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Journal articles on the topic 'Population transfers – German'
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1
Beer, Matthias. "Vertriebene und “Umsiedlerpolitik.” Integrationskonflikte in der deutschen Nachkriegsgesellschaft und die Assimilationsstrategien in der SBZ/DDR 1945-1961." Central European History 39, no. 1 (2006): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906370069.
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Among forced population transfers in the twentieth century, the expulsion of the German population from East Central Europe at the end of World War II was remarkable. More than twelve million Germans were expelled from the eastern parts of the German Reich and some eastern European states. These refugees arrived in a defeated, occupied, destroyed, and divided country. Initially, the percentage of expelled persons in the Soviet Occupation Zone was much higher than in the western zones. With almost 4.5 million individuals, the expellees made up twenty-four percent of the total population in the Soviet Occupation Zone in 1949. By contrast, western Germany had eight million expellees, who comprised roughly sixteen percent of the total population.
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Busch, Ulrich. "Abstieg West durch Aufbau Ost?" PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 34, no. 135 (2004): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v34i135.636.
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14 years after the German unification East Germany is one of the largest European problem areas. Loss of population, economic stagnation and the dependence on transfers from the West determine the situation. With the expansion of the EU, East Germany can become the German mezzogiorno. In this situation a group of experts demands radical measures form the federal government. But these measures will worsen the living conditions in East Germany, which are already very different to those in West Germany.
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Venken, Machteld. "Nationalization campaigns and teachers’ practices in Belgian–German and Polish–German border regions (1945–1956)." Nationalities Papers 42, no. 2 (2014): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.817386.
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This contribution looks into nationalization and education in European borderlands in the early post-World War II period. Belonging to Belgium and Poland, respectively, in the interwar years, the Eupen–St. Vith–Malmedy and the East-Upper Silesia regions came under German rule during World War II. Returned to the Belgian and Polish nation-states once the war was over, the regions experienced a pronounced upheaval in the population profile as a result of population transfers and reorientations in education curricula. The aim of these measures was to guarantee the national reliability of borderland inhabitants, with a special role being designated for teachers, who were perceived as crucial in the raising of children as national citizens imbued with certain core values. This contribution compares the methods employed by the authorities in selecting educational personnel for their borderlands, the nationalizing role teachers were to play and the way teachers gave meaning to their professional practices.
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Barlösius, Eva, and Claudia Neu. "„Gleichwertigkeit – Ade?“." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 37, no. 146 (2007): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v37i146.527.
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Three main reasons can be identified which triggered a social and political debate whether the task of reaching equal living conditions in Germany has to be abandoned. First, the costs of the reunification and the changed environment caused by globalisation have tightened state budgets available to achieve that aim. Second, economic backwardness and social disengagement of rural areas led to a lasting dependence on transfers from richer German regions. Third, the upcoming demographic change has raised the question whether equal living conditions can be financed for rural areas with low population density. However, the far reaching social consequences of abandoning the aim of equal living conditions remained unconsidered in the debate. Accepting huge differences in living conditions and thus severe territorial disparities means to restrict the equality of opportunity of the rural population and with it endangering the territorial cohesion.
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Kuznetsova, O. V. "Cities as actors of globalization: differences between federal subjects and municipalities in Russia and Germany." Regional nye issledovaniya, no. 1 (2020): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/10.5922/1994-5280-2020-1-2.
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The article compares the situation in Russia and Germany with differences between cities of various status by their powers and budget revenues. We analyze data on the number and population of urban districts in Russia and their analogues in Germany, on the execution of budgets of cities-municipalities and cities-regions. It is shown that the system of territorial division in Russia at the municipal level differs from the German one by noticeably greater fragmentation and the dominance of urban districts of low population. In both countries, local budgets are focused on solving social problems and developing local infrastructure, and approaches to securing tax sources for local budgets are common. At the same time, the contrast between the budget indicators (income and expenditure per capita, the share of inter- budget transfers in income) of cities-regions and cities-municipalities in Russia is significantly higher than in Germany, which limits the ability of city district authorities to conduct independent economic policy, including support for the development of foreign economic relations. The author suggests ways to increase the revenue base of local budgets in Russia (crediting all small business taxes to their budgets, improving the quality of land and real estate accounting, managing non-tax revenues), as well as giving local government bodies of different population groups different powers.
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Korb, Alexander. "DISSIMILATION, ASSIMILATION AND THE UNMIXING OF PEOPLES: GERMAN AND CROATIAN SCHOLARS WORKING TOWARDS A NEW ETHNO-POLITICAL ORDER, 1919–1945." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 24 (October 24, 2014): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440114000097.
