases occurred in New Jersey, California, Connecticut and Georgia. (Figure 6) New York state had a significantly higher number of cases than these states. Seventy four percent cases diagnosed within New York state are diagnosed in New York city and only 26% of cases are diagnosed in upstate New York. Based on reported country of birth within New York state, only 27% of the ATLL cases diagnosed are born in the US whereas 49% are born in the Caribbean (most likely to be from Jamaica, Dominican Republic and Haiti). (Figure 7A, B, C) For SEER and NYSCR the age-adjusted cancer incidence rate by race year and other factors will be presented at the meeting. Conclusions ATLL has a worse prognosis than all other PTCL subtypes. New York State has a high endemicity for ATLL with a rising number of cases. The higher percentage of non-Hispanic black patients in New York compared to the rest of the country is consistent with the diverse racial demographics in this state. Survival varied significantly by race/ethnicity and disparities were evident especially for non-Hispanic blacks who were diagnosed at a younger median age and had a shorter survival. Further research into this aggressive disease is needed to improve outcomes for these patients. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Hannon, Joan Underhill. "Poor relief policy in antebellum New York state: The rise and decline of the poorhouse." Explorations in Economic History 22, no. 3 (1985): 233–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(85)90012-9.
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Fleming, Anne. "The Borrower's Tale: A History of Poor Debtors inLochnerEra New York City." Law and History Review 30, no. 4 (2012): 1053–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248012000533.
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When asked why he did not read over the loan documents before signing them, John Doherty explained: “I was anxious to get the money, I didn't bother about it.” In February 1910, the twenty-three-year-old railroad clerk walked into the offices of the Chesterkirk Company, a loan-sharking operation with offices in lower Manhattan. He was looking to borrow some money. Repayment was guaranteed by the only security Doherty had to offer: his prospective wages and, in his words, his “reputation.” After a brief investigation of Doherty's creditworthiness, the loan was approved. The office manager placed a cross in lead pencil at the bottom of a lengthy form and Doherty signed where indicated. He received $34.85 in exchange for his promise to repay the loan principal plus $10.15 in combined fees and interest in three months. The interest charged was significantly greater than the 6 percent per year allowed in New York State. Doherty's effective annualized interest rate, including fees, was over 100 percent.
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Williams, Olajide, Ellyn Leighton-Herrmann Quinn, Anna Colello, et al. "Community stroke education practices in New York State designated stroke centres." Health Education Journal 78, no. 8 (2019): 1012–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0017896919850213.
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Objective: Community stroke education is a regulated, integral component of stroke systems of care. However, little is known about the types of activities conducted by hospitals. This study was designed to examine the annual requirement for community stroke education among New York State’s 119 designated Primary Stroke Centres and identify areas for improvement that may have an implication on stroke outcomes. Design: Cross-sectional survey design Setting: All 119 New York State designated Primary Stroke Centres were invited to participate. Methods: Participating hospitals completed a 29-item online questionnaire assessing multiple domains related to community stroke education including hospital characteristics, allocated resources, implementation barriers, current community stroke education practices and willingness to adopt best practice guidelines. Data were analysed using univariate descriptive and chi-square statistics. Results: Eighty-eight percent of hospitals completed the survey (105/119). Respondents were mostly stroke coordinators and stroke directors. Stroke outreach education was conducted two to four times per year in 58% of the hospitals ( n = 69). Community stroke education included behavioural risk factor modification, the detection of stroke risk through screening and stroke preparedness education at health fairs. Although 95% of hospitals ( n = 98) reported using at least one best practice approach for these activities, evaluation was generally poor, with only about 23% ( n = 24) implementing outcome-specific assessments. Major barriers to stroke outreach were inadequate staffing, time constraints and lack of funding. Conclusion: Hospital-driven community stroke education efforts occur infrequently and are poorly evaluated. This component of stroke systems of care would benefit from guidelines from regulatory agencies, which currently do not exist.
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Arnold, Kathleen R. "Welfare Reform and Sexual Regulation. By Anna Marie Smith. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. 297p. $29.99." Perspectives on Politics 6, no. 4 (2008): 813–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592708081978.
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In her book, Anna Marie Smith meticulously analyzes the racial and gendered dimensions of the U.S. welfare state and the ways in which it punishes the unmarried and imposes hetero-normative standards on all types of poor families. Smith's aim is to “expand the disciplinary limits of feminist political theory” (p. 6) by drawing on case law, public policy, and social theory. She exposes highly undemocratic practices directed at poor women and men, as well as what amounts to a eugenic project seeking to limit poor people's reproduction. Significantly, individuals of color are targeted by the state for eugenic control and moral policing. In particular, Smith points out how welfare reform and the implementation of “paternafare”—a program that forces poor women to identify biological fathers so that the state can pursue these “deadbeat dads”—do not help the one group who even conservatives agree are “innocent”—children. Very rarely are any party's circumstances elevated by this system, and most often “payers” are forced into deeper poverty. Furthermore, the state's hetero-normative stance marginalizes lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgendered individuals (LGBTs) in a legal system in which their rights are already deeply compromised.
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Endee, Lisa, Russell Rozensky, and Stephen Smith. "301 Evaluation of Fatigue and Healthy Lifestyle Practices among New York State Law Enforcement Professionals." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (2021): A120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.300.
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Abstract Introduction An important risk factor for drowsy driving is shift work, and law enforcement, an occupation known for its atypical work schedules, is a highly vulnerable occupation. A connection between fatigue and unintentional injuries among police officers has been observed (Vila, 2006), but data supporting the connection is limited. Understanding how sleep and lifestyle practices impact this population’s driving performance and job safety is critical to officer safety. Methods An online survey was disseminated to New York State law enforcement agencies by the Governor’s Traffic Safety Committee to assess sleep health and lifestyle practices among law enforcement personnel. Statistical analysis included data cleaning, basic and advanced statistical testing. Results 7,366 survey invitations were distributed, 1,171 were returned (15.9% response rate), and after data cleaning, 1,038 surveys were included in the analysis. Respondents reported from various state, county, and local agencies, holding titles from Police Officer to Senior Management. More than 30% of officers reported driving 5 hours or more during their shift, with 12% driving greater than 7 hours. 65% of respondents reported having experienced drowsy driving. Although, 34% reported never having received education about drowsy driving. On work days, only 40% of respondents obtain 7 hours of sleep or more. On days off, 23.6% reported sleeping 6 hours or less. Work, stress, and family responsibilities were reported as having a significant impact on sleep. Almost 87% reported at least one medical issue. Daytime sleepiness (47.4%), fatigue (42.6%), and poor memory (26.8%) were reported daily. Only 23.8% and 29.3% of respondents received education on sleep or heart health, respectively. The majority (81.7%) reported they would consider education in a variety of health-related programs. Conclusion Our findings indicate that poor sleep (60%), high stress (22.7%), and anxiety (16.8%) are a concern amongst officers. Poor cardiovascular health was also noted, based on reports of obesity (34.1%), high blood pressure (23.5%), and high cholesterol (22.4%). This research supports the need for prioritizing health education programs within law enforcement agencies. Support (if any) Funded by The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration with a grant from The New York State Governor’s Traffic Safety Committee.
