Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Population cible'
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Espinasse, Marie-Thérèse. "Les politiques sociales et l'immigration. La construction d'une population cible dans un contexte local." Paris 8, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA080440.
Full textOver the years 1970-1980 immigrants and especially north african immigrants have been more and more frequently regarded as a new population targeted by social policies. This work aims at highlighting the process which has given rise to this construction. Our approach considers that social policies cannot be simplified to a number of public measures. It attemps to take into account several elements such as the evolution of the components of immigration and its administration, the evolution of social policies as regards social problems and populations, as well as the pratices of social workess and elected representatives in the specification of their consumers. Thus, our work brings to the fore the raesons why all immigrants have gradually been considered as north africans and accordingly as dangerous people, both socially and politically. These reasons are mainly due to the history of france and algeria and the links between these two countries. It is from those social reprentations about algerian immigrants that the first social measures were developed and eventually generalized to the overall immigrant population. The observation of the social practices of the officers responsible for the implementation of the social measures in a local context has enabled us to describe the consequences these representations have on their practices, the way these officers define immigration and what is at stake in such a definition
Zragua, Fatma. "Harcèlement et discrimination au travail : convergences et divergences de deux phénomènes d’exclusion de la même population cible." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB139.
Full textWhile discrimination and harassment at work are part of the prevention of psychosocial risks, the numerous studies concerning them have been carried out separately. However, not only do they appear concomitant within the structures concerned, but they seem to relate to the same target population. Are other similarities identifiable? Can we establish that the two phenomena are connected? Is harassment a mode of discrimination? Is discrimination the consequence of harassment at work? Or, is harassment and discrimination two facets of a larger phenomenon that needs to be identified? The central question of this research is the question of the convergence and divergence of harassment and discrimination at work. We propose to compare them in order to promote their understanding and guide their prevention. For this, three exploratory studies were conducted: two in support of secondary data and a third by collecting primary data. The first study consisted of gathering the results of four French and European statistical surveys on target populations of discrimination or harassment at work. We confirm the relevance of our research questions and highlight the existence of a first form of convergence of the two phenomena. In order to position them in relation to each other, we proceeded to a longitudinal study of case law in France over two periods, 2010-2012 and 2017, first separately and then comparing the data in order to to identify the evolutions. We conducted a content analysis using the Sphinx Plus 2 software. Our results support the targeting of harassment and discrimination on the same target population. They also highlight the use of harassment for the purpose of discrimination and, conversely, the use of discrimination, as in promotions or common management practices, as a form of harassment. Situations where discrimination and harassment are inseparable have also been identified. Three levels of practice have been distinguished: individual, managerial and structural, leading us to propose a modeling of the organizational dynamics at work by positioning them in a global process of exclusion. At this stage of our research, only the convergence of phenomena emerged from our results. The objective of our third study was to confront them with the representations of the harassment and the discrimination of the organizational actors. Thirteen in-depth interviews, recorded and retranscribed, were conducted with responsibles (HRD, responsible for diversity, etc.). The results of the content analysis conducted with the NVivo 11 software have, on the one hand, allowed us to refine our modeling by highlighting that harassment and discrimination at work can only be comprehended in an systemic approach, taking into account all levels of practice and their interrelationships. On the other hand, they pointed out a major divergence. This concerns the curative treatment of discrimination and harassment, which is based, for the first, on an unrestricted inclusion of employees, when, for the second, the exclusion of stalkers is generally required. Prevention of discrimination is seen as a reversal of the organizational dynamics of exclusion, while harassment as its reorientation
Bergier, Jean-Yves. "Analyse et modélisation du processus de propagation des effets des actions militaires d'influence au sein d'une population cible : approche par la culture et les réseaux sociaux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0752/document.
