Academic literature on the topic 'Population rurale – Rwanda'
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Journal articles on the topic "Population rurale – Rwanda"
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Robson, Julia, James Bao, Alissa Wang, Heather McAlister, Jean-Paul Uwizihiwe, Felix Sayinzoga, Hassan Sibomana, Kirstyn Koswin, Joseph Wong, and Stanley Zlotkin. "Making sense of Rwanda’s remarkable vaccine coverage success." International Journal of Healthcare 6, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijh.v6n1p56.
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After the Rwandan genocide in 1994, vaccine coverage was close to zero. Several factors, including extreme poverty, rural populations and mountainous geography affect Rwandans’ access to immunizations. Post-conflict, various other factors were identified, including the lack of immunization program infrastructure, and lack of population-level knowledge and demand. In recent years, Rwanda is one of few countries that has demonstrated a sustained increase to near universal vaccination coverage, with a current rate of 98%. Our aim was to ask why and how Rwanda achieved this success so that it could potentially be replicated in other countries.Literature searches of scientific and grey literature, as well as other background research, was conducted from September 2016 through August 2017, including primary fieldwork in Rwanda. We determined that four factors have had a major influence on the Rwandan vaccine program, including strong central government leadership (political will), a culture of accountability, local ownership and a strong health value chain. Rwanda’s national immunization program is rooted in a political landscape shaped by unique aspects of Rwandan history and culture. Rwanda has a strong central government and a hierarchical chain of command supported by decentralized implementation bodies. A culture of accountability transcends the entire health system and there is local-level ownership of the immunization program, including the role of engaged community health workers and a strong health information system. Together, these four factors likely account for Rwanda’s vaccination coverage success.
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Thomson, Dana R., Cheryl Amoroso, Sidney Atwood, Matthew H. Bonds, Felix Cyamatare Rwabukwisi, Peter Drobac, Karen E. Finnegan, et al. "Impact of a health system strengthening intervention on maternal and child health outputs and outcomes in rural Rwanda 2005–2010." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 2 (April 2018): e000674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000674.
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IntroductionAlthough Rwanda’s health system underwent major reforms and improvements after the 1994 Genocide, the health system and population health in the southeast lagged behind other areas. In 2005, Partners In Health and the Rwandan Ministry of Health began a health system strengthening intervention in this region. We evaluate potential impacts of the intervention on maternal and child health indicators.MethodsCombining results from the 2005 and 2010 Demographic and Health Surveys with those from a supplemental 2010 survey, we compared changes in health system output indicators and population health outcomes between 2005 and 2010 as reported by women living in the intervention area with those reported by the pooled population of women from all other rural areas of the country, controlling for potential confounding by economic and demographic variables.ResultsOverall health system coverage improved similarly in the comparison groups between 2005 and 2010, with an indicator of composite coverage of child health interventions increasing from 57.9% to 75.0% in the intervention area and from 58.7% to 73.8% in the other rural areas. Under-five mortality declined by an annual rate of 12.8% in the intervention area, from 229.8 to 83.2 deaths per 1000 live births, and by 8.9% in other rural areas, from 157.7 to 75.8 deaths per 1000 live births. Improvements were most marked among the poorest households.ConclusionWe observed dramatic improvements in population health outcomes including under-five mortality between 2005 and 2010 in rural Rwanda generally and in the intervention area specifically.
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Nishimwe, Grace, Didier Milindi Rugema, Claudine Uwera, Cor Graveland, Jesper Stage, Swaib Munyawera, and Gabriel Ngabirame. "Natural Capital Accounting for Land in Rwanda." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 5070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125070.
