Journal articles: 'Population – Syrie'

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Baker, O., H. Duday, and O. Dutour. "Marqueurs osseux d’activités physiques : étude du squelette appendiculaire d’une population nabatéo-romaine (Syrie du Sud)." Bulletins et mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris 24, no. 3-4 (November 16, 2011): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13219-011-0048-9.

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Cornac, Sylvain. "Une collaboration de circonstances: la population d'Antioche sous l'occupation égyptienne (1832-1840)." Chronos 23 (April 4, 2019): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/chr.v23i0.441.

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La présence des Égyptiens dans la ville entre 1832 et 1840 a laissé quelques traces dans la ville d'Antioche. Un palais servant de quartier général et de résidence secondaire au commandant en chef de l'armée, Ibrahim Pacha, est un des rares vestiges de cette période de huit années d'occupation (Tekin 2000 : 96). L'armée égyptienne, envoyée par le séditieux gouverneur Mehmed Ali Pacha, prit possession de la ville le Ier Août 1832 après une campagne de plusieurs mois en Syrie. La progression de ces troupes, formées à l'européenne, ne fut stoppée qu'après avoir traversé une grande partie de l'Anatolie. Le traité de Kütahya en mai 1833 marquait le retrait des forces égyptiennes des dernières zones conquises, mais consacrait la mainmise de Mehmed Ali sur les territoires syriens. Antioche se trouvait presque directement sur la nouvelle frontière qui s'était dessinée à travers le traité. L'occupation se prolongea quelque sept années pendant lesquelles le nouveau régime en place bouleversa certaines des réalités d'une petite ville de province ottomane qui avaient cours jusqu'alors.

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Bouzo, M. "P266 - Redéfinition des valeurs normales de la tsh chez une population de diabétiques de type 2 en syrie." Annales d'Endocrinologie 66, no. 5 (October 2005): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4266(05)82107-9.

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Asal, Houda. "Expressions identitaires et mobilisations des premiers migrants arabes au Canada, à travers leurs journaux (1930-1950)1." Diversité urbaine 7, no. 2 (March 28, 2008): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017816ar.

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Résumé Cette étude s’insère dans le cadre d’une recherche plus large qui s’intéresse à l’histoire de la présence arabe au Canada, à l’évolution des constructions identitaires et des mobilisations politiques de ce groupe. Durant la première période d’implantation des immigrants arabes au Canada, que sait-on d’une possible identité commune et des mobilisations réelles de cette population originaire d’une même région (Syrie, Liban, Palestine) et parlant une même langue (l’arabe)? Comment ces immigrants ont-ils choisi de faire entendre leurs voix? La lecture des journaux ethniques de la période des années 1930 aux années 1950 apporte un éclairage sur l’identité collective en construction, les activités des associations, les dynamiques de regroupement, les rapports avec la société et les mobilisations sur des questions politiques.

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Karray, Amira, Jude Mary Cénat, Daniel Derivois, Marie Anaut, and Maria-Cécilia Jacome. "SOIGNER AUX FRONTIÈRES : REGARD PSYCHODYNAMIQUE SUR LE QUOTIDIEN TRAUMATIQUE DES SOIGNANTS/RÉFUGIÉS." Revue québécoise de psychologie 38, no. 3 (November 14, 2017): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1041839ar.

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Les soignants d’hôpitaux habitant et travaillant aux frontières turco-syriennes sont aussi des migrants ou des réfugiés syriens. Comme la population sinistrée, ils exercent leur activité professionnelle au rythme de la guerre et nécessitent également un accompagnement. Dans le cadre de l’Unité psychosociale d’une ONG internationale, un soutien psychologique en visio-conférence est proposé aux soignants en Syrie et en Turquie. Cet article propose un commentaire et une réflexion clinique sur le quotidien de ces soignants, leur santé mentale, ainsi que sur leurs mécanismes de survie psychiques, groupaux et culturels. Quatre vignettes cliniques sont commentées et discutées pour comprendre la complexité des expériences à caractère traumatique et les processus de résilience en situation de guerre, afin d’identifier des pistes d’interventions adaptées.

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Taha, Zakaria. "La population rurale et le Baath sous le régime autoritaire de Hafez et Bachar al-Assad en Syrie. Clientélisation et marginalisation." Les Cahiers d’EMAM, no. 22 (January 30, 2014): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/emam.624.

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Jomier, Augustin. "« Des perles dans leur coquillage » ? Les femmes et la réinvention du patriarcat dans l’Algérie coloniale (1882–1962)." Hawwa 17, no. 2-3 (October 23, 2019): 318–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341361.

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Résumé L’anthropologie des années 1960–1970 et l’apologétique musulmane véhiculent des visions fixistes des femmes au Maghreb. Combinées à la rareté des sources, ces idées font obstacle à la connaissance historique. À partir du cas du Mzab, une région du nord du Sahara algérien à la population majoritairement berbérophone et ibadite, cet article propose des pistes pour historiciser la condition des Algériennes durant la période coloniale. Là où Elizabeth Thompson a montré que le patriarcat a été réinventé et renforcé dans la Syrie mandataire par l’alliance des élites locales et de l’administration, cet article montre que la médiation de maîtresses femmes au Mzab a été indispensable au renforcement de la domination masculine. Un groupe de femmes savantes et pieuses, nommées les laveuses des mortes, y enseignaient la religion aux femmes et secondaient les lettrés ibadites dans leur mission. Elles furent les indispensables agents de la domination masculine, et virent leur agency accrue.

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Baier, Kristina, and Raywat Deonandan. "The Community Health Worker Model: A Grass-Roots Approach for Measles Prevention in Refugee Camps." University of Ottawa Journal of Medicine 6, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/uojm.v6i2.1804.