Full textThe study, analysis and understanding of armed violence phenomenons in developing countries and of the effects of international military interventions aimed at resolving them is a crucial contemporary issue. These situations coincidentally present, considering the plethora and complexity of the implicated and intertwined social processes, a challenge for social computing, modeling and simulation. A challenge but also an opportunity, as the evolution of the forms of conflict, today centered on the local populations, has prompted the armies tasked with implementing stabilization missions to develop influence actions. Such operations, overall concerned with persuading the locals of the legitimacy of the operations, allow a more comprehensive approach to conflict resolution, beyond the simple use of force. Modeling some of these specific actions (PSYOPS, CIMIC, and Key Leader Engagement) is a credible project and a contribution to analysis of communication and persuasion processes in social networks by taking into account detailed and specific social and cultural factors. This research thus presents a conceptual model allowing simulation of the effects of these specific actions of influence in a realistic civilian population. We chose an agent-based approach as these lend particularly well with this type of research, allowing us to generate a group of up to 10,000 agents, composed solely of individuals for a detailed cognitive treatment, and structured as a multilayer network for representing complex sociality. Given the nature of such actions and their context of application, such a model also highlights some social mechanisms typical of armed conflict situations
Lemeunier, Nadège. "Douleurs lombaires dans la population générale : évolution et classification." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA113001/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study if there is information gathering method, other than that commonly used to better describe the natural history of non-specific low back pain. For this, a literature review was performed and a prospective study in the Danish general population was analyzed. Two methods of gathering information are used to characterize this course: the usual method by questionnaires, classifying low back pain based on the total number of days with pain in one year, and a new SMS-Track method taking into account the duration and rhythm of painful episodes in a year. The results of the literature review and analysis of data on the Danish general population go in the same direction. The course of low back pain is fairly stable, especially for those who do not have pain at baseline. Both classification systems, respectively from the two methods of collection, divide individuals into different groups. In addition, associations of these groups with bio-psychosocial variables are not the same, differentiating clinically the groups of each classification. SMS-Track method provide more detailed information on the rhythm of low back pain over time and seems more appropriate to characterize the course of a recurring condition such as non-specific low back pain. These results now predict the natural history of low back pain and will facilitate the study of individual course patterns to improve the diagnosis, which remains, for now, a diagnosis of exclusion
Gouin-Lapouge, Nathalie. "Mise en place, sur un démonstrateur LMDS, d'applications de télé-enseignement destinées au secteur de l'eau et de l'environnement et étude du retour d'expérience sur une population cible." Limoges, 2005. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/9f9d3714-7cbe-4694-abf4-927f5efc6aff/blobholder:0/2005LIMO0051.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this work was to carry out an experimentation, at university level, of the use of e-learning services dedicated to students in engineering at ENSIL, specialised in Water and Environment. This experimentation was established on a platform LMDS providing the experience feedback of such use on the technical and teaching levels. Given the fact that the large emergence of Information and Communication Technologies, which fields (mainly audio-visual, computing and telecommunications) requires always increasing flows, it was shown, in the first part of this study that LMDS presents some advantages towards the other existing systems of telecommunication. Secondly, objectives and the installation of videoconference services were exposed. An experience feedback on students and teachers was carried out thanks to a method of analysis : the reflexive analysis. Thirdly, a documentation database, was created. A statistical tool allowing to study and analyze the behaviors was chosen for the experience feedback. This tool was seconded by a survey allowing to better determine their knowledge in computing and multimedia and to check their level of equipment
Petit, Cécile. "Caractérisation de la résistance non liée à la cible aux herbicides inhibiteurs de l'acétyl-coenzyme A carboxylase chez le vulpin des champs (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. ) : de la population au gène." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOS072.
Full textThe aim of this study was to try and characterise the genetic determinism of non-target-sitebased resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) in blackgrass (Alopecurus myossuroides Huds. ). This work unravelled several levels of complexity of this functional trait : The level of the population: on-target-site based resistance mechanisms selected by other ACCase inhibitors, or possibly by herbicides with other modes of action, confer cross and/or multiple resistance to pinoxaden, an ACCase inhibitor not yet marked in France. Cross and/or multiple resistance to the two most widely used ACCase inhibitors in France and to pinoxaden is not systematically observed. Non-target-site based resistance is unpredictable. Each population is thus made of a specific set of resistant individuals. The level of the individual plant: even for a single herbicide, the genetic control of non-target-site based resistance is most often polygenic. The study of F1 progenies issued from controlled crosses showed that cross and/or multiple resistance patterns to four herbicides (three ACCase inhibitors and one acetolactate synthase inhibitor) vary among individuals from the progeny of a single resistant individual. Moreover, the resistance levels conferred by non-target-site based resistance mechanisms vary among individual plants and can be high. Each individual plant thus contains a specific set of resistance genes. The level of the gene: a transcriptomic-based approach lead to the identification of genes up-regulated in resistant individuals compared to sensitive ones. The genes identified were “effector” genes that could be directly involved in non-target-site based resistance to herbicides, but also genes potentially involved in triggering and/or regulating plant response to stress (“regulating” or “signal-transducting” genes)
Arnaud, Amandine. "Evaluation de l’état de santé et des conditions de vie des personnes sans domicile à partir d’enquêtes épidémiologiques : difficultés méthodologiques et pratiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS384/document.