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Land, as a valuable natural resource, is an important pillar of Rwanda’s sustainable development. The majority of Rwanda’s 80% rural population rely on agriculture for their livelihood, and land is crucial for agriculture. However, since a high population density has made land a scarce commodity, growth in the agricultural sector and plans for rapid urbanisation are being constrained, and cross-sectoral trade-offs are becoming increasingly important, with a risk that long-term sustainability may be threatened if these trade-offs are not considered. To help track land value trends and assess trade-offs, and to help assess the sustainability of trends in land use and land cover, Rwanda has begun developing natural capital accounts for land in keeping with the United Nations’ System of Environmental-Economic Accounting. This paper reports on Rwanda’s progress with these accounts. The accounting approach adopted in our study measures changes in land use and land cover and quantifies stocks for the period under study (2014–2015). Rwanda is one of the first developing countries to develop natural capital accounts for land, but the wide range of possible uses in policy analysis suggests that such accounts could be useful for other countries as well.
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Pace, Lydia E., Jean Marie Vianney Dusengimana, Jean Paul Balinda, Origene Benewe, Vestine Rugema, Cyprien Shyirambere, Jean Bosco Bigirimana, et al. "Integrating breast cancer screening into a cervical cancer screening program in three rural districts in Rwanda." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): 2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.2025.
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2025 Background: In low-income countries where mammography is not widely available, optimal strategies to facilitate earlier breast cancer detection are not known. We previously conducted a cluster randomized clinical trial of clinician trainings in Burera District in rural Rwanda to facilitate earlier diagnosis among symptomatic women; 1.3% of women evaluated at intervention health centers (HCs) were diagnosed with cancer. Early stage breast cancer incidence was higher in intervention areas. Subsequently, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Rwanda’s national health implementation agency, adapted the program in 3 other districts, offering screening clinical breast exams (CBE) to all women aged 30-50 years receiving cervical cancer screening and any other woman requesting CBE. A navigator facilitated patient tracking. We sought to examine patient volume, service provision and cancer detection rate in the adapted program. Methods: We abstracted data from weekly HC reports, facility registries, and the referral hospital’s electronic medical record to determine numbers of patients seen, referrals made, biopsies, and cancer diagnoses from July 2018-December 2019. Results: CBE was performed at 17,239 visits in Rwamagana, Rubavu and Kirehe Districts (total population 1.34 million) over 18, 17 and 7 months of program implementation respectively. At 722 visits (4.2%), CBE was abnormal. 571 patients were referred to district hospitals (DH); their average age was 35 years. Of those referred, 388 (68.0%) were seen at DH; 32% were not. Of those seen, 142 (36.6%) were referred to a referral facility; 121 of those referred (85.2%) actually went to the referral facility. Eighty-eight were recommended to have biopsies, 83 (94.3%) had biopsies, and 29 (34.9% of those biopsied; 0.17% of HC visits) were diagnosed with breast cancer. Conclusions: Integrating CBE screening into organized cervical cancer screening in rural Rwandan HCs led to a large number of patients receiving CBE. As expected, patients were young and the cancer detection rate was much lower than in a trial focused on symptomatic women. Even with navigation efforts, loss-to-follow-up was high. Analyses of stage, outcomes, patient and provider experience and cost are planned to characterize CBE screening’s benefits and harms in Rwanda. However, these findings suggest building health system capacity to facilitate referrals and retain patients in care are needed prior to further screening scaleup. In the interim, early diagnosis programs targeting symptomatic women may be more efficient and feasible.
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Musafiri, Ildephonse, and Pär Sjölander. "The importance of off-farm employment for smallholder farmers in Rwanda." Journal of Economic Studies 45, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-07-2016-0129.