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ABSTRACTSyria’s protracted civil war has resulted in massive population movements into refugee camps. Such movements, in conjunction with lower vaccination rates, potentiate infectious disease outbreaks. Measles transmission is a continuous threat in refugee camps, and a sustainable approach to providing preventative medicine in camps is warranted. The community health worker model can be used to identify unvaccinated persons, detect probable cases and refer individuals to health clinics within the camps for prophylaxis and medical care, respectively. Through this grass-roots approach, community health workers become an on-the-ground surveillance system that can determine demographic trends and facilitate public health responses to potential outbreaks. RÉSUMÉL’interminable guerre civile en Syrie a entraîné des déplacements massifs de population vers des camps de réfugiés. De tels mouvements de population, en concomitance avec de plus faibles taux de vaccination, accroissent les risques de flambées épidémiques. La transmission de la rougeole est une menace continue dans les camps de réfugiés, et une solution durable dans l’administration de médecine préventive dans ces camps est justifiée. Le modèle des agents de santé communautaires peut être adopté pour identifier les personnes non vaccinées, détecter les cas probables et adresser ces individus aux cliniques de santé des camps pour qu’ils puissent y recevoir de la prophylaxie et des soins médicaux, respectivement. Grâce à cette approche locale, les agents de santé communautaires forment un système de surveillance sur le terrain qui permet de déterminer les tendances démographiques et de faciliter les interventions de santé publique contre les épidémies potentielles.

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Winter, Stefan. "Le rôle du kafīl (garant) dans la gouvernance locale selon les contrats d’affermage fiscal à Tripoli au XVIIe–XVIIIe siècle." Islamic Law and Society 23, no. 4 (November 17, 2016): 392–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685195-00234p03.

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This article explores the legal institution of kafāla/kefalet (bondsmanship; surety) and its role in shaping local communal government in Syria in the Ottoman period. Drawing on the shar‘īya court registers of Tripoli (in addition to those of Sayda and Antioch as well as the Başbakanlık archives), it shows how iltizām tax-farming contracts in the 18th century increasingly required a pecuniary guarantee for their discharge to be posted by a third party, an act specific to Ḥanafī jurisprudence but not practised uniformly throughout the region. Whereas in some places the kafāla amounted to little more than a pledge of mutual accountability, or was imposed on a community against its will, it could also be used by foreign merchants or local notables to secure the rights to a given district’s commercial produce in advance. By “investing” in revenue collection concessions, the article concludes, both the southern Lebanese Shihābī emirs and the Maronite village population used the kafāla to acquire a direct financial and ultimately political stake in the rural hinterland of Tripoli, before dispensing once more with the idea of mutual or corporative responsibility once all of the province’s tax farms passed under complete Shihābī control in 1763. Cet article traite de l'institution juridique de kafāla / kefalet (cautionnement) et de son rôle dans la gouvernance communautaire locale en Syrie à l’époque ottomane. S'appuyant sur les registres de tribunal shar‘īya de Tripoli (en plus de ceux de Sayda et d'Antioche, ainsi que sur des documents d’archives Başbakanlık), il tâche à montrer comment les contrats de ferme fiscale iltizām du XVIIIe siècle exigèrent de plus en plus qu’une tierce personne se porte garant pour leur acquittement, un acte spécifique à l’école de jurisprudence ḥanafī mais pas appliqué de façon uniforme à travers la région. Alors que la kafāla ne constitua guère plus qu’une promesse de responsabilité collective dans certains cas, ou qu’elle fut imposée à une communauté particulière contre son gré dans d’autres, elle pouvait également servir à des marchands étrangers ou à des notables locaux pour s’assurer les droits sur la production agricole d’un certain district à l’avance. En « investissant » dans de contrats de perception d’impôt d’autrui, cet article propose en conclusion, les émirs Shihābī du Liban-Sud tout comme la population villageoise maronite ont pu utiliser la kafāla pour acquérir une participation financière directe ainsi qu’un droit de regard politique sur l’hinterland rural de Tripoli, avant d’abandonner de nouveau le principe de responsabilité mutuelle ou corporative une fois que toutes les fermes fiscales de la province furent passé sous le contrôle complet des Shihābī en 1763.

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Conde, Gilberto. "Framed between change and stability Syria between people's revolution and regime survival Atrapados entre el cambio y la estabilidad: Siria entre la revolución popular y la supervivencia del régimen Entre changement et stabilité : La Syrie entre révolution populaire et survie du régime." Regions and Cohesion 2, no. 3 (December 1, 2012): 118–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2012.020307.

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The ideological struggle deployed between the Syrian opposition groups and the government during the first year of the Syrian popular uprising is examined in this paper. Force alone was not enough for the regime to crush the revolt, at least during its first twelve months, while protesters were unable to bring down the government. The battle for cultural hegemony had to be won by one of the two sides. Protesters and the regime alike had to deploy their discourses along frames that resonated with the values, hopes and fears of Syrians. The effectiveness of the regime in securing the support of large sections of urban dwellers and its systematic violent repression led to frustration on the part of demonstrators, who ended up supporting at least morally the armed struggle. A stalemate was reached. This led to divergent framing activity within the opposition, which in turn led to its division.Spanish El artículo examina la lucha ideológica que se dio entre los grupos sirios de oposición y el gobierno durante el primer año del levantamiento popular en Siria. Durante los primeros 12 meses a partir de marzo de 2011, al régimen no le bastó con la fuerza bruta para aplastar la revuelta, aunque los manifestantes tampoco lograron tumbar al gobierno. Se dio un combate por la hegemonía cultural y uno de los bandos necesitaba ganarla. Tanto los opositores como el régimen frasearon sus discursos alrededor de aristas conceptuales (frames) en armonía con los valores, esperanzas y temores de la población siria. La e ficacia del régimen en obtener el apoyo de amplios sectores de los habitantes de las principales ciudades y la represión violenta sistemática condujeron a un sentimiento de frustración entre los manifestantes, que terminaron ofreciendo un apoyo al menos moral a la lucha armada. Se llegó a un impasse. Esto a su vez llevó a que diferentes grupos de oposición reconstruyeran su discurso en torno de aristas distintas, lo que generó división.French L'article étudie la lu e idéologique menée entre les groupes d'opposition et le gouvernement pendant la première année du soulèvement populaire en Syrie. Pendant les douze premiers mois, à dater du mois de mars de 2011, la force brute n'a pas suffiau régime pour écraser le mouvement, bien que les manifestants à leur tour n'aient pas réussi à faire tomber le gouvernement. Une lu e pour l'hégémonie culturelle s'est développée et un des deux côtés devait la gagner. L'opposition ainsi que le régime ont encadré (frame) leurs discours de sorte à qu'ils parlent aux valeurs, espoirs et peurs des syriens. Le succès du régime à gagner l'appui (ou le recul) de grands secteurs de la population des villes principales et la répression violente systématique ont produit un sentiment de frustration parmi les manifestants, qui ont fini par soutenir la lu e armée au moins moralement. La situation est arrivée à une impasse. Dans cet état, différents groupes d'opposition ont reformulé leurs discours au tour d'encadrements divergents, ce qui a mené à leur division.