Full textSince the 80’s, many surveys have been carried to count and describe homeless people, and to understand the exclusion’s phenomenon to advice French public assistance policies. However, only a few surveys have been done ensuring representativeness and even fewer attempted in assessing the health status of homeless people in an objective way, whereas housing deprivation (homelessness) is known to have a durable impact on health. This can be explained by the fact that this population is difficult to define, as it is very heterogeneous and constantly evolving (number and profile wise). The homeless are also scattered and highly mobile within the Ile-de-France territory, and also between streets and different forms of accommodation. These particularities are all constraints to epidemiological surveys among homeless people, and the generalization of their results.This PhD thesis presents the state of knowledge on homelessness and what has been done in order to give support to this population between 2007 and 2016. It compiles knowledge on the health status and living conditions of homeless people in Ile-de-France based on epidemiological surveys carried out by the Observatoire du Samusocial de Paris focusing on mental health, ectoparasites or anemia. It details the main methodological and practical obstacles encountered during these investigations, the solutions chosen to overcome them and concludes by affirming that reasonable and reliable estimates of prevalence can be produced in the field of health
Léon, Lucie. "Estimation de prévalences et d’incidences à partir d’enquêtes épidémiologiques transversales répétées auprès de populations difficiles d’accès : Application au virus de l’hépatite C chez les usagers de drogues en France." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS440/document.
Full textHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a public-health issue that drug users (DU) remain the major source of contamination in France. Conducting seroepidemiological surveys among this population to assess the HCV dynamic is difficult particularly due to their illicit practices. This population can be accessible through survey locations or can be hidden (who does not visit any location). To survey each part, we presented time-location sampling (TLS) and respondent-driven sampling. We presented TLS in the context of an indirect sampling and proposed a design-based inference taking into account the frequency of venue attendance (FVA) to estimate a total or a proportion. We recommend this method for estimating the prevalence of a disease in surveys among hard-to-reach populations, even if errors occur in the FVA reported by the participants. The ANRS-Coquelicot survey carried out in 2004 among DU attending centres providing services to drug users, then repeated in 2011, allowed us to estimate the HCV prevalence at 43.7%. Using these two surveys, we estimated age- and time-dependent HCV incidence from a mathematical model linking prevalence and incidence. This model consisted in combining a compartmental model with a regression model. The HCV incidence was thus estimated at 4.4/100 person-years in 2011. This method is an alternative approach to estimate incidence of a disease from cross-sectional epidemiological data in the absence of cohort or biological tests to identify acute infections. The decline in HCV incidence is to be expected given decreasing prevalence, recent developments in harm reduction measures and new therapeutic approaches despite a potential increase of at-risk behaviors
Genin, Guillaume Paris Christophe. "Suivi des salariés et retraités professionnellement exposés à l'amiante définition des populations cibles à partir des résultats d'une étude nationale /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCDMED_T_2007_GENIN_GUILLAUME.pdf.
Full textLambert, Sébastien. "Transmission and management of brucellosis in a heterogeneous wild population of Alpine ibex (Capra ibex)." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1278.
Full textThe management of infectious diseases in wildlife reservoirs is particularly challenging and faces several limitations. The development of appropriate management strategies requires a detailed understanding of the factors affecting the transmission and persistence of the infectious agent in the population. Among these factors, heterogeneity of transmission is a common characteristic in natural host-pathogen systems. Indeed, wild animals express a broad range of behaviours, are organised in a variety of social and spatial structures, occupy many areas with very different characteristics and belong to a large diversity of species. Such heterogeneities, from between-individuals to between-species, may result in different contributions to the overall number of new cases of infections. Thus, understanding transmission heterogeneity could provide valuable insights on how to effectively manage these systems, by targeting the individuals or areas that are responsible for most transmissions. The aim of this thesis was to provide insights on the monitoring and management of infectious diseases in heterogeneous wild populations, using Brucella melitensis infection in a French population of wild Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) as a case study. The biology of brucellosis and the ecology of Alpine ibex makes this case study a good candidate for transmission heterogeneity at several levels. Using bacterial examinations, we first established that only 58% of seropositive individuals were at risk to excrete Brucella, and that this risk decreased with increasing age. Then, we took advantage of detailed information available on ibex population dynamics, behaviour, and habitat use, and on epidemiological surveys, to build an individual-based model in order to quantify heterogeneity at the individual and spatial levels. The transmission is extremely heterogeneous between individuals, with females generating around 90% of the new cases of brucellosis infection, and between spatial units, three of the five socio-spatial units (the core area) accounting for more than 80% of brucellosis transmission. Using statistical models to estimate the temporal dynamics of the seroprevalence and of the force of infection in the population, we found evidence that the massive captures with test-and-remove operations that were conducted in 2015 managed to reduce brucellosis transmission in the population. Based on these results, we evaluated several predictive disease management strategies in the individual-based model. Our results confirmed that the primary strategy should be to remove as many seropositive individuals as possible, and that strategies targeting females and/or the core area are more effective than untargeted management. Although there is no silver bullet for the management of brucellosis in the population of study, targeted strategies offer a wide range of promising refinements to classical sanitary measures. We therefore encourage to look for heterogeneity in other infection-wildlife systems and to evaluate potential targeted strategies for improving management schemes in terms of efficiency and acceptability
Mampouya, David. "Les populations de termites d'une culture de canne à sucre irriguée dans un écosystème sahélien : le fipronil dans une lutte ciblée contre les termites." Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120037.