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Purpose Based on unique data the authors analyze the Rwandan non-farm employment expansion in rural areas and its relation to agricultural productivity. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors that determine off-farm work hours in Rwanda, and how farmers’ off-farm employment affects agricultural output. Since production efficiency may depend on off-farm work and off-farm work depend on production efficiency (Lien et al., 2010), both production and off-farm work are endogenous. While controlling for endogeneity, the authors investigate the relationship between off-farm work and agricultural production. Design/methodology/approach In this paper the authors use a unique panel data set spanning over 26 years originating from household surveys conducted in the northwest and densely populated districts of Rwanda. Econometric estimations are based on a random effects two-stage Tobit model to control for endogeneity. Findings The study confirms theoretical and empirical findings from other developing countries that off-farm employment is one of the essential conditions for having an economically viable agricultural business and vice versa. Research limitations/implications The study is carried out in only one district of Rwanda. Even though most rural areas in Rwanda have similar features the findings cannot necessarily be generalized for the entire country of Rwanda. As in any study, the raw data set suffer from a number of shortcomings which cannot be fully eliminated by the econometric estimation, but this is a new data set which has the best data available for this research question in Rwanda. Practical implications The authors can conclude that there are synergy effects of investing government resources into both on-farm and off-farm employment expansions. Thus, in Rwanda on-farm investments can actually partly contribute to a future natural smooth transformation to more off-farm total output and productivity and vice versa. Though there are still limited off-farm employment opportunities in the studied area, there are considerable potentials to generate income and increase agricultural production through the purchase of additional inputs. Social implications The findings imply that a favorable business climate for off-farm businesses creates spill-over effects which enhance the smallholder farmers’ opportunities to survive, generate wealth, create employment and in effect reduce poverty. Originality/value From the best of the authors’ knowledge, similar studies have not been conducted in Rwanda, nor elsewhere with this type of data set. The findings provide original insights regarding off-farm and agricultural relationships in rural areas under dense population pressure. The results provide some indications that off-farm employment in developing countries (such as Rwanda) is one of the essential conditions for having an economically viable agricultural business and vice versa. The second wave of data was collected by the authors and was used solely for the purpose of this paper.
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Hagumimana, Noel, Jishi Zheng, Godwin Norense Osarumwense Asemota, Jean De Dieu Niyonteze, Walter Nsengiyumva, Aphrodis Nduwamungu, and Samuel Bimenyimana. "Concentrated Solar Power and Photovoltaic Systems: A New Approach to Boost Sustainable Energy for All (Se4all) in Rwanda." International Journal of Photoenergy 2021 (June 16, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5515513.
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The energy sector of today’s Rwanda has made a remarkable growth to some extent in recent years. Although Rwanda has natural energy resources (e.g., hydro, solar, and methane gas, etc.), the country currently has an installed electricity generation capacity of only 226.7 MW from its 45 power plants for a population of about 13 million in 2021. The current national rate of electrification in Rwanda is estimated to 54.5% (i.e.; 39.7% grid-connected and 14.8% off-grid connected systems). This clearly demonstrates that having access to electricity is still a challenge to numerous people not to mention some blackout-related problems. With the ambition of having electricity for all, concentrated solar power (CSP) and photovoltaic (PV) systems are regarded as solutions to the lack of electricity. The production of CSP has still not been seriously considered in Rwanda, even though the technology has attracted significant global attention. Heavy usage of conventional power has led to the depletion of fossil fuels. At the same time, it has highlighted its unfriendly relationship with the environment because of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, which is a major cause of global warming. Solar power is another source of electricity that has the potential to generate electricity in Rwanda. Firstly, this paper summarizes the present status of CSP and PV systems in Rwanda. Secondly, we conducted a technoeconomic analysis for CSP and PV systems by considering their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). The input data of the SWOT analysis were obtained from relevant shareholders from the government, power producers, minigrid, off-grid, and private companies in Rwanda. Lastly, the technical and economical feasibilities of CSP and PV microgrid systems in off-grid areas of Rwanda were conducted using the system advisor model (SAM). The simulation results indicate that the off-grid PV microgrid system for the rural community is the most cost-effective because of its low net present cost (NPC). According to the past literature, the outcomes of this paper through the SWOT analyses and the results obtained from the SAM model, both the CSP and PV systems could undoubtedly play a vital role in Rwanda’s rural electrification. In fact, PV systems are strongly recommended in Rwanda because they are rapid and cost-effective ways to provide utility-scale electricity for off-grid modern energy services to the millions of people who lack electricity access.
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Pace, Lydia E., Jean Marie Vianney Dusengimana, Lawrence N. Shulman, Lauren E. Schleimer, Cyprien Shyirambere, Christian Rusangwa, Gaspard Muvugabigwi, et al. "Cluster Randomized Trial to Facilitate Breast Cancer Early Diagnosis in a Rural District of Rwanda." Journal of Global Oncology, no. 5 (December 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.19.00209.