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Yahyaoui, A. H., M. S. Hakim, M. El Naimi, and N. Rbeiz. "Evolution of Physiologic Races and Virulence of Puccinia striiformis on Wheat in Syria and Lebanon." Plant Disease 86, no. 5 (May 2002): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.5.499.

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Virulence-avirulence phenotypes of Puccinia striiformis isolates collected in Lebanon and Syria were determined on seedlings of the wheat-yellow rust differential genotypes. We found 25 and 11 physiologic races over 6 years (1994 to 1999) in Syria and Lebanon, respectively. The composition of physiologic races found in Syria and Lebanon differed greatly between 1994 and 1999. Races identified in 1999, such as 230E150 and 230E134, have wider spectra of virulence on resistant genotypes than races collected in 1994. In Lebanon, three races were found in 1994 compared with six races in 1999. Yellow rust differential genotypes were used in a trap nursery to monitor yellow rust populations under natural conditions. Races identified from cultivars in the trap nursery in Syria and Lebanon, and from land race cultivars in Iraq, were recovered among the races identified from farm fields. Yellow rust samples were collected from Yemen, and none of the races identified from Yemen samples were identical to those in Syria and Lebanon. Virulence frequencies in the yellow rust population on the differential genotypes tested in the trap nurseries were above 70% for some resistance genes. Yellow rust populations in Syria and Lebanon have diverse virulence phenotypes. P. striiformis populations appear to be changing over, and this would be an important consideration for wheat breeding programs in the region.

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Tønnessen, Marianne, Siddartha Aradhya, and Eleonora Mussino. "How Assad changed population growth in Sweden and Norway: Syrian refugees’ impact on Nordic national and municipal demography." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): e0244670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244670.

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In an increasingly interconnected world, the demographic effects of wars are not confined only to war zones and neighbouring areas; wars and conflicts may also change populations far away. Without the war in Syria under President Assad and the associated mass exodus of Syrian refugees, the population trends in distant countries like Sweden and Norway over the last few years would have been different. We create hypothetical scenarios of the population developments in Sweden and Norway without a war in Syria from 2011 onwards, where excess immigration due to the war and associated excess births are removed. The results indicate that population growth in 2016 would have been roughly 36% lower in Sweden and 26% lower in Norway without the Syrian war. The number of births in 2017 would have been about 3% lower in Sweden and 1% lower in Norway. One in ten municipalities would have had a population decline in 2016 instead of a population increase, and the largest immigrant group in Sweden by January 2019 would still be of Finnish origin.

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Naber, N., M. El Bouhssini, M. Labhilili, S. M. Udupa, M. M. Nachit, M. Baum, S. Lhaloui, A. Benslimane, and H. El Abbouyi. "Genetic variation among populations of the Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Morocco and Syria." Bulletin of Entomological Research 90, no. 3 (June 2000): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300000365.

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The RAPD–PCR technique was used to study genetic variation within and among geographical populations of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), from Morocco and Syria, associated with the fly’s ability to overcome resistance in three wheat cultivars containing H5, H13 and H22 resistance genes. Variation was detected both for the level of susceptibility of the cultivars and RAPD profiles of M. destructor populations. By the use of RAPD–PCR, high genetic variability was detected among individuals and populations of M. destructorwithin and between areas separated geographically. The DNA fingerprints of populations of M. destructor were area-specific with Nei’s measures of genetic distance ranging from 0.156 (between Abda and Beni Mellal, Morocco) to 1.977 (between Marchouch, Morocco and Lattakia, Syria). Cluster analysis of the genetic distances among the populations, identified the Syrian population as an outlier. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.81) observed between the genetic and geographic distances among the populations, provided genetic support for dispersal of the fly from its presumed origin in West Asia to Morocco.

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Will, Ernest. "La population de Doura-Europos : une évaluation." Syria 65, no. 3 (1988): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/syria.1988.7078.

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Ozkilinc, H., K. Thomas, M. Abang, and T. L. Peever. "Population structure and reproductive mode ofDidymella fabaein Syria." Plant Pathology 64, no. 5 (March 6, 2015): 1110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12359.

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Ozeren, Suleyman, Hakan Hekim, M. Salih Elmas, and Halil Ibrahim Canbegi. "An Analysis of ISIS Propaganda and Recruitment Activities Targeting the Turkish-Speaking Population." International Annals of Criminology 56, no. 1-2 (September 4, 2018): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cri.2018.14.

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AbstractThe “Islamic State in Iraq and Syria” (ISIS) is the main source of instability, not only in Iraq and Syria, but also throughout the Middle East. The instability poses a danger for the other parts of the world because of the influx of foreign fighters to the region. Extremists have taken advantage of the continuing conflicts in Iraq and Syria, with Syria in particular serving as a magnet for thousands of foreign fighters from more than 90 countries. While most of these ISIS combatants are men, many women have left their countries behind to join the “caliphate” and support its cause. Social media have played a key role in luring women to join ISIS. This study therefore analyzed the ISIS organization’s social media propaganda and grass-roots recruitment activities aimed at women in Turkey. The results of the analysis provide important information about the strategies that ISIS uses to spread its ideology.

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Yucesahin, Mustafa Murat, and Ibrahim Sirkeci. "Demographic gaps between Syrian and the European populations: What do they suggest?" BORDER CROSSING 7, no. 2 (September 4, 2017): 207–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/bc.v7i2.462.

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Syrian crisis resulted in at least 6.1 million externally displaced people 983,876 of whom are in Europe while the rest are in neighbouring countries in the region. Turkey, due to its geographical proximity and substantial land borders with the country, has been the most popular destination for those fleeing Syria since April 2011. Especially after 2012, a sharp increase in the number of Syrian refugees arriving in Turkey was witnessed. This has triggered an exponential growth in academic and public interest in Syrian population. Numerous reports mostly based on non-representative sample surveys have been disseminated whilst authoritative robust analyses remained absent. This study aims to fill this gap by offering a comprehensive demographic analysis of the Syrian population. We focus on the demographic differences (from 1950s to 2015) and demographic trends (from 2015 to 2100) in medium to long term, based on data from World Population Prospects (WPP). We offer a comparative picture to underline potential changes and convergences between populations in Syria, Turkey, Germany, and the United Kingdom. We frame our discussion here with reference to the demographic transition theory to help understanding the implications for movers and non-movers in receiving countries in the near future.