Full textDjogbenou, Luc Salako. "Dynamique des mécanismes de résistance aux insecticides liés à la modification de cibles dans les populations naturelles d’Anopheles gambiae s. L. D’Afrique de l’Ouest." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20085.
Full textVector control is one of the most effective methods of malaria prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides (kdr mutation) has appeared in vectors of malaria, especially in An. Gambiae s. L. The effectiveness of pyrethroid-treated nets seems to be threatened by this resistance and the search for alternative insecticides is a priority. In the laboratory, as in field studies, the presence of an acetylcholinesterase mutation (ace-1R), which confers resistance to carbamates and organophosphates (insecticides proposed as alternatives to pyrethroids), provides an advantage to An. Gambiae s. S. In contact with the insecticide. This advantage is shown in heterozygotes by measuring the partial dominance of the gene. In the absence of insecticides, a genetic cost affects some life history traits of resistant mosquitoes, reducing their chances of reproduction. This genetic cost is probably due to the important reduction of enzymes activity coded by ace-1R. The ace-1R mutation is already present in high frequencies in natural populations of West Africa. This distribution results from a single mutation event that has been spread across our study sites by migration. Its presence in M and S forms of Anopheles gambiae s. S. Is due to a introgression phenomenon. The mutation is present in the two alleles : one ace-1R resistant allele made of a copy of the ace-1 gene carrying the G119S mutation, and one duplicated allele, Ag-ace-1D, that carries one susceptible and one resistant G119S copy linked on the same chromosome. This duplication might reduce the cost associated with the resistance and impair vector control strategies based on alternating insecticides. These alleles are in competition in natural populations of Anopheles gambiae, the primary vector of malaria in West Africa. In Benin, two species of the An. Gambiae complex (An. Gambiae s. S. And An. Arabiensis) were found either alone or in sympatry. In An. Gambiae s. S. , the S molecular form is present in almost all localities, whereas the M form was found in high proportions only in the south and the north. The study of resistance mechanisms due to target site modification in Anopheles gambiae s. L. And Culex quinquefasciatus reveal that many populations are resistant to DDT and permethrin. In Anopheles gambiae, the comparison of mortality with DDT and permethrin indicates that the resistance is due in large part to the kdr mutation. However, the distribution of this mutation is variable between sites. Our study showed a strong link between the frequency of the kdr mutation and agricultural use of insecticide against cotton pests. In all cases, very few samples of the two species (An. Gambiae and Cx. Quinquefasciatus) were found to be resistant to the carbamates and organophosphates used. The frequency of the ace-1R mutation was also small. This indicates that the use of carbamates and organophosphates might still be used in a resistance management strategy. These studies offer interesting perspectives on the possibilities of vector control for prevention of malaria. In fact, they allow improving our understanding of the biology and ecology of the vector and on the resistance mechanisms. In the pursuit of a better vector control strategy, it would be interesting for scientists in developed countries studying genomic to work in collaboration with scientists in areas where malaria is present and with local institutions
René, Éloïse. "Les représentations de la participation sociale et l’intention d’intégrer des actions de cette nature au projet de retraite chez des personnes préretraitées et retraitées : cibler l’intervention en orientation." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8746.
Full textSallah, Kankoe. "Diffusion spatio-temporelle des épidémies : approche comparée des modélisations mathématiques et biostatistiques, cibles d'intervention et mobilité humaine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0607.
