Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Popular responses'

This thesis explores Roman Catholic and secular responses to sexual imagery in popular culture. The Catholic and socio-philosophical responses may be subdivided according to specific ideal types to elucidate the major ideological and ethical movements operative within these two hermeneutical traditions. I use the media luminary Madonna as a case study to illustrate the inadequacy of much that Catholic and secular cultural critics have written about religiously ambiguous and sexually provocative popular culture phenomena. Typically, secular critics neglect the religious implications of such phenomena, while Catholic critics overlook their ideological implications. I shall demonstrate both that hermeneutical exclusivity weakens the two major approaches and that only methodologies which take seriously both Catholic and secular insights are appropriate for analyzing this aspect of popular culture.

This thesis explores the ways in which popular fiction television is produced in Nigeria in the 21st century and through it the investigation of social relations in the industry and the analysis of its products. In so doing the thesis also interrogates the assumptions of social theorists regarding the impact that the globalization of culture is supposed to have on local cultures. Drawing on empirical evidence from fieldwork carried out in Nigeria between February and June 2006 involving participant observation in the location production of a television drama series, semi-structured and unstructured interviews with 15 people in Nigeria’s television industry, the thesis argues that despite some production practices in the industry not yet being, according to the practitioners, up to scratch, Nollywood has also evolved social and institutional structures which are recognisable features of the structure of the television industry everywhere. The thesis also argues that despite its having an industry that is ranked third in the world in terms of output, the West, but Hollywood in particular, retains a strong grip on the imagination of Nigeria’s popular fiction television producers. For a more nuanced account of the impact of the globalization of culture on Nigeria’s popular fiction television industry, however, I propose that we need to go beyond how people speak about what they do, to how they do what they do. Analysis of popular conventions of a less powerful audio visual industry, like Nigeria’s Nollywood, alongside those of Hollywood will help unpack further the nature of the impact that dominant cultures are assumed to have on local cultures.

Despite the rapidly growing body of critical academic writing around sound and music on screen, and studies of the increasing role of popular music within contemporary films, there has to date been little empirical exploration of audience responses to popular music in film. This thesis investigates how audiences hear and relate to popular music in romantic comedy soundtracks, specifically those of Love Actually (2003, dir. Richard Curtis), What Women Want (2000, dir. Nancy Meyer), and 10 Things I Hate About You (1999, dir. Gil Junger). Building upon a detailed critique of existing theoretical approaches to audiences’ engagements with popular music soundtracks, the findings in this study are based on two rounds of semi-structured interviews. Initially, the selected films were discussed in four focus group interviews, recruited according to age and gender (under-25-year-old men and women, and over-45-year-old men and women). Four subsequent individual interviews with one participant from each focus group concentrated on one particular sequence from Love Actually. A key assumption underlying theorised audience responses within literature on film music is a dichotomy between knowing and not-knowing pre-existing pop music in films: ‘knowing’ the music is seen to result in a more complex reading of a scene, as well as a more critical, distanced mode of engagement with the film; ‘not-knowing’, on the other hand, means the viewer is more immersed in the film and more likely to adopt its ideological messages uncritically (see for example Kassabian, 2001; J. Smith, 1998). The present research challenges this position: interview analyses indicate that patterns of talk are not as unified or consistent as these existing theoretical models suggest. Participants drew on several different modes of engagement in making sense of popular music in film, including: evaluating the music according to a diverse range of criteria and categorisations; relating the music to life stages and personal memories; and managing perceived involvement with the films and their soundtracks. These findings do not easily fall within any singular model of proposed audience responses to film music, but instead suggest that a new way of thinking about film audiences must account for taste processes, accommodate audiences’ vernacular categorisations, and incorporate a broader conception of ‘knowledge’ and ‘ways of knowing’.

To begin with, the role of theatre, and especially popular theatre, is contextualised within the theory of art and society and the debate about 'popular' and 'mass' culture. The thesis attempts to reassess the possibilities for positive and dynamic relations between audience and theatre within this context, through an investigation of some actual relationships between them. What is defined as 'mainstream' theatre is the basis of the research. The three major productions studied are A Day in the Death of Joe Egg by Peter Nichols, Bloody Poetry by Howard Brenton, and Blood Brothers by Willy Russell. Qualitative research on audience responses for each play resulted in 37 in-depth interviews. A chapter is devoted to the problem of methodology for such a qualitative study; in particular, to the lack of any model method for analysis. The interview material is presented and discussed play by play. Initially, a broad 'consensus' view of each play, provides a background to the description and analysis of responses. Analysis is carried out under the headings of different 'cultural profiles', determined in relation to the play as 'accordant', 'discordant' or 'neutral' in orientation. The influences of such cultural profiles are shown in some cases to predetermine the perceived meaning or effect of the play, independently of the executants' intentions. Some responses are more readily understood as determined most importantly by a personal 'inner history', which can be even more resilient to change. Despite the predominance of habitual notions, it is found that particular kinds of theatrical technique are more successful than others in overriding biases corresponding to cultural profile. This is especially true of theatricality which raises the emotional identification of respondents with characters or events on stage without mobilising stereotypes. Findings indicate the importance of the cultural profile and personal history of audiences in any theory of the theatre's social function. The innate conservatism which characterises cultural profiles is seen to be a crucial factor. Conclusions suggest a need for models which do not rely on preconceptions or hidden assumptions about audience response. In addition, the emphasis which emerges on the autonomy of audience as critic and creator raises questions about the function and aspirations of certain types of theatre.

This dissertation examines religious reform in the Pays de Vaud, Switzerland from 1526-1537. The author focuses on the reactions of rural common men and women who were forced to abandon their Catholic faith and traditions and accept the Reformation and evangelical pastors. The work demonstrates that many rural folk continued to participate in the rituals and celebrations of the "faith of the fathers" (Catholicism) long after the authorities had mandated the Reformation. The rural folk of the Pays de Vaud confronted religious change in a manner that allowed them to preserve their religious identity. It also reveals that people could act and behave in both Catholic and Reformed way.The dissertation considers how Bern introduced the Reformation in the francophone territories that it controlled. Preaching was the most important vehicle for spreading the new religious teaching. Bern relied on William Farel to give sermons and stir protest throughout the region of Vaud. He left both converts and controversy in his wake. The Bernese religious authorities were short on qualified, francophone pastors, thus they looked outside of Switzerland's borders to recruit men who were willing to preach the Gospel. New pastors were both strangers to the villages in Vaud and socially and economically removed from their rural parishioners. Bern also confiscated church wealth and punished the recalcitrant to implement the Reformation.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University<br>Young adult literature has been a subject of contention for educators, adolescent psychologists, and critics for decades. Although some commentators maintain that young adult literature can be educationally and developmentally beneficial for adolescent readers, others argue that it often contains negative and potentially harmful messages that could influence its readers during a time when they are most vulnerable. Despite the claims on both sides, little substantive research exists on how older adolescent girls, the intended audience for these books, respond to the texts. This qualitative study examined three popular works of young adult literature to identify the overlapping messages they have regarding the depiction of adolescent females. Five adolescent girls, ages 14-17, read the books and met with the researcher in a series of one-on-one interviews to discuss their responses to the books, specifically the depiction of female characters. The participants also completed journal entries on the books and surveys on their reading habits and responses to the specific characters from the books in the study. The findings indicate these participants interpreted the books in distinctive ways based on their experiences and in keeping with prior research on adolescent development and reader response. The participants also took a critical approach to the books to find parallels to their own lives.

<p>The aim of this study was to find out how features that have been found to be typical of women’s language, such as hedges, tag questions and a high level of talkativeness etc., are represented in a popular TV series. Five cross-sex conversations from one episode of the sitcom <em>The New Adventures of Old Christine </em>were analyzed, and the results show that many of the features of interest, as for instance tag questions, minimal responses and indirect style, are unexpectedly used more frequently by men in this small investigation. In fact, the only feature that was used more frequently by the female main character was hedges. Several factors affect the results of the study, as for instance the fact that the conversations are fictional. The special characteristics of the speakers also affect the results, as well as the tone and the topic of the chosen conversations. Many of the features of interest were used to a very small extent, which is probably a result of the fact that the language in a sitcom is to be entertaining and rather quick, which leaves little or no room for the features studied.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wollongong, 2004.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed on Mar. 6, 2006). Includes bibliographical references (p. 299-323). Also issued as a print manuscript. Print manuscript includes ill. omitted from online version.

Francophone Quebec, as a minority culture in North America, needs to pay attention to and celebrate not only what makes it different within the North American context, but also what it shares. Literature, as a branch of the arts, takes the pulse of the society that it represents. In this regard, American novelist Richard Ford (2011) states that literature "realigns conventional wisdom" all the while improving its literacy levels. Apart from functioning as an effective instrument of education (Carroll, 2002), literature is also the means through which language skills are most often taught in Quebec's French classes. Regrettably, the province of Quebec has more people with low literacy than the national average, which results in a weak foundation for future learning, including formal learning at the post-secondary level. Research points to students' loss of interest in French classes as a common cause for this alarming phenomenon. In addition to this issue, only approximately half the Quebec student population over 16 years of age (52%) have a literacy level at or above the estimated level for living efficiently (O'Sullivan et al., 2009). This is a serious educational and social challenge that needs to be addressed. In an effort to reduce the weak literacy rate of students, I suggest an alternative teaching of Wajdi Mouawad's Quebec play Incendies in three different secondary 5 classes. I charted patterns of meaning-making responses that provide an understanding of directions a teacher might take to increase interest in reading, specifically within the francophone community. The patterns of responses are meant to help educators by providing them with student responses where it seems advisable. Another objective of this study is to adopt appropriate methods to reinforce an interest in Francophone Quebec literature and develop a further interest in reading.<br>Le Québec francophone, en tant qu'identité culturelle minoritaire en Amérique du Nord, doit se pencher sur ce qu'il partage avec le reste du Canada et sur sa singularité par rapport aux autres cultures. Parallèlement, la littérature en tant que domaine des arts prend le pouls de la société qu'elle représente. En plus d'être un élément clé en éducation (Carroll, 2002), la littérature est le champ d'études qui permet de développer la capacité de lire et d'écrire (la littératie) ainsi que d'élargir l'horizon culturel des étudiants. Malheureusement, la province du Québec démontre des statistiques désastreuses; son rendement en lecture et en écriture est très faible par rapport à la moyenne nationale, ce qui vient nuire à la réussite scolaire, notamment dans les établissements secondaires et même postsecondaires. Des études récentes ont démontré que la cause principale de ces données alarmantes est le manque d'intérêt pour les cours de français au secondaire. En plus de ce problème, seulement la moitié (52 %) de la population étudiante du Québec de plus de 16 ans montre un niveau de littératie égal ou supérieur au niveau estimé nécessaire pour vivre de manière fonctionnelle (O'Sullivan et al., 2009). Le manque d'intérêt envers la littérature québécoise constitue un problème trop important pour en faire fi. Ainsi, dans un effort de réduire le faible taux de littératie des étudiants, je suggère un enseignement alternatif de la pièce québécoise Incendies, de Wajdi Mouawad, dans trois classes de secondaire 5. Pour ce faire, j'ai compilé des types de réponses sémantiques à une scène de la pièce de théâtre Incendies qui a été choisie en collaboration avec les enseignantes de français du Collège Sainte-Marcelline. Ces modes de réponses ont pour but d'aider les professeures en leur donnant une idée des réactions de leurs élèves, pour ensuite adopter des méthodes appropriées pour renforcer l'intérêt envers la lecture et l'écriture en français.