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ABSTRACTThis paper deals with a transnational network of scholars and their demographic concepts of ethnic homogenisation of Europe. Focusing on the ethnographer Karl Christian von Loesch and the sociologist Max Hildebert Boehm, it sheds light on German supremacist scholarship and its international entanglements in the interwar years. Loesch and Boehm headed the Institute for Borderland and Foreign Studies in Berlin, where they developed concepts of a new European demographic order based on ethnic segregation, border shifts, assimilation and population transfers. They closely cooperated with non-German nationalists. Indeed, Loesch and Boehm had a big impact on non-Germans scholars, who studied at their institute and who would later try to apply similar concepts of ethnic homogenisation to their countries. By discussing the work of three of their students, Franz Ronneberger, Mladen Lorković and Fritz Valjavec, the paper presents a case of transnational cooperation between German and south-eastern European scholars. Using Croatia as an example, the paper demonstrates how these scholars worked towards nation-states freed of ethnic minorities. The Second World War would bring them into a position to try to implement their projects. Yet, the brutal dynamics of the war quickly altered the reality scholars had planned to design. The grand demographic schemes paved the way for ethnic cleansing, but had not much to do with the way they were carried out.
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Juhászová, Tereza. "The Troubled Pasts of Hungarian and German Minorities in Slovakia and Their Representation in Museums." Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics 12, no. 1 (2018): 52–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jnmlp-2018-0002.
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Abstract In the 20th century, the two world wars reshaped the map of Central Europe as well as the status of Central Europe’s diverse societies. In my article, I focus on the Hungarian and German minorities in Slovakia and the representation of their problematic historical past in contemporary Slovak museums. More specifically, I zoom in on the exhibition Exchanged Homes displayed in Bratislava, which aims to commemorate the fate of Hungarians, Germans, and Slovaks, all of whom were affected by the population transfers after World War II. Based on the concept of memorial museums theorized by Paul Williams, I aim to show how the different exhibitions engage with the traumatic past of forceful resettlement. By offering multifaceted memories of a troubled past, these exhibitions avoid categorizing “victims” and “perpetrators” along national or ethnic lines. My paper thus analyzes the concepts and components of the exhibitions—the context of the postwar events, oral history interviews, and objects of everyday use that should bring the visitor closer to the experience of the people who were forced to leave. I argue that exhibitions of this sort have the ability to challenge the dominant historical narrative focusing on a national “Slovak” history and help the process of reconciliation between the Slovak majority society, and the Hungarian and German minorities.
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Kind-Kovács, Friederike. "Memories of ethnic cleansing and thelocalIron Curtain in the Czech–German borderlands." Nationalities Papers 42, no. 2 (2014): 199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.867931.
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The Czech–German borderlands are an archetypal European border region. They evoke not only Cold War histories, but also shelter layers of European memories of the ethnic reshaping of early post-war Europe. By means of life story interviews with German speakers of the border region, this article analyzes the symbolic meaning of and the individual dealing with thelocalIron Curtain. It will shed light on the biographical and narrative interconnectedness of experiences of ethnic cleansing in the early post-war period and retrospective perceptions of the Iron Curtain in these borderlands. In particular, it inquires whether and to what extent thelocalIron Curtain intensified fractures caused by the region's post-and pre-war attempts to halt the multiethnic composition of the border communities. The article suggests that thelocalCzech–German Iron Curtain would have never endured as strongly if the border communities’ common identity had not already been severely damaged in the course of the region's traumatic history and forced population transfers.
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Kontuly, T., and K. P. Schön. "Changing Western German Internal Migration Systems during the Second Half of the 1980s." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, no. 10 (1994): 1521–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a261521.
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The slow downward trend toward greater spatial deconcentration in West Germany during the time period 1970 to 1984 shifted back toward concentration from 1985 and through 1988. This ‘swing back’ occurred over only a three-year period. Regional labor-market changes appear to be the only factor able to cause such an abrupt shift to concentration, suggesting the importance of the regional restructuring hypothesis as an explanation. Changing internal migration patterns by two age-groups, 25–29 and 30–49, were responsible for the shift. A reduction of net in-migration to intermediate-sized regions with favorable structures as well as to small-sized rural regions with unfavorable structures, in the northern and central parts of the country, caused the shift. The concentration trend remained unaltered during 1989, in spite of large transfers of population out of eastern and into western Germany, because these exchanges favored the large-sized, densely populated, structurally weak regions in the Ruhr-Rhine and the Saarland.
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Kranz, Jerzy. "Wollt ihr den totalen Krieg? Legal, Political, and Moral Aspects of the Resettlement of German Population." Polish Review of International and European Law 7, no. 2 (2020): 9–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/priel.2018.7.2.01.