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PURPOSE Feasible and effective strategies are needed to facilitate earlier diagnosis of breast cancer in low-income countries. The goal of this study was to examine the impact of health worker breast health training on health care utilization, patient diagnoses, and cancer stage in a rural Rwandan district. METHODS We conducted a cluster randomized trial of a training intervention at 12 of the 19 health centers (HCs) in Burera District, Rwanda, in 2 phases. We evaluated the trainings’ impact on the volume of patient visits for breast concerns using difference-in-difference models. We used generalized estimating equations to evaluate incidence of HC and hospital visits for breast concerns, biopsies, benign breast diagnoses, breast cancer, and early-stage disease in catchment areas served by intervention versus control HCs. RESULTS From April 2015 to April 2017, 1,484 patients visited intervention HCs, and 308 visited control HCs for breast concerns. The intervention led to an increase of 4.7 visits/month for phase 1 HCs ( P = .001) and 7.9 visits/month for phase 2 HCs ( P = .007) compared with control HCs. The population served by intervention HCs had more hospital visits (115.1 v 20.5/100,000 person-years, P < .001) and biopsies (36.6 v 8.9/100,000 person-years, P < .001) and higher breast cancer incidence (6.9 v 3.3/100,000 person-years; P = .28). The incidence of early-stage breast cancer was 3.3 per 100,000 in intervention areas and 0.7 per 100,000 in control areas ( P = .048). CONCLUSION In this cluster randomized trial in rural Rwanda, the training of health workers and establishment of regular breast clinics were associated with increased numbers of patients who presented with breast concerns at health facilities, more breast biopsies, and a higher incidence of benign breast diagnoses and early-stage breast cancers.
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Weatherspoon, Dave D., Steven R. Miller, Fidele Niyitanga, Lorraine J. Weatherspoon, and James F. Oehmke. "Rwanda’s Commercialization of Smallholder Agriculture: Implications for Rural Food Production and Household Food Choices." Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jafio-2021-0011.
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Abstract Rwanda has experienced exceptional economic growth since 2000 despite more than 60% of the predominately-agrarian population living on less than $1.25 a day. Approximately 76% of the country’s working population are engaged in agricultural production, which makes up about one-third of the national economy. Agriculture is also an important source of foreign exchange, making up about 63% of the value of Rwanda’s exports. An important component of household diets – food produced on subsistence agriculture parcels averaging 0.6 ha – faces the challenge by government and private sector development to replace subsistence farming with a value-creating market-oriented food sector. A complex set of relationships across public incentives and programs encourages participation in markets. Designed to promote wealth, the Crop Intensification Program (CIP) has increased access to land, inputs, extension services, markets, supply chains, etc. Wealth and access to land are the dominant predictors of the ability to participate in markets and the extent of participation. For example, smallholders producing a diversity of crops are more likely to sell in markets. Within the confluence of competing policy objectives and market forces, further research is necessary to understand the household-level tradeoffs of both producers and consumers along the food value chain.
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Muggli, Franco, Gianfranco Parati, Paolo Suter, Mario Bianchetti, Dragana Radovanovic, Alice Umulise, Bienvenu Muvunyi, and Evariste Ntaganda. "BLOOD PRESSURE IN A POPULATION OF A RURAL AREA OF RWANDA: PRELIMINARY DATA." Journal of Hypertension 39, Supplement 1 (April 2021): e400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000749228.89530.93.
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Ndayisaba, Aphrodis, Emmanuel Harerimana, Ryan Borg, Ann C. Miller, Catherine M. Kirk, Katrina Hann, Lisa R. Hirschhorn, et al. "A Clinical Mentorship and Quality Improvement Program to Support Health Center Nurses Manage Type 2 Diabetes in Rural Rwanda." Journal of Diabetes Research 2017 (December 3, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2657820.
