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Books on the topic 'Poor Prognosis Factors'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Ekker, Merel Sanne, and Frank-Erik de Leeuw. Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0001.

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Epidemiology can be used to reveal new causes of ischaemic stroke in young adults. Each year, about 2 million patients worldwide suffer a young stroke between the ages of 18 and 49 years. The overall stroke incidence is decreasing; however, an increase in the incidence of young stroke has been witnessed, possibly due to better awareness, new imaging techniques, and the increased prevalence of traditional risk factors already at a young age. Nevertheless, not all young stroke patients have cardiovascular risk factors. The proportion of patients with arterial dissection, cardioembolic stroke, an

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2

Berwick, Marianne, and Charles Wiggins. Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0043.

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Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is a rare tumor, occurring in approximately one to four of every 100,000 individuals worldwide. Soft tissue sarcomas can form anywhere in the body, including muscle, tendons, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, and tissues around joints. They are most common in the head, neck, arms, legs, trunk, and abdomen. Prognosis is generally poor, with a relative survival rate of approximately 65% at five years, with little difference by race. Approximately 11,930 cases and 4,870 deaths from STS occurred in the United States in 2015. The etiology of STS is still poorly un

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3

O’Brien, Tim, and Amit Patel. Kidney cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0088.

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Despite advances in imaging techniques, many patients with renal cancer still present with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Surgical resection remains the main stay of treatment for locally advanced disease, but is technically challenging and survival remains limited. Progression free and overall survival following nephrectomy are dependent on many factors including pathological T-stage, lymph node status, and Fuhrman grade. Patients presenting with metastatic disease still have a poor prognosis and the use of multimodal therapy has yet to deliver dramatic improvements in outcomes, with

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4

Bruce, Colin. Legg–Calve–Perthes disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.013018.

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♦ Avascular necrosis of the femoral head initiated by unknown factors is followed by gradual restoration of blood supply and regeneration♦ Current treatment methods aim to prevent development of an aspherical and incongruent femoral head and acetabulum♦ Treatment should be offered to the child with a poor prognosis so that the natural history of the condition can be improved: identification of such cases is difficult♦ Early and late management strategies differ significantly.

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5

Lancellotti, Patrizio, and Bernard Cosyns. Ischaemic Cardiac Disease (ICD). Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.003.0006.

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Echocardiography has established appropriate areas in the evaluation of patients with known or suspected ischaemic heart disease. This chapter highlights the main risk stratifications for assessment of acute myocardial infarction. It illustrates the main complications of acute myocardial infarction (e.g. wall rupture, ventricular aneurysm, ventricular pseudoaneurysm, thrombus, pericardial effusion, mitral regurgitation) with details of incidence, timing, echocardiographic findings and implications. This chapter also details poor prognosis risk factors found in echocardiographic examination of

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6

Srisawat, Nattachai, and John A. Kellum. Promoting renal recovery in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0379.

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Better understanding the process of renal recovery following acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the key steps in improving AKI outcome. We are still lacking the standard definition of renal recovery. Recent progress on the pathophysiology of renal injury and recovery is encouraging. Repopulation of surviving renal tubular epithelial cells with the assistance of certain renal epithelial cell and specific growth factors, play a major role in the recovery process. Moreover, accurate prediction would help physicians distinguish patients with poor renal prognosis in whom further therapy is likely

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7

Webb, Penelope M., Susan J. Jordan, and David J. Hunter. Ovarian Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0019.

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Apart from oral contraceptive use and, possibly, breastfeeding, there are few readily modifiable risk factors for ovarian cancer. There is little evidence for a role of diet while smoking appears to increase risk of mucinous ovarian tumors only. It is likely that obesity has a modest effect on risk, although this may be limited to the nonserous subtypes and/or women who do not use menopausal hormones, while the possible risk-reduction associated with use of aspirin has yet to be confirmed in prospective studies. It is unclear whether physical activity influences ovarian cancer risk. Together w

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8

Meyrier, Alain, and Patrick Niaudet. Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0057_update_001.

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Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) causes nephrotic syndrome and by definition is not caused by any of the known causes of podocyte toxicity or focal segmental sclerosis such as viral infections or toxins. A number of genetic causes of FSGS are commonly diagnosed in early childhood. Other causes of segmental scarring need to be distinguished. Genotypes in APOL1 of African origin are associated with higher incidence of FSGS and poorer responses to treatment. Cellular and collapsing FSGS are variants of FSGS in which there is overt acute podocytopathy and they have a relatively po

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9

Tatlisumak, Turgut, and Lars Thomassen, eds. Ischaemic Stroke in the Young. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.001.0001.

