Academic literature on the topic 'Poor, south america'
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Journal articles on the topic "Poor, south america"
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Colburn, Forrest D. "Liberalism Takes Root in Central America." Current History 103, no. 670 (February 1, 2004): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2004.103.670.74.
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Central America's unlikely route to liberal democracy may not have been perceived as leading to durable regimes. However, democracy has been resilient and even stable in Central America. Indeed, Central Americans, accustomed to being perceived as poor and unstable by their Mexican and South American brethren, have been smug about the locus of Latin America's ills being shifted to South America.
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Castro, Luiz de Paula, and Luiz Gonzaga Vaz Coelho. "Helicobacter pyloriin South America." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 12, no. 7 (1998): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/127352.
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Helicobacter pyloriis the most common chronic bacterial infection in humans. In less developed nations, eg, most South American countries, the prevalence ofH pyloriinfection ranges from 70% to 90% of the population. In these countries there is rapid acquisition of the infection in early life, due to poor sanitation, low standards of living conditions and an increased rate ofH pyloriinfection. The management ofH pyloriinfection in South America is outlined.
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Rasiah, Rasiah, Ansor Putra, Fina Amalia Masri, Arman Arman, and Suci Rahmi Pardilla. "JUST LIKE BLACK, ONLY BETTER: POOR WHITE IN ANTEBELLUM SOUTH OF AMERICA DEPICTED IN SOLOMON NORTHUP’S NOVEL TWELVE YEARS AS A SLAVE." Diksi 29, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/diksi.v29i1.33081.
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(Title: Just Like Black, Only Better: Poor White in Antebellum South of America Depicted in Solomon Northup’s Novel “Twelve Years as A Slave”). Antebellum era, the period before the Civil War occured, or before the year 1861, in the United States is used to relate to the enslavement of black American. In fact, the era was not merely about black, but also poor white. This study is purposed to describe the poor whites’ life in antebellum America as reflected in Twelve Years As A Slave (1855), a narrative biography novel written by Solomon Northup. Set up the story in New York, Washingotn DC, and New Orleans, the author (and focalizer at once) told the story based on his own experience as a black who was captivated and sold into slavery for twelve years. Although the novel centered its story on black character, it also reflected the life of poor whites who were also being “enslaved” by their white counterparts. Through sociology of literature perspective, this study reveals that the character of poor white that represented through John M. Tibeats, Armsby, and James H. Burch came from Great Britain especially from Ireland. Mostly, they moved to America as incarcerated people. They lived under the poverty and some of them were the vagrants and petty criminals. Poor white during antebellum era in America was positioned in the lower social level. They were “enslaved” by their white master but more better compared to the black slaves. It can be noticed that poor white were positioned in low social level because of the socio-economic problem, while blacks were race and racism. Keywords: antebellum America, poor white, slavery, social class, American literature
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Keane, Margaret Geraldine. "Review of the use of telemedicine in South America." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 13, no. 1_suppl (July 2007): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/135763307781645202.
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Specialist health care in South America is based largely in the main cities. However, patients often live at great distances from their nearest hospital and transport links are often poor. A Medline database search was conducted which identified 39 peer-reviewed articles reporting the use of telemedicine in South America. Telemedicine had been used by 20 individual projects in seven different South American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) and a wide variety of specialties. The majority of groups concluded that telemedicine was an economically viable and beneficial way of supplying good specialist health care throughout South America. However, only two groups (10%) had implemented a sustainable telemedicine service. In future, with backing from governments, the wider use of telemedicine can be expected in providing medical education, as well as in the assessment and treatment of patients.
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LOCKLEY, TIM. "RURAL POOR RELIEF IN COLONIAL SOUTH CAROLINA." Historical Journal 48, no. 4 (December 2005): 955–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x05004875.
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This article explores the rural poor relief system of colonial South Carolina. It finds that poor relief was substantially more generous and more readily available in rural areas of South Carolina than elsewhere in British North America, or indeed in the entire Anglophone world. It suggests that this was because elite vestrymen had deep-seated concerns about the position of the white poor in a society that was dominated by African slavery. Generous relief of adult paupers was therefore a public demonstration of the privileges of race to which all whites were entitled. Elites in rural South Carolina also made considerable efforts to provide a free education for pauper children that would inculcate industry and usefulness among those who might become future public burdens. The serious attention paid to the situation of the white poor in colonial South Carolina was therefore part of an effort to ensure the unity of white society by overcoming the divisions of class.
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HART, PETER W. "Differences in bleaching responses from fungal- versus bacterial-derived enzymes." March 2012 11, no. 3 (April 1, 2012): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj11.3.21.
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Several mills in North America have been successful in using xylanase enzymes expressed from Trichoderma reesei (a fungus) as part of their bleaching sequence for many years. These mills process hardwood and softwood species, with and without oxygen delignification. These mills also use three-, four-, and five-stage bleaching sequences. North American mills tend to report increased pulp brightness ceilings and decreased bleaching costs as benefits associated with the application of enzymes in the bleaching process. Laboratory testing suggests that eucalyptus pulp is highly susceptible to fungal- and bacterial-derived enzyme bleaching and should result in significant cost savings in South American mills. At least four different mills in South America have attempted to perform enzyme bleaching trials using bacterial-derived enzymes. Each of these mill trials resulted in significantly increased operating costs and/or unsustainable operating conditions. More recently, one of these South American mills performed a short trial using a commercially available, fungal-derived enzyme. This trial was technically successful. This report attempts to determine why the South American mill experiences with bacterial-derived enzymes have been poor, while North American mills and the one South American mill trial have had good results with fungal-derived enzymes. Operating conditions and trial goals for the North and South American mills also were examined.
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Cione, Alberto L., and Eduardo P. Tonni. "A new stage in the Upper Cenozoic of Southern South America." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s247526220000616x.
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Former workers developed in South America a chronostratigraphic system not essentially different to that of European stage/age system. However, the authors of this paper believe that accurate biostratigraphic studies have to be done in southern South America for establishing the precise boundary stratotypes of most stage/ages. A new South American Upper Cenozoic continental stage/age is recognized. The stratotype is located in the fossiliferous southeastern Buenos Aires Province marine cliffs between Mar del Plata and Miramar. The outcrops in the area are the best continental representation of Plio-Pleistocene times in South America. It is younger than Chapadmalalan and older than Ensenadan and replaces the “Uquian”. We consider that the “Uquian” actually emcopasses Chapadmalalan and Ensenadan times. The Uquía outcrops are here considered inadequate as stratotype especially by the dearth of micromanmals, the relatively poor fossil record and the comparatively inadequate geographic location. The new stage would be correlated with the Gauss Chron and possibly with the lower Matuyama Chron. The lower boundary is tentatively stated. For so doing, a biostratigraphic scheme is proposed. This lower boundary approximately corresponds to the base of the Barranca de los Lobos “Formation” of Kraglievich (1952) and a new (unpublished) unconformity bounded unit (Zárate, 1989). Some taxa that apparently ranges from the base are candidates to define it after a detailed biostratigraphic study.Additionally, a different timing for the arrival of North American mammals to southern South America is given.
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Kundi, Dr Minu. "Maya Angelou’s Growing Up Poor, Black and Female." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, no. 6 (June 29, 2020): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i6.10630.
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African American literature is the literature of pain and survival, of triumphs and defeats, of fears and dreams, and of struggle for freedom, equality and identity, produced by the oppressed ones. Black women have used life writing to discover or assert their identity. As they record their experiences they see the critical paths established by the oppressive forces of racism, classicism and sexism. In exploring what it means to be poor, black and female, they present mirror images of ‘self’ and the ‘other’ to the world. Within the marginalized blacks in America, women are at triple disadvantage. Being poor, black and female makes them most vulnerable and easy target for the male dominated community. Maya Angelou’s life writing I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969) tells the story about a black female’s hard life growing up in the American South during the 1930s and 40s. In it Angelou recounts the events of her life in chronological order amidst the racist and sexist American society. She portrays most of her difficult life events from the age of three to sixteen in her life writing showing her hard upbringing, poverty, racism and sexual abuse.
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Schubert, Blaine W., James C. Chatters, Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales, Joshua X. Samuels, Leopoldo H. Soibelzon, Francisco J. Prevosti, Christopher Widga, Alberto Nava, Dominique Rissolo, and Pilar Luna Erreguerena. "Yucatán carnivorans shed light on the Great American Biotic Interchange." Biology Letters 15, no. 5 (May 2019): 20190148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0148.
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The Great American Biotic Interchange is considered to be a punctuated process, primarily occurring during four major pulses that began approximately 2.5 Ma. Central America and southeastern Mexico have a poor fossil record of this dynamic faunal history due to tropical climates. Exploration of submerged caves in the Yucatán, particularly the natural trap Hoyo Negro, is exposing a rich and remarkably well-preserved late Pleistocene fauna. Radiometric dates on megafauna range from approximately 38 400–12 850 cal BP, and extinct species include the ursid Arctotherium wingei and canid Protocyon troglodytes . Both genera were previously thought to be indigenous to and confined to South America and appear to represent an instance of large placental mammals, descended from North American progenitors, migrating back north across the Panama Isthmus. This discovery expands the distribution of these carnivorans greater than 2000 km outside South America. Their presence along with a diverse sloth assemblage suggests a more complex history of these organisms in Middle America. We suggest that landscape and ecological changes caused by latest Pleistocene glaciation supported an interchange pulse that included A. wingei , P. troglodytes and Homo sapiens .