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Introduction. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is rapidly rising in SSA. Interventions are needed to support the decentralization of services to improve and expand access to care. We describe a clinical mentorship and quality improvement program that connected nurse mentors with nurse mentees to support the decentralization of type 2 diabetes care in rural Rwanda. Methods. This is a descriptive study. Routinely collected data from patients with type 2 diabetes cared for at rural health center NCD clinics between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2015, were extracted from EMR system. Data collected as part of the clinical mentorship program were extracted from an electronic database. Summary statistics are reported. Results. The patient population reflects the rural settings, with low rates of traditional NCD risk factors: 5.6% of patients were current smokers, 11.0% were current consumers of alcohol, and 11.9% were obese. Of 263 observed nurse mentee-patient encounters, mentor and mentee agreed on diagnosis 94.4% of the time. Similarly, agreement levels were high for medication, laboratory exam, and follow-up plans, at 86.3%, 87.1%, and 92.4%, respectively. Conclusion. Nurses that receive mentorship can adhere to a type 2 diabetes treatment protocol in rural Rwanda primary health care settings.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Population rurale – Rwanda"
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Bart, François. "La paysannerie rwandaise : étude géographique d'une haute terre tropicale densement peuplée." Bordeaux 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR30033.
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La population rurale est tres largement majoritaire au rwanda : dans ce petit pays de hautes terres tres densement occupees, elle a valorise les atouts du milieu en elaborant un systeme agro-pastoral complexe, dans un paysage agraire ou l'homme est partout, disperse a travers montagnes et collines. Une tradition originale de culture de la bananeraie, qui a su s'adapter aux exigences du present, une mosaique vivriere saisonniere ou coexistent legumineuses, cereales, tubercules, une multitude de petites plantations familiales de cafeiers, un elevage diversifie assurent a la plupart des familles une alimentation decente et quelques revenus monetaires. L'evolution de la condition paysanne est aujourd'hui fortement marquee par le poids de la pression demographique. Face aux difficultes qu'elle engendre, les hommes ont procede a un amenagement minutieux des terroirs, y compris sur les pentes raides et dans les marais, et ont acheve la conquete des dernieres regions vierges. Ils sont aussi amenes a modifier certains choix culturaux, en privilegiant les tubercules aux depens d'autres plantes moins adaptees aux structures microfundiaires. Ils recherchent enfin de nouvelles ressources, pour completer celles qu'ils tirent d'exploitations devenues trop exigues. Ces initiatives ne suffisent cependant plus, des symptomes de crise apparaissent. L'etat met en oeuvre une strategie alimentaire pour doubler la production vivriere. Si on peut esperer, a condition de disposer de moyens adequats et de ne pas briser la dynamique paysanne, obtenir un accroissement sensible des rendements et une relative autosuffisance alimentaire, le probleme de l'insertion dans l'espace et dans l'economie de dix millions de rwandais suscite de vives inquietudes. La strategie alimentaire n'esA rural population dominates in rwanda : in this small highland country densely occupied the most has been made of the surroundings by the use of a complex agro-pastoral system in a landscape where manking is everywhere, scattered over mountains and hills. An unusual traditional way of growing bananas, which has been adapted to today's needs, a seasonal mosaic of food crops where side by side are found legumes, root vegetables and cereals, a multitude of family small holdings of coffee trees and a varied cattle rearing give the possibility to most families to have a decent alimentation and a small source of income. The evolution of the peasant condition is today strongly marked by the demographic pressure. To face the difficulties which rise from this situation, the people have undertaken a detailed utilisation of the land, even on steep parts and in marshes, and have undertaken the conquest of the remaining virgin regions. They also had to change certain of their cultural choices, preferring root vegetables, which are better adapted to the small holding structures. They are also looking for new sources to complete those which come from holdings which have become too small. These initiatives however are not enough, symptoms of the crisis are obvious. The state is organizing an alimentary strategy to double the food production. If one may hope, as long as sufficient means are put to their disposition so as not to break the efforts of the peasantry, to get a real growth of production and achieve a certain alimentary self sufficiency, the problem of the insertion of
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Harebamungu, Mathias. "La gestion de l'eau dans le sud-est du Rwanda : dynamiques spatiales, mutations, acteurs, enjeux." Bordeaux 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR30021.