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Smirnov, N. A. "Information War in Syria." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(40) (February 28, 2015): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-1-40-153-160.

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In recent years, in many countries around the world the role of society in political decision making quickly strengthened, and the population is increasingly affects the position of the state leaders. For countries pretending to have the support of its policies in other regions, public diplomacy is an essential tool. Today, public diplomacy is regularly used in various conflicts, one of which is the civil war in Syria. Media, Internet, social networks and other tools are used daily to cover the events and create the necessary views of the population in different countries. At the beginning of the article the reasons for the outbreak of the war are discussed from the standpoints of the main actors - the current Syrian government and its opposition, as well as their allies and enemies. The causes of the conflict are essential for further evaluation of the evs, so diametrically opposite points of view of the main actors of the events are analyzed in the material. Then we consider the coverage of the war, because period of direct military action is important to assess the behavior of its members. Among the most important and controversial topics covered by the international media in the conflict, are the use of prohibited weapons, killing of civilians, a violation of international agreements. Determination of the prospects of civil war in Syria is also critical when planning further action by all these events. To get the necessary public support, the parties are trying to have different interpretation of further scenarios. Much depends on this: whether the country's population supports the direction of further assistance or troops, how residents of other countries would react to a further continuation of the conflict, or how the representatives of international organizations would answer the question about the legitimacy of any move. The formation of public opinion in different countries aimed at obtaining approval of its policy on the part of the population and the necessary support for further action. Each of the parties to the conflict, using its own and is making significant opportunities attempts to provide the necessary coverage of the events in this war. Analyzing numerous publications, photos and videos, largely specially rigged to achieve the desired result, it is difficult to say about the objective picture of what is happening, but it is an indisputable fact of enormous human sacrifices, millions of people who have fled their country and the destroyed country in the heart of the Middle East.

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Pedersen, Willy, Viggo Vestel, and Anders Bakken. "At risk for radicalization and jihadism? A population-based study of Norwegian adolescents." Cooperation and Conflict 53, no. 1 (July 4, 2017): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836717716721.

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Little is known about attitudes among ordinary adolescents in favour of the use of political violence and radicalization. We draw on a survey from a population sample of adolescents ( n = 8627) in the Norwegian capital, Oslo. We first compared adolescents with Muslim, Christian and no religious affiliation with regard to attitudes in favour of the use of violence for political purposes and support of those who go to Syria to take part in active combat. Muslim youth reported higher levels of support for the use of violence to obtain societal change than did other adolescents. The same pattern was revealed with regard to support for the fighters in Syria. After control for other variables, Muslim affiliation had no impact on attitudes in favour of politically motivated violence, though it remained significant for support for the fighters in Syria. However, here as well we found associations with poor school grades, conduct problems and exposure to violence, possibly indicating an emerging adolescent ‘outsider’ position. Political activity on social media also played a role. Such attitudes rarely develop into politically motivated violence and jihadism. However, for a small minority, they may represent the first step in that direction.

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Johnson, A. J., P. G. Weintraub, R. Katoch, B. J. Schemerhorn, and R. H. Shukle. "Biological and molecular characterization of Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Israel." Bulletin of Entomological Research 102, no. 6 (May 8, 2012): 632–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485312000235.

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AbstractSamples of a dipteran pest of wheat were tested to confirm identity, describe local populations and suggest the use of deploying resistance (R) genes in wheat cultivars for control of Mayetiola destructor, Hessian fly (HF). Morphological evaluation of adults and a free-choice oviposition preference test documenting that females overwhelmingly preferred to oviposit on wheat instead of barley supported they were HF. Using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (coxI), the Barcoding Region, nine haplotypes were revealed. Two were found only in the Israeli collections and averaged 3% sequence divergence compared to the other seven haplotypes found in the United States, Israel and Syria. In evaluations of virulence, the Israeli HF in culture was virulent to 11 of the 19 (R) genes tested, and complementation analysis documented that, for four of the R genes tested, the Israeli HF shared loci for virulence with HF from the United States. Levels of HF infestation at seven Israeli fields were at least at the 5–8% level, which historically has indicated a significant yield loss. Microsatellite genotyping of the five HF collections from Israel revealed mixed populations in Israel that are distinctly separate from the single population in Syria.

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OTHMAN, HASAN, and MOSTAFA SAADAT. "PREVALENCE OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN SYRIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 41, no. 5 (May 12, 2009): 685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932009003411.

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SummaryConsanguineous marriage is the union of individuals having at least one common ancestor. The present cross-sectional study was done in order to illustrate the prevalence and types of consanguineous marriages in the Syrian Arab Republic. Data on consanguineous marriages were collected using a simple questionnaire. The total number of couples in this study was 67,958 (urban areas: 36,574 couples; rural areas: 31,384 couples) from the following provinces: Damascus, Hamah, Tartous, Latakia, Al Raqa, Homs, Edlep and Aleppo. In each province urban and rural areas were surveyed. Consanguineous marriage was classified by the degree of relationship between couples: double first cousins (F=1/8), first cousins (F=1/16), second cousins (F=1/64) and beyond second cousins (F<1/64). The coefficient of inbreeding (F) was calculated for each couple and the mean coefficient of inbreeding (α) estimated for the population of each province, stratified by rural and urban areas. The results showed that the overall frequency of consanguinity was 30.3% in urban and 39.8% in rural areas. Total rate of consanguinity was found to be 35.4%. The equivalent mean inbreeding coefficient (α) was 0.0203 and 0.0265 in urban and rural areas, respectively. The mean proportion of consanguineous marriages ranged from 67.5% in Al Raqa province to 22.1% in Latakia province. The α-value ranged from 0.0358 to 0.0127 in these two provinces, respectively. The western and north-western provinces (including Tartous, Lattakia and Edlep) recorded lower levels of inbreeding than the central, northern and southern provinces. The overall α-value was estimated to be about 0.0236 for the studied populations. First cousin marriages (with 20.9%) were the most common type of consanguineous marriages, followed by double first cousin (with 7.8%) and second cousin marriages (with 3.3%), and beyond second cousin was the least common type.