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Hebblethwaite, Peter. "Liberation Theology: the Option for the Poor." Studies in Church History 24 (1987): 407–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400008482.
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One fairly obvious difference between this paper and those you have heard so far is that liberation theology, whatever it means, is still being discussed, attacked, caricatured, and defended with great vehemence and passion. The theme does not possess the completeness and neatness that historians prefer. It sprawls and proliferates. The bibliography is immense. We have already reached the stage of the overarching survey. D. W. Ferm has provided a 150-page summary with a helpful ‘reader’ for the use of college students. Ferm’s survey includes African and Asian theologians as well as Latin Americans. I can understand his desire to include Archbishop-elect Desmond Tutu in South Africa and to provide some hints as to why President Marcos could be deposed in the Philippines. And there is indeed a body called the Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians—its unfortunate acronym is EATWOT—which gives some substance to this universalizing claim. But I am going to confine myself to Latin America because it was there that the ‘option for the poor’ was first spoken about. The date was 1968. CELAM, the regional association of Latin American Bishops, met at Medellin in Colombia in August. Pope Paul VI was present, and was the first Pope to kiss the soil of Latin America. There was a feeling abroad that at the Second Vatican Council, which had ended three years before, an essentially European agenda concerned typically with ecumenism and Church structures (collegiality) had prevailed; the Council had yet to be ‘applied’ to the Latin American situation. One phrase, however, provided a stimulus and a starting-point. Gaudium etSpes, the pastoral constitution on the Church in the World of Today, begins with the ringing assertion that ‘the joys and the hopes, the griefs and the anxieties of the people of this time, especially those who are poor or in any way afflicted, these too are the joys and hopes, the griefs and anxieties, of the followers of Christ’.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Poor, south america"
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Weathers, Stephen Mark. "Liberation ecclesial identity as dialogical social posture." Abilene, TX : Abilene Christian University, 2007. http://www.tren.com.
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Loyola, Guilherme Frizzera. "O Conselho de Defesa Sul-Americano: a busca por uma identidade de defesa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/84/84131/tde-25082016-152734/.
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O Conselho de Defesa Sul-americano tem entre os seus objetivos a busca por uma identidade comum de defesa. Através da organização, diversos mecanismos foram objetivados na garantia de que se obtivesse sucesso nessa busca. Através de sua atuação, a organização tornaria a América do Sul integrada em assuntos sensíveis e complexos como segurança e defesa comuns. Devido à ideia do Conselho de Defesa Sul-americano e a liderança serem brasileiras, procurouse analisar o que se pretendia ao colocar entre os objetivos do Conselho a busca por essa identidade comum de defesa. A partir deste pressuposto, foram utilizadas ferramentas teóricas e metodológicas que fossem adequadas para que essa analise se mostrasse satisfatória. Por se tratar de um assunto que remete tanto aos estudos de segurança e defesa quanto de integração, o marco teórico utilizado discorre sobre as Comunidades de Segurança. A partir desta perspectiva, uma região para se configurar como uma comunidade de segurança necessita que os agentes tenham confiança mútua e a perspectiva de solução pacífica das controvérsias, criando assim uma identidade coletiva. Apesar de serem encontrados elementos que levam a América do Sul a caminhar para se tornar uma comunidade de segurança, esta ainda não o é, assumindo a configuração de um complexo regional de segurança. Através do método da Análise do Discurso, buscou-se encontrar elementos nas falas do ministro Jobim que levassem a compreensão de quais seriam os principais eixos discursos que seriam os principais pilares para o projeto do Conselho de Defesa Sul-americano. As indústrias comuns de defesa, a integração e a identidade foram os eixos discursivos encontrados que tornaram possíveis a percepção que há uma identificação entre os atos de fala, as definições acadêmicas e os objetivos propostos na criação do Conselho que levam a conclusão de que a América do Sul tende a se tornar futuramente uma comunidade de segurança. Por fim, existem adversidades na região que necessitam ser superadas, como os conflitos existentes que remetem desde a descolonização da América do Sul, as diversas iniciativas subregionais de cooperação e integração que deixam aberta a questão de uma possível fragmentação da região.The South American Defense Council has among its objectives the search for a common defense identity. Through the organization, several mechanisms objectified in ensuring that obtain success in this quest. Through its programs, the organization become South America integrated in sensitive and complex issues such as security and common defense. Because the idea of the South American Defense Council and the leadership are Brazilian, we tried to analyze what intended to put between the objectives of the Council to search for such a common defense identity. From this assumption, they used theoretical and methodological tools that were appropriate for this analysis proved satisfactory. Because it is a subject, which refers both to security, and defense studies as integration, the theoretical framework used discusses the Security Communities. From this perspective, a region to be configured as a security community needs that agents have mutual confidence and the peaceful settlement of disputes in perspective, creating a collective identity. Although they found elements that lead to South America to develop into becoming a security community, this still is not, assuming the configuration of a complex regional security. Through discourse analysis method, we sought to find elements in the statements of Minister Jobim that could lead to understanding what are the main axes speeches that are the main pillars for the design of the South American Defense Council. The common defense industries, integration and identity were discursive axes found that made possible the perception that there is identification between the speech acts, academic definitions and the proposed objectives in the creation of the Council lead to the conclusion that South America tends to become a future security community. Finally, there are adversities in the region that need to overcome, such as the conflicts that lead from the colonization of South America, the various sub-regional initiatives of cooperation and integration that leave open the question of a possible fragmentation of the region.
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Postic, Sébastien. "Modélisation prospective pour le secteur énergétique en Amérique du Sud - Application aux négociations climatiques internationales." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0048/document.
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L'Amérique Centrale et l'Amérique du Sud couvrent ensemble plus de 12% de la surface émergée du globe, et abritent plus de 450 millions d'habitants. Cette région se remarque sur la scène énergétique mondiale par la contribution exceptionnelle des énergies renouvelables dans sa matrice énergétique. Préserver cette configuration vertueuse est un réel défi : alors que les énergies « conventionnelles » (hydroélectricité, biomasse) sont confrontées à des problèmes de soutenabilité, les « nouvelles » options de production (éolien, solaire, géothermie) ne parviennent pas à s'affranchir du soutien des pouvoirs publics. Pourtant, les faibles réserves fossiles du continent et son extraordinaire potentiel de production renouvelable en font un candidat idéal pour mener la transition vers une matrice énergétique respectueuse de l'environnement. Une autre thématique d'intérêt régional est la contribution du secteur énergétique à une croissance économique socialement bénéfique et respectueuse de l'environnement, dans un continent en développement rapide. Le changement climatique, enfin, propose diverses problématiques continentales. L'Amérique latine se situe au-dessus de la moyenne mondiale pour ses émissions par habitant ; dans le même temps, plusieurs études considèrent que la région sera parmi les plus touchées par les effets du changement climatique. La matrice énergétique sud-américaine est sensible à ces effets, à la fois sur l'amont de la chaîne (hydroélectricité, biomasse) et sur l'aval (augmentations de demande pour e.g. l'agriculture et l'air conditionné). Malgré ces problématiques et points forts partagés à l'échelle régionale, l'Amérique latine reste un continent hétérogène et fragmenté. Sa configuration physique limite l'intégration régionale, et l'héritage de deux siècles de guerre complique les relations politiques à l'échelon national. L'évolution historique de la région a entraîné de fortes disparités entre les secteurs énergétiques nationaux, et plusieurs tentatives de coopération sur des infrastructures transnationales se sont récemment soldées par de coûteux échecs.L'objectif de cette thèse est le développement d'un modèle mathématique adapté à l'étude des problématiques énergétiques régionales de long terme pour l'Amérique du Sud. Ce modèle, TIMES-América y el Caribe, nous permet d'étudier l'impact des politiques climatiques nationales pour le secteur énergétique régional, dans le contexte de la préparation de la conférence mondiale du climat de Paris, en décembre 2015.Ce document est divisé en cinq chapitres. Le chapitre 1 propose un panorama historique de l'Amérique latine. Ce panorama est complété par une description de l'évolution historique du secteur énergétique sud-américain et de ses spécificités et défis actuels. Le chapitre 2 présente les concepts de prospective et de modélisation par scénarios, ainsi qu'une revue historique et un état de l'art de la prospective énergétique en Amérique du Sud. Le chapitre 3 détaille les principales caractéristiques du modèle : sa désagrégation géographique en dix régions, les règles de modélisation, la structure et les principales hypothèses utilisées pour l'offre énergétique et la demande finale (drivers macroéconomiques, potentiels et coûts d'extraction). Le chapitre 4 présente la problématique du changement climatique et ce qu'elle implique pour l'Amérique du Sud ; il décrit aussi les négociations climatiques internationales, depuis leurs débuts en 1972 jusqu'aux propositions actuellement débattues. Enfin, le chapitre 5 propose une application directe du modèle présenté plus haut, à travers l'analyse des impacts de ces contributions pour le secteur énergétique sud-américain, et inversement la contribution potentielle de ce secteur au vu des divers engagements nationauxTogether, Central and South America and the Caribbean represent more than 450 million people and 12% of the Earth's total emerged land. The region stands out in the global energy landscape for the outstanding contribution of renewable sources to its energy production. Maintaining this level of renewable energy in the future might prove a challenging task, as ‘historical' energy sources (hydropower, biomass) run into sustainability issues and ‘new' options (wind, solar, geothermal energy) still depend on public support schemes. However, South America's small fossil resource endowment and excellent renewable potential make it the ideal candidate for pioneering a renewable energy transition. The energy sector's contribution in fueling economic growth in a socially and environmentally sustainable way is also an issue that is particularly significant in the developing context on the continent. Climate change is a region-scale concern. The continent's emissions per capita are above the global average, and the region is also likely to be one of the most impacted by climate change. South America's energy sector is vulnerable both on the supply side (hydropower and biomass resources) and the demand side (increased demand for e.g. agriculture and air conditioning). Despite shared regional strengths and concerns, however, South America appears as a highly heterogeneous and fragmented continent. The region's physical layout is a stumbling block for regional integration. Two centuries of regional wars complicate political cooperation at national level, and the historical evolution has created strong disparities between national energy sectors. Various attempts to cooperate on transnational infrastructure have ended up as costly failures in past years.The aim of this PhD work, half of which was conducted in France and half in Chile, was to develop a mathematical model adapted to the study of long-term energy issues, at a regional scale, for South America. This model, TIMES-América Latina y el Caribe, was applied to studying the impact of national climate policies on regional energy, as the world prepares for a global climate agreement at the Paris conference in December 2015.This document is divided in five chapters. Chapter 1 offers a historical overview of South America's history with a focus on the energy sector, followed by a description of the specificities and challenges of South American energy today. Chapter 2 presents the concepts of prospective and scenario modeling, along with a historical overview and a state-of-the-art of energy prospective in South America. Chapter 3 details the model's main features: its ten-region disaggregation, its modeling rules and the structure and main assumptions for supply and demand, including macroeconomic drivers, resource potentials, and extraction costs. Chapter 4 presents the climate change issue and its implications for South America; it also describes the international climate negotiations, from their beginning in 1972 to the current tentative contributions. Finally, chapter 5 analyses the impacts of these pledges on South America's energy sector, and the contribution of the latter to fulfilling these pledges, as a direct application of the model developed in this thesis
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Leal, Sebastián Alejandro Muñoz. "Study on Anaplasma, Borrelia, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia and Hepatozoon agents in ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea: Argasidae, Ixodidae) from Chile, and a taxonomic study on Ornithodoros capensis sensu lato (Acari: Argasidae) in South America São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-28022018-100054/.