This thesis compares the use of religion by Russian and English monarchies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, as well as the response of the public in each country. It examines official religion in each state, as well as the kinds of toleration each extended to other religions. In both cases, the outlook of the monarchy changed over the course of the period under study; while both monarchies clearly understood the key role religion played in the lives of their subjects and the power it afforded the state and its sovereigns, the “official” use of religion continued in Russia and ultimately dwindled in England in the eighteenth century. The fate of competing religious tendencies in each society also contrasted during these key centuries. Drawing on scholarly literature on religion and politics in Russia and England in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, this essay argues that the two cases can be usefully contrasted. One country, Russia, focused on changing religious forms of practice, while the other, England, focused more on changing the substance of the religion itself. The Russian monarchy explicitly sought to use religion as a tool, preserving its position in society and the people’s beliefs. The monarchy in England sought to make substantive changes in religious belief and worship, clearing the way for the rise of other popular religions.

This dissertation examines why, how and with what impact people living in conflict areas organize collectively to assert human rights. The focus is the emergence in the 1980s of a human rights movement in the oil enclave of Barrancabermeja. The Barrancabermeja-based Regional Committee for the Defence of Human Rights (CREDHOS) was created in 1987 in the context of dirty war fought on multiple fronts between state security forces and their paramilitary allies, on the one hand, and Marxist insurgent groups, on the other. In exploring the history of a human rights movement in one of Colombia's most chronically war-affected regions, this dissertation expands our understanding of how frontline activists interpret human rights principles from the bottom-up. Human rights movements cannot be viewed as axiomatic or simple humanitarian responses to political violence. The term “human rights” refers to contingent norms and practices that are derived from lived experiences of authoritarianism, war, poverty and social exclusion. In this dissertation I argue that social activists in the war-torn Colombian oil town of Barrancabermeja undertook human rights activism both as a strategy of self-preservation and as a transformative praxis. In Barrancabermeja, the struggle for human rights did not displace or supplant longstanding local struggles for social justice and political change. Rather, human rights was considered to be a form of social protest consistent with previously existing traditions of popular radicalism for which Barrancabermeja has become celebrated.<br>Cette thèse de doctorat examine l'action collective en faveur des droits humains organisée par des personnes vivant en zone de conflit, analysant les raisons qui ont motivé cette démarche, la façon par laquelle elle fut mise en œuvre et ses impacts concrets. L'analyse cible particulièrement l'apparition d'un mouvement des droits humains dans l'enclave pétrolière de Barrancabermeja. Le Comité régional pour la défense des droits humains (CREDHOS) fut établi en 1987 alors que sévissait sur plusieurs fronts une guerre sale opposant l'État colombien et ses alliés paramilitaires aux insurgés marxistes. En ciblant la création d'un mouvement des droits humains dans une des régions de la Colombie les plus affligées par la guerre, cette thèse révèle comment les principes des droits humains peuvent être interprétés de façon singulière par les activistes en zone de combat. L'émergence de mouvements des droits humains ne peut être réduite à un réflexe humanitaire pour contrer la violence politique. Le concept même de droits humains fait référence à des pratiques et normes contingentes qui ont été modelées par l'expérience des régimes autoritaires, de la guerre, de la pauvreté et de l'exclusion sociale. Les gens qui militaient en faveur des droits humains dans l'enclave pétrolière de Barrancabermeja ont mis en œuvre leur activisme en poursuivant deux buts : d'une part, celui-ci constituait une stratégie d'autodéfense contre la violence politique; d'autre part, il représentait une pratique sociale réformatrice. Les luttes en faveur d'une plus grande justice sociale qui animaient déjà Barrancabermeja depuis des décennies n'ont pas été supplantées par ce nouvel activisme pour les droits humains. Au contraire, le militantisme entourant la promotion des droits humains était compatible avec cette tradition de radicalisme populaire qui avait fait la renommée de Barrancabermeja.

<p> This study explores the responses of twelve fifth graders to Japanese pictorial texts&mdash; manga (Japanese comics), anime (Japanese animations), kamishibai (Japanese traditional visual storytelling), and picture books &mdash; and their connections to Japanese culture and people. </p><p> This study took place Ca&ntilde;on Elementary School in Black Canyon City in Arizona. The guiding research questions for this study were: How do children respond to Japanese pictorial texts? and What understandings of Japanese culture are demonstrated in children's inquiries and responses to Japanese pictorial texts? The study drew on reader response theory, New Literacy Studies, and multimodality. Data collection included participant-observation, videotaped/audiotaped classroom discussions and interviews, participants' written and artistic artifacts, ethnographic fieldnotes, and reflection journals. Results revealed that children demonstrated four types of responses including (1) analytical, (2) personal, (3) intertexual, and (4) cultural. These findings illustrate that the children actively employed their popular culture knowledge to make intertextual connections as part of meaning making from the stories. They also showed four types of cultural responses including (1) ethnocentrism, (2) understanding and acceptance, (3) respect and appreciation and valuing, and (4) change. This study makes a unique contribution to reader response as it examines American children's cultural understandings and literary responses to Japanese pictorial texts (manga, anime, kamishibai, and picture books).</p>

Ballads, Songs and Snatches demonstrates how allusion to folk song and some aspects of popular musical culture were absorbed into the polyphony of discourses in the realist prose of the nineteenth century, and explores the implications of the various transformations that occurred during this process, with an emphasis on the representation of the labouring classes. Wide and deep acquaintance with folk tradition is shown to account for richly dense literary textuaJity, especially in Scott and Hardy, even where they mediate their knowledge tactically. Lack of that knowledge is consonant with weakness in such representation. The sources used by each writer are identified as accurately as possible. The book is necessarily interdisciplinary, bringing together literary and folk song study and scholarship. It defines a new category for discourse analysis, the 'false intertext', i.e. supposed allusions to folk song or other texts actually composed by the prose writers themselves. It investigates the effects within the literary texts both of these false intertexts and of the inclusion of material so heavily mediated as substantially to misrepresent the original compositions. In the course of this discussion it outlines ways in which authors appealed to audiences often stratified along class and gender lines. The chapter and article extend the concerns of the book, especially Chapter 6, with the discourse of popular songs of the early nineteenth-century song-and-supper rooms. Both continue to address questions of readership, both contemporary and more recent. 'The Cheek of the Young Person: Sexualized Popular Discourse as Subtext in Dickens' overturns assumptions about the canonical respectability of Dickens's earlier work. "'With Mike Hunt I Have Travelled Over the Town": the Norms of "Deviance" in Sub-respectable Nineteenth-century Song' uses popular but critically outlawed material to problematize the position of the literary critic and to offer an alternative to Raymond Williams' model of ideological development.

The tragic and devastating September 11 attacks resulted in a variety of original musical responses. Exemplary works expressed their reactions through overt 9/11-concentric dialogues to express themes of mourning, military retribution, dissent and commemoration. An examination of such works concludes that effective musical responses express a direct message clarified by supporting musical and/or textual materials. Musical materials can accentuate the specific thematic message of the responsive work as they often evoke images and emotions reminiscent of the attacks and their aftermath. Compositional techniques used in these works are often reminiscent of historical works written in similar circumstances. The recurrence of these historical approaches illuminates the timeless compositional design of historical examples and exemplifies modern advancements in music composition and production. A comparison between classical and popular post-9/11 musical compositions concludes that certain classical and popular genres deal with responsive themes more effectively than others. A recommendation for further study is enclosed.

This doctoral thesis analyses the evolution of responses to Jane Austen's fiction through continuations of her unfinished novel The Watsons (c.1803-5). Although the first full “appropriation” of an Austen novel ever published was a continuation of The Watsons and a total of eight completions appeared between 1850 and 2008, little research has been done to link the afterlife of The Watsons and changing perceptions of Austen. This thesis argues that the completions of The Watsons significantly illuminate Austen's reception: they expose conflicting readings of Austen's novels through textual negotiations between the completer's and Austen's voice. My study begins by examining how the first continuation, Catherine Hubback's The Younger Sister (1850), implies an alternative image of the Victorian Austen to that propounded by James Edward Austen-Leigh, Austen's first official biographer (Chapter 1). The next two chapters focus on the effects of World War I and II on modes of reading Austen. Through L. Oulton's (1923), Edith Brown's (1928) and John Coates's (1958) completions of The Watsons, this study examines the connection between Austen's fiction and different notions of Englishness, politics and the nation. Chapter Four addresses the contribution of the 1990s completions to the debate over Austen's feminism. Finally, Chapter Five analyses recent trends in Austenalia, which thwart the production of successful completions of The Watsons. My thesis presents the first substantial analysis of this body of work.