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Khoury, Rana B. "Hard-to-Survey Populations and Respondent-Driven Sampling: Expanding the Political Science Toolbox." Perspectives on Politics 18, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 509–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592719003864.

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Survey research can generate knowledge that is central to the study of collective action, public opinion, and political participation. Unfortunately, many populations—from undocumented migrants to right-wing activists and oligarchs—are hidden, lack sampling frames, or are otherwise hard to survey. An approach to hard-to-survey populations commonly taken by researchers in other disciplines is largely missing from the toolbox of political science methods: respondent-driven sampling (RDS). By leveraging relations of trust, RDS accesses hard-to-survey populations; it also promotes representativeness, systematizes data collection, and, notably, supports population inference. In approximating probability sampling, RDS makes strong assumptions. Yet if strengthened by an integrative multimethod research design, it can shed light on otherwise concealed—and critical—political preferences and behaviors among many populations of interest. Through describing one of the first applications of RDS in political science, this article provides empirically grounded guidance via a study of activist refugees from Syria. Refugees are prototypical hard-to-survey populations, and mobilized ones are even more so; yet the study demonstrates that RDS can provide a systematic and representative account of a vulnerable population engaged in major political phenomena.

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Huynh, Benjamin Q., and Sanjay Basu. "Forecasting Internally Displaced Population Migration Patterns in Syria and Yemen." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 14, no. 3 (August 27, 2019): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2019.73.

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ABSTRACTObjectives:Armed conflict has contributed to an unprecedented number of internally displaced persons (IDPs), individuals who are forced out of their homes but remain within their country. IDPs often urgently require shelter, food, and healthcare, yet prediction of when IDPs will migrate to an area remains a major challenge for aid delivery organizations. We sought to develop an IDP migration forecasting framework that could empower humanitarian aid groups to more effectively allocate resources during conflicts.Methods:We modeled monthly IDP migration between provinces within Syria and within Yemen using data on food prices, fuel prices, wages, location, time, and conflict reports. We compared machine learning methods with baseline persistence methods of forecasting.Results:We found a machine learning approach that more accurately forecast migration trends than baseline persistence methods. A random forest model outperformed the best persistence model in terms of root mean square error of log migration by 26% and 17% for the Syria and Yemen datasets, respectively.Conclusions:Integrating diverse data sources into a machine learning model appears to improve IDP migration prediction. Further work should examine whether implementation of such models can enable proactive aid allocation for IDPs in anticipation of forecast arrivals.

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Rabo, Annika. "ONN WINCKLER, Demographic Developments and Population Policies in Ba⊂thist Syria (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1999). Pp. 223. $100.00 cloth." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 3 (August 2000): 428–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800002622.

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The globe is estimated to have 6 billion people today. The rapid increase of the human population has for decades been a common Western bogeyman. Now, at the turn of the millennium, the threat is brought out again. Today “the human time bomb” connotes uncontrolled fecundity in the Other, the non-Western or non-European. Demographic research shows that many countries in the Middle East and North Africa have among the highest rates of population growth in the contemporary world. Unlike Europe, where the nightmare of demographers and politicians is the aging and decreasing population, the Middle East still has a rapidly increasing and young population. Quite clearly, many politicians in the European Union are worried about the “uncontrollable overflow” of populations over its borders from the southern and eastern Mediterranean shores.

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Norman, Hayley C., Nick W. Galwey, and Philip S. Cocks. "Hardseededness in annual clovers: variation within populations and subsequent shifts due to environmental changes." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 7 (2002): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01116.

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The first experiment investigated the possibility of variation in seed softening patterns from progeny of individual clover plants from the same population. Patterns of seed softening were attained by exposing seeds on the soil surface over a single summer-autumn period. Logistic curves were fitted to these softening patterns. Comparison of parameters of logistic curves demonstrated that there was within-population variation for hardseededness at maturity, amount of hard seeds entering the seedbank after 6 months on the soil surface, and the time at which seeds softened. The existence of such variation within populations is required for natural selection in response to environmental changes. The second experiment compared hardseededness in populations of 2 clovers from different grazing and phosphate fertiliser treatments from a long-running grassland management trial in Syria. Differences in hardseedness (after 6 months exposure on the soil surface) between treatments demonstrated the importance of dormancy to the reproductive ecology of these clovers.

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Barbarroja, Jorge Martín, Rafael Jiménez Díaz, Víctor Hernández Fernández, and Pablo Castillo. "Reproductive fitness of Meloidogyne artiellia populations on chickpea and durum wheat." Nematology 7, no. 2 (2005): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568541054879656.

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AbstractThe influence of chickpea and durum wheat, as crops widely used in rotations in the Mediterranean Basin, on the reproductive fitness of five Meloidogyne artiellia populations from Italy, Spain and Syria, was investigated under controlled conditions. The reproductive fitness of the M. artiellia populations, determined as the number of eggs per mature egg mass, was significantly greater in durum wheat cv. Simeto than in chickpea cv. UC 27 for all five nematode populations. Similarly, both in chickpea and durum wheat the reproductive fitness differed among nematode populations, with populations of M. artiellia from Castel del Monte (southern Italy) and CL5 (northern Spain) producing the greatest number of eggs per egg mass. The fewest number of eggs per egg mass of M. artiellia occurred for populations from Alhama 6 (southern Spain) and Tel-Hadya (northern Syria).

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Al-Abdulla, Jihan, Majida Mofleh, and Luay Aslan. "Population dynamics of Phytoseiids mite on apple orchards in southern Syria." Arab Journal of Plant Protection 38, no. 3 (September 2020): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-38.3.258265.

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Maxted, Nigel. "Notes on Lathyrus hirticarpus from Syria." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 50, no. 1 (March 1993): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428600000706.

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Populations of a rare species of Lalhyrus (Vicieae, Leguminosae), Lathyrus hirticarpus Mattatia & Heyn were located in Tartous province, Western Syria. A description and discussion of the relationship between this and allied species from Lathyrus L. sect. Lathyrus are provided.

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Bhui, Kamaldeep. "From the Editor's desk." British Journal of Psychiatry 207, no. 4 (October 2015): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.207.4.369.

