Academic literature on the topic 'Population transfers – German'

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Journal articles on the topic "Population transfers – German"

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Beer, Matthias. "Vertriebene und “Umsiedlerpolitik.” Integrationskonflikte in der deutschen Nachkriegsgesellschaft und die Assimilationsstrategien in der SBZ/DDR 1945-1961." Central European History 39, no. 1 (2006): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906370069.

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Among forced population transfers in the twentieth century, the expulsion of the German population from East Central Europe at the end of World War II was remarkable. More than twelve million Germans were expelled from the eastern parts of the German Reich and some eastern European states. These refugees arrived in a defeated, occupied, destroyed, and divided country. Initially, the percentage of expelled persons in the Soviet Occupation Zone was much higher than in the western zones. With almost 4.5 million individuals, the expellees made up twenty-four percent of the total population in the Soviet Occupation Zone in 1949. By contrast, western Germany had eight million expellees, who comprised roughly sixteen percent of the total population.
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Busch, Ulrich. "Abstieg West durch Aufbau Ost?" PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 34, no. 135 (2004): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v34i135.636.

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14 years after the German unification East Germany is one of the largest European problem areas. Loss of population, economic stagnation and the dependence on transfers from the West determine the situation. With the expansion of the EU, East Germany can become the German mezzogiorno. In this situation a group of experts demands radical measures form the federal government. But these measures will worsen the living conditions in East Germany, which are already very different to those in West Germany.
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Venken, Machteld. "Nationalization campaigns and teachers’ practices in Belgian–German and Polish–German border regions (1945–1956)." Nationalities Papers 42, no. 2 (2014): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.817386.

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This contribution looks into nationalization and education in European borderlands in the early post-World War II period. Belonging to Belgium and Poland, respectively, in the interwar years, the Eupen–St. Vith–Malmedy and the East-Upper Silesia regions came under German rule during World War II. Returned to the Belgian and Polish nation-states once the war was over, the regions experienced a pronounced upheaval in the population profile as a result of population transfers and reorientations in education curricula. The aim of these measures was to guarantee the national reliability of borderland inhabitants, with a special role being designated for teachers, who were perceived as crucial in the raising of children as national citizens imbued with certain core values. This contribution compares the methods employed by the authorities in selecting educational personnel for their borderlands, the nationalizing role teachers were to play and the way teachers gave meaning to their professional practices.
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Barlösius, Eva, and Claudia Neu. "„Gleichwertigkeit – Ade?“." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 37, no. 146 (2007): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v37i146.527.

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Three main reasons can be identified which triggered a social and political debate whether the task of reaching equal living conditions in Germany has to be abandoned. First, the costs of the reunification and the changed environment caused by globalisation have tightened state budgets available to achieve that aim. Second, economic backwardness and social disengagement of rural areas led to a lasting dependence on transfers from richer German regions. Third, the upcoming demographic change has raised the question whether equal living conditions can be financed for rural areas with low population density. However, the far reaching social consequences of abandoning the aim of equal living conditions remained unconsidered in the debate. Accepting huge differences in living conditions and thus severe territorial disparities means to restrict the equality of opportunity of the rural population and with it endangering the territorial cohesion.
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Kuznetsova, O. V. "Cities as actors of globalization: differences between federal subjects and municipalities in Russia and Germany." Regional nye issledovaniya, no. 1 (2020): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/10.5922/1994-5280-2020-1-2.

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The article compares the situation in Russia and Germany with differences between cities of various status by their powers and budget revenues. We analyze data on the number and population of urban districts in Russia and their analogues in Germany, on the execution of budgets of cities-municipalities and cities-regions. It is shown that the system of territorial division in Russia at the municipal level differs from the German one by noticeably greater fragmentation and the dominance of urban districts of low population. In both countries, local budgets are focused on solving social problems and developing local infrastructure, and approaches to securing tax sources for local budgets are common. At the same time, the contrast between the budget indicators (income and expenditure per capita, the share of inter- budget transfers in income) of cities-regions and cities-municipalities in Russia is significantly higher than in Germany, which limits the ability of city district authorities to conduct independent economic policy, including support for the development of foreign economic relations. The author suggests ways to increase the revenue base of local budgets in Russia (crediting all small business taxes to their budgets, improving the quality of land and real estate accounting, managing non-tax revenues), as well as giving local government bodies of different population groups different powers.
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Korb, Alexander. "DISSIMILATION, ASSIMILATION AND THE UNMIXING OF PEOPLES: GERMAN AND CROATIAN SCHOLARS WORKING TOWARDS A NEW ETHNO-POLITICAL ORDER, 1919–1945." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 24 (October 24, 2014): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440114000097.