My dissertation is motivated by two general problems within contemporary North American racial politics. First, the increasing ideological impetus of a “post-racist” society contradicts a spate of events that are symptomatic and constitutive of racial and ethnic essentialisms. Second, the logic of multiculturalism and antiracism has often been expressed in a language of race and identity rooted in a rigid system of immutable differences (Hall, 1997; Ang, 2001). The challenge is to deconstruct race and ethnicity in a language that is critical of new racisms as well as the ways in which racial and ethnic difference is seized and diffused by market multiculturalism. While some theorists have used elements of postmodern theory to develop a “resistance multiculturalism” sensitive to shifting social meanings and floating racial signifiers (see McLaren, 1994), they have rarely explored the political possibilities of “ludic postmodernism” (parody, pastiche, irony) as a critical response to multicultural ideologies. If part of postmodernism as an intellectual movement includes self-reflexivity, self-parody, and the rejection of a foundational “truth,” for example, the various racial and ethnic categories reified under multiculturalism are perhaps open to revision and contestation (Hutcheon, 1989). To develop this particular postmodern critique of multiculturalism, I draw on three case studies concerned with identity and representation in North American popular media. The first case considers vocal impersonation as a disruption to the visual primacy of race by examining the stand-up comedy films of Dave Chappelle, Russell Peters, and Margaret Cho. The second case turns to the postmodern bodies of cyborgs and humanoid robots in the science fiction film I, Robot (2004) as a racial metaphor at the crossroads of whiteness, inhumanity, and redemption. The final case discusses the politics of irony in relation to ethnolinguistic identity and debates surrounding sports mascots. Each case study recycles racial and ethnic stereotypes for a variety of political purposes, drawing out the connections and tensions between postmodernism and multiculturalism. A postmodern critique of multiculturalism may offer antiracist politics an understanding of race and ethnicity rooted in a strategic indeterminacy, which allows for multidimensional political coalitions directed against wider socioeconomic inequalities.

This thesis focuses on a transformational but disregarded period in New Zealand’s twentieth century history, the era from the arrival of the Marines in 1942 to the arrival of Rock Around the Clock in 1956. It examines one of the chief agents in this metamorphosis: the impact of American culture. During this era the crucial conduits of that culture were movies, music and comics. The aims of my thesis are threefold: to explore how New Zealanders responded to this cultural trinity, determine the key features of their reactions and assess their significance. The perceived modernity and alterity of Hollywood movies, musical genres such as swing, and the content and presentation of American comics and ‘pulps’, became the sources of heated debate during the midcentury. Many New Zealanders admired what they perceived as the exuberance, variety and style of such American media. They also applauded the willingness of the cultural triptych to appropriate visual, textual and musical forms and styles without respect for the traditional classifications of cultural merit. Such perceived standards were based on the privileged judgements of cultural arbiters drawn from members of New Zealand’s educational and civic elites. Key figures within these elites insisted that American culture was ‘low’, inferior and commodified, threatening the dominance of a sacrosanct, traditional ‘high’culture. Many of them also maintained that these American cultural imports endangered both the traditionally British nature of our cultural heritage, and New Zealand’s distinctively ‘British’ identity. Many of these complaints enfolded deeper objections to American movies, music and literary forms exemplified by comics and pulps. Significant intellectual and civic figures portrayed these cultural modes as pernicious and malignant, because they were allegedly the product of malignant African-American, Jewish and capitalist sources, which threatened to poison the cultural and social values of New Zealanders, especially the young. In order to justify such attitudes, these influential cultural guardians portrayed the general public as an essentially immature, susceptible, unthinking and puritanical mass. Accordingly, this public, supposedly ignorant of the dangers posed by American culture, required the intervention and protection of members of this elite. Responses to these potent expressions of American culture provide focal points which both illuminate and reflect wider social, political and ideological controversies within midcentury New Zealand. Not only were these reactions part of a process of comprehension and negotiation of new aesthetic styles and media modes. They also represent an arena of public and intellectual contention whose significance has been neglected or under-valued. New Zealanders’ attitudes towards the new cinematic, literary and musical elements of American culture occurred within a rich and revealing socio-political and ideological context. When we comment on that culture we reveal significant features of our own national and cultural selves.

Venezuela experienced one of the most dramatic political transformations of the twentieth century. After initially developing a system of representative democracy hailed among the most resilient in the Western Hemisphere in the 1950s, the country endured wave after wave of economic turmoil until, in 1998, Hugo Chávez was elected to the office of the Venezuelan presidency, fundamentally altering the governmental structure of the country and contributing to the desperate economic conditions Venezuela finds itself in today. This thesis attempts to explain the societal factors that led to Chávez’s election through an examination of Venezuelan economic policy in the final decades of the twentieth century. By charting the attempts made by specific Venezuelan political actors to address the unique conditions and dilemmas generated by the country’s largely oil-based economy during this period, it is argued that the economic policies enacted by Venezuela’s representative democracy systematically failed to address the needs and concerns of the country’s poor and working classes. As a result, political disillusionment among these social groups became increasingly more pervasive, finally reaching its full expression in the election of Chávez as an outsider candidate pledging to overhaul the Venezuelan political system in favor of poor and working class social sectors. Moreover, this text attempts to situate Chávez’s election as the result of a broader trend of inadequate economic policy beyond the commonly examined neoliberal reforms of the 1990s and ultimately serves to caution against an economic worldview that overlooks potential repercussions for society’s most vulnerable sectors.

This study assesses the adaptation of Populus trees to flooding stress. Due to current and predicted changes in the climate, there is an increased need for research into tolerant species to be grown for both flood defence and as crops. Two species of Populus that naturally hybridise were used to assess the adaptation to flooding stress. Due to differences in their native habitat, Populus alba and Populus tremula, are predicted to be relatively flood tolerant and flood sensitive species respectively. Here, they were used to highlight key physiological mechanisms related to flood tolerance and to elucidate genes underlying these processes. This will aid the development of flood tolerant crops and improve understanding of adaptation to flooding in sensitive and tolerant tree species. This research employed physiological and morphological monitoring techniques, along with global gene expression microarrays to identify the key responses related to flooding stress acclimation and adaptation. Many of the traits measured including stomatal conductance, transpiration, leaf size, leaf number, height and chlorophyll content index (CCI) revealed family differences in flooding response though these were not consistent within species therefore failing to reveal why the species differ in natural environments. Furthermore, these responses varied between flooding events suggesting epigenetic changes were in play. Adventitious roots (AR), able to grow and function in oxygen-deficient flooded soil, probably by virtue of their aerenchyma, were produced in response to both summer and winter flooding. During winter flooding, only two P. tremula individuals produced them whereas in P. alba they were produced by 16 individuals. The final focus was on the transcriptomics of root flooding. A set of gene expression changes that occur in roots in response to flooding were identified. This was in addition to a set of gene expression differences between flooded root types. The flooding response revealed 3,687 genes were differentially expressed, of which 1,961 were up-regulated in flooded roots. Similarly the comparison of flooded root types revealed 7,589 genes were differentially expressed, of which 3,866 genes were up-regulated in adventitious roots (AR). The results of this project may be due to epigenetic regulation and therefore future analysis of the DNA methylation may elucidate the effects of repeated flooding. I can conclude that the flooding stress response does differ within the population but there are no significant differences between the two Populus species. Therefore the two species are similarly flood tolerant but where present the flooding stress responses expressed were adventitious root formation (ARF), stomatal closure, and shoot and leaf growth reduction.

The Domain Name System (DNS) is an integral part of making the internet a more human-friendly place. However, it comes with the cost of an added abstraction layer that introduces extra latency in many aspects of the modern computing experience - a great selling point for many DNS services. In this thesis we look at the performance of DNS services and servers through the scope of 51 unique free, public and popular DNS servers. We use a specifically designed tool, DNSHoarder, to collect 714,000 datapoints of 250 different hostnames of varying popularity over seven days. From this data we find most DNS servers to exhibit a similar relative distribution of response times and performance differences between IPv4 and IPv6 to be minor or nonexistent. We also find network distance and quality to have a big effect on the performance of DNS as well as network latency to be a major limiting factor in further DNS performance improvements.

Manipulating the Hype addresses art’s reaction to the barrage of signs produced by the media. The paper researches contemporary art’s response to clichéd media stereotypes and elucidates artists’ multifaceted perspective on overtly obvious yet widely embraced paradigms marketed by the media. Contemporary art’s strategic reconfiguration of media stereotypes is a valuable introspection upon the superficiality and impracticability of advertising and entertainment industry constructs. By reconsidering the mediated image, art has the ability to inspire reevaluation of cultural values. The thesis additionally attempts to ascertain the reinterpretation of media stereotypes as a common thread linking principal art movements and historically significant artworks from around the world since 1960. How does contemporary art respond to the extensive cultural influence of the media? Is a reaction to mass media a thematic commonality linking contemporary artists in the age of globalization? Manipulating the Hype is a dual outcome investigation comprised of written thesis and studio practice. The written thesis combines experience from a lengthy professional practice with historical and theoretical research. The visual thesis consists of twelve photographic works taken at on the Big Island of Hawaii. The images juxtapose artificial icons of power from popular culture with the natural force of the active lava flow. The process of research discloses how the advertising and entertainment industries capitalize upon innate human desires through the manipulative proliferation of archetypal imagery. Furthermore, the thesis establishes the widespread retort to media clichés as a palpable commonality in studio practices worldwide. The findings in the research make evident that although contemporary art does not have sufficient influence to reform the media, it can heighten public awareness of media tactics.

xiv, 219 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.<br>This dissertation examines popular responses to property rights reforms in Mexico by comparing two ejidos in the southeastern state of Yucatan. As part of a series of neoliberal reforms enacted in the 1980s and 1990s in Mexico, the federal government altered the existing property rights regime to enable the division and privatization of previously protected communal land. I argue that the responses to the reforms were contingent on the historical development of institutional rules, political and economic practices, and cultural values. In the first case study, Mani­, ejidatarios accepted the new rules while simultaneously expressing concern over changes in the process of becoming an ejidatario, a rights holder making land tenure decisions. Community members used the new rules to guarantee access to land and the ejido system by purchasing individualized parcelas of ejido land in part because they gained material benefits, such as secure access to state-funded irrigation systems. The rise in the remittance-economy and population pressures increased local demand for land and provided the income for local buyers. In Hunucma, the other case study, ejidatarios contested the state-imposed rules as violations of their traditional usos y costumbres. They fought against land sales for the construction of a new airport, rejecting the legitimacy of the formal property system because the new rules had been manipulated by state officials and land speculators. In doing so the ejidatarios revived and re-deployed historical cross- ejido alliances and habits of militancy and mobilization. Both cases reveal that property rights regimes are more than institutions but rather political configurations of control over resources, whereby the distribution of rights and subjective interpretation of the rules and practices determine local responses.<br>Adviser: Dennis Galvan

Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of History, 2005.<br>Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], ii, 93 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-93).