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Until 2014, scientific knowledge on the diversity of Chilean Ixodoidea summarized 19 species and only agents of Borrelia and Rickettsia genera had been detected. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the occurrence of further agents of Anaplasma, Borrelia, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia and Hepatozoon by means of molecular tools. Obtained sequences were inserted into a phylogenetic context in order to evaluate their relatedness to microorganisms of know pathogenic roles. As agents of Coxiella genus resulted to be related to endosymbiotic bacteria, data on these organisms was used to perform a taxonomic study with ticks of the Ornithodoors capensis sensu lato complex. The results confirm that Chilean ticks harbor at least three new borrelial, one new rickettsial, and three new Hepatozoon species for science. Moreover, Rickettsia amblyommatis, Rickettsia hoogstraalii and Rickettsia lusitaniae are added to the list of Chilean rickettsiae. Although ticks were positive to Anaplasmataceae PCRs, an accurate study including longer fragments of the 16S RNA targeted gene must be performed in order to confirm their specific identity. Coxiella-like endosymbionts are specific of every of the four O. capensis s. l. species analyzed in this study, and therefore constitute a useful tool in order to confirm the identities and define genetic boundaries of ticks of this group in South America. Finally, the results of this study add at least five new species of Argasidae family into Chilean fauna of ticks, and point the occurrence of several forms that need further assessment in order to accurately confirm their identities.Até 2014, o conhecimento científico sobre a diversidade de Ixodoidea no Chile estava representado por 19 espécies e apenas agentes infecciosos dos gêneros Borrelia e Rickettsia haviam sido descritos. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a ocorrência de outros patógenos transmitidos por carrapatos por meio de técnicas moleculares orientadas para a deteção de Anaplasma, Borrelia, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia e Hepatozoon. As sequências obtidas foram analisadas filogeneticamente, identificando-se suas posições em comparação à de organismos de papeis patogénicos já conhecidos. Como os agentes do gênero Coxiella apresentaram proximidade filogenética em relação a bactérias congenêricas endosimbiontes, os dados sobre estas foram utilizados para realizar um estudo taxonômico em carrapatos do complexo Ornithodoros capensis sensu lato. Em geral, os resultados confirmam a presença de pelo menos três novas espécies de Borrelia, uma nova Rickettsia, e três novas espécies de Hepatozoon para a ciência. Rickettsia amblyommatis, Rickettsia hoogstraalii e Rickettsia lusitaniae foram inseridas como novos agentes associados a carrapatos no Chile. Embora alguns carrapatos fossem positivos para a presença de bactérias da família Anaplasmataceae, futuros estudos devem ser desenvolvidos para confirmar a sua condição especifica, especialmente através da obtenção de maiores fragmentos do gene codificante para RNA 16S. Os organismos tipo Coxiella são específicos para cada uma das quatro espécies de carrapatos do grupo O. capensis analisados neste estudo. Portanto, constituem uma ferramenta de valor taxonômico para confirmar as identidades e limites genéticos destes. Finalmente, os resultados deste estudo adicionam pelo menos cinco novas espécies de carrapatos para a família Argasidae no Chile e apontam a ocorrência de várias morfotipos de condição incerta que precisam de maiores análises para esclarecer a com certeza a sua posição taxonômica.
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Silva, Lilian da. "A integração energética na América do Sul: uma análise da formação de preferências do Brasil por acordos bilaterais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106131/tde-23012017-133158/.
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Desde o início dos anos 2000, o regionalismo sul-americano vive uma tendência multidimensional, incluindo novas temáticas ao foco das discussões sobre integração, entre elas, a energia. Diante deste cenário, o objetivo central deste trabalho é entender como se dá a formação de preferências do Brasil por um acordo de integração energética. Além dele, foram adotados como objetivos secundários: (i) estudar o histórico da integração energética na América do Sul, especialmente no que tange ao Brasil; (ii) entender o processo de negociação que envolve um acordo, formulando um tipo ideal voltado a integração energética e; (iii) reconhecer os benefícios e as dificuldades que envolvem a opção por um acordo energético de tipo bilateral ou multilateral. A fim de responder a essas perguntas, adotou-se a abordagem de Jogos de Dois Níveis, de Robert Putnam, por sua capacidade em relacionar a dinâmica da política interna com a externa, permitindo a análise do cenário complexo das negociações de um acordo de integração energética. A partir desta pesquisa, viu-se que a morosidade que envolve o processo de integração energética na América do Sul não é resultado apenas da falta de vontade política ou da ausência de um ator que arque com seus custos, mas principalmente da dificuldade em coordenar uma ampla gama de atores, interesses, expectativas e ordenamentos jurídicos, em mais de uma esfera de negociação. Por isso, diante de necessidades pontuais e imediatas, vê-se, por parte do Brasil, a adoção majoritária de acordos bilaterais, sem abandonar, no entanto, paralelamente, as discussões dos foros multilaterais.Since the early 2000s, the South America regionalism lives a multidimensional trend, including new themes to focus the integration discussions, including energy. In this scenario, the aim of this research is to understand the preferences formation in Brazil for an energy integration agreement. Besides, were adopted as secondary objectives: (i) study the history of energy integration in South America, especially in regard to Brazil; (ii) understand the negotiation process that involves an agreement by formulating an ideal energy integration agreement and; (iii) recognize the benefits and difficulties involving the choice of an energy bilateral or multilateral agreement. In order to answer these questions were adopted the approach of Two-Level Games by Robert Putnam, because of its ability to relate the dynamics of internal politics with the foreign policy, allowing the analysis of the complex scenario of an energy integration agreement negotiations. From this research, it is clear that the length involving the energy integration process in South America is not the result only a political lack or a paymaster absence, but mainly the difficulty in coordinating a wide range of actors, interests, expectations and legal systems, in more than one sphere of negotiation. So, by particular needs, Brazil elects bilateral agreements, without abandoning, however, in parallel, discussions in multilateral forums.
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Velden, Felipe Ferreira Vander 1978. "Por onde o sangue circula : os Karitiana e a intervenção biomedica." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279104.