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ABSTRACTThis paper deals with a transnational network of scholars and their demographic concepts of ethnic homogenisation of Europe. Focusing on the ethnographer Karl Christian von Loesch and the sociologist Max Hildebert Boehm, it sheds light on German supremacist scholarship and its international entanglements in the interwar years. Loesch and Boehm headed the Institute for Borderland and Foreign Studies in Berlin, where they developed concepts of a new European demographic order based on ethnic segregation, border shifts, assimilation and population transfers. They closely cooperated with non-German nationalists. Indeed, Loesch and Boehm had a big impact on non-Germans scholars, who studied at their institute and who would later try to apply similar concepts of ethnic homogenisation to their countries. By discussing the work of three of their students, Franz Ronneberger, Mladen Lorković and Fritz Valjavec, the paper presents a case of transnational cooperation between German and south-eastern European scholars. Using Croatia as an example, the paper demonstrates how these scholars worked towards nation-states freed of ethnic minorities. The Second World War would bring them into a position to try to implement their projects. Yet, the brutal dynamics of the war quickly altered the reality scholars had planned to design. The grand demographic schemes paved the way for ethnic cleansing, but had not much to do with the way they were carried out.
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Juhászová, Tereza. "The Troubled Pasts of Hungarian and German Minorities in Slovakia and Their Representation in Museums." Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics 12, no. 1 (2018): 52–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jnmlp-2018-0002.

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Abstract In the 20th century, the two world wars reshaped the map of Central Europe as well as the status of Central Europe’s diverse societies. In my article, I focus on the Hungarian and German minorities in Slovakia and the representation of their problematic historical past in contemporary Slovak museums. More specifically, I zoom in on the exhibition Exchanged Homes displayed in Bratislava, which aims to commemorate the fate of Hungarians, Germans, and Slovaks, all of whom were affected by the population transfers after World War II. Based on the concept of memorial museums theorized by Paul Williams, I aim to show how the different exhibitions engage with the traumatic past of forceful resettlement. By offering multifaceted memories of a troubled past, these exhibitions avoid categorizing “victims” and “perpetrators” along national or ethnic lines. My paper thus analyzes the concepts and components of the exhibitions—the context of the postwar events, oral history interviews, and objects of everyday use that should bring the visitor closer to the experience of the people who were forced to leave. I argue that exhibitions of this sort have the ability to challenge the dominant historical narrative focusing on a national “Slovak” history and help the process of reconciliation between the Slovak majority society, and the Hungarian and German minorities.
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Kind-Kovács, Friederike. "Memories of ethnic cleansing and thelocalIron Curtain in the Czech–German borderlands." Nationalities Papers 42, no. 2 (2014): 199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.867931.

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The Czech–German borderlands are an archetypal European border region. They evoke not only Cold War histories, but also shelter layers of European memories of the ethnic reshaping of early post-war Europe. By means of life story interviews with German speakers of the border region, this article analyzes the symbolic meaning of and the individual dealing with thelocalIron Curtain. It will shed light on the biographical and narrative interconnectedness of experiences of ethnic cleansing in the early post-war period and retrospective perceptions of the Iron Curtain in these borderlands. In particular, it inquires whether and to what extent thelocalIron Curtain intensified fractures caused by the region's post-and pre-war attempts to halt the multiethnic composition of the border communities. The article suggests that thelocalCzech–German Iron Curtain would have never endured as strongly if the border communities’ common identity had not already been severely damaged in the course of the region's traumatic history and forced population transfers.
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Kontuly, T., and K. P. Schön. "Changing Western German Internal Migration Systems during the Second Half of the 1980s." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, no. 10 (1994): 1521–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a261521.

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The slow downward trend toward greater spatial deconcentration in West Germany during the time period 1970 to 1984 shifted back toward concentration from 1985 and through 1988. This ‘swing back’ occurred over only a three-year period. Regional labor-market changes appear to be the only factor able to cause such an abrupt shift to concentration, suggesting the importance of the regional restructuring hypothesis as an explanation. Changing internal migration patterns by two age-groups, 25–29 and 30–49, were responsible for the shift. A reduction of net in-migration to intermediate-sized regions with favorable structures as well as to small-sized rural regions with unfavorable structures, in the northern and central parts of the country, caused the shift. The concentration trend remained unaltered during 1989, in spite of large transfers of population out of eastern and into western Germany, because these exchanges favored the large-sized, densely populated, structurally weak regions in the Ruhr-Rhine and the Saarland.
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Kranz, Jerzy. "Wollt ihr den totalen Krieg? Legal, Political, and Moral Aspects of the Resettlement of German Population." Polish Review of International and European Law 7, no. 2 (2020): 9–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/priel.2018.7.2.01.