Lo stress meccanico è un comune stress abiotico che può considerevolmente compromettere la stabilità delle piante. Nel corso dell’evoluzione, le piante hanno evoluto diversi meccanismi atti a contrastare e/o mitigare gli effetti negativi di questo disagevole stress ambientale. Studiare l’impatto di questo stress sulle piante legnose significa fornire delle basi scientifiche sulla conoscenza della biologia della radice e sulle complesse dinamiche della formazione del legno di reazione, importante nel contesto della produttività e dell’utilizzo delle piante stesse. In questa tesi, una simulazione controllata dello stress meccanico è stata eseguita su radici Populus nigra usando un semplice sistema sperimentale. Questa tesi offre un outline sui meccanismi molecolari che regolano le risposte a lungo termine al bending, evidenziando le differenze tra i due lati della radice di pioppo (lato concavo e lato convesso) ed indaga, in particolar modo, il ruolo dei principali fitormoni coinvolti nella formazione del legno di reazione indotto dalla condizione di stress. Usando un metodo basato sulla cromatografia liquida accoppiata alla spettroscopia di massa (LC-MS/MS), è stato ottenuto il profiling ormonale dell’auxina, dell’acido abscissico e delle citochinine per differenti settori e lati del fittone e del fusto di pioppo, sottoposti a differenti intensità delle forze di tensione e compressione. I dati ottenuti sono stati comparati per verificare le similitudini e le differenze della risposta al bending della radice e del fusto di pioppo. Inoltre, al fine di approfondire il ruolo degli ormoni nell’induzione della zona cambiale della radice di pioppo sottoposta a bending, un’analisi ormonale tessuto-specifica è stata eseguita dopo la messa a punto di un metodo per l’isolamento del tessuto cambiale. Complessivamente, i dati ottenuti in questa tesi mostrano che la radice di pioppo risponde al bending producendo nella zona concava un legno di compressione, ricco di lignina, con caratteristiche simili al legno di compressione prodotto a livello del fusto nelle gimnosperme. Un alto livello di auxina ed acido abscissico sembra accompagnare questo processo di sviluppo, sin dalle fasi precoci del trattamento.<br>Mechanical stress is a common environmental perturbation that can considerably affect plant stability. In the course of evolution, plants evolved different mechanisms for coping with and mitigating the negative effects of this disadvantageous abiotic stress. Study the impact of this stress on the woody plant means to provide a scientific basis in the knowledge of the root biology and complex dynamics of the reaction wood formation, important in the context of plant productivity and utilization. In this thesis, a controlled simulation of mechanical stress was performed in Populus nigra roots by using a simple experimental system. After giving an outline of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the responses to long-term bending stress between the two sides of the poplar root (the convex and the concave side), this thesis lays emphasis on the roles of main plant hormones in the stress-induced reaction wood formation. Using the method based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS) auxins, abscisic acid and cytokinins profiling was obtained for different sectors and sides of the bent root and stem, subjected to different intensities of tension and compression forces. Data obtained were then compared in order to verify similarities and differences between root and stem response to bending. In order to better understand the role of hormones in the induction of cambial zone of poplar root subjected to bending, a method for isolation of cambial tissue was developed and the analysis of auxins, abscisic acid and cytokinins profile was carried out. Taking together, data of this thesis showed as poplar root responds to bending producing in the concave zone a compression wood, rich in lignin content, with features similar to the compression wood produced at stem level by gymnosperms. A high level of auxin and abscisic acid seems to accompany this development process, even in the early phases of the treatment.

Boreal forests are often strongly nitrogen (N) limited. However, human activities are leading to increased N inputs into these ecosystems, through atmospheric N deposition and forest fertilization. N input into boreal forests can promote net primary productivity, increase herbivore and pathogen damage, and shift plant species composition and community structure. Genetic diversity has been suggested as a key mechanism to promote a plant species’ stability within communities in response to environmental change. Within any plant population, specific traits (e.g. growth and defense traits) can vary substantially among individuals, and a greater variation in traits may increase chances for the persistence of at least some individuals of a population, when environmental conditions change. One aspect of plant chemistry that can greatly vary among different genotypes (GTs) are condensed tannin (CTs). These secondary metabolites have been suggested to affect plant performance in many ways, e.g. through influencing plant growth, the interactions of plants with herbivores and pathogens, and through affecting litter decomposition, and hence the return of nutrients to plants. To investigate how genotypic variation in foliar CT production may mediate the effects that anthropogenic N enrichment can have on plant performance and litter decomposition, I performed a series of experiments. For these experiments, aspen (Populus tremula) GTs with contrasting abilities to produce foliar CTs (i.e. low- vs. high-tannin producers) were grown under 3 N conditions, representing ambient N (+0 kg ha-1), upper level atmospheric N deposition (+15 kg ha-1), and forest fertilization rates (+150 kg ha-1). This general experimental set-up was once established in a field-like environment, from which natural enemies were excluded, and once in a field, in which enemies were present. In my first two studies, I investigated tissue chemistry and plant performance in both environments. I observed that foliar CT levels decreased in response to N in the enemy‑free environment (study I), but increased with added N when enemies were present (study II). These opposing responses to N may be explained by differences in soil N availability in the two environments, or by induction of CTs after enemy attack. Enemy damage generally increased in response to N, and was higher in low-tannin than in high-tannin plants across all N levels. Plant growth of high‑tannin plants was restricted under ambient and low N conditions, probably due to a trade-off between growth and defense. This growth constraint for high‑tannin plants was weakened, when high amounts of N were added (study I and II), and when enemy levels were sufficiently high, so that benefits gained through defense could outweigh the costs of defense production (study II). Despite those general responses of low- and high‑tannin producers to added N, I also observed a number of individual responses of GTs to N addition, which in some case were not connected to the intrinsic ability of the GTs to produce foliar CTs. In study III, gene expression levels in young leaves and phenolic pools of the plants that were grown in the enemy‑free environment were studied. This study revealed that gene control over the regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway (PPP) was distributed across the entire pathway. Moreover, PPP gene expression was higher in high-tannin GTs than in low‑tannin GTs, particularly under ambient N. At the low N level, gene expressions declined for both low- and high-tannin producers, whereas at the high N level expression at the beginning and the end of the PPP was upregulated and difference between tannin groups disappeared. Furthermore, this study showed that phenolic pools were frequently uncorrelated, and that phenolic pools were only to some extent related to tannin production and gene expression. In study IV, I investigated the decomposability of litter from the field plants. I found that N enrichment generally decreased mass loss, but there was substantial genetic variation in decomposition rates, and GTs were differentially responsive to added N. Study IV further showed that CTs only had a weak effect on decomposition, and other traits, such as specific leaf area and the lignin:N ratio, could better explain genotypic difference in mass loss. Furthermore, N addition caused a shift in which traits most strongly influenced decomposition rates. Collectively, the result of these studies highlight the importance of genetic diversity to promote the stability of species in environments that experience anthropogenic change.<br>Boreala skogar är ofta mycket kväve (N) begränsade. Men mänskliga aktiviteter leder till ökad N tillförsel i dessa ekosystem, både genom depostition av N från atmosfären och skogsgödsling. N-tillförsel i boreala skogar kan främja netto primärproduktionen men även leda till ökade skador från naturliga fiender (herbivorer och patogener) samt skiftningar i växtartsammansättning. Genetisk mångfald har föreslagits som en viktig mekanism för att främja en växtarts stabilitet inom samhällen som upplever miljöförändringar. Inom varje växtpopulation kan specifika egenskaper (t.ex. tillväxt och försvar) varierar kraftigt mellan individer och en större variation i egenskaper kan öka chanserna för att åtminstone några individer från en population överlever ifall miljöförhållandena förändras. En aspekt av växtkemi som i hög grad kan variera mellan olika genotyper (GT) är bladens kondenserade tanniner (KT). Dessa sekundära metaboliter har föreslagits påverka växtens prestationsförmåga på många sätt, t.ex. genom att påverka tillväxt, interaktioner mellan växter och herbivorer eller patogener och genom att påverka förna nedbrytning, och följaktligen återbördandet av näringsämnen till kretsloppet. För att undersöka hur genotypiska variation i KT produktion kan påverka de effekter som antopogent N kan ha på växtens prestationsförmåga och förna nedbrytning, utförde jag en serie experiment. Jag studerade olika asp (Populus tremula) GT med olika förmåga att producera KT (låg- och hög-tannin producenter). Växterna odlades i tre olika N förhållanden, som representerade ambient N nivå (+0 kg ha-1), atmosfärisk N deposition = låg nivå (+15 kg ha-1), och skogsgödsling = hög nivå (150 kg ha‑1). Dessa GT etablerades i en fält-liknande miljö där naturliga fiender uteslutits och i ett fält där naturliga fiender var närvarande. I mina första två studierna undersökte jag vävnadskemi och växternas prestationsförmåga i de båda miljöerna. Jag observerade att KT nivåerna sjönk till följd av N‑tillsats i den fiende-fria miljön (studie I), men ökade med N-tillsats ifall fiender var närvarande (studie II). Dessa motsatta reaktioner på N-tillsats kan förklaras av skillnader i N-tillgång mellan de två odlingsplatserna eller genom ökad KT produktion som respons på angrepp. Skador orsakade av herbivorer och patogener ökade generellt till följd av N‑tillsats och var högre i låg-tannin än i hög‑tannin producerande GT oavsett N‑förhållande. Tillväxten hos växter från hög‑tannin GT begränsades i ambient- och låg N-tillsats förhållanden, troligen på grund av att avvägning mellan tillväxt och försvar förskjutits emot försvar. Den begränsade tillväxten i hög-tannin växter minskade om stora mängder N tillsattes (studie I och II) och om antalet fiender var tillräckligt högt så att nyttan av försvaret kunde uppväga kostnaderna för försvarsproduktionen (studie II). Trots dessa generella respons hos låg- och hög-tannin GT till följd av N‑tillsats observerade jag även ett antal individuella respons hos GT som i vissa fall var orelaterade till växters förmåga att producera KT. I studie III undersöktes genuttrycksnivåer och fenolinnehåll i blad från växter som odladats i en miljö där naturliga fiender exkluderats. Denna studie visade att fenylpropanoidsyntesvägen (FPV) regleras genom kontroll av många av de undersökta FPV-generna. Dessutom var FPV genuttryck högre i hög-tannin GT än i låg-tannin GT, särskilt vid ambient N. Vid låg N-tillsats minskade genuttrycket av FPV-gener i både låg- och hög-tannin producenter, medan hög N-tillgång ledde till att gener i början och slutet av FPV uppreglerades och till att skillnaderna mellan tannin grupperna försvann. Dessutom visade studien att de separata fenol-poolerna ofta var okorrelerade med varandra och att fenol-poolerna bara till viss del var korrelerade med KT produktion och FPV-genutryck. I studie IV undersökte jag nedbrytningshastigheten för förnan från fältodlade aspar. Jag upptäckte att N-tillsats generellt minskade viktförlusten men att det fanns en betydande genetisk variation mellan GT och att dessa även var olika mottagliga för tillsatt N. Studie IV visade vidare att KT endast hade en svag effekt på nedbrytning och att andra egenskaper såsom specifik bladyta och lignin:N ratio kunde bättre förklara den genotypiska skillnaden i viktförlust. Dessutom orsakade N‑tillsats en förskjutning av vilka egenskaper som mest påverkade förnans nedbrytningshastighet. Sammanfattningsvis visar mina studier på vikten av genetisk mångfald för att främja växtartens stabilitet i miljöer som upplever antropogena förändringar.