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Germany had started the Second World War in an intentional and conscious manner, obviously being aware that every action can have unpredictable and unwanted consequences. The Potsdam decisions were taken by the Great Powers after assuming supreme authority in Germany. They constituted a manifestation of the Allies’ rights and responsibilities. The territorial changes of Germany and the transfer of population were part of the general regulation of the effects of the Second World War. These decisions were not a simple matter of revenge. They must be perceived in a wider political perspective of European policy. The resettlement by Germany of ethnic Germans to the Reich or to the territories it occupied constituted an instrument of National Socialist policy. This German policy turned out in 1945 to be a tragic irony of fate. The resettlement decided in Potsdam must be perceived in the context of German legal responsibility for the war’s outbreak. The individual perception of the resettlement and individual guilt are different from the international responsibility of the state and from the political-historical responsibility of the nation. In our discussion we made the distinction between the individual and the collective aspect as well as between the legal and historical/political aspect. We deal with the guilt of individuals (criminal, political, moral), the international legal responsibility of states, and the political and historical responsibility of nations (societies). For the difficult process of understanding and reconciliation between Poles and Germans, the initiatives undertaken by some social circles, and especially the church, were of vital importance. The question of the resettlement became a theme of numerous publications in Poland after 1989. In the mid 1990s there was a vast debate in the media with the main question of: should we apologize for the resettlement? Tracing a line from wrongdoing/harm to unlawfulness is not easy. In 1945 the forcible transfer of the German population was an act that was not prohibited by international law. What is significant is that this transfer was not a means of war conduct. It did not apply to the time of a belligerent occupation, in terms of humanitarian law, but to a temporary, specific, international post-conflict administration. Maybe for some people Potsdam decisions will always be seen as an illegal action, for others as an expression of strict international legal responsibility, for some as a kind of imperfect justice, and still for others as an opening of a new opportunity for Europe.
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Babyshev, Vyacheslav. "Impact of intergenerational transfers on fertility." Population 24, no. 1 (2021): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.1.8.
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On the theoretical basis of the "generational economy" the article describes the "model of overlapping generations" and "life cycle model" as the cause of the existence of intergenerational transfers. The classification of approaches to their study is carried out. Based on the exchange model (the concept of childbearing as a long-term investment in future transfers from adult children to elderly parents) and the theory of substitutions (crowding out private transfers by public social systems), the "elderly security hypothesis" is highlighted as a possible socio-economic reason for the demographic transition. Based on the works of A. Cigno, a theoretical review of this theory is made using the concepts of ^substitution effect» and «free rider effect». According to the works of R. Fenge and B. Scheubel, the "income effect" and "price effect" are defined as the key parameters for testing this hypothesis. An overview of the existing scientific and practical works on the topic of research is made, highlighting methods and results on the following examples: Italy after World War II, Germany at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Brazil in 1991-2000, Hungary in 19502006, 34 OECD countries in the 1990s and the consolidated data for 121 countries at present. The author has carried out his own empirical test of the «hypothesis of elderly security» in the countries of the world on the basis of UN and OECD statistics. Coverage, social security spending, replacement rate, mandatory premium rate, and an increased risk of poverty among older people support the safe aging theory of upward intergenerational transfers from children to parents. But the internal rate of return of pension systems and the average income of older people support the competing hypothesis of top-down intergenerational transfers from parent to child. It is concluded that, with a relatively low standard of living of population, intergenerational transfers go from children to parents, but when a certain level of national welfare is reached, the movement of transfers changes to the opposite direction.
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Bojenko-Izdebska, Ewa. "‘Expulsion’ in German historical policy — consequences for Polish-German relations." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 40, no. 3 (2018): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.40.3.3.
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‘EXPULSION’ IN GERMAN HISTORICAL POLICY — CONSEQUENCES FOR POLISH-GERMAN RELATIONSAfter the Second World War constant controversies and confrontations between Poland and Germany were provoked, in addition to question of the recognition of Poland’s western border, by the “fl ight and expulsion” Flucht und Vertreibung of Germans — described as “population transfer” by the Polish side — and the activity of homeland associations. In the early 1990s, after the fi nal recognition of the border and in view of the growing collaboration in many fi elds, it could seem that the controversies were resolved. However, the problem of “expulsions” returned in the 21st century with a new German historical policy and institutionalisation of remembrance. The change was symbolised by the Centre Against Expulsions project of 2002. In the end the German Bundestag adopted a resolution establishing a documentation centre of the Foundation Flight, Expulsion, Reconciliation in Berlin. In 2017 the centre presented a concept for a permanent exhibition. Its opening is planned for 2019. The controversies surrounding both projects have had an impact on the Polish-German relations and have revealed the diff erences in historical policies of the two countries.