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Le Sud-Est du Rwanda est une région en proie à de profondes mutations depuis une quarantaine d’années. Les grandes turbulences socio-démographiques qu’a connues ce terroir ont imposé la réorganisation de l’espace rural et une profonde remise en cause des modes de gestion des ressources environnementales, notamment celle de l’eau. Avec son fort taux de croissance démographique, la population vit au quotidien des problèmes de disponibilité et d’accessibilité de la ressource, de l’amont à l’aval. L’abondance et la pénurie d’eau coexistent, les potentialités de desserte par zone sont limitées, l’intéraction homme-milieu pose la question de l’eau, de ses enjeux. L’absence d’une législation adéquate, le contrôle, les niveaux de perception par la population diversifiés, les usages de la ressource,… sont les grands défis. Ils concernent tous les acteurs de cette gestion à tous les niveaux ; en ville comme à la campagne. En même temps, les risques liés à l’eau se multiplient partoutThe South-East region of Rwanda has been a victim of acute transformations for about forty years. The major socio-demographic unrest that characterised this land imposed the reorganisation of the rural space and calling into question modes of managing environmental resources, notably the management of water. With its high demographic growth rate, the population faces day after day problems of water availability and accessibility from upstream to downstream. Water abundance and shortage coexist, dessert possibilities are limited, and the man-environment interaction raises the issue of water and its stakes. The major challenges are the lack of appropriate legislation, control, different perception levels of the population, water uses, etc. . . The latter concern all actors of this management at all levels, in the city as well as in the countryside. At the same time, risks related to water more and more increase everywhere
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Guichaoua, André. "Destins paysans et politiques agraires en Afrique centrale." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010686.
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Apparemment tout oppose les contextes régionaux de l’Afrique des hautes terres "surpeuplée" et le Congo "sous peuple" qui constituent les deux pôles extrêmes de l’Afrique dans le domaine de la répartition des populations rurales et urbaines. Il est cependant possible de dégager certaines convergences dans l'évolution des devenirs paysans et le sort réservé aux populations rurales par les bourgeoisies "directoriales" au pouvoir. L'analyse des processus d'élaboration et de mise en œuvre des politiques agraires illustre le primat indiscuté accordé aux exigences économiques et politiques urbaines aussi bien en termes d'accumulation et de concentration des richesses que de régulation des flux migratoires. Les tentatives permanentes des partis uniques au pouvoir pour contrôler ou mettre à leur service les diverses formes de solidarité et les dynamismes propres au milieu rural complètent le dessaisissement des producteurs de la terre. Mais d'une manière générale, les processus d'exclusion et de relégation dont les populations rurales sont victimes ne suffisent pas à eux seuls à expliquer les raisons de la résignation et de la démobilisation paysannes telles qu'elles s'expriment au travers de la crispation traditionnaliste des paysans des hautes terres centrales ou plus brutalement par la désagrégation de la paysannerie congolaise "inorganisée". Aux yeux des intéressés, c'est la situation paysanne elle-même qui est désormais perçue comme insupportable en terme d'identité culturelle. En effet, si la reproduction sociale suppose que soient réunies un certain nombre de conditions "objectives" favorables, elle repose avant tout sur la conviction que le groupe social auquel on appartient à un avenir; s'appuie sur un système de valeurs socialement reconnu et valorise. Au Congo, l'effondrement du "monde paysan" est certes venu de l'incapacité des notables lignagers à transmettre aux cadets sociaux des aspirations mobilisatrices, mais plus encore de l'action de l'état "révolutionnaire" qui a pris la responsabilité de définir et de sélectionner les fractions légitimes de la paysannerie appelées a bénéficier des faveurs économiques et politiques centrales en confirmant les jeunes ruraux dans le sentiment que le droit à la reproduction sociale lui-même leur était désormais matériellement et symboliquement accorde de l'extérieur. Au Burundi et au Rwanda, la soumission des populations rurales découle de l'absence d'alternatives possibles (emplois et revenus extra-agricoles) ou autorisées (l'installation en ville). Les équilibres économiques et la cohésion politique de ces véritables états-paysans perdurent du fait de leur capacité à bloquer l'émergence d'un autre système social fait de "classes" distinctes se substituant à un ordre hiérarchique ou chacun exerce des fonctions faiblement différenciées qui concourent à la cohésion de l'ensemble. Ce cas exemplaire d'attachement à la terre et aux activités agricoles apparait donc finalement comme un contre-exemple non transposable. Les vocations paysannes n'atteignent un tel degré d'adhésion contrainte que pour autant que les possibilités de comparaison des jeunes générations avec d'autres perspectives sociales demeurent réduites. L'ordre paysan sauvegarde de l’Afrique des grands lacs n'assure sa pérennité qu'en redoublant au niveau idéologique l'enclavement géographique auquel il est condamne.