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Carmichael, Paul H. "Who Receives Federal Title I Assistance? Examination of Program Funding by School Poverty Rate in New York State." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 19, no. 4 (1997): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/01623737019004354.
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The distributional pattern of federal funding allocated through the Elementary and Secondary Education Act’s Title I program was examined for all public schools in New York State. Although Title I is a major vehicle for serving the needs of poor children and redressing educational inequity, the present findings suggest that poorer school districts may be ill-served by the present law in several ways: (1) The federal Title I program is widely distributed across New York State to 98% of school districts and to nearly 80% of all public schools; (2) regardless of the poverty rate for any given school district (including the most affluent districts), a clear majority of schools receive Title 1 funding; (3) some of the poorest districts may be unable to use Title I to serve many of their educationally disadvantaged children when an individual school’s poverty rate falls below the intradistrict average. Implications for children in poverty are discussed with reference to the most recent reauthorization of Title I (Improving America’s Schools Act of 1994).
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Borges, Michael. "Library advocacy starts at home." Bottom Line 18, no. 3 (2005): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/08880450510613551.
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PurposeTo give a quick and easy approach to library advocacy, with regard to the ongoing needs of keeping in touch with stakeholders due to poor or reducing government funding for public libraries, librarians are in the situation of having to advocate in new and different ways.Design/methodology/approachGiven the state of New York and federal funding, this approach explores the best practices that anyone can apply to approach stakeholders and policy makers for more funding.FindingsFunding for libraries in the USA is often tied to “who” the library knows and this article gives a direct “how to” approach that can be used throughout the local, state or federal lobbying process. Especially in meeting the sophisticated demands of library users, this approach ties funding to patron activities, such as reading, electronic resources and programming.Originality/valueThis snapshot on advocacy can give those in the front lines or new to the advocacy process a way to start thinking in new ways to getting an advocacy action plan in place. A web resource of state activities in the State of New York offers resources on advocacy, specifically targeted to library advocates. Other benefits include developing messages and building coalitions.
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Kielb, Christine, Shao Lin, and Syni-an Hwang. "Asthma Prevalence, Management, and Education in New York State Elementary Schools: A Survey of School Nurses." Journal of School Nursing 23, no. 5 (2007): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405070230050501.
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A survey of school nurses was conducted in New York State elementary schools to assess asthma and asthma management in students. The survey contained questions about asthma morbidity, management and education, obstacles to management, and school indoor air quality. The reported prevalence of asthma among students was 8.5%. Of the students with asthma, 64% visited the health office, 26% were absent from school, 20% had physical limitations, and 7% needed urgent care. Only 28% had a written management plan at school, less than 25% of schools used asthma self-management programs, and obstacles to management included lack of time and funding. More than 25% rated school indoor air quality as “fair” or “poor.” Schools need to adopt key components of asthma management, and school nurses should be encouraged to work with others in the school setting to address indoor air quality problems that might be affecting health.
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HOELZER, KARIN, BRIAN D. SAUDERS, MARIA D. SANCHEZ, et al. "Prevalence, Distribution, and Diversity of Listeria monocytogenes in Retail Environments, Focusing on Small Establishments and Establishments with a History of Failed Inspections." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 7 (2011): 1083–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-567.
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Despite growing concerns about cross-contamination of ready-to-eat foods with Listeria monocytogenes, our knowledge about the ecology and transmission of L. monocytogenes in retail establishments has remained limited. We conducted a cross-sectional study to characterize the prevalence, distribution, and subtype diversity of L. monocytogenes in 120 New York State retail deli establishments that were hypothesized to present an increased risk for environmental L. monocytogenes contamination (i.e., small establishments and establishments with a history of failed New York State Agriculture and Markets inspections). Analysis of these data along with previously reported data for 121 predominantly larger retail establishments in New York State identified establishment size, geographic location, and inspection history as significant predictors of L. monocytogenes presence and prevalence. The odds of an establishment being L. monocytogenes positive were approximately twice as high for large establishments, establishments located in New York City, or establishments with poor inspection history (as compared with establishments without these attributes), even though correlation between location and inspection history complicated interpretation of results. Within an establishment, L. monocytogenes was significantly more prevalent on nonfood contact surfaces than on food contact surfaces; prevalence was particularly high for floors and in floor drains, sinks, the dairy case, and milk crates. L. monocytogenes subtype diversity differed between sites, with lineage I isolates significantly associated with nonfood contact surfaces and lineage II isolates significantly associated with food contact surfaces. Isolates belonging to the same ribotype were often found dispersed across multiple sites within an operation.
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Smith, Cardinale B., Natalia Egorova, Jason Parker Gonsky, et al. "New York state hospitals serving the poor: Does the proportion of Medicaid patients affect lung cancer surgical short-term outcomes?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 15_suppl (2015): e17660-e17660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e17660.
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Su, Celina. "Managed Participation: City Agencies and Micropolitics in Participatory Budgeting." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 47, no. 4_suppl (2018): 76S—96S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764018757029.
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As participatory budgeting (PB) processes proliferate around the globe and within the United States, there remain questions regarding PB’s contested role as an empowering, pro-poor tool for social justice. This analysis of the New York City PB process focuses on the interactions between everyday participants in PB and city agency representatives, the bureaucrats involved in the process. In New York, PB has successfully broadened notions of stakeholdership for many constituents. Still, the agencies’ micropolitical practices—especially regarding contested politics and local versus technical knowledge—help to forward a model of managed participation, sidelining deliberative aspects of the process. Combined with a context of austerity, these practices limit the ability of such participatory institutions to retain volunteer participants, as well as the ability of constituents to substantively shape state priorities.
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Holcomb, P. A. "Poor Women and Their Families: Hard Working Charity Cases, 1900-1930. By Beverly Stadum (Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1992. xxviii plus 235 pp. $18.95 paper)." Journal of Social History 27, no. 2 (1993): 391–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/27.2.391.
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Quick, R. C., W. J. Sonnenstuhl, and H. M. Trice. "Educating the Employee Assistance Professional: Cornell University's Employee Assistance Education and Research Program." Public Personnel Management 16, no. 4 (1987): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102608701600406.