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Apples, refugees & emotionsThe Syrian refugee crisis is a reminder that conflict and war have consequences of immense public health importance. Professor Hans Rosling has produced a simple but incisive account of the scale of the problem facing Europe (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uljFaRuJ68&spfreload=10). If an apple represents 1 million Syrian people, 20 apples represent the Syrian population, 12 apples represent displaced populations, 4 of which are external to Syria. A quarter of an apple represents asylum seekers coming to the EU. The disproportionate burden of immediate and long-term health consequences falls on Syria and surrounding nations such as Lebanon and Turkey. Not only is there loss of life due to war and direct actions and injuries, political persecution by state or non-state forces leads to mass migrations of people seeking safety, security, and a future for themselves and their children. The tragic images of a 3-year-old boy, Alan Kurdi, lying on a Turkish beach after failing to survive a sea crossing, have sparked a rethink among world leaders. What should be their response to humanitarian crises and asylum seekers?

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Ekzayez, Abdulkarim, and Ammar Sabouni. "Targeting Healthcare in Syria." Journal of Humanitarian Affairs 2, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jha.038.

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Nine years of continuous conflict in Syria have borne witness to various atrocities against civilians, some of which amount to war crimes. Most of the involved parties have committed such atrocities, but the Government of Syria (GoS) and its allies remain at the top of the list of perpetrators. Out of a population of 21 million in 2010, more than half a million Syrians were killed as of January 2019 with more than 13 million displaced either inside the country, in neighbouring countries or elsewhere. Moreover, civilian infrastructures, including but not limited to health, have been severely affected, resulting in interrupted services and suffering. Looking at patterns of these atrocities, timing of occurrence, and consequences, could allow us to draw conclusions about motivations. While the GoS maintains these attacks were against combating civilians, we argue that civilians and civilian infrastructure were military and strategic targets, rather than collateral damage to the attacks committed by the GoS and its allies. The motives behind attacking civilians may be related to military gains in imposing submission and surrender; whereas others may be linked to long-term goals such as forced displacement and demographic engineering. This paper argues, supported by several examples throughout the course of the Syrian conflict, that GoS has used a five-point military tactic with targeting healthcare being at the heart of it. This military tactic has been extremely effective in regaining most opposition strongholds at the expense of civilian suffering and health catastrophe.

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Courbage, Youssef. "Fertility Transition in Syria: From Implicit Population Policy to Explicit Economic Crisis." International Family Planning Perspectives 20, no. 4 (December 1994): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2133259.

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Kennedy, David. "Demography, the Population of Syria and the Census of Q. Aemilius Secundus." Levant 38, no. 1 (June 2006): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lev.2006.38.1.109.

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Alburaki, Mohamed, Sibyle Moulin, Hélène Legout, Ali Alburaki, and Lionel Garnery. "Mitochondrial structure of Eastern honeybee populations from Syria, Lebanon and Iraq." Apidologie 42, no. 5 (July 21, 2011): 628–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13592-011-0062-4.

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Lob, Eric. "Iranian Reconstruction, Development, and Aid in Syria." Middle East Journal 75, no. 2 (July 14, 2021): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/75.2.12.

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This article examines the activities of the Iranian parastatal development organization Construction Jihad in the Syrian Civil War since 2015. Construction Jihad has implemented reconstruction and development projects and delivered social services and humanitarian aid in order to appease segments of the Syrian population and help pro-government forces consolidate territory. This case study sheds light on the complexities and tensions surrounding the Syrian regime's alliance with Iran and Russia and its efforts to preserve national sovereignty and avoid becoming dependent on its allies.

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Kanof, Marisa. "Problems and Solutions in US Refugee Resettlement Policy: An Interview with Liyam Eloul." Policy Perspectives 23 (May 2, 2016): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/pp.v23i0.16244.

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Liyam Eloul is a trauma therapist specialized in the field of refugee mental health. She received her BA in Cultural Psychology from Queen’s University, Ontario, a graduate diploma in Psychosocial Interventions for Refugees and Forced Migrants at the American University in Cairo, and her MA in International Disaster Psychology from the University of Denver. Eloul has worked with resettled refugee populations in the United States and refugee populations in Egypt, Afghanistan, Syria, Oman, and Jordan. She received a Fulbright Award for cross-cultural trauma research in Oman, and has published on mental health and psychosocial programming in the United States, Oman, and Syria. Currently, Eloul is a Psychotherapist Trainer with the Center for Victims of Torture in Amman, Jordan.

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Castillo, Pablo, Juan A. Navas-Cortés, David Gomar-Tinoco, Mauro Di Vito, and Rafael M. Jiménez-Díaz. "Interactions Between Meloidogyne artiellia, the Cereal and Legume Root-Knot Nematode, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris Race 5 in Chickpea." Phytopathology® 93, no. 12 (December 2003): 1513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.12.1513.

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In the Mediterranean Basin, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne artiellia coinfect chickpea. The influence of root infection (after inoculation with 20 nematode eggs and second-stage juveniles per gram of soil) by two M. artiellia populations, from Italy and Syria, on the reaction of chickpea lines and cultivars with partial resistance to Fusarium wilt (CA 252.10.1.OM, CA 255.2.5.0, CPS 1, and PV 61) and with complete resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 5 (CA 334.20.4, CA 336.14.3.0, ICC 14216 K, and UC 27) was investigated under controlled conditions. In genotypes with partial resistance, infection by M. artiellia significantly increased the severity of Fusarium wilt, irrespective of the fungal inoculum density (3,000 or 30,000 chlamydospores per gram of soil), except in cultivar CPS 1 at the lower fungal inoculum density. In genotypes with complete resistance to Fusarium wilt, infection by M. artiellia overcame the resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 5 in CA 334.20.4 and CA 336.14.3.0 but not in ICC 14216 K, irrespective of the fungal inoculum density, and overcame the resistance in UC 27 only at the higher inoculum density. Infection by the nematode significantly increased the number of propagules of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 5 in root tissues of genotypes with complete resistance to Fusarium wilt, compared with roots that were not inoculated with the nematode, irrespective of the fungal inoculum density, except in ICC 14216 K, in which this effect occurred only at the higher inoculum density. Reproduction of an M. artiellia population from Syria in the absence of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 5 was significantly higher than that of a population from Italy in all tested chick-pea genotypes except ICC 14216 K. However, there was no significant difference between the reproduction rates of the two nematode populations in plants infected with F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 5, irrespective of the fungal inoculum density and the reaction of the genotypes to the fungus.