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De, Groote Sophie. "La Stratification sociale à Kanama, Rwanda une population rurale et ses comportements économiques face au changement /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376056069.
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De, Groote Sophie. "La Stratification sociale à Kanama, Rwanda : une population rurale et ses comportements économiques face au changement." Paris, EHESS, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987EHES0044.
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Si la hierarchisation de la societe etait, dans le regime precolonial, fondee sur la place que chacun occupait dans le systeme politico-economique, ou dominaient des relations de clientele, elle est, de nos jours, fonction de la possibilite pour un individu de devenir proprietaire de ses moyens de production ou salarie agricole ou urbain. Apres un rappel de l'histoire du pays et apres la presentation generale de la commune de kanama et l'expose des monographies familiales, j'ai etabli une classification sociale construite : dans cette societe, jadis rigidement hierarchisee, apparaissent cinq groupes sociaux entre lesquels existe une certaine mobilite socialeWhile in the precolonial regime one's place in society was determined by the status one enjoyed in the political-economic system, where clientele relashionships ruled, it is today function of an individual's ownership of his means of production or existence as an agricultural or urban worker. After summarizing rwandan history, presenting kanama county in general and the results of the family study, i elaborated a social stratification model : this formerly rigidly stratified society now witnesses the emergence of five social groups which allow for a degree of social mobility between themselves
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Ndungutse, Jean-Claude. "Évolution de la population, modes de production et reproduction, rapports sociaux et développement rural : une approche des dynamiques démographiques dans leur contexte historique, économique, social, politique et culturel et leur interaction sur l'évolution des forces productrices, leurs rapports sociaux et modes de production dans le milieu rural agricole au Rwanda de l'époque pré-coloniale à 1994." Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0159.
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La plupart des chercheurs (historiens, démographes, sociologues, anthropologues et autres experts qu'ils soient nationaux ou internationaux) qui ont travaillé sur le Rwanda affirment que l'accroissement rapide et la forte densité qui caractérisent sa population sont les signes d'un surpeuplement qui serait à l'origine de la pauvreté et une entrave au décollage économique de ce petit pays de l'Afrique centrale. D'autres avancent l'idée selon laquelle la guerre de 1990 et son point culminant qu'est le génocide de 1994 prendraient leur origine dans cette croissance démographique galopante et non maîtrisée qui aurait provoqué une promiscuité sociale étouffante où chaque groupe social aurait tenté de se trouver une place et un statut social. Tout en acceptant l'idée que l'équilibre entre population et ressources peut présenter structurellement des moments malthusiens, Jean-Claude Ndungutse montre que, tout au long de l'évolution de la société rwandaise, d'autres facteurs ont joué notamment les aléas climatiques, les modes de productions déséquilibrés, les ravageurs des plantes comme des criquets pèlerins et autres facteurs sociaux (violences, inégalités sociales, mauvaise gouvernance et crimes politiques, maladies et autres. . . ) qui tous, ont contribué à la dégradation du potentiel productif dans le milieu rural agricole au Rwanda. Jean-Claude Ndungutse s'inscrit dans la vision d'Esther Boserup et aborde le sujet dans une approche historique, sociologique et anthropologiqueThe main part of local and international researchers (historians, demographers, sociologists, anthropologists and other experts) who have worked on Rwanda say that the speedy increase and the high density characterizing its population are signs of underdevelopment which is a source of poverty and a hamper of the economic take off of that small country located in the central Africa. Other people believe that the 1990 war which led to 1994 genocide have their main origin in the galloping and non controlIed increase of population which provoked a tough social promiscuity where each social group tries its best to get a room and a social status. If we do accept the idea that the equilibrium between a population and its resources may structurally conduct to Malthusian moments, Jean-Claude Ndungutse shows that during the changes of the Rwandese society, some other factors such as climatic ales the inadequate production system, the plantations invaders such as insects and other social factors (violence, social inequity, bad governance and political crimes, illness, etc. . . ) should be taken into account to explain the situation. AlI of them had contributed to deteriorate the production potentials in the Rwandese agricultural rural area. Jean-Claude Ndungutse has the same point of view as Esther Boserup and treats the subject in a historical, sociological and anthropological approach