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Orientador: Nadia FarageDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Este trabalho aborda o conflito em torno de amostras genéticas recolhidas por pesquisadores biomédicos entre os Karitiana,povo de língua Tupi-Arikém em Rondônia. Busca compreender este encontro entre duas lógicas culturais distintas, a dos Karitiana e aquela que orienta os saberes e práticas das ciências biomédicas. Em 1996, dois pesquisadores denunciaram a comercialização de amostras de DNA e células dos Karitiana na página virtual da empresa norte-americana Coriell Cel!. Desde então, múltiplos atores entraram no debate em torno dos caminhos seguidos pelas amostras: pesquisadores biomédicos, a imprensa, o governo brasileiro, organizações não governamentais e os próprios Karitiana. De um lado, a pesquisa procura mapear as trajetórias dos materiais biológicos da aldeia até a internet - considerando suas diferentes posições no campo científico e as interações deste.com outros campos, como a justiça e a imprensa - a fim de esclarecer alguns dos procedimentos que tornam possível a intervenção das ciências biomédicas sobre populações politicamente minorizadas. De outro lado, explora a memória Karitiana dos eventos de coleta de seu sangue, tendo como pano de fundo a centralidade do corpo e de suas substâncias para os Karitiana, bem como para as sociedades indígenas sul-americanas em geral, sugerindo que é em termos de uma anátomo-fisiologia que os Karitiana pensam sua história, especialmente aquela do contato
Abstract: This work approaches the conflict around genetic samples collected by biomedical researchers among the Karitiana, a Tupi-Arikém-speaking people in Rondonia state, Brazilian Amazonia. It aims to understand the clash between two distinct culturallogics, the Karitiana logic, and the one which guides biomedical knowledge and practices. In 1996, two brazilian researchers revealed the commercialization of samples of DNA and celllines from the Karitiana on the USA-basedcompany Coriel! Cell's home page. Since then, different actors have been debating about the use and localization of the samples: biomedical researchers, the media, the Braziliangovemment, NGO's and, of course, the Karitiana. On this hand, this work mapped the trajectories of that biomedical materia from the Karitiana village to internet - considering its different positions in the scientific field, and its interactions with other fields like law and mass media -, seeking to understand some procedures which give room to intervention amongst political and social minorities. On the other hand, it investigates the Karitiana memories of these events of blood sampling, which are guided by the centrality of the body and bodily substances; as well as for the South-American indigenous societies. It suggests that Karitiana reflexions on the history of contact with the withes is ciphered on anatomy and physiology
Mestrado
Antropologia Social
Mestre em Antropologia Social
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Azambuja, José Luiz Fay de. "Potencialidades de serviços on-line de Posicionamento por Ponto Preciso em aplicações geodésicas: uma análise envolvendo longo período de dados das estações da RBMC." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/130562.
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Um método de posicionamento por GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) que vem se popularizando nos últimos anos é o Posicionamento por Ponto Preciso (PPP). Este método de posicionamento se utiliza de dados de apenas um receptor e requer, fundamentalmente, o uso de efemérides e correções dos relógios dos satélites precisos. O PPP nos últimos anos ganhou um impulso significativo em sua popularidade devido, principalmente, ao surgimento de serviços gratuitos de processamento on-line. Entre estes serviços on-line de processamento de PPP, destaca-se o fornecido pelo NRCan (Natural Resource Canada), denominado CSRS-PPP (Canadian Spatial Reference System – Precise Point Positioning). Nesta Tese utilizou-se o serviço canadense CSRS-PPP no processamento de um longo período de dados superior a onze anos coletados em noventa e cinco das estações da RBMC. A análise das velocidades obtidas a partir das respectivas séries temporais referentes às coordenadas diárias estimadas pelo CSRS-PPP bem como a determinação de suas coordenadas – através do PPP – referidas à época 2000.4, mostraram resultados com pequenas discrepâncias quando comparadas com os valores oficiais adotados para as estações analisadas. O problema detectado, refere-se à impossibilidade da adoção de velocidades lineares de translação no sistema cartesiano X, Y e Z, tendo em vista que na grande maioria das estações constatou-se um comportamento sazonal referente à altura elipsoidal, variação esta que afeta as translações em X, Y e Z ao longo do ano. Como solução, propõe-se a adoção das velocidades de deslocamento calculadas para coordenadas planas, particularmente as coordenadas UTM, sendo a altura elipsoidal corrigida através de modelos estabelecidos em função da variação sazonal registrada em cada uma das estações da RBMC.A positioning method for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) that has become more popular in recent years is the Precise Point Positioning (PPP). The PPP refers to the positioning method that utilizes data to only one receiver and requires fundamentally the use of ephemeris and corrections to the precise satellite clock. The PPP in recent years gained a significant boost in its popularity, mainly due to the emergence of free services online processing. Among these PPP processing on-line services, there is the one provided by NRCan (Natural Resource Canada) called CSRS-PPP (Canadian Spatial Reference System - Precise Point Positioning). In this Thesis used if the Canadian service CSRS-PPP to process data for a long period upper through eleven collected at ninety-five of RBMC stations. The analysis of the rates obtained from the respective time series relating to the daily coordinates estimated by the CSRS-PPP and the determination of its coordinates - through PPP - said at the time 2000.4, showed results with minor discrepancies compared with the official values adopted for the analyzed stations. The problem detected, refers to the impossibility of adopting linear translation speeds in the Cartesian system X, Y, and Z, considering that in most of the stations found a seasonal pattern related to the ellipsoidal height, this variation that affects translations in X, Y and Z throughout the year. As a solution, it is proposed the adoption of the forward speeds calculated for planar coordinates, particularly UTM coordinates, and the ellipsoid height corrected by established models depending on seasonal variations recorded in each of the stations RBMC.
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Bollinger, Heather K. "The North comes South northern Methodists in Florida during Reconstruction." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4849.
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This thesis examines three groups of northern Methodists who made their way to north Florida during Reconstruction: northern white male Methodists, northern white female Methodists, and northern black male and female Methodists. It analyzes the ways in which these men and women confronted the differences they encountered in Florida's southern society as compared to their experiences living in a northern society. School catalogs, school reports, letters, and newspapers highlight the ways in which these northerners explained the culture and behaviors of southern freedmen and poor whites in Jacksonville, Gainesville, and Monticello. This study examines how these particular northern men and women present in Florida during Reconstruction applied elements of "the North" to their interactions with the freedmen and poor whites. Ultimately, it sheds light on northern Methodist middle class values in southern society.ID: 030422734; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-83).
M.A.
Masters
History
Arts and Humanities
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Cortes, Zéa Carlos. "La coopération Sud-Sud du Mexique, au sein de la nouvelle configuration de la coopération internationale pour le développement post-2015." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS124/document.
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L’éventail de concepts disponibles aujourd’hui, n’est plus pertinent pour comprendre les nouveaux enjeux auxquels sont confrontés les acteurs qui agissent au sein de la coopération internationale pour le développement. La fin du contexte bipolaire d’où elle est le résultat, l’affirmation politique des « pays émergents » et l’activisme croissant des acteurs non-étatiques (ONG, secteur privé, fondations, universitaires, etc…) bousculent les dynamiques depuis les années 90. Puis, l’importance des flux privés face à la stagnation relative des montants d’APD redéfini le rôle des donateurs traditionnels. Dans ce sens, il est nécessaire de reconsidérer le cadre d’analyse afin de comprendre ce phénomène international. Malgré les nombreux défis en termes d’inégalités et de pauvreté auxquels ils doivent encore faire face, ces « Coopérants du Sud » sont en train d’étendre leurs programmes de coopération. Par conséquent, la Coopération Sud-Sud n’a cessé d’augmenter depuis les années 2000. C’est ainsi qu’en 2013, ces flux ont représenté un total de $23,5 milliards de dollars, tandis que l’Aide Publique au Développement des pays de l’OCDE s’est élevée à $135,1 milliards de dollars pendant la même année. Ce constat peut parfois être perçu par les donateurs traditionnels comme une menace. A l’intérieur de ceux qu’on appelle les « Coopérants du Sud », l’ampleur des politiques de coopération est souvent méconnue voire ignorée. C’est le cas du Mexique, où l’entrée en vigueur d’une loi en 2011 a mis en place un nouveau système de coopération internationale pour le développement. Formulée pour asseoir sur des bases juridiques les projets qu’il mène en Amérique Centrale (considérée par les acteurs politiques mexicains comme leur « zone d’influence naturelle »), cette loi prévoit d’étendre ce type d’actions au-delà. Face à ces ambitions renouvelées, il y a un besoin pour mieux comprendre ce qui est fait par le Mexique dans ce domaine. A ce titre, on estime qu’en 2013 la coopération du Mexique s’élève à environ $551 millions de dollars.De ce point de vue, la mise à jour du clivage entre la coopération traditionnelle et la Coopération Sud-Sud soulève plusieurs problématiques. Si les pratiques des donateurs traditionnels sont discutées et font l’objet d’une concertation au sein du Comité d’Aide au Développement de l’OCDE, celles relatives aux Coopérants du Sud restent hors de sa portée. De ce fait, l’architecture classique de l’aide internationale pour le développement est en train d’être bouleversée. Proposer de nouveaux cadres d’analyse devient alors nécessaire. De ce point de vue, le nouvel environnement issu de l’adoption de l’Agenda de Développement Post-2015 nécessite d’adopter de nouveaux cadres théoriques. Dans cette thèse, la notion de « configuration », formulée par Norbert Elias, nous permet d’appréhender le phénomène autrement. Dans ce sens, analyser la nouvelle configuration de la coopération internationale pour le développement, c’est tenter de comprendre une nouvelle répartition des forces entre tous les acteurs présents. La « configuration » actuelle est de nature dynamique, et elle est modelée par les stratégies des acteurs qui la constituent afin d’augmenter leur marge de manœuvre. Il s’agit d’une configuration qui est définie par la position des acteurs dans l’espace commun qu’est la scène internationaleTheoretical frameworks no longer explain our understanding of the new challenges faced by international development cooperation stakeholders. The end of the Cold War, the political affirmation of “emerging countries”, and the growing activism of non-state actors (NGOs, private sector, foundations, academia, etc.) are shattering the traditional paradigm. Furthermore, the increasing importance of private flows alongside the relative