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Treacher, T. T., F. Bahhady, H. Hreitani, and A. Termanini. "A comparison of the performance of Turkish and Syrian strains of Awassi ewes at two levels of nutrition." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1994 (March 1994): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960002746x.

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Although milk is an important product of sheep systems using the Awassi breed in the Near East, typically giving 25% of the gross income, there is little information on the yields of Awassi ewes at defined levels of nutrition. The Awassi is the dominant breed of sheep in the Near East. It is the only breed in Jordan, Lebanon and Syria, which have a total sheep population of 16.9 million. In Iraq about 50% of the 7.8 million sheep are Awassis. There are also approximately 1 million Awassi sheep in Turkey, mainly in the south along the border with Syria. Turkish Awassi ewes have been selected for milk yield for many years at the Ceylanpinar State Farm.In 1991, ICARDA purchased 40 ewes, aged 2 years, from the Ceylanpinar flock. In 1992, these ewes and 40 ewes selected at random from 2 year old ewes in the flock at ICARDA's Tel Hadya station at Aleppo, in northern Syria, were compared, using two levels of nutrition in lactation. The ewes in the ICARDA flock are typical of well managed flocks in northern Syria.

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Mohsen, Fatema, Batoul Bakkar, Humam Armashi, and Nizar Aldaher. "Crisis within a crisis, COVID-19 knowledge and awareness among the Syrian population: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 11, no. 4 (April 2021): e043305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043305.

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ObjectivesTo gauge specific knowledge around clinical features, transmission pathways and prevention methods, and to identify factors associated with poor knowledge to help facilitate outbreak management in Syria during this rapid global rise of the COVID-19 pandemic.DesignWeb-based cross-sectional survey.SettingThis study was conducted in March 2020, nearly 10 years into the Syrian war crisis. The Arabic-language survey was posted on various social media platforms including WhatsApp, Telegram, Instagram and Facebook targeting various social groups.ParticipantsA total of 4495 participants completed the survey. Participants with a history of COVID-19 infection, residing outside Syria or who did not fully complete the survey were excluded from the study. The final sample of 3586 participants (completion rate=79.8%) consisted of 2444 (68.2%) females and 1142 (31.8%) males.Primary and secondary outcome measuresFirst, knowledge of COVID-19 in four areas (general knowledge; transmission pathways; signs and symptoms; prevention methods). Second, factors associated with poor knowledge.ResultsOf the 3586 participants, 2444 (68.2%) were female, 1822 (50.8%) were unemployed and 2839 (79.2%) were college educated. The study revealed good awareness regarding COVID-19 (mean 75.6%, SD ±9.4%). Multiple linear regression analysis correlated poor mean knowledge scores with male gender (β=−0.933, p=0.005), secondary school or lower education level (β=−3.782, p<0.001), non-healthcare occupation (β=−3.592, p<0.001), low economic status (β=−0.669, p<0.040) and >5 household members (β=−1.737, p<0.001).ConclusionThis study revealed some potentially troubling knowledge gaps which underscore the need for a vigorous public education campaign in Syria. This campaign must reinforce the public’s awareness, knowledge and vigilance towards precautionary measures against COVID-19, and most importantly aid in controlling the worldwide spread of the disease.

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Kilzieh, Nael, Samar Rastam, Wasim Maziak, and Kenneth D. Ward. "Comorbidity of Depression with Chronic Diseases: A Population-Based Study in Aleppo, Syria." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 38, no. 2 (June 2008): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pm.38.2.d.

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Ali, Ali Yassin, Ahmad Ahmad, Jaafar Ammar, and Rabee Darwich. "Population dynamics of Dionconotus neglectus neglectus (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Miridae) on onion in Syria." Arab Journal of Plant Protection 37, no. 4 (December 2019): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-037.4.303309.

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Abdin, Louai, Koji Dewa, Steven Rand, Carsten Hohoff, and Bernd Brinkmann. "Analysis of 13 Y-chromosomal STRs in an Arab population sample from Syria." International Congress Series 1239 (January 2003): 319–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-1693(02)00893-9.

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Ward, K. D., S. Ahn, F. Mzayek, R. Al Ali, S. Rastam, T. Asfar, F. Fouad, and W. Maziak. "The Relationship Between Waterpipe Smoking and Body Weight: Population-Based Findings From Syria." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 17, no. 1 (August 5, 2014): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu121.

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Antaki, Nabil, and Mohamad Kamel Kebbewar. "Hepatitis A Seroprevalence Rate in Syria." Tropical Doctor 30, no. 2 (April 2000): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947550003000215.

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Hepatitis A is a benign infection, which in the developing world affects mainly children; the majority of adults are immune by the age of 30. In the last decade or so, a shift in the prevalence pattern of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection from a low- to a high-age group has appeared in the developed countries. This shift has been attributed to an improvement in the socio-economic and hygienic conditions. In the present study, 849 Syrians of all age groups and both sexes were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique for the seroprevalence of hepatitis A IgG antibody (anti-HAV IgG). It was observed that anti-HAV IgG was present in 89% Syrian population; with 50% in the 1–5 year age group and 95% in the 11–15 year age group. These results demonstrate that HAV infection in Syria is mostly acquired during childhood. As yet there is no serological evidence of a shift in HAV infection from a younger to a higher age group.

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Haddow, Scott, and Nancy C. Lovell. "Metric Analysis of Permanent and Deciduous Teeth from Bronze Age Tell Leilan, Syria." Dental Anthropology Journal 16, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v16i3.155.

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Between 1979 and 1989 the skeletal remains of 21 adults and 38 children, yielding 317 permanent and 134 deciduous teeth, were recovered at Tell Leilan, Syria, the site of a major urban center during the emergence of complex state society in northern Mesopotamia in the mid-third millennium BC. Tooth crown dimensions (faciolingual and mesiodistal diameters, total crown area, and molar crown area) are presented and the last two serve as the primary units of comparison for a diachronic interpretation of tooth size variation in the ancient Near East. Both permanent and deciduous dental data support the pattern of dental reduction since the Middle Paleolithic that has been documented for Asia and Europe. The total crown areas for the permanent and deciduous dental samples, 1189 mm2 and 497 mm2 respectively, place this archaeological population at the smaller end of the crown area scale for the Near East; smaller in size than nearby Paleolithic and Neolithic populations. Given the paucity of odontological data for this area, this study contributes to the odontometric history of Mesopotamia and as a summary compilation and comparison of previously conducted odontometric work as it relates to the phenomenon of dental reduction within the ancient Near East.