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This article outlines in considerable detail Cornell University's Employee Assistance Education and Research Program which is funded by the New York State Department of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, in cooperation with the Christopher D. Smithers Foundation of Mill Neck, NY. It utilizes an academic curriculum in combination with field experience to further develop the EAP profession. It has been on-going since the Fall of 1985 in various New York State cities (Syracuse, New York, Rochester, and Albany) and will soon expand to include Buffalo and Long Island. The authors were assisted with implementation of the program by Bernard Flaherty, who acts as its co-director, and who is Director of the Central District of Cornell's Extension Division of the School of Industrial and Labor Relations. In addition, the article addresses a dilemma faced by personnel executives as they try to reach decisions about how to assure quality in the EAP programs, and in the personnel who staff them. On the one hand, they seek practical, applied programs that can be readily implemented and attractive to employees. On the other, there is a need to feel confident that the EAP personnel they employ are thoroughly acquainted with the workplace, and with the treatment place, and have a sound understanding of the emotional disturbances that cause troubled employees to be poor performers.
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Schneider, Rebecca, David Orr, and Anthony Johnson. "Understanding Ditch Maintenance Decisions of Local Highway Agencies for Improved Water Resources across New York State." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 12 (2019): 767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119854092.
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Networks of roadside ditches criss-cross the landscape, and have played a significant but previously unrecognized role in flooding and water pollution. This study surveyed town and county highway professionals across New York State (NYS) to determine their ditch management practices. There was a 41% response rate from the 999 highway staff surveyed, representing 54 of the 57 counties statewide. 36.8% of the agencies reported using full scraping or reshaping without reseeding as their primary method of ditch management and half scraped their ditches on average once every 1 to 4 years. It is estimated that one-third to one-half of the roadside ditches across upstate NYS are therefore in fair to poor condition. This translates to thousands of miles of exposed substrate vulnerable to storms, acting as a source of sediment and pollution. Limited resources including time, labor, equipment, and money were the primary reasons given for the practices used. Additional challenges identified included interactions with landowners over rights-of-way, farm-field drainage, and increasing frequency of downpours. A comprehensive, state-wide program will be necessary to actualize ditch improvement. It will require a complete toolbox of strategies, from financial support and training to regulatory mandates and penalties, and needs to include a ditch inventory system. Incentives in the form of grants and shared services should be offered by state agencies working collaboratively with local governments. Valuing highway department managers as water stewards and supporting the improved management of roadside ditches can provide an important new mechanism for protecting NYS’s water resources.
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Nicholas, Lauren Hersch. "Public-Private Partnerships in Healthcare Financing: Lessons From the New York State Partnership for Long-term Care." Policy Perspectives 10, no. 1 (2003): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/pp.v10i1.4233.
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This paper examines the current market for the New York State Partnership for Long-Term Care (NYSPLTC), a public-private partnership designed to encourage private insurance purchase. The potential market for long-term care insurance (LTCI) is analyzed based on market participants' ability to afford Partnership policies. Data from the U. S. Census and the NYSPLTC creates a demographic profile of potential purchasers. This profile identifies the subsets of the population who currently benefit from the policy and those who are eligible but not participating. The Partnership is not necessarily the best use of government resources because it may increase inequitable distribution of societal resources and may not create significant benefits to offset its costs. The policy subsidizes the cost of care for some who could fully pay, rather than dedicating limited resources to providing care for the poor. This trade-off is made under the assumption that strengthening the private LTCI market will eventually reduce reliance on publicly funded care. Long-term care financing is a market failure, as individuals do not presently have the proper incentives to make provision for the cost of possible end-of-life health and social care needs. This market failure must be dealt with in light of predicted increases in cost and increased usage of long-term care by the oldest old, our nation's fastest-growing demographic.
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Scipes, Kim. "Sandra L. Barnes, The Cost of Being Poor: A Comparative Study of Life in Poor Urban Neighborhoods in Gary, Indiana (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005)." Journal of Urban Affairs 28, no. 2 (2006): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2006.00267d.x.
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Petkova, Elisaveta P., Jaishree Beedasy, Eun Jeong Oh, et al. "Long-term Recovery From Hurricane Sandy: Evidence From a Survey in New York City." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 12, no. 2 (2017): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2017.57.
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AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to examine a range of factors influencing the long-term recovery of New York City residents affected by Hurricane Sandy.MethodsIn a series of logistic regressions, we analyzed data from a survey of New York City residents to assess self-reported recovery status from Hurricane Sandy.ResultsGeneral health, displacement from home, and household income had substantial influences on recovery. Individuals with excellent or fair health were more likely to have recovered than were individuals with poor health. Those with high and middle income were more likely to have recovered than were those with low income. Also, individuals who had not experienced a decrease in household income following Hurricane Sandy had higher odds of recovery than the odds for those with decreased income. Additionally, displacement from the home decreased the odds of recovery. Individuals who applied for assistance from the Build it Back program and the Federal Emergency Management Agency had lower odds of recovering than did those who did not apply.ConclusionsThe study outlines the critical importance of health and socioeconomic factors in long-term disaster recovery and highlights the need for increased consideration of those factors in post-disaster interventions and recovery monitoring. More research is needed to assess the effectiveness of state and federal assistance programs, particularly among disadvantaged populations. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:172–175)
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Stoudt, Brett G., María Elena Torre, Paul Bartley, et al. "Researching at the community-university borderlands: Using public science to study policing in the South Bronx." education policy analysis archives 27 (May 20, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.27.2623.
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This article is a case study of the Morris Justice Project (MJP), a participatory action research (PAR) study in a South Bronx neighborhood of New York City (NYC) designed to understand residents’ experiences with and attitudes towards the New York Police Department (NYPD). An illustration of public science, the research was conducted in solidarity with an emerging police reform movement and in response to an ongoing and particularly aggressive set of policing policies that most heavily impacts poor communities and communities of color. The case study describes a set of ongoing participatory, research-action, “sidewalk science” strategies, developed in 42 square blocks of the South Bronx, designed to better understand and challenge the ongoing structural violence of the carceral state. Collaboratively written with members of the Morris Justice collective, we tell our story across three sections that outline the genesis of the project, describe our major commitments, and offers PAR and public science as a possible “intervention” in traditional university practice.
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Strange, Carolyn. "The Unwritten Law of Executive Justice: Pardoning Patricide in Reconstruction-era New York." Law and History Review 28, no. 4 (2010): 891–930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248010000714.
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Reconstruction was an uncertain time in New York City, the nation's foremost metropolis, riddled with political corruption and rocked by popular protest. Stabilizing efforts took numerous forms, including the brutal suppression of workers' rallies and the prosecution of municipal politicians and officials. Public faith in the criminal justice system and its capacity to prosecute and punish criminals had also reached a low ebb by the 1870s, prompting the state government to investigate the district attorney's office in New York County and its court system. In the words of a veteran member of the city's criminal bar, the “deplorable uncertainty” of punishment was making “a mockery of justice.” A Columbia University medico-legal expert agreed, claiming that murder, “if not yet cultivated as one of the fine arts … [was] a matter of daily occurrence.” High-profile trials in the wake of the Civil War tested public and professional criticism of jury independence, particularly jurors' disinclination to find killers guilty of murder, compounded by defense attorneys' growing use of “moral” and “emotional insanity” defenses. Every time apparently sane killers, such as William McFarland (tried and acquitted on grounds of “temporary insanity” in 1870 for the murder of his former wife's lover) escaped conviction on the basis of questionable insanity defenses, newspapers announced “the insanity dodge,” and medico-legal experts squabbled over the growing problem of “feigned insanity.” Occasionally Manhattan's murderers did face the gallows, especially the poor and friendless, as the execution of William Foster in March 1873 confirmed, but it seemed that well-financed and well-defended murderers, like Edward Stokes, murderer of financier Jim Fisk, could exploit the technicalities of the law if the vagaries of medicine failed to secure acquittals. A justice system of this sorry character had little hope of deterring would-be murderers, the New York Times despaired: “MURDER AND HANGING-Examples Wanted-Strangle All Our Murderers Together.”