Race is a potent discourse within the world of pop culture, particularly in television where viewers are witnessing more racial diversity in scripted shows. However, show creators must maintain standards that emphasize distinct social roles among characters in order to appeal to large heterogeneous audiences. These roles tend to be characterizations of racial stereotypes that often lead to biased opinions and inaccurate perceptions of minority groups. Previous studies detail that racial biases in media adversely shape public opinions about African Americans and depress the desire for racial integration. This seems somewhat confounding since the shift in programming towards racial diversity presumes increased affirmation, importance, and validity of African Americans and other minority groups. This study investigates the affective response of Black and White college students to cross-race relationships on TV and the perceived realism of these media depictions. Since these relationship forms are now becoming part of television's pop culture, and pop culture reflects co-existing attitudes and values in society, it is important that they be examined. Additionally, examining cross-racial relationships may help in understanding larger race relations in the United States.<br>ID: 031001280; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: James D. Wright.; Title from PDF title page (viewed February 26, 2013).; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-96).<br>Ph.D.<br>Doctorate<br>Sociology<br>Sciences<br>Sociology

Arguably, the impact of Darwinism on the novel is an indispensable part of the study of English literature. However, with regard to such literary study there is an ongoing aversion towards approaching Darwin outside the confines of his contemporaneous Victorian setting. This thesis explores what remains an extremely under-represented area of current scholarship; namely, the active status of Darwinism as an influence upon contemporary novelists. To address this gap, this study starts by conducting textual and comparative analyses of a representative selection of contemporary British novels, a literary field that, since 1990, has featured significant authors who have found in Darwin a source of intellectual and literary inspiration. The aim is to argue that Darwin's classic texts, and more recent incarnations of his theory such as Sociobiology, are deployed as a materialist discourse, used to subvert various problematic assumptions in the declining Postmodernist philosophy, the previously dominant theoretical paradigm. For novelists including Ian McEwan, A.S. Byatt and Jenny Diski, Darwinism provides the tools to define human nature in an oppositional manner to the Social Constructivism which reduces the human to a blank slate ready for society's dictation. A universal human nature can be seen manifested in biological phenomena including competition, altruism, reproduction and aggression. The treacherous territory of biological determinism is still present, yet the desire to experiment is carried forward by McEwan in Enduring Love and Saturday into the realm of challenging traditional religion. In a more nuanced manner, Jim Crace's Being Dead manages to create a wholly naturalistic narrative of death. Finally, reinstating alterative meta-narratives is a practice that comes fully into its own in contemporary renditions of history. Byatt's Neo-Victorian novels, Possession and Morpho Eugenia, exhibit faith in knowing the past as if it were an evolutionary process of accumulated changes. Moreover, Diski's serio-ironic Monkey's Uncle is focused on how the present is haunted by the past in the form of immortal DNA coils. This study analyses the texts in a manner suggesting a paradigm shift in literary scholarship, where Darwin is no longer seen as simply an ideological threat. As the sciences continue to become more hermeneutically enigmatic, and as literature seems embedded in an elitist Postmodernist trajectory, there is now huge democratic potential in the New Darwinian Novel which invites the everyman of today to participate in the controversies of both disciplines.

The adaptation of trees to temperate and boreal climates depends on their ability to respond to environmental signals that are markers of seasonal changes in order to survive winter and maximize growth. The genus Populus (poplars) is a model system for identifying the genes and molecular mechanisms that regulate growth and dormancy transitions. Photoperiod and temperature regulate both vegetative and floral phenology. FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and FLOWERING LOCUS D (FD) are key regulators of flowering time in Arabidopsis and other plants. The distinct functions of three poplar FD-LIKE (FDL) genes and two FTs were explored through gain-of-function, dominant repression, and CRISPR/CAS9-mediated gene editing. We studied trees in controlled environments, including manipulation of daylength and temperature to mimic an annual seasonal growth and dormancy cycle. Our studies showed that the FDL proteins share less than complete functional equivalency. Among the three paralogs, only FDL2.2 promoted precocious flowering, whereas FDL1 and FDL3 appear to have distinct roles in vegetative growth and phenology. Whereas overexpression of any FDL gene delays short day-induced growth cessation and bud set, only FDL3 coordinately altered leaf development and the transition to secondary growth in a photoperiod-dependent manner. For the first time, we demonstrate distinct functions of the two FT paralogs in vegetative phenology. Study of ft1ft2 double mutants and ft1-specific mutants showed that FT1 promotes dormancy release, whereas FT2 is necessary to sustain growth. Collectively, our results reveal that poplar FTs and FDLs have distinct roles in controlling different aspects of vegetative phenology and woody shoot development.<br>PHD

This thesis presents young British readers? engagement with manga regarding literary, aesthetic, social, and cultural dimensions. The study explores young readers? points of views of their reading preference ? manga. I investigated how children interpreted manga, with respect to the artistic techniques, the embedded ideologies, and the cultural elements therein. I also looked into children?s participation in manga fandom and its social meanings. This allowed me to explore what attracted British readers to this exotic text. This study involved 16 participants from two schools, aged between 10 and 15, with genders represented equally. The participants were grouped by gender in each school. Each group of students received three group interviews based on three manga that they were required to read in advance. Individual interviews with each student followed the group interviews, and all the students were asked to keep reading reflections. The findings show that the attraction of participants to manga includes at least five dimensions. First, manga is a visually rich text, which not only had great power in rendering vicarious experiences to the students, but also allowed the struggling students to grasp the meanings of the text better. Second, both the verbal and the visual storytelling were characterised as fragmentary, which inspired the students? imagination to join the creation of the story. Third, manga provided a temporary shelter where the participants could forget a stressful and frustrating reality. In addition, they felt that they gained renewed hope, refreshed energy, and insights to face potential challenges and difficulties in their lives. Fourth, the elements of Japaneseness and otherness made manga reading a rich experience of an exotic culture. Fifth, manga afforded collective pleasures in fan communities where the students could express their passion and gained a sense of identity.

The Batman media franchise (comics, movies, novels, television, and cartoons) is unique because no other form of written or visual texts has as many artists, audiences, and forms of expression. Understanding the various artists and audiences and what Batman means to them is to understand changing trends and thinking in American culture. The character of Batman has developed into a symbol with relevant characteristics that develop and evolve with each new story and new author. The Batman canon has become so large and contains so many different audiences that it has become a franchise that can morph to fit any group of viewers/readers. Our understanding of Batman and the many readings of him gives us insight into ourselves as a culture in our particular place in history.

This thesis examines the relationship between demographic ageing, as captured by temporal, within-country variation in the ratio of elderly to the working-age population – the dependency ratio – on citizens’ support for the welfare state. The research problem is vitally relevant considering the worsening demographic structure of advanced democracies, a process that is having considerable ramifications on the possibilities of financing comprehensive welfare states. Using a time-series cross-sectional design, and building on representative survey data from 13 advanced democracies, the thesis specifically assesses the relationship between the dependency ratio, and individual spending preferences towards 1) the welfare state as a whole, as captured by an additive index, 2) education policy, and 3) old-age benefits. It also assesses whether demographic ageing exacerbates attitude differences between age groups, thereby scrutinising some assumptions made previously on the issue of intergenerational cleavages. The thesis uncovers no significant relationship between the dependency ratio and general support for the welfare state. However, the dependency ratio is shown be positively correlated with citizens’ support for education policy, while being instead potentially negatively correlated with support for old-age benefits. The differences between these two policies, in terms of their enjoyed support, are important considering the presumed shift in welfare state priorities towards what is commonly called social investment. Indeed, they indicate that there may be popular support for the type of reform strategies whose purpose is to invest in tomorrow’s diminishing workforce, whereas the support for more compensatory old-age policies may instead be weakening. There are also signs that the positive effect on the support for education policy is lower among older individuals. This evidence is quite interesting considering the previous expectations of deepening intergenerational cleavages as a consequence of demographic ageing, but the weak indications of this development in previous empirical research.