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Germany had started the Second World War in an intentional and conscious manner, obviously being aware that every action can have unpredictable and unwanted consequences. The Potsdam decisions were taken by the Great Powers after assuming supreme authority in Germany. They constituted a manifestation of the Allies’ rights and responsibilities. The territorial changes of Germany and the transfer of population were part of the general regulation of the effects of the Second World War. These decisions were not a simple matter of revenge. They must be perceived in a wider political perspective of European policy. The resettlement by Germany of ethnic Germans to the Reich or to the territories it occupied constituted an instrument of National Socialist policy. This German policy turned out in 1945 to be a tragic irony of fate. The resettlement decided in Potsdam must be perceived in the context of German legal responsibility for the war’s outbreak. The individual perception of the resettlement and individual guilt are different from the international responsibility of the state and from the political-historical responsibility of the nation. In our discussion we made the distinction between the individual and the collective aspect as well as between the legal and historical/political aspect. We deal with the guilt of individuals (criminal, political, moral), the international legal responsibility of states, and the political and historical responsibility of nations (societies). For the difficult process of understanding and reconciliation between Poles and Germans, the initiatives undertaken by some social circles, and especially the church, were of vital importance. The question of the resettlement became a theme of numerous publications in Poland after 1989. In the mid 1990s there was a vast debate in the media with the main question of: should we apologize for the resettlement? Tracing a line from wrongdoing/harm to unlawfulness is not easy. In 1945 the forcible transfer of the German population was an act that was not prohibited by international law. What is significant is that this transfer was not a means of war conduct. It did not apply to the time of a belligerent occupation, in terms of humanitarian law, but to a temporary, specific, international post-conflict administration. Maybe for some people Potsdam decisions will always be seen as an illegal action, for others as an expression of strict international legal responsibility, for some as a kind of imperfect justice, and still for others as an opening of a new opportunity for Europe.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Population transfers – German"

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Lüth, Erik. "Private intergenerational transfers and population aging : the German case; with 53 tables /." Heidelberg [u.a.] : Physica-Verl, 2001. http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz091358108cov.htm.

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Lotz, Christian. "Die Deutung des Verlusts erinnerungspolitische Kontroversen im geteilten Deutschland um Flucht, Vertreibung und die Ostgebiete (1948-1972) /." Köln : Böhlau, 2007. http://books.google.com/books?id=qhxoAAAAMAAJ.

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Bresinsky, Aiko N. "Baltic German Exodus, 1939-1945: Settlement, Adaption and Disappearance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3195.

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The resettlement of Baltic Germans from Estonia and Latvia to the Polish territories initiated the dissolution of the Baltic German community and its unique identity, largely causing hardship and suffering throughout the occupation in Poland. The subsequent escape from the Red Army and deportations by the Poles at the end of World War II completed the disbanding. It brought innocent families, as well as Baltic German soldiers, to and beyond the limits of their ability to endure pain and suffering. Yet, throughout the process, Baltic Germans’ reaction to the opportunities and crisis varied greatly. The following study will uncover the diverse fates Baltic Germans endured and reveal the range of Baltic German’s culpability and victimhood throughout the resettlement process and the subsequent migration west.
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Moreno-Bachler, Jessica. "Expulsions des Allemands des Sudètes : expressions d'une identité atrophiée dans la littérature : "L'Heure étoilée du meurtrier" de Pavel Kohout, "Les Inachevés" de Reinhard Jirgl." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30018/document.