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Levy, Benjamin, Rangaswamy Chintapatla, Jaime Suarez, et al. "HIV-associated lung cancer in New York City." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (2013): e17589-e17589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e17589.
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e17589 Background: Recent evidence suggests that HIV may be a risk factor of lung cancer, independent of smoking . Due to the expanding population of HIV patients with lung cancer, there is a need to define the clinical course and tumor biology of these patients. Our analysis seeks to characterize the clinical and molecular features of HIV associated non small cell lung cancer (HIV-NSCLC) and evaluate outcomes in a New York City Cancer center that serves a racially and economically diverse population. Methods: We searched the Continuum Cancer Center Registry for cases of HIV-NSCLC diagnosed from 2002 to 2012. Charts were reviewed to determine patient and tumor characteristics, treatment and outcomes. Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed for survival and compared by means of the log rank test. Patient characteristics were compared to national data from the SEER database. Mutational analysis of archival tissue was performed by OnkoMatch Tumor genotyping. Results: HIV-NSCLC was idenfied in 74 patients. Median age (MA) was 55 compared to MA of 70 for non HIV-NSCLC. Patients were predominantly male (72%). Histology distribution was reflective of the non-HIV population (SEER): adenocarcinoma [31 (42%)], squamous [18 (24%)], NSCLC NOS [8 (11%)], poorly differentiated [6 (8%)], and other [9 (15%)]. Distribution of stage was similar to SEER with 39 (53%) patients presenting with stage IV. Lowest recorded CD4 count was <200 in 34 patients (68%) with available CD4 counts. Chemotherapy and radiation were administered to 28 (49%) and 19 patients (31%), respectively. Median survival was 5.2 months. Kaplan-Meier curves were not statistically different by CD4 count (> or < 200), or by receipt of chemo or radiation. Mutational analysis on 7 patients demonstrated 3 with cMet overexpression, 2 KRAS mutations and 1 BRAF mutation. Conclusions: Among our HIV-NSCLC cohort, patients were diagnosed at younger age, but had similar stage and histology distributions as SEER database averages. HIV associated lung cancer appears to have a poor prognosis similar to that of the general population. Rates of treatment were low in our cohort and the potential for undertreatment warrants further study. Observed increased rate of cMET overexpression should prompt further molecular profiling in this population.
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Zhilina, Evgeniya Vladimirovna. "Reform of the New York’s public health system in the context of rapid urban development (turn of the XIX – XX centuries)." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 4 (April 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.4.33041.
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This article explores the factors for conducting administrative reforms in the United States in the area of public health. For detailed consideration, the author selected New York City as an example the largest metropolitan area that faced aggravation of social problems due to the shortcomings in the existing public health system. Rapid increase in the number of resident in the conditions of significant growth of population density led to proliferation of the dangerous infectious diseases, for elimination of which local authorities had to take prompt actions of state regulation, including creation of the new administrative branches. Special attention is given to the treatment of tuberculosis and preventive measures thereof, namely the importance of tracking all new cases. In studying public health system of New York City, the author applied interdisciplinary approach that ensured comprehensive and objective outlook upon the problems of poorest population groups of the city. Comparative-historical method was used juxtapose the situation in New York and typologically similar US metropolises. Chronological method allowed tracing the patterns in evolution of administrative innovations, and assessing them in a single historical perspective. The main conclusion consists in the statement that private medicine appeared to be insufficient due to the drastic changes of social conditions in the densely populated metropolises, as the constantly growing population of poor immigrant neighborhoods was capable of paying for medical services. At the same time, namely the residents of such ghettos were most vulnerable category of population from the standpoint of epidemiology. Taking preventive measures by the municipal authorities, which included mass vaccination and clearing New York streets from dirt and trash, became an effective way to alleviate the situation. The administrative reforms in the city significantly improved the situation, which laid the foundation for sweeping changes in the future.
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Fourcade, Marion. "The Unfeeling State - Virginia Eubanks, Automating Inequality. How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor (New York, St Martin’s Press, 2017)." European Journal of Sociology 60, no. 3 (2019): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975619000213.
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Turner, Justin. "“It all started with Eddie”: Thanatopolitics, police power, and the murder of Edward Byrne." Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal 15, no. 2 (2018): 239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741659018763898.
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On February 26, 1988, rookie New York City police officer Edward Byrne was shot dead while guarding a material witness in a drug trafficking case in South Jamaica, Queens. This article considers how state narratives and visual rhetoric emerging from Byrne’s murder emboldened the police power and a revanchist campaign aimed at “taking back the streets” secreted under the war on drugs. As such, this case powerfully illustrates a disparate politics of death and the ways that the state enlists thanatopolitical power in order to reaffirm and reproduce its sovereign authority. Such a reproduction or reanimation of power registers as the state’s ability to unleash violence unequivocally and unequally upon poor and marginalized communities, as later demonstrated by the legal and proper police murder of Sean Bell, a resident of South Jamaica, Queens killed by NYPD agents in 2006.
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Stine, William F. "The Effect of Local Administrative Stringency on the Provision of AFDC." Public Finance Quarterly 16, no. 3 (1988): 284–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109114218801600302.
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This article investigates the impact that variations in local administrative practices including stringency have on the provision of AFDC. It uses a median voter model to conceptualize the choice of optimal local redistributive output, defined as the percentage of a jurisdiction's poor families receiving AFDC. Stringency is hypothesized to be a determinant of administrative effort and related to a number of eligibility related variables. Empirical evidence is offered for 57 New York State county governments for the years of 1970 and 1980. The empirical results demonstrate that differences in administrative effort reduce the poor's participation in AFDC programs. The evidence also partially supports the hypothesis that administrative effort is determined by eligibility related considerations.
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Low, Setha. "Security at home: How private securitization practices increase state and capitalist control." Anthropological Theory 17, no. 3 (2017): 365–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463499617729297.