stagnation of ODA is redefining traditional donor’s role. In this sense, it is necessary to revitalize the analysis to comprehend this international phenomenon.Over the last twenty years, the economic success of emerging economies contrasts with the persisting inequalities and marginalization problems that they shelter. Despite the various challenges that they still face, these “Southern Providers” are increasing their cooperation programs. South-South Cooperation has risen steadily since the year 2000. In 2013 these flows represented a total of $23.5 USD billion, while Official Development Assistance of OECD countries attained $135.1 USD billion during the same year.Inside the so-called "Southern Providers”, the scope is often overlooked or ignored. In Mexico for instance, the approval of a law in 2011 implemented a new international development cooperation system. The wide range of projects in Central America (considered by Mexican stakeholders as their “natural influence zone”) are formulated to sit within a legal framework, while the law is planned to be extended beyond these type of projects. Given these renewed ambitions, there is a need to better understand what is being done by Mexico in this area. As such, it is estimated that Mexican cooperation flows accounted for $551 USD millions in 2013.In this respect, the current discrepancies between traditional and South-South Cooperation raises several issues. If traditional donors’ practices are discussed within the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD, those of Southern Providers remain out of reach. Therefore, the classic international aid architecture is being eroded.Proposing new analytical frameworks has become necessary. In this regard, the international environment following the adoption of the Post-2015 Development Agenda cannot be capitalised upon with outdated concepts. As a central part of this thesis, the concept of “configuration” formulated by Norbert Elias allows us to understand the phenomenon further. In this sense, the analysis of the new configuration of international development cooperation aims to understand a new distribution of power between relevant stakeholders. While the “architecture” needs to be conceived and planned, a “configuration” has a dynamic nature, and is shaped by the players’ strategies to increase their power. The result is a configuration defined by the positioning of actors within the common space, and the international scene.This research is structured in three parts. First, it explains the new configuration of international cooperation for development. Second, it analyses Mexico’s "systemic responsibilities" as an emerging country towards Central American countries. Finally, it addresses Mexican South-South Cooperation, in the context of the implementation of its new international development cooperation system
La gama de conceptos disponibles ya no es suficiente para comprender los nuevos retos que enfrentan los actores que operan dentro de la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo. El fin de la Guerra Fría, la afirmación política de los “países emergentes” y el creciente activismo de los actores no-estatales (ONG, sector privado, fundaciones, universidades, etc…) han modificado la dinámica que regía las relaciones internacionales durante los años 90. Aunado a esto, la importancia de los flujos privados ante el estancamiento de la Ayuda Oficial al Desarrollo (AOD) está redefiniendo el rol de los donantes tradicionales. En este sentido, es necesario proponer nuevos marcos conceptuales que nos permitan analizar este fenómeno internacional.A pesar de los múltiples desafíos en términos de desigualdad y pobreza a los que se enfrentan, los “Cooperantes del Sur” están ampliando sus programas de cooperación. En consecuencia, la Cooperación Sur-Sur ha aumentado en forma constante desde el año 2000. En el 2013, estos flujos representaron un total de $23,5 mil millones de dólares, mientras que la AOD ascendió a $135 mil millones durante el mismo año. Esta tendencia puede a veces ser percibida por los donantes tradicionales como una amenaza.Al interior de los llamados « Cooperantes del Sur », el alcance de las políticas de cooperación a menudo se pasa por alto o es ignorado. Es el caso de México, en donde la entrada en vigor de una ley en el 2011 estableció un nuevo sistema de cooperación internacional para el desarrollo. Formulada para aumentar la eficacia de los proyectos llevados a cabo en Centroamérica (subregión considerada la “zona natural de influencia” de México), la ley favorece la implementación de proyectos de cooperación en otras partes del mundo. Frente estas ambiciones renovadas, es necesario estudiar las acciones del país en el campo. Como tal, se estima que la cooperación mexicana se elevó a aproximadamente $551 millones de dólares en el 2013.Desde este punto de vista, la actualización de la escisión entre la cooperación tradicional y la Cooperación Sur-Sur plantea varios problemas. Si las prácticas de los donantes tradicionales son discutidas y son objeto de concertación dentro del Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo de la OCDE, aquellas relativas a la Cooperación Sur-Sur permanecen fuera de su alcance. Por lo tanto, nos encontramos ante la erosión progresiva de la arquitectura clásica de la ayuda internacional para el desarrollo.Proponer nuevos puntos de referencia se vuelve necesario. A partir de aquí, la coyuntura que resultó de la adopción de la Agenda de Desarrollo post-2015 requiere la adopción de marcos teóricos alternativos. Para esta tesis, la noción de “configuración”, formulada por Norbert Elias, nos permite entender el fenómeno desde otro enfoque. El análisis de la “nueva configuración de la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo post-2015”, es un intento por comprender la nueva distribución del poder entre los actores que la conforman. La “configuración post-2015” es de naturaleza dinámica, moldeada por las estrategias de los actores que la constituyen, cuyo objetivo es aumentar su margen de maniobra. Se trata en definitiva de una “configuración particular”, definida por el posicionamiento de los actores internacionales
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Cardoso, Cynthia Franceska. "Caminhos percorridos, percalços encontrados: um estudo de caso a respeito do acesso aos benefícios e programas sociais por povos indígenas no município de São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21193.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The objective of this work was to map the path taken by indigenous people to access the benefits and social services offered by the Social Assistance and Social Security policies, in São Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM). The municipality has a territorial extension of 109,184.9 km². Located in the extreme northwest of the state, it borders the west with Colombia and the north with Venezuela. Approximately 95% of the inhabitants are indigenous belonging to more than 30 indigenous group of at least 23 languages. This sociocultural diversity and geographic isolation set several challenges to the implementation of social policies Two methods were used in this research: the ethnography, that required a long stay in the place, the interaction with the subjects, the continuous observation, and a detailed transcription of the information collected; also the research-action-participation (RAP), that proposes to study certain groups through a dialogical relationship between the researcher and the community, in which both are active subjects in the construction of research and knowledge, and that presupposes a devolution to the community. In the case of this work, there was a denunciation report on several situations of violations of social rights, later sent to the Federal Public Ministry of Amazonas. The instruments used included a bibliographical survey, participant and non-participant observation, structured interviews with open and semi-structured questions, field reports, participation in events, holding meetings, formal and informal conversations, tabulation of the information collected and the transformation into quantitative and qualitative data, as well as their analysis. The sample of the universe was 130 people. Of these, 43 were users of the services, 54 users of the Social Security Policy who were not interviewed, but had the attendance observed, 22 were technicians and managers of social services and 11 were members of organized civil society. Fieldwork lasted four months and has led us to reflect that access to social benefits and services by indigenous people poses challenges to every society, especially the indigenous movement, the state and the scientific community
O objetivo deste trabalho foi mapear o caminho percorrido por indígenas para acessar benefícios e serviços sociais ofertados pelas políticas de Assistência e Previdência Social, em São Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM). O município possui uma extensão territorial de 109.184,9 km², está localizado no extremo noroeste do estado, faz fronteira a oeste com a Colômbia e ao norte com a Venezuela. Aproximadamente 95% dos habitantes são indígenas, pertencentes a mais de trinta povos falantes de, no mínimo, 23 línguas. Esta diversidade sociocultural e o isolamento geográfico estabelecem diversos desafios à execução das políticas sociais. Dois métodos foram utilizados nesta pesquisa: a etnografia, que exigiu uma longa permanência no local, a interação com os sujeitos envolvidos, a observação contínua e a transcrição minuciosa das informações coletadas; e a investigação-ação-participação (IAP), que propõe estudar determinados grupos por uma relação dialógica entre pesquisador e comunidade, na qual ambos são sujeitos ativos na construção da investigação e do conhecimento, pressupondo-se uma devolutiva à comunidade. No caso deste trabalho, houve a produção de um relatório denúncia sobre as diversas situações de violações de direitos sociais apuradas, encaminhado ao Ministério Público Federal do Amazonas. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o levantamento bibliográfico, a observação participante e não participante, as entrevistas estruturadas com perguntas abertas e as semiestruturadas, os relatórios de campo, a participação em eventos, a realização de reuniões, as conversas formais e informais, a tabulação das informações coletadas e a transformação em dados quantitativos e qualitativos, bem como sua análise. A amostra do universo foi de 130 pessoas. Destas, 43 eram usuários dos serviços, 54 usuários da Política de Previdência Social que não foram entrevistados, mas tiveram o atendimento observado, 22 eram técnicos e gestores dos serviços sociais e onze eram integrantes da sociedade civil organizada. O trabalho em campo durou quatro meses e nos levou a refletir sobre o acesso aos benefícios e serviços sociais por povos indígenas, que impõe desafios a toda sociedade, sobretudo ao movimento indígena, ao Estado e à comunidade científica
Books on the topic "Poor, south america"
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Gilbert, Alan. Housing, the state, and the poor: Policy and practice in three Latin American cities. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
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Simposio sobre Antropología de la Vivienda (1990 Pontificia Universidad Javeriana). Simposio sobre Antropología de la Vivienda: Septiembre 10 al 14, 1990. [Colombia]: Colcultura, 1990.
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Mamani, Gregorio Condori. Andean lives: Gregorio Condori Mamani and Asunta Quispe Huamán. Edited by Gelles Paul H. 1957- and Escobar Gabriela Martínez. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996.
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Burgwal, Gerrit. Struggle of the poor: Neighborhood organization and clientelist practice in a Quito squatter settlement. Amsterdam: CEDLA, 1995.
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Aguilar, Omar. Etnias y pobreza en Chile, 2000: Análisis de la VIII encuesta de caracterización socioeconómica nacional (CASEN 2000). Santiago de Chile: Gobierno de Chile, Ministerio de Planificación y Cooperación, 2002.