Introduction The work carried on in the triennium 2007-09 put itself in the field of research known as phytoremediation. This term identifies several techniques (phytoextraction, phytostabilization, phytovolatilization) based on using different plant species able to survive on substrates contaminated by many pollutants derived from human activities and to accumulate them in own tissues or volatilize by evapotranspiration or avoiding their leakage troughout the groundwater . This ability varies strongly trough species and inside a species between genetic pools. About the ability in heavy metals removing , researchers have identified two classes of plant species : Hyperaccumulators : species tipical of metalliferous soils, able to carry on their life cycle without showing symptoms of stress as heavy metals high concentration. (Baker et al., 2000). To be classified as hyperaccumulator a plant species must accumulate a minimum of : 100 mg/Kg d.w. of Cd, 1000 mg/Kg d.w. of Pb, 10000 mg/Kg d.w. of Zn ; ranges for As are not yet determined. (Baker and Brooks 1989, Baker et al., 2000). Some of most rapresentative hyperaccumulator species are Thlaspi caerulescens, Arabidopsis halleri and Viola calamarina, Astragalus spp and several other species of following families : Cariophyllaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Brassicaceae e Cyperaceae. About As the best accumulator is Pteris vittata. The main limit of hyperaccumulators is little biomass production. Accumulators: in this group there are herbaceous and woody species able to couple a good accumulation with a good biomass production. Between them we can find Brassica juncea, end the genus Salix. This kind of accumulators are the best solution for pollutants removal programs in short and medium period. An high biomass production allows to plan a recycle of it in energy production and to recover heavy metals from ashes. ((Kabata-Pendias and Pendias, 1992 ; Pullford and Dickinson 2004 ; Paulson et al 2003; French et al 2005; Ebbs et al 1997 ; Ebbs et al 1998). This work, divided in several steps, as described below, wants to increase the knowledge on some of previous species, from a physiological point of view and evaluating performances of accumulation in order to replace, when it’s feasible, invading and expensive remediation techniques with phytoremediation that is, in its different applications, more respectful of landscape and more cost-effective. Trials to evaluate phytoextraction performances of four species of willow (Salix spp) , Phragmites australis and Brassica juncea grown on polluted sludge dredged from Venice Lagoon. In collaboration with Department I.M.A.G.E. of Faculty of Engenering of University of Padova, in the field of PRIN 2005 (National Significant Project) “Remediation of sea, lagoon and river sediments” experimental trials were planned in order to understand remediation and biomass production potential of Salix matsudana, S. babylonica, S. alba, S. fragilis, Brassica juncea and Phragmites australis growing on salty polluted sludge , dredged from Venice Lagoon (closest to Marghera harbor) and to think about a phytoextraction installation. Sludge samples were kept in four sites (North industrial channel, West industrial channel-two samples-, and Evolution Basin), then labeled and characterized. To dry, homogenize and ameliorate their drainage capability of sludge, samples were mixed with river sand in a 1:1 ratio. Trial on 50 L tanks : After preliminary trials that underlined impossibility to grow up in field conditions Salix babylonica, fragilis , alba, , Thypha latifolia and Zea mais, seven 50 L tanks were filled up with a bottom layer of expanded clay and sludge up to 35 L (2 with Phragmites, 2 with Salix Matsudana, 2 with Brassica juncea and one without plants ) each one with a tube coupled with a filter, linked in the bottom to collect water samples and favorite drainage. Willow cuttings and Indian mustard seedlings were planted with a universal soil bulk to attenuate transplanting shock and negative effect on young root system of direct contact with polluted substrate, Phragmites rhizomes instead, after an initial steady state, showed to be able to grow on direct contact with sludge. After two months from start of trial, EDTA was added to one of Phragmites tanks to increase phytoextraction performances. Hydroponic trials : hydroponic livestocks of S. Matsudana, S. Alba, S. Fragilis, s. Babylonica and Brassica juncea were prepared mixing Hoagland nutrient solution with same Ni, Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb concentrations detected in first water sample collected from tanks. For each willow species, were prepared one becker as control with Hoagland solution only, one with Hoagland plus metals and one with Hoagland, metals plus NaCl, supplied at increasing concentrations (from 0.05 M to 0.2 M). About brassica, five beckers with 40 seedlings for each one were prepared. One becker as control with Hoagland solution, two beckers with Hoagland plus metals in the same concentration as described above, and two beckers with metals plus raising up Na concentration as described above. At the end of experimental period, cuttings and seedlings were harvested, weighted and metals and Na contents were detected. Twenty L tanks trials : five 20 L tanks with a tap on the bottom were filled up with a layer of fine gravel, a layer of sludge and a top layer of universal soil. They were placed in growth chamber. Each tank hosted three cuttings (one species for each tank) and eight Paspalum vaginatum plants, the fifth one hosted a second series of S. Babylonica cuttings and eight Paspalum vaginatum plants. Trials were 50 days long. A week after trial start, in fifth tank EDDS chelant was added, in order to increase metals bioavailability. After plant harvesting, biometric and metal content measurement were done. Willow root deepening evaluation: to see possible differences in sediment exploration by root systems of willow species twenty four 2 L plastic bottles were prepared. Sixteen of that filled up with same 20 L tank content, and eight (two for species) with grave’, universal soil on the top and soil kept from Experimental farm “L.Toniolo”. Each bottle hosted a cutting (six bottles for species). At the end of trial, willow shoots were removed, then bottles were frozen and sawed in three sections corresponding to universal soil layer and two part of sludge layer corrispondenti alla sezione contenente il terriccio e a due parti conteneti il sedimento. All root systems were extracted, washed up, weighted, scanned and analyzed to determine total length and diameter. Results : Phragmites : we can see an EDTA effective action on Cd, Ni, Pb Zn and Na accumulation in shoots while in rhizomes, there are significative differences only about Pb and Na. No differences in term of biomass production. EDTA became more available Cu and Zn in soil solution; nevertheless metals concentrations remain pretty low. Willows in growth chamber : no differences in leaves accumulation between species while Babylonica EDDS treated became the best performer in Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn accumulation, while it diminuish Na concentration. In stems babylonica appears the best, with and without EDDS for Cu, Zn and Na. About roots Babylonica is again one of best performer in Na, Zn and Cd accumulation. No differences between species or treatment in Ni accumulation. Comparing growth chamber willows with S. matsudana grown in field conditions, this one shows best performaces in leaves accumulation for Na (followed by “growth chamber matsudana”, fact that confirms the ability of the species in Na translocation), and for Cd and Ni with babylonica EDDS treated. In stems, “field matsudana” is the best accumulator of Na, Pb and Ni and it remains the best performer for root system except for Na. hydroponic trials confirm in leaves the strong competition of Na versus accumulation of other anions, particularly versus Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn ; competition versus Cu appears lighter instead. In stems le migliori performances di S. babylonica is the best accumulator of Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni, nevertheless it appears at the same time the best Na accumulator. In root system too babylonica is the best accumulator of Cd, Ni Zn and Na. The roots deepening evaluation trial shows in comparison with control of each species that babylonica root system should be the less suffering (according to accumulation data), while between four species grown on sludge Salix alba shows the deepest root system coupled with smallest diameters. This two characteristics should be a signal of less stress as found by Vamerali et al. 2008. Brassica juncea hydroponic trial show clearly interference of Na in metals accumulation. Anyway accumulation performances in hydroponic are clearly better than that ones of brassica grown in field conditions, also in presence of Na. It should mean that : Ahydroponic trial in this case isn’t reliable in a comparison with field conditions B) probably other limiting factors, as nutrients could affect metal accumulation and biomass production that is pretty low also because the quick flowering, another symptom of stress. Interaction of selenate and molybdate with the transport and assimilation of sulfate in Brassica juncea Recently MOT1, a transporter with an high affinity for Mo was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana (Tomatsu et al., 2007), but it’s common opinion plants could uptake Mo also using S transporters because the two anions are analogs and could compete in binding of active site of the same transporters (Dudev e Lim 2004; Alhendawi et al 2005). Once inside the cell, Mo can interfere with S methabolism becoming substrate for reactions catalyzed by ATP sulfurilase (APS), as is selenate, but in contrast to selenate no Mo containing products are formed in the reaction (Reuveny 1977). Given the significant impact that S fertilizers application may have on Mo and Se distribution and accumulation in plants (Shinmachi et al., 2010), this work studied interactions of sulfur nutrition with molybdenum and selenium in Brassica juncea. To this aim Brassica juncea seedlings were grown with different combinations of S and Se or S and Mo. Experiments were carried out in a short time (24h) as selenate and molybdate were given to plants at a very high concentration (200 µM), which was the same of sulfate in the S-sufficient condition. Chemical and physiological analyses were performed, including quantification of elements and plant growth. Tolerance index (% of fresh weight relative to the control) and root/shoot ratio show a greater stress for plants grown in S deficiency and in presence of Se and Mo. Se and Mo were more absorbed in minus S condition. Both for total S and sulfate Se and Mo competition becomes clear only between 6 and 24 h of treatment, while within an hour there are not significant changes in S uptake. Study on potential effects of Se accumulation on drought stress in Brassica juncea e Stanleya pinnata . Some Se accumulator species (Brassica spp, Stanleya spp, Astragalus spp.) uses Se accumulated as a weapon against herbivors (Freeman et al., 2007; Galeas et al. 2007 ; ) Brassica juncea , differently from other toxic or potentially toxic trace elements, accumulates Se also in flowers and seeds giving value to the hypothesis of an happening evolutionary in the use of Se against parassites and herbivors adaptation (Quinn C. et al., 2008). This two species were grown up in gravel and in hydroponic in presence (20 µM) and in absence of Sodium selenate. The water deficit was experimented at first on gravel by