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The impact of the security state is not only seen in the political and spatial restrictions on public space and the public sphere or inscribed in militarized national borders and cities, but also in the increasing penetration of the domestic and private realm of home. These securitization practices and how they work can be exposed through an ethnographic analysis of formal institutional structures as well as the affective, discursive and bodily practices that make up and regulate everyday life. Examining securitization as a scalar set of spatial practices and social processes that interlock through a desire for ‘security’ reveals how securitization is able to keep a political stranglehold not only on poor, homeless and marginalized people who are traditionally perceived to be at risk and the target of these controls, but also on middle-class social preferences, political actions, shared feelings, and daily movements. This paper explores five of these sociospatial securitization practices including spatial enclosure, surveillance, private governance, rules and regulations, and financialization of everyday life that constrict and then redirect middle-class home life in private housing regimes in New York City.
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MUKHERJEE, D. V., C. T. A. HERZIG, C. Y. JEON, et al. "Prevalence and risk factors forStaphylococcus aureuscolonization in individuals entering maximum-security prisons." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 3 (2013): 484–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813001544.
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SUMMARYTo assess the prevalence and risk factors for colonization withStaphylococcus aureusin inmates entering two maximum-security prisons in New York State, USA, inmates (N = 830) were interviewed and anterior nares and oropharyngeal samples collected. Isolates were characterized usingspatyping. Overall, 50·5% of women and 58·3% of men were colonized withS. aureusand 10·6% of women and 5·9% of men were colonized with MRSA at either or both body sites. Of MSSA isolates, the major subtypes werespatype 008 and 002. Overall, risk factors forS. aureuscolonization varied by gender and were only found in women and included younger age, fair/poor self-reported general health, and longer length of prior incarceration. Prevalence of MRSA colonization was 8·2%, nearly 10 times greater than in the general population. Control of epidemicS. aureusin prisons should consider the constant introduction of strains by new inmates.
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Ozawa, C. P. "Improving Citizen Participation in Environmental Decisionmaking: The Use of Transformative Mediator Techniques." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 11, no. 1 (1993): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c110103.
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Recent experiences in the United States suggest that mediators employ a number of techniques designed to resolve disputes over critical technical components of decisions. Some of these techniques, called ‘transformative mediator techniques’, both increase the knowledge base for decisions and enhance the abilities of resource-poor groups to protect and promote their interests. In this paper, elements of transformative and nontransformative mediator techniques are identified and discussed. Examples of mediator techniques are drawn from three cases: A regulatory negotiation to develop emission standards for wood stoves, a policy dialogue concerning a proposal to construct a solid-waste incinerator in New York City, and settlement negotiations in a fishery dispute involving three Native American tribes, the State of Michigan, and two federal agencies.
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Slater, Jerome. "Muting the Alarm over the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The New York Times versus Haaretz, 2000–06." International Security 32, no. 2 (2007): 84–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2007.32.2.84.
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The prospects for a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict remain poor, largely because of Israeli rigidity as well as Palestinian policies and internal conflicts. The United States has failed to use its considerable influence with Israel to seek the necessary changes in Israeli policies, instead providing the country with almost unconditional support. The consequences have been disastrous for the Palestinians, for Israeli security and society, and for critical U.S. national interests in the Middle East. Amajor explanation for the failure of U.S. policies is the largely uninformed and uncritical mainstream and even elite media coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the United States. In contrast, the debate in Israel is more self-critical, vigorous, and far-ranging, creating at least the possibility of change, even as U.S. policy stagnates. Acomparison of the coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by the two most prestigious daily newspapers in the United States and Israel—in particular, over the breakdown of the peace process in 2000 and the ensuing Palestinian intifada, the nature of the Israeli occupation, the problem of violence and terrorism, and the prospects for peace today—underscores these differences. While the New York Times has muted the alarm over the dangers of the United States' near-unconditional support for Israeli policies toward the Palestinians, Haaretz has sought to sound the alarm.
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Galvin, Cyril, Charles J. Rooney, and Gilbert K. Nersesian. "FEDERAL JETTY AND SAND DIKE AT THE ENTRANCE OF FIRE ISLAND INLET, NEW YORK." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 20 (1986): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v20.85.
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Prior to construction at Fire Island Inlet, Fire Island was moving westward at more than 200 feet per year, the north shore of the inlet was eroding severely, and navigation in the inlet was difficult. The Federal Jetty, completed in 1941, and the sand dike, built in 1959, have halted the westward migration, eliminated the severe erosion, and partially improved navigation, with minimal maintenance or repair to the structures. There has been a large net accretion of sand east of the jetty and west of the dike, an unknown part of which is at the expense of shores to the west of the inlet. At the State Park on the south side of the inlet interior, erosion accelerated, probably because of the dike. The middle and ocean segments of the 4750-foot Federal Jetty are now (1987) in good condition, although the design implies a stability coefficient for the quarrystone jetty head at time of construction that would now be considered risky. Stability has been promoted by a stone blanket under and east of the jetty, a thick stone apron seaward of the jetty, a low (8 feet MLW) crest, and armor stone that has been partially keyed in place. Damage due to scour, common at other single-jetty inlets, is absent here because longshore transport, which easily overtops the low crest, keeps the inlet channel away from the jetty. Although the two seaward segments of the jetty remain in good condition, the inshore segment of the jetty is in poor condition, despite its apparently sheltered location. The cumulative effects of waves, possibly channeled to the site along recurved spits during storms, have damaged 1200 feet, and tidal scour has destroyed about 230 feet. The damaged segment has a design cross section which is onefifth and one-twelfth the cross sections of the jetty trunk and head.
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Padilla Carroll, Valerie. "Ralph and Myrtle Mae Borsodi's Vision of Back-to-the-Land as a White Heteropatriarchal Refugium during the Great Depression." Environment and History 27, no. 2 (2021): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734021x16076828553557.
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Ralph and Myrtle Mae Borsodi, two early twentieth century back-to-the-land writers based in rural New York state, wrote the rural agrarian smallholding as a kind of refugium, a philosophical and physical site for those self-sufficient smallholders to survive, even thrive, through an expected US cultural extinction. The centre of their back-to-the-land agrarian refugium is the heterocouple complete with attached gendered roles and expectations. For this self-sufficiency promoting couple, the rural back-to-the-land homestead was the future of a new and better America made up of decentralised, self-sufficient farms and workshops run by those Ralph termed 'quality-minded men'. Indeed, both in their writings and in real life, their self-sufficiency rested on the backs of urban factory workers, the poor and, most likely, people of colour - domestic labourers. Such exploitation was not incidental, but a key component of the ideal world imagined by this couple.
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McEathron, K. M., M. J. Mitchell, and L. Zhang. "Acid-base characteristics of the Grass Pond watershed in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, USA: interactions among soil, vegetation and surface waters." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 7 (2013): 2557–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2557-2013.