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Leite, Rosângela Ferreira. Nos limites da exclusão: Ocupação territorial, organização econômica e populações livres pobres (Guarapuava, 1808-1878). São Paulo, SP: Alameda, 2010.
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Gangs, politics & dignity in Cape Town. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
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Raúl, Mendoza Cánepa, and Wilhelmi Ch., Nikolai O. G., eds. Gobernabilidad y desarrollo: Cumbre inalcanzable : las perspectivas del sur andino peruano. Lima, Perú: Comisión Andina de Juristas, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Poor, south america"
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Kidd, Stuart. "Visualizing the Poor White." In A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the American South, 110–29. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470756935.ch7.
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Andrade-Piedra, Jorge L., Karen A. Garrett, Erik Delaquis, Conny J. M. Almekinders, Margaret A. McEwan, Fleur B. M. Kilwinger, Sarah Mayanja, et al. "Toolbox for Working with Root, Tuber, and Banana Seed Systems." In Root, Tuber and Banana Food System Innovations, 319–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92022-7_11.
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AbstractRoot, tuber, and banana (RT&B) crops are critical for global food security. They are vegetatively propagated crops (VPCs) sharing common features: low reproductive rates, bulky planting materials, and vulnerability to accumulating and spreading pathogens and pests through seed. These crops are difficult to breed, so new varieties may be released slowly relative to new emerging threats. VPC seed systems are complex and face several challenges: poor-quality seed of existing varieties, low adoption rates of improved varieties, and slow varietal turnover, limiting yield increases and farmers’ ability to adapt to new threats and opportunities. Addressing these challenges requires first identifying key knowledge gaps on seed systems to guide research for development in a holistic and coherent way. Working together across 10 crops and 26 countries in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America, the CGIAR seed systems research community has developed a “Toolbox for Working with Root, Tuber, and Banana Seed Systems,” which introduces 11 tools and a glossary to address four major gaps: (1) capturing the demand characteristics of different types of farmers; (2) identifying effective seed delivery pathways; (3) ensuring seed health and stopping the spread of disease; and (4) designing effective policies and regulations. We describe the toolbox and its creation and validation across 76 crop-and-country use cases, and illustrate how the tools, applied individually or in combination, are addressing the key knowledge gaps in RT&B seed systems. The tool developers are actively working to scale the toolbox, including identifying new partners and models for collaboration, developing new tools, and supporting new applications in VPCs, as well as for fruit, vegetable, grain, and pulse seed systems.
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CHERNELA, JANET. "“Poor Me, I Have No Cousin”:." In The Anthropology of Marriage in Lowland South America, 157–79. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx06x61.12.
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Chernela, Janet. "“Poor Me, I Have No Cousin”." In The Anthropology of Marriage in Lowland South America. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813054315.003.0009.
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Chernela’s analysis describes the consequences of globalization on Kotiria (also known as Wanano) kinship and marriage. Drawing on the insights of Robert Murphy (1971), she examines a number of the major themes that reoccur throughout this book, such as the dialectic between rules and practice, the relationship between structural intransigence and agency fuelled by needs and desires, and the emergence of innovation and practical considerations. If one looks at the formal model of Kotiria kinship and marriage, one might predict that they are constrained by a narrow range of alternatives when they choose a spouse. However, drawing on recent history, Chernela selects case studies that illustrate the range of possibilities actually open to the Kotiria. She presents cases in which marriage rules were disregarded or changed, as well as a case in which a descent group simply passed out of existence because of its members’ unwillingness to violate their own marriage rules.
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Jouet, Mugambi. "From the American Enlightenment to Anti-Intellectualism." In Exceptional America. University of California Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520293298.003.0003.
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Millions of Americans are extraordinarily uninformed. This problem is often blamed on the poor quality of public schools, yet it largely stems from a peculiar conception of education rooted in America’s exceptional history. The birth of modern democracy in America fostered a populist mindset equating education with elitism. Although the Founding Fathers were learned men of the American Enlightenment, many 18th and 19th century Americans became convinced that common sense and folk wisdom were sufficient to succeed. Anti-intellectualism became particularly influential in the South, the nation’s poorest region. Conversely, education has been less associated with elitism in France and other European countries. This helps explain why modern America is sharply polarized, as the U.S. political debate reached astonishing levels of demagogy, propaganda, and disinformation well before Trump’s rise. Spurred by the Tea Party, Republicans routinely made ludicrous claims about Obama’s fake birth certificate and Islamism, “socialized medicine,” “death panels,” the “hoax” of climate change, the federal government’s “tyranny,” and other conspiracy theories. Such political extremism thrives on the ignorance, irrationality, and gullibility promoted by anti-intellectualism. Extremism in contemporary Europe is far less mainstream and more focused on immigration, the main concern of nativist far-right European parties.
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Vargas, Manuel. "8 Global Space and Local Response: The Uses of Convite in the Dominican Deep South." In Globalization and the Rural Poor in Latin America, 173–94. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781685859190-010.
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van der Berg, Servaas, Ronelle Burger, and Megan Louw. "Post‐apartheid South Africa: Poverty and Distribution Trends in an Era of Globalization." In The Poor under Globalization in Asia, Latin America, and Africa, 431–58. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584758.003.0014.
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Peluso, Daniela. "To Be Seen or Not to Be Seen!" In The Anthropology of Marriage in Lowland South America. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813054315.003.0004.
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By comparing the different ways in which Ese Eja marriages commence, Peluso describes the power relations in which marriages are embedded. Two forms of marriage co-exist in the same community: one legitimized by the public involvement of kin and neighbors in the union, the other a secret in which couples are united without any public acknowledgment thereby challenging the underlying mechanisms of power in the community. Despite their generally poor outcomes, secret unions present a means for individuals to bask in a short-lived reprieve from social demands—although they also leave behind the support of their kin. Peluso provides a case study of a secret marriage in which the bride’s father intervened and forced the transformation of his daughter’s private marriage into a public one to ensure he had a voice in her future. This case reveals with striking clarity the relationship between power and “speech” in an Ese Eja village.
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Grugel, Jean, Matt Barlow, Tallulah Lines, Maria Eugenia Giraudo, and Jessica Omukuti. "Unequal Development: What Lies Beneath COVID-19’s Gender Politics?" In The Gendered Face of COVID-19 in the Global South, 46–71. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529218831.003.0003.
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In this chapter we shift our attention to the operation of the global political economy. In doing so we show how an unequal distribution of excessive and unnecessary risks falls on the shoulders of poor women and girls in the Global South. We explain how particular groups of girls and women are made vulnerable through the ways they are integrated into and excluded from the global political economy. The point we wish to make, above all, is that the global political economy is not gender-neutral. We show how the rules governing global finance actively worsen health, income and employment security for the poor, and especially poor women, and especially those located geographically in, or from, the global South. For this reason, this chapter shifts the narrative to the global level and asks: how have key international actors helped shape responses to Covid-19 in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa? And to what extent have they understood Covid-19 to be both a crisis of gender and development and a challenge to gender equity? To what extent is the architecture of development finance, adequate to the task of building resilient and gender equitable development.
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Deveaux, Monique. "Politicizing Poverty." In Poverty, Solidarity, and Poor-Led Social Movements, 108–49. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190850289.003.0004.
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This chapter explains how poor-led political activism politicizes public discourse about poverty, as well as fosters the critical, political consciousness of people living in poverty. It shows how poor-led organizations and movements harness this collective consciousness to develop and advance more radical, pro-poor policies for poverty reduction and development. The chapter spotlights the work of urban slum dweller political mobilizations in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, especially Slum Dwellers International (SDI) and some of its founding member-groups; the piqueteros workers’ movement in Argentina; the landless rural movements in Latin America, particularly the MST in Brazil, its global spinoff, La Vía Campesina, and the rural empowerment group, Nijera Kori, in Bangladesh. These examples serve to show how poor groups politicize poverty both within public discourse and in the eyes of members of poor communities.
Conference papers on the topic "Poor, south america"
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Bovolo, C. I. "Using reanalysis data to establish the precipitation and temperature regime of data poor areas: the Guianas of South America." In BHS 3rd International Conference. British Hydrological Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.7558/bhs.2010.ic03.
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Bradeanu, Andrei Vlad, Loredana Pascu, Alexandru Bogdan Ciubara, and Dragos Cristian Voicu. "COMPLICATIONS OF HIP HEMIARTHROPLASTY IN PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA." In The European Conference of Psychiatry and Mental Health "Galatia". Archiv Euromedica, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35630/2022/12/psy.ro.8.
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ge is one of the most important parameters influencing the occurrence of hip fractures in patients over the age of 65, whereas their mental state is a decisive factor. Older adults have eight times higher risk of dying of a hip fracture if we compared to those people without a hip fracture. The risk of death is very high in the first three months and it remains in first ten years. High incidence of hip fracture and dementia worldwide includes Europe and Middle East part of Europe, South America, Canada, United States and Asia. There is a very high probability that patients with hip fractures and dementia may develop delirium that will result in prolonged hospitalization and poor mobility. Death is a rare complication of hip arthroplasty. Less than 1% patients in United States died, however in the first 90 days the postoperative mortality rate is somewhat higher than 1%. Otherwise, after revision surgery this rate increases. The most common complications of hip hemiarthroplasty that can be avoided by surgeons are: dislocation (posterior approach), and infection (the most common are Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus- MRSA and Gram-negative bacillus). In one year the mortality rates will be over than half in the patients with deep infection and approximately 65% of patients with dislocation prosthesis in 6 months but also depends by type of prosthesis: monobloc (Austin Moore) or bipolar, cemented or uncemented. Other patient-related complications in the order in which they appear are pulmonary embolism, hematoma formation, unusual ossification, thromboembolism, nerve injury, fracture (periprosthetic). In patients who receive antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, or anticoagulant therapy, it is necessary to stop the preoperative medication and to perform intraoperative hemostasis. During surgery, there is a risk to damage obturator vessels, perforating branch of femoralis artery and injury iliac vessels when drilling medial acetabular wall. In the last two decades thromboembolism has been prevented by physical therapy and socks with gradual compression. Depending on the type of surgeon's preferred type of proceedings, the following nerves may be injured: femoral nerve, sciatic nerve, and superior gluteal nerves.