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L’expulsion des Allemands des Sudètes reste aujourd’hui encore un sujet sensible des deux côtés de la frontière germano-tchèque. En témoignent les polémiques liées à l’ouverture du « Zentrum gegen Vertreibungen » à Berlin ou les déclarations de Milos Zeman affirmant que les expulsions n’avaient pas été une punition assez sévère pour les Allemands. Dès 1945, les trois millions d’Allemands vivant encore sur le territoire de la future République tchèque furent expulsés vers l’Allemagne, transitant par des camps de travail, forcés de laisser derrière eux leur maison, leur ferme ou encore leur entreprise. Comment alors se reconstruire dans un pays qui n’est pas le sien ? Nombre d’entre eux considèrent dans un premier temps que cette expulsion est provisoire et entretiennent l’espoir d’un retour. Toutefois, ils seront rares à retrouver leur ancienne patrie. Ces événements sont violents, car sous le mot « expulsion » se cache en réalité des termes tels que « viol, expropriation, exploitation, déracinement ». La génération des parents expulsés, tout entière concentrée sur une reconstruction matérielle, fermera les yeux sur les souffrances des héritiers du non-dit. Aujourd’hui, ce sont eux qui prennent la parole, dans des œuvres romanesques que nous analyserons dans le présent travail. Le roman de Pavel Kohout, L’Heure étoilée du meurtrier, est un roman qui a manqué sa réception. Son message hautement politique a été masqué par l’appellation « Thriller » qui lui a été attribué, censure du régime communiste tchèque oblige. Toutefois, les personnages qui évoluent dans le récit, même s’ils enquêtent sur une série de meurtres, font plus que cela. Ils donnent à voir à quel point les relations germano-tchèques ont été détruites par la politique nationale-socialiste et l’occupation. Ainsi la rencontre entre les deux protagonistes, l’un allemand, l’autre tchèque, soulève la question de l’après. Alors que les expulsions sauvages débutent, leur amitié se renforce, leur questionnement face à l’avenir ouvre la voie de la réconciliation. Les personnages des Inachevés sont quant à eux les victimes des expulsions annoncées dans le roman de Pavel Kohout. Les quatre femmes de la famille Rosenbach vivront ce traumatisme dans le déni, l’opposition ou le silence, jusqu’à le transmettre au dernier-né, projeté dans un passé qui n’est pas le sien. Cet homme brisé par une histoire qui lui est étrangère pose alors la question de la transmission. Que s’échangent les personnages du roman de Pavel Kohout, lorsque Buback l’allemand reconnaît sa culpabilité ? Quel rôle le silence joue-t-il dans la transmission d’un traumatisme, lorsque même les générations actuelles souffrent des blessures de leurs aînés ?<br>The theme of my research is identity, the transmission of History into a family and the social deconstruction of the German expellees after World War II. The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans is the historical frame in which the novels of Reinhard Jirgl and Pavel Kohout evolve. The questions that are explored in this doctoral thesis are: How can literature be the medium of their suffering? Which part did the lost homeland play on their identity and how could they pass on the History to their children or grand-children without imprisoning them in a jail of silence? Pavel Kohout’s novel, Sternstunde der Mörder, embodies the interrogations of the allied forces in 1945: are German and Czech people able to live side by side? The expulsions, the violence and the loss of the homeland gave birth to a trauma that still isn’t healed. The Rosenbach family in Reinhard Jirgl’s novel Die Unvollendenten are the victims of those expulsions and pass their trauma on to the grandchild, sick of a wound that isn’t his own. The suffering of this generation is still present in today’s Germany: can literature be part of the healing process?
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Volkwein, Alice. "(Dis)cours mémoriel de la fuite et expulsion dans l'Allemagne unifiée (1989-2005). Complexe mémoriel et identitaire dans les sphères privée et publique." Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030009.

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La mémoire de la fuite et expulsion de plus de douze millions d’Allemands entre 1945 et 1950 connaît, depuis l’unification allemande, une nouvelle actualité : documentaires dans les médias depuis 2001, expositions nationales en 2005-2006 et surtout des débats qui semblent ne pas vouloir finir. Si ces débats sont souvent interprétés comme le signe du passage de cette mémoire du domaine communicatif au domaine culturel (Assmann), c’est-à-dire comme le signe de "négociations" attendues dès lors qu’il s’agit de la pérennisation et de l’institutionnalisation d’une mémoire de groupe au sein de la mémoire collective nationale, cette étude a précisément pour objectif d’interroger le fonctionnement de ce passage. Il s’agit de mettre à jour le (dis)cours, soit l’histoire, les formes discursives, les acteurs et les enjeux, politiques et identitaires, de cette recomposition mémorielle entre 1989 et 2005. Après une présentation du complexe historique et mémoriel de la fuite et expulsion avant 1989, l’étude discursive qualitative explore, en deux volets, les récits de mémoire privés dans les familles d’expulsés et le débat public dans la presse supra-régionale allemande entre 1989 et 2005. Elle met en évidence le rôle des médias et l’importance du critère générationnel dans les sphères privée comme publique, mais aussi la complexité des interactions mémorielles entre ces deux sphères avant d’élaborer un schéma de l’évolution du lieu de mémoire "fuite et expulsion" dans les quinze premières années suivant l’unification allemande<br>Since the German reunification in 1990, the collective memory of the flight and expulsion of more than twelve millions Germans between 1945 and 1950 has become very topical again : several documentary films since 2001, two big exhibitions in 2005-2006 and above all long and controversial discussions have been largely commented in the press over the past twenty years. These debates are often interpreted as the sign of the evolution of this collective memory from a communicative to a cultural memory (Assmann), i.e. as a sign of the expected "negotiations" on its institutionalisation — not only in the group memory of the expelled people, but also in the German national memory. The aim of this research is thus to analyse precisely this evolution, i.e. the (dis)course of this difficult memory between 1989 and 2005, its history, forms and actors by paying attention to the implication of this memory discourse for German politics in Europe and for German national identity. After a presentation of the history and remembrance complex that was "flight and expulsion" before 1989, the study (a discourse analysis) explores, in two steps, the private memory stories in the families of German expellees and the public debate in the German national press between 1989 and 2005. The study points out the role of the media and the importance of the generational change both in the private and the public sphere, as well as the complicated interactions between the two levels. It then elaborates a scheme of how the memory of "flight and expulsion" evolved in the first fifteen years after the reunification
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Melendy, Brenda. "In search of Heimat crafting expellee identity in the West German context, 1949-1961 /." Diss., 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/40517993.html.