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Abstract. Grass Pond watershed is located within the southwestern Adirondack Mountain region of New York State, USA. This region receives some of the highest rates of acidic deposition in North America and is particularly sensitive to acidic inputs due to many of its soils having shallow depths and being generally base poor. Differences in soil chemistry and tree species between seven subwatersheds were examined in relation to acid-base characteristics of the seven major streams that drain into Grass Pond. Mineral soil pH, stream water BCS (base-cation surplus) and pH exhibited a positive correlation with sugar maple basal area (p = 0.055; 0.48 and 0.39, respectively). Black cherry basal area was inversely correlated with stream water BCS, ANC (acid neutralizing capacity)c and NO3- (p = 0.23; 0.24 and 0.20, respectively). Sugar maple basal areas were positively associated with watershed characteristics associated with the neutralization of atmospheric acidic inputs while in contrast, black cherry basal areas showed opposite relationships to these same watershed characteristics. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that black cherry had a distinctive relationship with forest floor chemistry apart from the other tree species, specifically a strong positive association with forest floor NH4, while sugar maple had a distinctive relationship with stream chemistry variables, specifically a strong positive association with stream water ANCc, BCS and pH. Our results provide evidence that sugar maple is acid-intolerant or calciphilic tree species and also demonstrate that black cherry is likely an acid-tolerant tree species.
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McEathron, K. M., M. J. Mitchell, and L. Zhang. "Acid-base characteristics of the Grass Pond watershed in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, USA: interactions between soil, vegetation and surface waters." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 9 (2012): 10775–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-10775-2012.
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Abstract. Grass Pond watershed is located within the Southwestern Adirondack Mountain region of New York State, USA. This region receives some of the highest rates of acidic deposition in North America and is particularly sensitive to acidic inputs due to many of its soils having shallow depths and being generally base-poor. Differences in soil chemistry and tree species between seven subwatersheds were examined in relation to acid-base characteristics of the seven major streams that drain into Grass Pond. Mineral soil pH, stream water BCS and pH exhibited a positive correlation with sugar maple basal area (p = 0.055; 0.48 and 0.39, respectively). Black cherry basal area was inversely correlated with stream water BCS, ANCc and NO3– (p = 0.23; 0.24 and 0.20, respectively). Sugar maple basal areas were positively correlated with watershed characteristics associated with the neutralization of atmospheric acidic inputs while in contrast, black cherry basal areas showed opposite relationships to these same watershed characteristics. Canonical Correspondence Analysis indicated that black cherry had a distinctive relationship with forest floor chemistry apart from the other tree species, specifically a strong positive association with forest floor NH4 while sugar maple had a distinctive relationship with stream chemistry variables, specifically a strong positive association with stream water ANCc, BCS and pH. Our results provide evidence that sugar maple is acid-intolerant or calciphilic tree species and also demonstrate that black cherry is likely an acid-tolerant tree species.
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McGinnis, Sandra, Eunju Lee, Kristen Kirkland, Claudia Miranda-Julian, and Rose Greene. "Let’s Talk About Breastfeeding: The Importance of Delivering a Message in a Home Visiting Program." American Journal of Health Promotion 32, no. 4 (2017): 989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117117723802.
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Purpose: To examine the potential impact of paraprofessional home visitors in promoting breastfeeding initiation and continuation among a high-risk population. Design: A secondary analysis of program data from a statewide home visitation program. Setting: Thirty-six Healthy Families New York sites across New York State. Subjects: A total of 3521 pregnant mothers at risk of poor child health and developmental outcomes. Intervention: Home visitors deliver a multifaceted intervention that includes educating high-risk mothers on benefits of breastfeeding, encouraging them to breastfeed and supporting their efforts during prenatal and postnatal periods. Measures: Home visitor-reported content and frequency of home visits, participant-reported breastfeeding initiation and duration, and covariates (Kempe Family Stress Index, race and ethnicity, region, nativity, marital status, age, and education). Analysis: Logistic regression. Results: Breastfeeding initiation increased by 1.5% for each 1-point increase in the percentage of prenatal home visits that included breastfeeding discussions. Breastfeeding continuation during the first 6 months also increased with the percentage of earlier home visits that included breastfeeding discussions. Additionally, if a participant receives 1 more home visit during the third month, her likelihood of breastfeeding at 6 months increases by 11%. Effect sizes varied by months postpartum. Conclusions: Delivering a breastfeeding message consistently during regular home visits is important for increasing breastfeeding rates. Given that home visiting programs target new mothers least likely to breastfeed, a more consistent focus on breastfeeding in this supportive context may reduce breastfeeding disparities.
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Watkins, Celeste. "The Cost of Being Poor: A Comparative Study of Life in Poor Urban Neighborhoods in Gary, Indiana. By Sandra L. Barnes. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005. Pp. 275. $84.50 (cloth); $24.95 (paper)." American Journal of Sociology 111, no. 6 (2006): 1987–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/506225.
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Schwartz, Joseph M. "The Politics of Identity: Solidarity Building Among America's Working Poor. By Erin E. O'Brien. Albany: State University Press of New York, 2008. 282p. $80.00 cloth, $28.95 paper." Perspectives on Politics 7, no. 4 (2009): 969–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592709991186.
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McLean, Hamish, and Jacqui Ewart. "Political Communication in Disasters: A Question of Relationships." Culture Unbound 7, no. 3 (2015): 512–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.1572512.
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Politicians are both a help and hindrance in the provision of information to the public before, during and after disasters. For example, in Australia, the Premier of the State of Queensland, Anna Bligh, was lauded for her leadership and public communication skills during major floods that occurred late in 2010 and in early 2011 (de Bussy, Martin and Paterson 2012). Similarly, New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani was praised for his leadership following 9/11. This is in contrast to the poor performance of political leaders during Hurricane Katrina (Cole and Fellows 2008, Olson and Gawronski 2010). Political actors’ lack of credibility and their poor situational awareness contributed to the problems. The involvement of political leaders in disaster communications is also problematic from the perspective of emergency agencies. For example, politicians who move their communication position from supportive to tactical can take over the role of providing official disaster information, such as evacuation warnings, without sufficient expertise, credibility or situational knowledge. This paper builds on the expanding body of research into the politics of disasters by exploring relationships with political actors from the perspective of emergency managers. Drawing on interviews with emergency agencies in Australia, Germany, Norway and the UK, we firstly examine when and what a politician should communicate during disasters and secondly, offer six principles toward a roadmap of involving political actors in the disaster communication process when life and property is at stake.
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Jackson, Christine. "Functionality, Commemoration and Civic Competition: A Study of Early Seventeenth-Century Workhouse Design and Building in Reading and Newbury." Architectural History 47 (2004): 77–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00001702.