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Quintana Guerrero, Ingrid. "Dattiers Andinos y la Búsqueda Paciente en Rue de Sèvres, 1948-1959." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.548.
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Resumen: Con la Unidad de Habitación marsellesa, el Atelier Le Corbusier transformaba su personal y métodos. Recurrentemente, se ha denominado a ésta como la fase del Grand Atelier, en cuyo ocaso surgieron nuevos desafíos y elementos para un “espacio inefable”. De límites imprecisos, esa Búsqueda Paciente implicaba un estado de ánimo transicional que confrontaba a Le Corbusier con sus propios métodos y con algunos de sus colaboradores, a los que peyorativamente atribuyó el apodo de dattiers (datileras), debido a su presunta arrogancia y baja productividad. Este trabajo reconstruye los principales aspectos del paso de algunos colaboradores suramericanos de Le Corbusier por París entre 1948 y 1959. Su participación fue larga e intensa, alcanzando en ocasiones el estatus de coordinadores y abordando obras en todas las escalas. Aún cuando, entre ellos, sólo Augusto Tobito fue directamente calificado como dattier, sus colegas colombianos compartían algo de su rebeldía, autonomía o destreza; de ahí que les hagamos extensivo ese apelativo. Así pretendemos construir un relato que contrarreste las abundantes narrativas sobre proyectos e influencia del franco-suizo en territorio andino. Abstract: With Marseille Housing Unit, the Atelier Le Corbusier began a transformation of its staff and methods. Frequently, this phase is known as Le Grand Atelier, receiving new challenges during its ending, and conceiving new elements for an “ineffable space”. With undefined boundaries, the Patient Research involved a transitional frame of mind opposing Le Corbusier to his own proceedings and to some of his collaborators. Pejoratively, the master named them as dattiers (datepalms), due to their alleged arrogance and low productivity. This work reconstructs several aspects of the internship of some South American collaborators on Le Corbusier at Paris between 1948 and 1959. Their participation was extended and intense, allowing them to reach, in some cases, the status of coordinators, and engaging works in all the scales. Even though just Augusto Tobito was directly called as dattier, his Colombian coworkers shared his rebellion, autonomy or skills. That is why we also use that adjective for them. We intend to create a complementary story for plenty of narratives about projects and influences of the French-Swiss architect in the Andes territory.Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; arquitectos modernos suramericanos; planes urbanos; proyectos de habitación. Keywords: Le Corbusier; South American Modern architects; urban plans; housing project. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.548
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Lopez Frasca, Stella, Federico Soriano Pelaez, and Ana Laura Castillo. "Superorganismo." In Jornadas sobre Innovación Docente en Arquitectura (JIDA). Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Iniciativa Digital Politècnica, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/jida.2022.11670.
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The year 2020 was marked by virtuality, a situation derived from the pandemic caused by the Covid-19 virus. This situation brought with it an infinity of structural problems in terms of the digital and spatial divide. From the shared experience, it was sought to achieve a dynamic collaborative activity where the differences and cultural coincidences of two academic units from two continents (Europe and South America) were able to achieve a synergy that would enhance critical thinking. During this linking experience, the question arose if information technology produces mutations in the Design Process. This new paradigm has had implications not only in the practice of architecture, but also in its teaching. In this way, mixed work cells were created, presenting a unique architectural project. The interchangeable corrections were closed with qualifications through the disappearance of limits and borders, and the combination in a single teaching entity. El año 2020 estuvo marcado por la virtualidad, situación derivada por la pandemia originada por el virus Covid-19. Esta situación trajo aparejados infinidad de problemas estructurales en cuanto a la brecha digital y espacial. De la experiencia compartida se buscó lograr una actividad dinámica colaborativa donde las diferencias y coincidencias culturales de dos unidades académicas de dos continentes (Europa y América del Sur) pudieron lograr una sinergia que potenciara el pensamiento crítico. Durante esta experiencia de vinculación surgió la pregunta si la tecnología de la información produce mutaciones en el Proceso Proyectual. Este nuevo paradigma ha tenido implicancia no sólo en la práctica de la arquitectura, sino también en su enseñanza. De esta manera se constituyeron células de trabajo mixtas presentando un proyecto arquitectónico único. Las correcciones intercambiables se cerraron con calificaciones a través de la desaparición de límites y fronteras, y de la combinación en una sola entidad docente.
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Comas, Carlos Eduardo. "MONUMENTALIZING MODERN MOBILITY." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.949.
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Abstract: The inhabitable viaduct is one of the most intriguing design proposals of Le Corbusier. Scholarly attention has focused upon the curvilinear megastructures designed for Rio de Janeiro and Algiers and their connection to the Ville Radieuse, downplaying the introduction of the inhabitable viaduct in São Paulo, and its connection with earlier proposals for Montevideo and Buenos Aires, the Plan Voisin and Ville Contemporaine, when Le Corbusier himself suggested that all these designs make up a sequence. The inhabitable viaduct has been understood as a reaction to non-European landscape and the airplane view, standing for a new sense of the organic in Le Corbusier’s work. A closer inspection of these designs along with Le Corbusier’s pertinent texts and imagery suggests that his architecture from 1929 onwards changes in degree rather than nature. The genesis of the inhabitable viaduct is seen as part of a sequence of topological transformations, informed by specific but generalizable site conditions and a host of precedents, but also, and primarily, as an alternative in Le Corbusier's controversial quest for monumentalizing the modern metropolis. Resumen: El viaducto habitable es una de las propuestas más intrigantes de Le Corbusier. Los estudiosos han concentrado su atención en las mega-estructuras curvilíneas proyectadas para Río de Janeiro y Argelia y en sus conexiones con la Ville Radieuse, menospreciando la introducción del viaducto habitable en São Paulo, y su conexión con las propuestas anteriores para Montevideo y Buenos Aires, el Plan Voisin y Ville Contemporaine, cuando Le Corbusier mismo sugirió que todos eses proyectos forman una secuencia. El viaducto habitable ha sido entendido como una reacción al paisaje no-europeo y a la vista del avión, indicando un sentido nuevo de lo orgánico en la obra de Le Corbusier. Una inspección mas detenida de eses proyectos a la luz de textos e imágenes pertinentes del arquitecto sugiere que su arquitectura del 1929 en adelante sufre un cambio de énfasis y no de naturaleza. La génesis del viaducto habitable se ve aquí como parte de una secuencia de transformaciones topológica, que son informadas tanto por condiciones de situación a la vez específicas y susceptible de generalización cuanto por un conjunto de precedentes, pero también, y primariamente, como una alternativa en la búsqueda controvertida de Le Corbusier por monumentalizar la metrópolis moderna. Keywords: Inhabitable viaduct/ South America/ Algiers/ Monumentality/ Landscape/ Urbanism. Palabras clave: Viaducto habitable/ Suramerica/ Argelia/ Monumentalidad/ Paisaje/ Urbanismo. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.949
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Rodriguez Dias, Carolina, and Fernanda Lima Sakr. "Centralidade urbana: configuração espacial e condições socioeconômicas na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Maestría en Planeación Urbana y Regional. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Bogotá, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6059.
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Este artigo explora São Paulo, a maior cidade da América do Sul. O crescimento da cidade
caracteriza-se por um deslocamento do centro urbano em direção ao sudoeste. Este teve
consequências deletérias sobre o centro histórico, que sofreu uma deterioração do seu ambiente
construído e um aumento da privação socioeconômica. Este artigo examina como a morfologia
transformada de São Paulo no século XXI afetou a distribuição socioeconômica e a diversidade
demográfica. Ele emprega uma abordagem da sintaxe espacial, que é um conjunto de técnicas e
teoria que investiga as relações entre configuração espacial e os fenômenos socioeconômicos.
Análises revelam que a morfologia de São Paulo apresenta um “colcha de retalhos”, que são
morfologicamente diferenciados pela sua relação de escala com a estrutura urbana maior. As
consequências socioeconômicas dessa fragmentação tem sido o aumento da diferenciação de
classes sociais consistentes com a sua acessibilidade às concentrações de atividade que ocorrem
em diferentes escalas urbanas. This paper explores São Paulo, the largest city in South America. The growth of the city has been
characterized by a shift of the urban centre towards the southwest. This had deleterious
consequences on the historic centre, which experienced a deterioration of its built environment and
an increase in socio-economic deprivation. This paper examines how the transformed morphology of
twenty-first century São Paulo affected its socio-economic distribution and demographic diversity. It
employs theoretical and methodological space syntax approach, which is a set of techniques and
theory that investigates relationships between spatial layout and socio-economic phenomena. The
analysis found that the morphology of São Paulo presents a ‘patchwork’ of offset grids, which are
morphologically differentiated by their scaled relationship to the larger urban structure. Socioeconomic
consequences of this fragmentation have been to increase the differentiation of social
classes consistent with their accessibility to concentrations of activity taking place at different scales.