irrigation stopping for 8 days, then in hydroponic by adding polietilenglicol (PEG 10000), to modify Ψw of nutrient solution. In two hydroponic trials’ Ψw was brought to -1.3 / -1.6 Mpa. Measures of photosintetic efficency, biomass and water and osmotic potential show that there are no evidences of a positve effect of Se on drought tolerance except for the non stress condition or light stress (-0.5/-0.6 Mpa). This action, actually not very strong, increase biomass production in plants treated with selenate according to trials on Triticum aestivum (Yao Xiaoqin et al. ; 2009). Study of potentials of Se-accumulator Astragalus racemosus and non accumulator Astragalus convallarius as Ni, Mo, Cr, V, W, Te, Se and As accumulators. The genus Astragalus is composed by many species distributed in northern america, some of that adapted to live in seleniferous soils, so able to develop an high tolerance versus Selenium (Cowgill, 1990). Concentration of Arsenic, Nichel Chromium, Vanadium, Tellurium, Tungsten and Molibdenum raised up in the environment because human activities ( Bamhart 1997 ; Zarchinas et al 2004 ; Zoller et al. 1973 ; Gott and McCarthy 1966 ; ) . the aim of this work is to understand if adaptation to Se accumulation is effective also versus other elements, some of them analogs of Se. These two species of Astragalus germinated in Petri dishes then grown up in growth chamber for 3 months in Murashige & Skooge addicted agargel plus salts of elements mentioned above , mixed in different concentrations based on their degree of toxicity, in order to avoid a too quick death. Results showed that Se hyperaccumulator is not always more tolerant than the non accumulator (A. Convallarius showed more tolerance in V accumulation). Effects of Cu deficiency on Cu-proteins activity and on expression of laccases in leaves and stem of Populus trichocarpa Cu has a role of cofactor in function of several dismutases (enzymes catalyzing formation of H2O2 from R.O.S.) and in laccases enzyme (Pilon et al. 2006). Many clones of P. Trichocarpa were multiplyed and grown up in MS addicted agargel with two different Cu concentrations (0.1 µM e 5 µM) to verify trough quantification of Cu-enzymes activity (western blot and native gel) if and how much these two Cu concentrations (the first closest to the limit of deficiency and the second pretty high but far from toxicity ), could affect Cu-enzymes activity. Once quantified activity of Cu-SODdepending on Cu concentration, a preliminary investigation on Laccases regulation was done. Because Laccases needs four Cu ions and because in a condition closest to Cu deficiency, cell inhibits all Cu requiring enzymes except that necessary to make photosintesis like plastocianin, we wanted verify if Laccases faith was exactly the same. Primers were drawn (RNA short sequences neded to make a Polimerase Chain Reaction in vitro ) to amplify the target sequence of a miRNA (RNA short sequences that, coupled with RISC complex, cut down mRNA inactivating it) (Yamasaky et al. 2007; Abdel Ghani et al 2008) and to obtain after an electrophoretic run, bands of different intensity, depending on the down regulation action made by cell. Preliminary results show different levels of expression for several kinds of laccase in stem and leaves.<br>Introduzione generale L’attività di ricerca svolta nel triennio 2007-2009 si colloca nell’ambito della fitodepurazione. Con questo termine si identifica una serie di tecniche (fitoestrazione, fitostabilizzazione, fitovolatilizzazione) basate sull’impiego di specie vegetali diverse (l’elenco delle quali è in continua evoluzione) ma accomunate dalla capacità di sopravvivere su substrati contaminati da diversi inquinanti prodotti dall’attività umana e di interagire con il substrato in modo tale, a seconda dei casi, da depauperarne il contenuto di inquinanti accumulandoli nei propri organi e/o liberandoli nell’atmosfera attraverso l’evapotraspirazione fogliare, oppure impedendone la lisciviazione. L’attitudine ad un’azione di fitorimedio varia fortemente da specie a specie e all’interno della stessa specie in base al corredo genetico . Relativamente alla capacità di rimozione di metalli pesanti, sono state individuate due classi di specie accumulatrici: Iperaccumulatrici : sono specie tipiche di suoli metalliferi, in grado di portare a termine il proprio ciclo vitale senza manifestare sintomi di deperimento dovuti all’alta concentrazione di metalli (Baker et al., 2000). Per essere definita iperaccumulatrice, una specie deve rientrare nei seguenti limiti inferiori di bioaccumulo: 100 mg/Kg s.s. di Cd, 1000 mg/Kg s.s di Pb, 10000 mg/Kg s.s. di Zn ; i ranges per quanto riguarda l’arsenico non sono ancora stati ben definiti (Baker and Brooks 1989, Baker et al., 2000). Tra le specie iperaccumulatrici le più rappresentative sono quelle appartenenti al genere Thlaspi, Arabidopsis halleri e Viola calamarina, Astragalus spp oltre a diverse specie appartenenti alle famiglie delle Cariophyllaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Brassicaceae e Cyperaceae. Per quanto riguarda l’iperaccumulo di arsenico spicca Pteris vittata. Il limite delle specie iperaccumulatrici è la scarsa produzione di biomassa. Accumulatrici: a questo gruppo appartengono specie, ad habitus sia erbaceo che arboreo, in grado di ottenere buone concentrazioni di metalli e metalloidi nei propri organi, pur non arrivando a livello delle iperaccumulatrici, e una buona produzione di biomassa. Fra esse sono state individuate Brassica juncea, e il genere Salix. Le caratteristiche di queste accumulatrici le rendono idonee a programmi di disinquinamento a breve e medio termine, soprattutto per suoli poco o mediamente inquinati. La possibilità di avere una considerevole produzione di biomassa permette di pensare, come seconda fase, al reimpiego di questa per la produzione di energia ed il recupero dei metalli pesanti di interesse industriale ((Kabata-Pendias and Pendias, 1992 ; Pullford and Dickinson 2004 ; Paulson et al 2003; French et al 2005; Ebbs et al 1997 ; Ebbs et al 1998). Il lavoro triennale, suddiviso in diverse fasi, come descritto in seguito, si propone di approfondire la conoscenza su alcune delle specie suddette , sia dal punto di vista della risposta fisiologica sia , con un taglio maggiormente applicativo, dal punto di vista della valutazione di performaces di bioaccumulo al fine di sostituire, ove possibile, tecniche di bonifica invasive e costose con la fitodepurazione che, nelle sue diverse applicazioni, si dimostra piu’ rispettosa del territorio, anche dal punto di vista estetico e considerevolmente piu’ vantaggiosa economicamente. Prove di valutazione della capacita’ di accumulare metalli pesanti da parte di quattro specie di Salice (Salix spp) , di Phragmites australis e Brassica juncea. Date queste premesse, in collaborazione col dipartimento I.M.A.G.E. della Facoltà di ingegneria dell'Università di Padova, nell’ambito del PRIN 2005 ““Risanamento di sedimenti marini, lagunari e fluviali” sono state messe a punto delle prove sperimentali finalizzate a comprendere le potenzialità di Salix spp, di Brassica juncea e Phragmites australis nel mettere in atto un'azione di fitorimedio su sedimenti provenienti dal dragaggio della laguna di Venezia nella zona di porto Marghera. Il campionamento dei fanghi è stato effettuato in quattro siti (canale industriale nord, due punti del canale industriale ovest, bacino dell'Evoluzione), quindi i campioni sono stati catalogati e caratterizzati. In vista dell’allestimento di possibili impianti finalizzati al fitorisanamento dei fanghi dragati dall’area di Porto Marghera, sono state allestite delle prove sperimentali con l’intento di definire le potenzialità fitoestrattive di Salix matsudana, S. babylonica, S. alba e S. fragilis, Phragmites australis e Brassica juncea e valutarne quindi l’idoneità ad essere messe a dimora su questi sedimenti, anche in base alla capacità di sopravvivenza ed alla produzione di biomassa. I campioni provenienti dai 4 siti, sono stati miscelati tra loro ed in rapporto 1:1 con della sabbia di fiume, sia per ottenere un substrato con valori omogenei relativamente alle concentrazioni di inquinanti, sia per aumentare la capacità drenante di un substrato altrimenti totalmente asfittico. Prova su mesocosmo : Dopo test preliminari che hanno evidenziato l’impossibilita’ di condurre prove, ceteris paribus, anche su Salix Babylonica, Fragilis ed Alba, su Thypha latifolia e su Zea Mais, sono state allestite 7 vasche (2 dedicate a Phragmites australis, 2 a Salix Matsudana e 2 a Brassica juncea ed una priva di vegetazione, della capienza di 50 L (riempite fino a 35 L) ciascuna, munite di un tubo per il drenaggio del percolato alla base. Sul fondo delle vasche è stato depositato uno strato di argilla espansa e l’ingresso del tubo è stato protetto dall’intasamento con un filtro Le talee di salice ed i semenzali di brassica sono state messe a dimora con un piccolo pane di terriccio universale al fine di attutire gli effetti dello stress da trapianto e di permettere all’apparato radicale di accrescersi a sufficienza prima di esplorare il sedimento contaminato, mentre i rizomi di Phragmites hanno attecchito a diretto contatto col substrato oggetto di analisi. Dopo due mesi dall’inizio della prova, ad una delle vasche ospitanti la Phragmites e’ stato addizionato il chelante EDTA. Prove in idroponica : prendendo come riferimento le concentrazioni di 5 tra metalli pesanti riscontrati nell’analisi dei campioni di percolato (Ni,Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb,) e la concentrazione media del Na (intorno a 0,2 M) sono state allestite degli allevamenti in coltura idroponica con talee, oltre che di S. matsudana, anche di S. alba, S. babylonica , S. fragilis e di Brassica juncea. Per quanto riguarda i salici, la soluzione contenente inizialmente una soluzione nutritiva di tipo hoagland, è stata arricchita dai suddetti 5 metalli, in concentrazione pari a quella riscontrata nelle acque di percolazione. Per ogni specie di salice è stato allestito un beacker di controllo con sola soluzione nutritiva, un becker con soluzione nutritiva, più i metalli ed uno con le caratteristiche precedenti più NaCl a concentrazioni crescenti (da 0,05 M fino a 0,2 M). Per le brassiche sono stati allestiti 5 becker con 40 piantine ciascuno. Un beacker di controllo con soluzione nutritiva, due con concetrazione di metalli pari a quella del percolato, due con concentrazione di metalli pari al percolato più NaCl 0,05 M (aumentato fino a 0,2 M nel corso di 3 settimane). Alla fine del periodo di trattamento sono state separate e pesate parte aerea ed apparato radicale dei semenzali e ne sono stati analizzati i contenuti in metalli e Na. Prove su microcosmi : sono state allestite 5 taniche da 20 L ciascuna, dotate di rubinetto alla base e sistemate in cella climatica, tutte dotate di uno strato drenante di ghiaino alla base, un orizzonte costituito solo da sedimento ed uno, quello più superficiale, di terriccio universale. Quattro taniche hanno ospitato ciascuna tre talee (una specie per ogni tanica) e otto piantine di Paspalum vaginatum, la quinta tre talee di S. Babylonica e otto piantine di Paspalum. L’insediamento delle talee e della graminacea è durato 50 giorni. Nella settimana successiva alla messa a dimora dei S. Babylonica nella quinta tanica è stato aggiunto l’ EDDS, un chelante che ha lo scopo di rendere più biodisponibili i metalli pesanti presenti nel substrato. Studio dell’approfondimento radicale dei salici : per verificare la capacità delle quattro specie di salice, di esplorare il sedimento contaminato sono state allestite 24 bottiglie in pet da 2 L, di cui 16 riempite con lo stesso contenuto delle taniche e 8 (due per specie) riempite con del terreno proveniente dall’Azienda Sperimentale “L. Toniolo”. In ogni bottiglia è stata messa a dimora una talea di salice (6 bottiglie per specie). Al termine dei 50 giorni di prova condotti in camera di crescita, è stata asportata la parte aerea della talea, le bottiglie sono state congelate e poi segate in tre parti corrispondenti alla sezione contenente il terriccio e a due parti conteneti il sedimento. Tutte le radici presenti sono state estratte , lavate e pesate e sottoposte a scansione digitale. Risultati : Phragmites : azione efficace del chelante EDTA per quanto riguarda l’accumulo di Cd, Ni, Pb Zn e Na nei fusti di Phragmites, mentre differenze significative nei rizomi sono state riscontrate solo per Pb e Na. Nessuna differenza in termini di biomassa prodotta. Il chelante ha reso maggiormente disponibile nella soluzione circolante Cu e Zn anche se le concentrazioni restano molto basse. Salici nelle taniche in cella climatica : gli accumuli a livello fogliare non mostrano differenze significative tra le quattro specie non trattate. Mentre l’EDDS incrementa le prestazioni del babylonica rispetto a se stesso ed alle altre specie per quanto riguarda Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn mentre riduce la concentrazione di Na. A livello di fusti la suddetta differenza si esplica nelle concentrazioni di Cu, Zn e Na; questi ultimi risultano maggiormente accumulati dal babylonica sia con che senza chelante. A livello radicale il babylonica risulta ancora uno dei migliori accumulatori del lotto per quanto riguarda Na, Zn e Cd. Nessuna differenza ne tra specie ne tra presenza/ assenza di chelante per quanto riguarda il Ni. In un confronto tra questi salici ed il matsudana cresciuto piu’ a lungo e in condizioni di T , umidita’ e fotoperiodo variabili, a livello fogliare il salice cresciuto in mesocosmo presenta valori di Na significativamente piu’ alti degli altri salici, seguito dal matsudana cresciuto in cella, a conferma dell’atitudine di questa specie a traslocare piu’ facilmente il Na nella chioma. Anche riguardo Cd e Ni il matsudana di campo denuncia tra i valori piu’ elevati assieme al babylonica trattato con EDDS. Nei fusti, per Na ,Pb e Ni ci sono differenze significative in favore del S. matsudana di campo. A livello radicale il S. matsudana cresciuto in mesocosmo presenta valori significativamente piu’ alti rispetto alle prove in cella climatica ad eccezione del Na. Le prove in idroponica confermano, a livello fogliare che l’accumulo di Na compete fortemente con l’uptake dei metalli, in particolare nei confronti di Cd, Ni, Pb e Zn ; piu’ sfumata invece l’azione competitiva verso il Cu. Da rilevare, a livello di fusti le migliori performances di S. babylonica per Cd, Cu, Zn e Ni, nonostante si rilevi nel contenpo il primato nell’accumulo di Na. Anche a livello radicale il babylonica accumula piu’ delle altre specie per quanto riguarda Cd, Ni Zn e Na. La prova sullo sviluppo radicale mostra, nella comparazione col rispettivo controllo, che l’apparato radicale di S. babylonica risulta il meno sofferente tra le quattro specie (in accordo quindi con i dati di accumulo), mentre comparando le quattro specie cresciute sul sedimento, il Salix alba risulta avere l’apparato piu’ sviluppato in profondita’ e con i diametri minori , segno questo che potrebbe essere considerato di minor sofferenza, come riscontrato anche da Vamerali et al. 2008. L’allevamento in idroponica di Brassica juncea evidenzia differenze significative tra l’accumulo di metalli in presenza di Na rispetto all’accumulo in assenza di quest’ultimo. Le performances di accumulo rispetto alle brassiche cresciute su fango sono nettamente migliori, anche in presenza di Na , a testimonianza del fatto che A) l’idroponica non offre termini di paragone affidabili rispetto alle condizioni di campo B) probabilmente intervengono altri fattori, come la carenza di nutrienti, a condizionare l’accumulo di metalli e la produzione di biomassa che risulta bassa anche per la precocita’ della fioritura, sintomo della condizione di stress. Interazione del selenato e del molibdato con il trasporto e l’assimilazione di solfato in Brassica juncea Recentemente e’ stato individuato in Arabidopsis un trasportare (MOT1) con elevata affinita’ per il Mo (Tomatsu et al., 2007), ma si ritiene che le piante assorbano Mo anche attraverso i trasportatori del S poiche’ i due anioni hanno caratteristiche simili e potrebbero competere nell’occupare il sito attivo degli stessi trasportatori (Dudev e Lim 2004; Alhendawi et al 2005). Una volta all’interno della cellula, Mo puo’ interferire col metabolismo dello S divenendo substrato per le reazioni catalizzate dall’ ATP sulfurilasi (APS), come accade per il Se ma, a differenza di quest’ultimo non si riscontra la formazione di prodotti contenenti Mo derivanti da questa reazione (Reuveny, 1977). A causa del significativo impatto che l’applicazione di fertilizzanti a base di S puo’ avere sulla distribuzione di Se e Mo e sul loro accumulo nelle piante (Shinmachi et al., 2010), si e’ cercato di capire, in questo lavoro,quale sia l’interazione tra l’uptake di S e il Se e Mo in Brassica juncea. A questo scopo semenzali di Brassica juncea sono stati allevati con differenti combinazioni di S e Se o S e Mo. Gli esperimenti sono stati condotti nel breve periodo (24h) poiche’ selenato e molibdato sono stati somministrati ad alte concentrazioni (200 µM), le stesse del solfato in condizioni di normale apporto di S. Sono state condotte analisi relative all’accumulo di S, Se e Mo e ai paramentri di crescita. L’indice di tolleranza (% del peso fresco sul controllo) e il rapporto radici/fusti denuncia un maggiore stress per le piante cresciute in carenza di zolfo e in presenza di Se e Mo. Se e Mo sono risultati maggiormente assorbiti in carenza di S. Sia per quanto riguarda lo S totale , sia riguardo al ssolfato, la competizione con Se e Mo si nota solo tra le 6 e le 24 h di trattamento, mentre nel brevissimo periodo (entro 1 h) non si apprezzano cambiamenti significativi nell’assorbimento di S. Studio dei potenziali effetti del Selenio sulla tolleranza allo stress idrico da parte di Brassica juncea e Stanleya pinnata . Talune specie accumulatrici di Se (Brassica spp, Stanleya spp, Astragalus spp.) usano questa peculiarita’ per difendersi dai predatori (Freeman et al., 2007; Galeas et al. 2007 ; ) e recentemente si e’ visto che Brassica juncea , a differenza di quello che succede per altri elementi tossici o potenzialmente tossici, accumula selenio in grandi quantita’ anche nei fiori e nei semi, avvalorando l’ipotesi, per certe specie o sottospecie o addirittura per alcune popolazioni in via di speciazione, di un adattamento evoluzionistico nell’uso del selenio contro parassiti e predatori erbivori (Quinn C. et al., dati non ancora pubblicati).Su queste due specie sono state condotte prove su substrato ghiaioso e in idroponica in presenza (20 µM) e in assenza di Selenato di sodio. Il deficit idrico e’ stato applicato prima su substrato ghiaioso attraverso la mancata irrigazione, poi in idroponica attraverso l’aggiunta di polietilenglicol (PEG 10000), un composto organico che altera il Ψ idrico della soluzione nutritiva. Nei due esperimenti condotti in idroponica il potenziale e’ stato portato fino a -1.3 / 1.6 Mpa. Dalla misurazione della capacita’ fotosintetica sotto stress idrico, della biomassa e del Ψ idrico fogliare nei diversi esperimenti, si e’ arrivati alla conclusione che non vi e’ una evidente azione positiva del Se nei riguardi della tolleranza allo stress idrico se non per quanto riguarda la condizione di controllo (non stress) e di stress lieve (-0.5/0.6 Mpa). Questa azione, pur non marcata, si esplica nell’aumento di biomassa superiore in piante trattate con selenato rispetto a quelle non trattate in accordo con quanto riscontrato per semenzali di Triticum aestivum (Yao Xiaoqin et al. ; 2009). Studio delle potenzialita’ di Astragalus racemosus (iperaccumulatore di Selenio) e Astragalus convallarius (non accumulatore) nel ruolo di accumulatori di Nichel, Molibdeno, Cromo, Vanadio, Tungsteno, Arsenico, Tellurio e Selenio. Il genere Astragalus comprende diverse specie distribuite in america centro settentrionale, alcune delle quali adattate a vivere su suoli seleniferi e quindi in grado di sviluppare un’elevata tolleranza al Se, divenendo cosi’ iperaccumulatrici (Cowgill, 1990). Arsenico, Nichel Cromo, Vanadio, Tellurio, Tungsteno e Molibdeno sono tutti elementi la cui concentrazione nell’ambiente e’ aumentata a causa dell’attivita’ umana ( Bamhart 1997 ; Zarchinas et al 2004 ; Zoller et al. 1973 ; Gott and McCarthy 1966 ; ) . e l’obiettivo di questo studio e’ capire se gli adattamenti fisiologici nei confronti dell’accumulo di Se siano efficaci anche nei confronti di altri metalli pesanti e metalloidi, in particolare Cromo e Tellurio che presentano caratteristiche steriche simili al Selenio. Queste due specie di Astragalus sono state fatte germinare in piastra petri e quindi fatte crescere in camera di crescita per 3 mesi su substrato di agargel piu’ Murashige & Skooge e addizionato con sali degli elementi sopra indicati dosati in concetrazioni differenti in base al loro grado di tossicita’ (affinche’ le piante potessero crescere ed accumulare metalli senza patirne la tossicita’ fino a morirne troppo precocemente). I risultati hanno dimostrato che non sempre la specie iperaccumulatrice di Selenio ha le caratteristiche per tollerare l’accumulo anche di altri elementi (A. Convallarius si e’ dimostrato piu’ tollerante nell’accumulo di Vanadio). Studio degli effetti del Rame nella fisiologia di Populus trichocarpa ed in particolare sull’attivita’ della proteina Laccasi, coinvolta nella formazione della parete cellulare. Il Rame e’ coinvolto come cofattore, nel funzionamento di diverse dismutasi (proteine che trasformano i ROS in H2O2) oltre che essere cofattore per il funzionamento delle laccasi (Pilon et al. 2006). Allevando in agargel e moltiplicando diversi cloni di Populus trichocarpa generati a partire dallo stesso callo, con due diverse concentrazioni di Cu (0.1 µM e 5 µM) si e’ voluto verificare attraverso analisi dell’attivita’ proteica (western blot e native gel) se e quanto due concentrazioni di rame (una prossima al limite inferiore che ne decreta la carenza ed una piuttosto elevata ma ben entro i limiti di tossicita’), influenzino l’omeostasi cellulare. Una volta verificato la diversa intensita’ dell’attivita’ delle proteine in questione (MnSOD, Cu/ZnSOD, FeSOD, CCS ecc. In base alla concentrazione di rame fornita, si e’ passato ad uno studio preliminare dell’espressione della Laccasi in base alle due diverse concentrazioni di rame. Poiche’ la laccasi necessita anch’essa del Cu come cofattore (4 ioni Cu ) e poiche’ in uno stato di carenza o prossimo alla carenza di rame, la cellula inibisce l’espressione di tutte le proteine che richiedono rame e che non sono strettamente necessarie alla fotosintesi come invece lo e’ la plastocianina, si e’ voluto verificare se la laccasi subisse esattamente questo destino. Sono stati quindi disegnati dei primers (sequenze innesco per amplificare col metodo PCR il DNA retrotrascritto da RNA) che contemplassero l’amplificazione della sequenza bersaglio dei microRNA (sequenze brevi di RNA che in coppia col complesso proteico RISC tagliano e quindi inattivano l’RNA messaggero) (Yamasaky et al. 2007; Abdel Ghani et al 2008) in modo da avere, dopo la corsa elettroforetica su gel di agarosio, bande di intensita’ diversa in base all’azione di downregulation operata o meno dalla pianta. I risultati preliminari mostrano diversi livelli di espressione per diversi tipi di laccasi analizzati presenti nel fusto e nelle foglie,