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Plavnieks, Richards Olafs. ""Wall of blood" : the Baltic German case study in National Socialist wartime population policy, 1939-1945 /." 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1829.

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KUBŮ, Eliška. "Specifika výuky dějin 20. století na 2. stupni základní školy." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-156225.

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This diploma thesis deals with the teaching specificity of the history of the 20th century in upper primary schools and with methodical drafts of selected thematic units of the same period. The thesis puts emphasis on problems related to teaching on the 20th century. The work summarizes theoretical knowledge of teaching on the history of the 20th century and follows up the classification of this historical period into the General educational program for basic education. Methods and strategies suitable for teaching the history of the 20th century and the approach how to give lessons about controversial and delicate topics in history are also included in the present thesis. The methodical drafts of selected thematic units from the history of the 20th century are one part of the thesis. These drafts were worked out in respect of using various teaching styles and educational strategies. The thesis also pays attention to the utilization of didactic media in the teaching of history.
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Books on the topic "Population transfers – German"

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Staněk, Tomáš. Retribuční vězni v českých zemích: 1945-1955. Slezský ústav Slezského zemského muzea Opava, 2002.

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Paikert, G. C. The German exodus: A selective study on the post-World War II expulsion of German populations and its effects. Nijhoff, 1991.

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The German expellees: Victims in war and peace. Macmillan, 1993.

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The German expellees: Victims in war and peace. St. Martin's Press, 1993.

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Neary, Brigitte U., and Holle Schneider-Ricks. Voices of loss and courage: German women recount their expulsion from East Central Europe, 1944-1950. Picton Press, 2002.

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Schmettow, Dietrich-H. 1945, seen through the eyes eyes of a sixteen year old: On a wagon train through East Germany. Vantage Press, 1996.

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Szalai, Wendelin, and Astrid von Friesen. Heimat verlieren, Heimat finden: Geschichten von Krieg, Flucht und Vertreibung : aus einer Erzählwerkstatt in der Bürgerstiftung Dresden. DDP Goldenbogen, 2002.

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Zedlitz, und Neukirch Sigismund. Liegnitz und sein Landkreis, 1944, 1945 und 1946: Zeitzeugenberichte. Henske-Neumann Verlag, 2011.

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Nolywaika, Joachim. Polen, nicht nur Opfer: Die Verschwörung des Verschweigens. Deutsche Stimme, 2006.

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Soine, Christel. Vertrieben, geschunden, missbraucht: Die Geschichte einer Vertreibung aus Ostpreussen. Verein für Heimatkunde, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Population transfers – German"

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Radvanovský, Zdeněk. "The Transfer of Czechoslovakia’s Germans and its Impact in the Border Region after the Second World War." In Czechoslovakia in a Nationalist and Fascist Europe, 1918–1948. British Academy, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263914.003.0013.

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When World War II broke out, Britain's Foreign Office set up a number of brains trusts which, in co-operation with the east European exile governments, proceeded to formulate plans for reordering central and south-eastern Europe. The planning intensified after the Soviet Union and the United States entered the war. Already the basic consensus was that those states to be reconstituted after Nazi Germany's defeat should have no national minorities — certainly no German minorities — and that this solution could be achieved through a massive transfer of inhabitants. Most political parties in Slovakia demanded autonomy for their country and the formation of an independent Slovak government. In Czechoslovakia's border regions in the early post-war months, there was something of a vacuum when it came to settling the fate of the Germans. Alongside the expulsion of the Germans, far less attention was paid in the Allied states to a concomitant development: the resettlement of the border region with a Czech or Slovak population.
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