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Aljadeeah, Saleh, Veronika J. Wirtz, and Eckhard Nagel. "Outpatient Antibiotic Dispensing for the Population with Government Health Insurance in Syria in 2018–2019." Antibiotics 9, no. 9 (September 2, 2020): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090570.

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Little is known about antibiotic uses at the population level in Syria. The aim of our study is to present outpatient antibiotic dispensing (OAD) patterns and rates for patients with health insurance in the parts of Syria that are controlled by the Syrian government using different indicators. Outpatient data on all dispensed antibiotics for 81,314 adults with health insurance were obtained and stratified according to age, sex, governorate and annual season. OAD was mainly expressed as the number of defined daily doses (DDDs) per 1000 people per day (DID). OAD patterns were assessed according to the anatomical therapeutic classification (ATC) and the Access, Watch and Reserve (AWaRe) classification. OAD was 20.13 DID. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and clarithromycin were the most dispensed antibiotics (5.76 and 4.4 DID, respectively). Overall, a predominant consumption of broad-spectrum antibiotics was noted. The Watch group of the AWaRe classification had the biggest percentage of OAD (13.26 DID), followed by the Access and the Reserve groups (6.55 and 0.17 DID, respectively). There was a significant difference in OAD between the sex and age groups. The seasonal and regional variations in OAD were also significant. Broad-spectrum antibiotics dispensing was high compared to other studies from different countries. These results are concerning, as they can contribute to antibiotic resistance.

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Doocy, Shannon, Adam Sirois, Margarita Tileva, J. Douglas Storey, and Gilbert Burnham. "Chronic disease and disability among Iraqi populations displaced in Jordan and Syria." International Journal of Health Planning and Management 28, no. 1 (June 8, 2012): e1-e12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2119.

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Brandis, D., V. Storch, and M. Türkay. "The status of the freshwater crab populations of the Khabur River (Syria)." Journal of Natural History 32, no. 10-11 (November 1998): 1439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939800770971.

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Docherty, Benedict, Xavier Mathieu, and Jason Ralph. "R2P and the Arab Spring: Norm Localisation and the US Response to the Early Syria Crisis." Global Responsibility to Protect 12, no. 3 (July 29, 2020): 246–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-984x-20200005.

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This article explains why R2P failed to motivate action to protect vulnerable Syrians in the first two years of the crisis. We focus on the United States and argue that official discourse ‘localised’ the meaning R2P by grafting it on to preconceived ideas of America’s role in supporting democratic revolutions, which is how the situation was understood. American ‘exemplarism’ demanded the US support democracy by calling on Assad to go while not corrupting the ‘homegrown’ revolution through foreign intervention. The call for political and criminal accountability aligned exemplarist democracy promotion to R2P, but it did nothing to protect vulnerable populations from the conflict that ensued. This refraction of the norm complicated the United Nations sponsored peace process, which provided an alternative means of protecting the Syrian population. We address a gap in the literature by examining Western localisation and draw policy lessons, namely the importance of examining national predispositions when implementing R2P.

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Ali Abdul Qader, Badia Suleiman. "Turkish water projects on the Euphrates River and their negative impact on Syria and Iraq." Tikrit Journal For Political Science, no. 16 (July 2, 2019): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i16.149.

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The study aims at identifying the negative impact of the Turkish water projects in the Euphrates River on Syria and Iraq. The problem is to clarify and monitor the Turkish water projects on the Euphrates River and to indicate whether they have a negative impact on Syria and Iraq and on the overall environmental security. The study reached results consistent with the hypotheses and proved The Turkish projects have a negative impact on Syria and Iraq in terms of water pollution. The Euphrates River in Iraq and Syria suffers from a high pollution rate to record levels of 1800 mg / L while the global average is less than 800 mg / L. The increase in salinity in the water has led to the injury of crops in the region by stunting, as well as cutting the water supply of the Euphrates River and reducing its flow due to Turkish projects caused by environmental drought and desertification, reducing the agricultural area and displacement of the population, as well as the cessation of hydroelectric power stations which depend on water in operation. Leading to the suspension of vital projects, economic and infrastructure projects

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Kakaje, Ameer, Mohammad Marwan Alhalabi, Ayham Alyousbashi, Aya Hamid, and Yousef Mahmoud. "Laryngopharyngeal reflux in war-torn Syria and its association with smoking and other risks: an online cross-sectional population study." BMJ Open 10, no. 11 (November 2020): e041183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041183.

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ObjectivesTo demonstrate the burden of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) in Syria and its associated variables.DesignThis is a cross-sectional study that used online questionnaires that included demographics, smoking, war-related questions and reflux symptom index (RSI).SettingThis research was conducted online across Syria and included the general population.ParticipantsParticipants who lived in Syria, agreed to participate, and responded to all the RSI questions were included. This research comprised 734 participants, with 94.6% response rate, 75.5% being females, and a mean age of 24 years.ResultsOverall, 31.9% of subjects had symptoms suggestive of LPR. Participants who were 30 years and younger had fewer symptoms suggestive of LPR compared with the older group p=0.012 (OR 0.534; 95% CI 0.325 to 0.877). While having an epigastric burning sensation, chest pain and indigestion were the most common symptoms, having a sore throat was the least common. Being distressed from war noises was associated with more symptoms p=0.009 (OR 1.562; 95% CI 1.117 to 2.183). However, losing someone or changing place of living due to war were not significantly associated with these symptoms p>0.05. RSI scores were associated with cigarette and/or shisha smoking p<0.05. Finally, asthma, allergic disorders and having a job were associated with having LPR symptoms p<0.05. No significant findings were observed in consanguinity, marital status, educational level and socioeconomic status.ConclusionsWar, smoking, asthma, allergies, respiratory conditions and having a job were associated with LPR symptoms. However, they may be associated with these symptoms independently from LPR; for instance, similar symptoms can be caused by the mental disorders from war, the unique environment and irritant substances of the laryngeal mucosa.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Population – Syrie'

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