Full textIn the first part of this thesis, we have developed a malaria transmission metamodel based on the susceptible-infected-resistant compartmental modeling framework (SIR) and taking into consideration human mobility flows between different villages in the Center of Senegal. Geographically targeted intervention strategies had been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of malaria both within and outside of intervention areas. However, combined interventions targeting both vector and host, coordinated on a large scale are needed in regions and countries aiming to achieve malaria elimination in the short/medium term.In the second part we have evaluated different methods of estimating human mobility in the absence of real data. These methods included spatio-temporal traceability of mobile phones, mathematical models of gravity and radiation. The transport of the pathogen through the geographical space via the mobility of an infected subject is a major determinant of the spread of an epidemic. We introduced the impedance model that minimized the mean square error on mobility estimates, especially in contexts where population sets are characterized by their heterogeneous sizes.Finally, we have expanded the framework of assumptions underlying the calibration of the gravity models of human mobility. The hypothesis of a zero inflated distribution provided a better fit and a better predictability, compared to the classical approach not assuming an excess of zeros: Poisson, Quasipoisson
Nono, Njepang Luidor. "Les radios communautaires au Cameroun." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020051.
Full textThe opening of the Cameroonian audiovisual sector dedicated the overhang of the process of acquisition and the granting of the personal freedoms begun around 1990s. The application decree of April, 2003 confirmed a decade later, the plan engaged by the law 90/052 of December 19th, 1990 relative to the freedom of social communication. Since then, newspapers and broadcasting mix and come up against gravities susceptible to limit their efficiency, as tools and means of communication of nearness. Their youth, the endogenous and exogenous problems in the Cameroonian media landscape justify a study on the existence and the way the organs of social communication produce and broadcast information and news in the direction of the targeted populations. For this subject, the community radio, while trying to imply them and to make them participate in this objective of social communication, promotes by its programs, the own image of the populations for which is intended. It remains only to guarantee the practical methods, the necessary conditions for a transparent participation of the various actors in the management and in the functioning of the radio. Mostly, the populations are ready of supporting the projects of community radios which settle down in villages. The various techniques of appropriation and uses of the media allow dreading from the outside the various stakes which weave. They allow observing the organized practices and the conditions of commitment of the civil society to guarantee, a long life on the radio
Beaudoux, Olivia. "Caractérisation anatomo-clinique et moléculaire du mélanome primitif muqueux Prognostic factors and incidence of primary mucosal melanoma: a population-based study in France Massively invasive orbital melanoma: Uveal or conjunctival origin? “Response to imatinib of a patient with double-mutant KIT metastatic penile melanoma." Thesis, Reims, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REIMM201.
Full textPrimary mucosal melanoma (M) (MM) is a rare and serious malignant tumor, including oral and nasopharyngeal, vulvovaginal, conjunctival, anorectal and penile (PM) M. The oncogenes involved are largely unknown. Unresectable and metastatic cases are not very sensitive to current treatments, targeted therapies and immunotherapies. In order to better characterize these orphan cancers, we have: (1) studied, on the basis of incident cases in Champagne-Ardenne between 2004 and 2014 (n = 39): the annual incidence (0.18 / 100,000) and the incidence ratio between MM / cutaneous M (1/50), the relative frequency of different mucosal sites, the diagnosis (late at 77%), the median survival (24 months) and the 5-year specific survival (32%); (2) reported the first case of response to imatinib and long-term survival of a patient with KIT-mutated metastatic PM and discussed the possible mechanisms of this exceptional response; (3) reported a case of GNA11 mutated massively invasive orbital M, and discussed its origin, conjunctival or uveal; (4) carried out a systematic review of the literature (n = 88), in order to establish the frequency of the KIT (13.5%), BRAF (12.9%) and NRAS (12.1%) variants, and triple negative (64.2%), to discuss the mutated genes in more than 5% of cases (including MTOR, TSC1, ATRX, POM121 and DISP3), and, in less than 5% of cases if there was an impact clinic (including POLE); (5) studied, using a panel of 275 genes, on 29 PMM, the mutational frequency of KIT (31%), BRAF (24%), NRAS (14%), TP53 (14%), SF3B1 (10%), NF1 (45%), PIK3CA and KRAS (both at 7%). Our studies indicated that a dedicated NGS custom panel should be useful for clinical practice
Roy-Proulx, Guillaume. "L'immunodominance résulte d'une compétition entre les populations lymphocytaires T CD8⁺ reconnaissant différents antigènes." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15379.
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