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In December 1624, the London draper and merchant adventurer, John Kendrick (Fig. 1), died leaving a large proportion of his considerable fortune to charitable causes. Like other early seventeenth-century metropolitan benefactors, he sought to attack the causes of poverty as well as to relieve its impact, and his legacies included the sums of £7,500 and £4,000, bequeathed respectively to the Berkshire towns of Reading and Newbury, to establish workhouses for the employment of the poor. Workhouses were a relatively new public institution at this date. In the wake of the dissolution of both monasteries and religious guilds in the 1530s and 1540s, and consequent decline in charitable support to the poor, urban authorities experimented with a range of measures to relieve poverty. A small number of towns and cities, including York (1567) and Chester (1577), used charitable funds and locally raised poor rates to establish workhouses to provide work and training to the poor. The workhouses were not residential and in some cases merely acted as distribution points for raw materials to be processed at home. In a parallel development, other towns and cities, including London (1555) and Ipswich (1569) established houses of correction to punish vagrants and to force them to work. Some also provided training schools for the young. The state moved quickly to endorse such measures. Legislation was introduced in 1576 requiring justices of the peace to supply stocks of wool, hemp, flax, iron or other materials to provide work for the poor and to establish houses of correction in each county for incorrigible rogues and those who refused to work. Penalties for non-compliance with the legislation were introduced in 1610.
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O'Neal-Watts, Jennifer. "Book Review: The Politics of Identity: Solidarity Building among America’s Working Poor. By Erin E. O’Brien. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008. 266 pp. $28.95 paper." Labor Studies Journal 34, no. 4 (2009): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x09352639.
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Killebrew, Zachary. "“A Poor, Washed Out, Pale Creature”: Passing, Dracula, and the Jazz Age Vampire." MELUS 44, no. 3 (2019): 112–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/melus/mlz023.
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Abstract Although critics have repeatedly referenced the stagey or cinematic elements that characterize Passing’s (1929) narrative structure and occasionally observed its gothic aesthetics, thus far no critic has attempted to contextualize Nella Larsen’s novel within the American stage and film culture of the early twentieth century or the concurrent revitalization of America’s interest in the Gothic in film and theater. Situated primarily in New York and helmed by many of the same individuals, the Harlem and Gothic Renaissances of the interwar years cooperated to reframe racial and aesthetic discourses, as Harlem art absorbed and reimagined gothic art, culture, and slang and imbued Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1897) and its successors with covert racial commentary. This essay studies Nella Larsen’s Passing within this context, paying special attention to the influence of American racial discourse on Horace Liveright’s 1927 stage version of Dracula and its mutually influential relationship with black theater, art, and discourse. Melding contemporary archetypes of the Jazz Age vamp and gothic vampire to construct its liminal heroine, Clare Kendry, as a gothic figure in the vamp/vampire paradigm, Passing repurposes gothic elements to challenge racial binaries and to destabilize the racist status quo. This study suggests the significant extent to which Harlem Renaissance authors not only adapted the Gothic within their own literature but also reinvented and redefined it in the popular discourses of the twentieth century.
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Slavinski, Ilya, and Kimberly Spencer-Suarez. "The Price of Poverty: Policy Implications of the Unequal Effects of Monetary Sanctions on the Poor." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 37, no. 1 (2020): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986220971395.
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Over the last several decades, with the rise of mass incarceration in the United States and its steep costs, governments at the federal, state, and local levels have dramatically ramped up monetary punishment. Monetary sanctions are now the most common type of criminal penalty in the United States. The growth of fines, fees, and other legal financial obligations (LFOs), and the ensuing legal debt, reflect a shifting of the system’s costs onto its primarily low-income and indigent subjects. This study provides an exploration of previously underexamined ways in which monetary sanctions impose distinct burdens on the poor. Interviews with 121 defendants in Texas and New York, along with courtroom observations, demonstrate that criminal legal debt is particularly challenging for people with low incomes in three meaningful ways. First, systems set up to handle indigency claims do not adequately address the needs or complex individual circumstances of those who simply do not have the ability to pay. Oftentimes, alternatives are unavailable or statutorily prohibited. Second, the lack of alternatives to payment lead to compromising situations, which then compel indigent defendants to make difficult choices about how to allocate scant resources. Finally, being encumbered with fines and fees and participating in alternatives like community service comes with taxing time requirements that can prove uniquely challenging for those who are poor. These three findings lead us to propose a series of policy recommendations revolving around three key themes: (a) enhancement of indigency procedures, (b) equity in monetary sanctions, and (c) alleviating burdens by improving accessibility.
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Bajorski, Peter, Suman Dhar, and Deniz Sandhu. "Forward-Lighting Configurations for Snowplows." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1533, no. 1 (1996): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153300109.
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Snow and ice control is a critical maintenance operation for New York State: each winter, up to 68 500 km (42,500 lane-mi) of highways must be cleared. Visibility during plowing operations is often poor and is further diminished by backscatter glare from the snowplow's own headlights as well as glare from lights of oncoming traffic. Results are summarized of a pilot study to identify forward (front-end) lighting configurations that might improve visibility for plow operators during such operations. During the 1993–1994 winter, eight lighting configurations were tested, two of which were identified as potential improvements over the existing pattern. Simple procedures and forms were developed for collecting reliable data. Methodological issues in performing such experiments are discussed. A statistical methodology is presented that is suitable for comparison of lighting configurations but is also applicable in other, broader contexts in which a number of items are compared by several evaluators.
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Salway, Richard J. (RJ), Zachary Adler, Trenika Williams, Francisca Nwoke, Patricia Roblin, and Bonnie Arquilla. "The Challenges of a Vertical Evacuation Drill." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, no. 1 (2018): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x18001097.
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AbstractIntroductionRecent natural and infrastructural disasters, such as Hurricanes Sandy (2012) and Katrina (2005) and the Northeastern power outage of 2003, have emphasized the need for hospital staff to be trained in disaster management and response. Even an internal hospital disaster may require the safe and efficient evacuation and transfer of patients with varying medical conditions and complications. A notably susceptible population is renal transplant patients, including those with post-transplant complications.HypothesisThis descriptive study evaluated staff performance of a vertical evacuation drill of renal transplant patients at State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center – University Hospital Brooklyn (UHB; Brooklyn, New York USA).MethodsThirteen standardized patients, 12 of whom received a renal transplant, with varying medical histories, ambulatory ability, and mental status were vertically evacuated by the transplant staff from the eighth floor to the ambulance entrance on the ground floor. Non-ambulatory patients were transported on portable evacuation sleds.ResultsAll patients were evacuated successfully within 3.5 hours. On a post-drill evaluation form, drill participants self-reported largely positive results concerning their own role in the drill and the evacuation drill itself. Drill evaluators observed very different results, including staff reticence, poor training retention, and lack of leadership.ConclusionDespite encouraging post-drill evaluation results from the participants, the evacuation drill highlighted several immediate deficiencies. It also demonstrated a significant discrepancy in performance perception between the drill participants and the drill evaluators.SalwayRJ, AdlerZ, WilliamsT, NwokeF, RoblinP, ArquillaB. The challenges of a vertical evacuation drill. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(1):25–29.
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Lakso, Alan N., Terence L. Robinson, Eddie W. Stover, et al. "Multi-site Thinning Comparisons with `Empire' and `McIntosh' Apples." HortScience 32, no. 3 (1997): 524C—524. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.524c.