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Stroke in the young is different, complex, and challenging. This book delivers a comprehensive review of the different aspects of young ischaemic stroke. Incidence, risk factors, and aetiology differ notably from those seen in the elderly. There is an increased prevalence of traditional risk factors already at a young age, but the book also focuses on special risk factors in young stroke patients. In many young stroke patients, aetiology remains unclear. The book outlines an extensive diagnostic workup and a stroke subtype classification adapted for young strokes. Gender differences are preval

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10

Chinoy, Hector, and Robert G. Cooper. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0124.

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Polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), and inclusion body myositis (IBM) form part of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), a heterogeneous group of rare autoimmune diseases characterized by an acquired proximal muscle weakness, raised muscle enzymes (including creatine kinase), inflammatory cell infiltrates in muscle biopsy tissue, electrophysiological abnormalities, and presence of circulating myositis-specific/myositis-associated autoantibodies. The underlying aetiology of IIM is poorly understood, but likely involves interactions between environmental and genetic risk factors. My

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11

Capaldi, Deborah M., and Hyoun K. Kim. Comorbidity of Depression and Conduct Disorder. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.015.

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Both depression and conduct disorders are relatively prevalent and are related to poor long-term outcomes. Despite being characterized by very different symptoms, it is well established that these two disorders co-occur at higher rates than expected by chance, resulting in poorer adjustment for the individual than would result from either problem alone. The termcomorbidityis usually reserved to refer to the association of diagnosed disorders, whereasco-occurrencerefers more broadly to the association of levels of symptoms of conduct problems and depression, which are usually calculated with me

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12

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, Gareth Morris-Stiff, and Amen Sibtain. Colorectal cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0015_update_001.

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Breast cancer reviews the epidemiology and aetiology of this malignancy, with particular attention to the genetics underlying familial breast cancer, its pathology along with its receptors, oestrogen receptor (ER), the growth factor receptor HER2, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and the bearing these have on treatment and prognosis. The benefits of breast cancer screening in the population and families at higher risk are discussed. Presenting symptoms and signs are followed by investigation including examination, bilateral mammography, and core biopsy of suspicious lesions. Manage

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13

Price, Laura, and S. John Wort. Pathophysiology and causes of pulmonary hypertension. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0168.

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in the setting of critical illness may reflect the acute syndrome itself (such as acute massive pulmonary embolism or acute lung injury), and/or pre-existing ‘chronic’ causes of PH. To compound this, iatrogenic factors may also contribute to PH including the effects of positive pressure ventilation and certain vasoactive drugs. The presence of PH, especially when complicated by resulting right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and failure, is a poor prognostic feature in all settings. This chapter reviews the pathophysiology of acute PH in critical illness, and pre-exist

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14

Annane, Djillali, and B. Jérôme Aboab. Management of carbon monoxide poisoning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0328.

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CO poisoning is the commonest cause of toxic death. Carbon monoxide is colourless, odourless, and tasteless, and is produced under various conditions. When people inhale CO, the gas diffuses rapidly to the body and replaces oxygen at the level of haemoglobin, myoglobin, and other oxygen carriers. Subsequently, CO causes oxygen deprivation of all body tissues. CO also induces oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. After CO poisoning a broad variety of symptoms may occur. Survivors of CO poisoning often present with persistent neurological sequels or develop delayed neurological symptoms. T

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15

Lapostolle, Frédéric, and Stephen W. Borron. Management of digoxin poisoning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0323.

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Despite a gradual decline in the clinical use of digitalis glycosides, digitalis toxicity continues to be responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly among the elderly. Digitalis poisoning may occur acutely, after intentional overdose, but is more often seen as the result of chronic intoxication among patients receiving digitalis therapy. Clinical findings in chronic digitalis poisoning are often subtle. The astute clinician will enquire about digitalis use in older patients with vague complaints and will not be dissuaded from considering digitalis toxicity in the face of

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16

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, Gareth Morris-Stiff, and Madhumita Bhattacharyya. Gynaecological cancers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0020_update_001.

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Genitourinary cancers examines the malignancies arising in the kidney, ureter, bladder, prostate, testis, and penis. Renal cancer has high propensity for systemic spread, largely mediated by overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Treatments include surgery, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. Wilms tumour, a childhood malignancy of the kidney, warrants specialist paediatric oncology management to provide expertise in its unique pathology, staging, and treatment, often with surgery and chemotherapy. Cancer of the bladder and ureters, another tobacco related cancer, may pr

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