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Talenti, Simona. "Visions “humaines” ou “infernales”: les moyens de transport et la perception de la ville chez Le Corbusier." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.821.
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Résumé: Les représentations des villes depuis la mer ont eu, à partir du XVe siècle, un grand succès dans l’iconographie urbaine des voyageurs. Depuis 1911, Le Corbusier a pris l’habitude d’esquisser dans ses carnets de croquis les paysages urbains découverts au cours de son voyage en Orient. Villes, remparts ou monuments significatifs sont souvent représentés depuis la mer ou les fleuves, car l'arrivée en bateau autorise une perception progressive et globale du site. Suite à son séjour en Amérique du sud en 1929, l'architecte exprime ouvertement son appréciation pour la perspective obtenue depuis le bateau au milieu des baies, car ce point de vue lui permet de contextualiser immédiatement ses propositions d’aménagement urbain. De simple connaissance des villes, cette pratique iconographique devient, chez Le Corbusier, un instrument d’élaboration du projet. Mais la vue horizontale est bientôt accompagnée du procédé de survol des centres urbains pour appréhender la grandeur du paysage naturel et construit. À travers l’analyse des nombreuses images – dessins, croquis, photos – élaborées par Le Corbusier à partir des différents moyens de transport, ainsi que des commentaires accompagnant ces documents iconographiques et de quelques textes publiés, on essayera de mieux comprendre le rapport entre l’échelle de ces visions panoramiques et la nouvelle approche territoriale mise au point par Le Corbusier à partir des années Trente. Abstract: The representations of cities viewed from the sea have had, since the fifteenth century, a great success in urban iconography. From 1911, Le Corbusier began drawing urban landscapes in his sketchbooks, which he discovered during his trip to the Orient. Cities, fortifications or significant monuments are often depicted from the sea or rivers, because the arrival by boat allows a gradual and overall perception of the site. After his stay in South America in 1929, the architect openly expressed his appreciation for the panoramic view obtained from the boat in the middle of the bay. This point of view allows him to contextualize his urban development proposals immediately. This iconographic practice is no longer a simple function of knowledge, but it has become an instrument for realising the project. However, the horizontal view was soon accompanied by the process of flying over urban centres to understand the magnitude of the man-made and natural landscape. Through the analysis of the many images – drawings, sketches, photos – developed by Le Corbusier using different means of transport, of comments accompanying these iconographic documents and of some published texts, the paper aims to better understand the relationship between the scale of these panoramic visions and the new territorial approach developed by Le Corbusier from the Thirties onwards. Mots clés: moyens de transport; avion; bateau. Keywords: means of transport; airplane; boat DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.821
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Pianca, Guilherme Moreno. "Le Corbusier and São Paulo – 1929: Architecture and Landscape." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.937.
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Abstract: This article looks into Le Corbusier’s urban proposal for the City of São Paulo, as formulated during his journey to South America in 1929. It highlights the relationship between Architecture and Landscape exposed by Le Corbusier’s plan. This paper sets out to investigate the analysis that the innovative Swiss architect performed of the geography and morphology of São Paulo. It contrasts to the works and plans carried out by technicians and engineers at that time. In order to explain how Le Corbusier’s treatment of nature and landscape differs from them, we study the extent to which Le Corbusier’s plans show design approaches, which were unusual in terms of Western History and Memory. He also looks into the relationship between Le Corbusier’s work, on the one hand, and new technological elements and changes in the visual culture at that time, on the other hand, thus seeking to highlight certain obscure spots within Le Corbusier’s work. This study aims at bringing forward some speculations and methods present in the work of Le Corbusier on cities. It deals with contradictory aspects in Le Corbusier’s work in order to deepen our understanding of contemporary urban problems. Resumen: Este artículo investiga la hipótesis de proyecto de Le Corbusier para la ciudad de San Pablo, propuesta durante su viaje a América Latina en 1929, focalizando en las relaciones entre arquitectura y paisaje. La primera cuestión analizada en este trabajo es el innovador análisis de la geografía y la morfología de San Pablo propuesto por el arquitecto suizo, que contrasta con la manera con que los técnicos e ingenieros locales desarrollaban sus propuestas en ese momento. Para explicar dicha diferencia en la manera de lidiar con la naturaleza y el paisaje, el autor de este articulo estudia como el trabajo de Le Corbusier presenta abordajes de proyecto inusuales para la Historia y la Memoria, y su relación con los nuevos elementos tecnológicos y de la cultura visual de la época, procurando así resaltar ciertos puntos oscuros en el trabajo del arquitecto. Esta discusión intenta cuestionar ciertas especulaciones proyectuales y metodologías de trabajo presentes en el trabajo de Le Corbusier sobre ciudades, utilizando sus aspectos contradictorios como modo de profundizar nuestro entendimiento de los problemas urbanos contemporáneos. Keywords: Modern Architecture; Modern Urbanism; Landscape Architecture; Le Corbusier; São Paulo. Palabras clave: Arquitectura Moderna; Urbanismo Moderno; Arquitectura Del Paisaje; Le Corbusier; São Paulo. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.937
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Palacios Aguilar, José del Carmen. "Chandigarh antes de Chandigarh (Cartografía de una idea)." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.639.
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Resumen: La intención es exponer las ideas que llevaron a Le Corbusier a construir su último y único proyecto urbanístico “Chandigarh”;realizar su sueño de construir sobre una ciudad constituida por aquellos elementos prefigurados desde sus libretas, fotografías y textos de sus Viajes a Oriente, 1911 y Sud América, 1929. Le Corbusier encuentra en Chandigarh su ciudad imaginada, aquella configurada en base al constructo de la razón; montañas, paisajes, árboles, cielos, lagos y ríos, etc. y para ello diseñó un mapa en tres dimensiones que contuviese esa razón fundamental de todos sus años de trabajo: “El monumento de la mano abierta” es un lugar donde superpone esa geografía construida (la idealizada con la hallada), diversos dibujos han ido otorgándole en el tiempo esa capacidad de expresar la vocación del tiempo construido . La mano - además de serlo- ya no es más un símbolo o un “signo”, es un mapa topográfico que contiene sus propósitos esenciales. Chandigarh se construye sobre esa “ciudad imaginada” – siendo sus numerosos dibujos de montañas, ríos y lagos cartografiados desde los botes, trenes, y aviones, - Le Corbusier siempre estuvo a esperaba encontrar un lugar que coincidiera y encajara con todas esas condiciones naturales- alegrías esenciales- y ese lugar fue Punjab (India); allí es cuando se eclipsan realmente por primera vez todos sus elementos configurados. Las montañas del Himalaya y el Lago Suknha más que elementos geográficos - que constituyen los límites del proyecto- son esencialmente imprescindibles para comprenderlo. El monumento de la mano abierta se configura como un recurso ideográfico en la obra de Le Corbusier. Abstract: The intention is to present the ideas that led to Le Corbusier to build its latest and unique urban project "Chandigarh", realize his dream of building on a city made up of those elements foreshadowed from his notebooks, photographs and texts of his trips to East 1911 South America 1929. Le Corbusier in Chandigarh discovers his imagined city, that set based on the construct of reason; mountains, landscapes, trees, skies, lakes and rivers, etc. and for this he designed a three-dimensional map that contained the fundamental reason for all his years of work: "The monument open hand" is a place where overlaps that built geography (the idealized with found), various drawings have been giving at the time that ability to express the vocation of time built. Besides hand the be-is no longer a symbol or a "sign" is a topographic map containing the essential purposes. Chandigarh is built on the "imagined city" - remains his numerous drawings of mountains, rivers and lakes mapped from boats, trains, and planes - Le Corbusier was always expected to find a place to coincide and fit with all those naturales- conditions essential- there was joy and Punjab (India); that's when all set items are really overshadow first. Himalaya Mountains and Lake Suknha than geographic features - which form the boundaries of the project are essentially necessary to understand it. The open hand monument is configured as an ideographic resource in the work of Le Corbusier.Palabras clave: constructo, dibujos, viajes, publicaciones, mano abierta. Keywords: Construct, Drawings, Travels, Publications, Open Hand. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.639
Reports on the topic "Poor, south america"
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Amaya, Ana B., Stephen Kingah, and Philippe de Lombaerde. Multi-Level Pro-Poor Health Governance, Statistical Information Flows, And The Role Of Regional Organizations In South-America And Southern Africa. Unknown, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii158.
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Neves, Mateus C. R., Felipe De Figueiredo Silva, and Carlos Otávio Freitas. Agricultural Total Factor Productivity and Road Infrastructure in South American Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003401.
Full textAbstract:
In this working paper, we estimate agricultural total factor productivity (Ag TFP) for South American countries over the period 19692016 and identify how road density affect technical efficiency. In 2015, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia, the Andean countries, had 205,000; 166,000; 96,000; 89,000; and 43,000 kilometers of roads, respectively. A poor-quality and limited road network, along with inaccessibility to markets, might limit the ability of farms to efficiently manage production inputs, raising technical inefficiency. We find that the Ag TFP growth rate per year for South American countries, on average, is 1.5%. For the Andean countries, we find an even smaller growth rate per year of 1.4% on average. Our findings suggest that higher road density is associated with lower technical inefficiency.