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Many chemical, environmental, and physiological factors have been reported to be important to apple chemical thinning, so we have been developing a multi-site and multi-year database of chemical thinning results and potentially important factors. For 3 years, we have conducted replicated thinning trials in `Empire' and `McIntosh' apple orchards at six or seven sites around New York state in different climatic regions. Different concentrations of NAA and Accel (primarily benzyladenine), NAA/carbaryl and Accel/carbaryl combinations and unthinned controls were tested with treatments applied at the 10-mm king fruit stage by airblast sprayers. Flower cluster counts, set counts, yields, fruit sizes, and other factors thought important to thinning response (orchard condition/history, weather, application conditions, etc.) were measured or estimated in each trial. Analysis of factor importance is continuing, but some general results have come from the thinning trials so far. Thinning effectiveness varied among years from poor to adequate. There have not been consistent thinner concentration responses. Commercial NAA and Accel concentrations have not thinned adequately. NAA/carbaryl and Accel/carbaryl have thinned the most. For the same crop load, trees thinned with Accel or the carbaryl combination have had better fruit size than when thinned with NAA.
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Pavelchak, Nicholas, Ronald P. DePersis, Matthew London, et al. "Identification of Factors That Disrupt Negative Air Pressurization of Respiratory Isolation Rooms." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 21, no. 3 (2000): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501742.
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AbstractObjectives:To investigate the airflow characteristics of respiratory isolation rooms (IRs) and to evaluate the use of visible smoke as a monitoring tool.Methods:Industrial hygienists from the New York State Department of Health evaluated 140 designated IRs in 38 facilities within New York State during 1992 to 1998. The rooms were located in the following settings: hospitals (59%), correctional facilities (40%), and nursing homes (1%). Each room was tested with visible smoke for directional airflow into the patient room (ie, negative air pressure relative to adjacent areas). Information was obtained on each facility's policies and procedures for maintaining and monitoring the operation of the IRs.Results:Inappropriate outward airflow was observed in 38% of the IRs tested. Multiple factors were associated with outward airflow direction, including ventilation systems not balanced (54% of failed rooms), shared anterooms (14%), turbulent airflow patterns (11%), and automated control system inaccuracies (10%). Of the 140 tested rooms, 38 (27%) had either electrical or mechanical devices to monitor air pressurization continuously. The direction of airflow at the door to 50% (19/38) of these rooms was the opposite of that indicated by the continuous monitors at the time of our evaluations. The inability of continuous monitors to indicate the direction of airflow was associated with instrument limitations (74%) and malfunction of the devices (26%). In one facility, daily smoke testing by infection control staff was responsible for identifying the malfunction of a state-of-the-art computerized ventilation monitoring and control system in a room housing a patient infectious with drug-resistant tuberculosis.Conclusion:A substantial percentage of IRs did not meet the negative air pressure criterion. These failures were associated with a variety of characteristics in the design and operation of the IRs. Our findings indicate that a balanced ventilation system does not guarantee inward airflow direction. Devices that continuously monitor and, in some cases, control the pressurization of IRs had poor reliability. This study demonstrates the utility of using visible smoke for testing directional airflow of IRs, whether or not continuous monitors are used. Institutional tuberculosis control programs should include provisions for appropriate monitoring and maintenance of IR systems on a frequent basis, including the use of visible smoke.
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Brundage, Anthony. "Alan Kidd. State, Society and the Poor in Nineteenth-Century England. (Social History in Perspective.) New York: St. Martin’s Press. 1999. Pp. viii, 207. $55.00. ISBN 0-312-22363-3." Albion 32, no. 4 (2000): 672–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0095139000066023.
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SEIDMAN, EDWARD, HIROKAZU YOSHIKAWA, ANN ROBERTS, et al. "Structural and experiential neighborhood contexts, developmental stage, and antisocial behavior among urban adolescents in poverty." Development and Psychopathology 10, no. 2 (1998): 259–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579498001606.
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This study explored the effects of structural and experiential neighborhood factors and developmental stage on antisocial behavior, among a sample of poor urban adolescents in New York City. Conceptually and empirically distinct profiles of neighborhood experience were derived from the data, based on measures of perceived neighborhood cohesion, poverty-related hassles, and involvement in neighborhood organizations and activities. Both the profiles of neighborhood experience and a measure of census-tract-level neighborhood hazard (poverty and violence) showed relationships to antisocial behavior. Contrary to expectation, higher levels of antisocial behavior were reported among adolescents residing in moderate-structural-risk neighborhoods than those in high-structural-risk neighborhoods. This effect held only for teens in middle (not early) adolescence and was stronger for teens perceiving their neighborhoods as hassling than for those who did not. Implications for future research and preventive intervention are discussed.
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Gonzalez, Jaime, Elizabeth Diago-Navarro, Eve Ameen, Nancy Azab, Lucia Milla, and Bettina C. Fries. "783. Infectious complications in IV abusers: a detailed review of hospitalized IV abusers." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (2019): S347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.851.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background With 337 heroin-related deaths between 2009 and 2013, Suffolk County reported more such deaths than any other county in New York State. Suffolk County’s population of 1.5 million is larger than that of some states. Compared with the rest of New York State, median annual household income is the third highest of New York’s 62 counties and the income gap between socioeconomic classes is smaller. Methods Detailed retrospective chart review was performed on admitted patients to Stony Brook University Hospital (SBUH) from November 2015 to October 2018 with active IV drug abuse and infection. Demographics, drug use characteristics, microbiology, co-morbidities, and outcome were assessed. Results 198 active IV heroin users were admitted with a complicated infection during this time frame. Most patients were Caucasian (94%) and more were male (64%). The median age was 33 (range 17 to 58). Most patients (90%) had health insurance, many lived with others at home and were unemployed. Thirty-three were on methadone and 28 on suboxone. The median length of stay was 4.7 days (ranging from 1 to 140 days) and 29% of admitted patients left against medical advice. 60% of the patients had been admitted to a hospital in the prior 12 months. The majority (58%) presented with cellulitis, 12% were diagnosed with endocarditis, 10% with osteomyelitis, 6.5% with bacteremia/sepsis. Ten were also pregnant. Infectious disease was consulted in 55%, and Psychiatry and social worker in 46% of cases. HIV, HepC and HBV testing were not performed in less than 50% of patients. There was a total of 5 deaths during the hospitalization, 2 patients with endocarditis, 2 with sepsis and one overdose. 45% of patients with endocarditis and 43% of patients with osteomyelitis required surgical intervention. S. aureus was a common pathogen and identified in 61% of the cases, where a pathogen was isolated. Conclusion Our data show that even in an affluent community opioid addiction is not properly addressed during hospital admissions. As a consequence, users sign out against medical advice, have frequent hospital admissions, remain out of addiction treatment, and outcome is poor. A systematic multidisciplinary approach will be required to improve the care for this vulnerable patient population Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.