Books on the topic "Population rurale – Rwanda"
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Conseil de concertation des organisations d'appui aux initiatives de base. Étude sur la mise en œuvre de la Loi no 43/2013 du 16/06/2013 portant régime foncier au Rwanda: Défis et opportunités pour la population rurale. [Kigali]: Conseil de concertation des organisations d'appui aux initiatives de base (CCOIAB), 2013.
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Olson, Jennifer M. Migration permanente de la population agricole au Rwanda. [Kigali]: République rwandaise, Ministère de l'agriculture, de l'élevage et des forêts, 1990.
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Annie, Lenoble-Bart, ed. Montagnes d'Afrique, terres paysannes: Le cas du Rwanda. [Bordeaux]: Centre d'études de géographie tropicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1993.
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de Heredia, Marta Iñiguez. Everyday violence and Mai Mai militias in Eastern DRC. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526108760.003.0006.
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This chapter examines violent resistance through the actions of Mai Mai militias and the ways the civilian population relate to them. This is primarily illustrated through the experiences related by interviews undertaken with combatants from Mai Mai militias in South Kivu, including Yakutumba and Raia Mutumboki. In the context of Eastern DRC, armed resistance links with other forms of resistance in its struggle against the effects of an increased militarisation of rural authority and worsened conditions of living. For rural popular classes these effects are largely seen as benefiting the economic and security interests of Congolese and Rwandan elites, and not as realising their aspirations for land, dignified living and political participation.
Book chapters on the topic "Population rurale – Rwanda"
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Schneider, Marius, and Vanessa Ferguson. "Rwanda." In Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837336.003.0043.
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Found in East Africa, Rwanda borders the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Tanzania, Uganda, and Burundi. It is a hilly and fertile landlocked state of 26,338 square kilometres (km). It is one of the smallest countries on the continent but is densely populated with 12.2 million people in 2017. Kigali is the capital of and largest city in Rwanda. It is also Rwanda’s economic, cultural, and transport hub and is found in the centre of the country. Most of the population lives in rural areas. Rwanda has a forty-five-hour working week and the currency used is Rwandan franc (FRW).
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Niyonzima, Donatien, and Kriti Bhuju. "The Role of Community Radio in Promoting Gender Equality in Rwanda." In Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism, 343–65. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6686-2.ch018.
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Rwanda has become a role model for the progress it has made on gender equality and women empowerment. The credit of this transformation goes to the media such as community radio stations which have been constantly promoting gender equality through their programming by bringing out the gender issues, educating people on gender-based violence (GBV), leading dialogues, and coming up with solutions to promote gender equality. Drawing from the feminist theory and participatory communication concept, the results reflect that empowering community on issues related to gender and GBV is directly linked to understanding the audience perception and involving local audiences in community radio programming. This encourages people and helps to understand power relations existing in the community and promote gender equality. The results showed that community radio plays an important role in creating awareness to rural populations in Rwanda about gender issues including GBV and that it helps in empowering the rural population thereby contributing to promote gender equality in Rwanda.