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Lautenschläger, Arndt, Heiko Haase, and Jan Kratzer. "Contingency factors on university spin-off formation: an empirical study in Germany." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 3, no. 1 (2014): 160–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-02-2012-0013.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate contingency factors on the emergence of university spin-off firms. The institutional and organisational factors the paper explores comprise the transfer potential of the university, the strategy and characteristics of the University Technology Transfer Organisations and specific support for spin-off formation. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a unique data set, this cross-sectional study analyses the population of 54 higher education institutions in Germany. At this, 31.4 per cent of the German universities with technology transfer activities participated in this study. Findings – The research identifies a high degree of heterogeneity in the qualification of University Technology Transfer Offices (UTTO) staff and the existence of an entrepreneurship support programme as important antecedents of spin-off formation. In addition, the results reveal that pursuing different or multiple transfer strategies will not be detrimental to the establishment of spin-offs. Practical implications – It seems that there is still a lack of consensus with respect to the importance of spin-offs as an effective channel to transform research results into economic value. Furthermore, universities aiming at the promotion of spin-offs need appropriate regulations which do not jeopardise the usage of research outcomes for entrepreneurial purposes. Originality/value – This study contributes to enhance the knowledge on what promotes and inhibits the formation of university spin-off firms, as it first analyses a considerable population of UTTOs in Germany and explicitly considers underexplored and new contingency factors.
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Gerlach, David. "Working with the Enemy: Labor Politics in the Czech Borderlands, 1945–48." Austrian History Yearbook 38 (January 2007): 179–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800021482.
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In the first issue of Settlement (Osidlování), the weekly paper of the Czechoslovak Settlement Office, an article entitled, “So That It Is Not Forgotten,” explained the reasons for the Czech hatred of Germans: “[I]t is hatred as the reaction for the most ruthless attack which was undertaken by Germans against humanity and not least against us.” After invoking the authority of Jan Hus, the fifteenth-century religious reformer and longtime Czech national icon, the author concluded: “It is the spontaneous wish of the entire nation that we completely get rid of the Germans with final certainty, even at the price of clear material loss. It is up to us to prove that all Germans are replaceable, and that we not only have the ability, but especially enough good will and self-sacrifice to prove this in deed.” This column became a regular series that provided different examples of Germans betraying the Czech nation and thereby helped to justify the need to expel them from the country. Coming as it did in the spring of 1946, when the pace of the Allied-sponsored “population transfer” began to accelerate, the column seems somewhat out of place. Hundreds of thousands of Sudeten Germans had previously been expelled in 1945; with current Allied support there was no apparent need to justify the policy further. Yet the attempts to rekindle the atmosphere of hatred spawned by the war came at a time when some Czechs sought to retain Sudeten Germans for labor needs, especially in the borderland regions where the vast majority of these German speakers lived and worked. The “spontaneous wish of the nation” to expel every last German needed some prodding.
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Jamaluddine, Zeina, Alexandra Irani, Wael Moussa, et al. "The Impact of Dosage Variability of Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance on Food Security in Syrian Refugees in Lebanon." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (2020): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_051.
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Abstract Objectives While food and cash-assistance have been shown to improve food security in Syrian refugees living in Lebanon, no studies have investigated dosage variability of cash transfers on food security in this setting. We assessed the impact of short- (≤12 months) and long-term (>12 months) multi-purpose cash assistance (MPC) provided by the World Food Programme (WFP) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), over and above food assistance, and the impact of discontinuation from MPC, on food security of Syrian refugees. Methods We used a quasi-experimental fuzzy Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD). A multi-dimensional household survey collected data in three-waves, at 6-month intervals. Households were sampled from a listing of registered Syrian refugees with WFP/UNHCR Vulnerability scores +/−10 points around the eligibility cut-off for MPC. Of 17,740 households approached, 11,457 completed the survey (65%). We assessed household food insecurity using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale and Livelihood Coping Strategies Index and diet quality using Food Consumption Score (FCS), and Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS). We estimated the treatment effect of MPC using two-stage least squares regression controlling for demographic characteristics (age, sex, head of household education) and receipt of other cash assistance. Results Food insecurity experience in those receiving long-term MPC decreased (P < 0.05), with a concomitant 7.7 percentage point decrease in reliance on emergency coping strategies (P < 0.01). Long-term MPC recipients had a 6 point increase in FCS (P < 0.01) along with an increase in diet diversity (P < 0.05), with higher consumption of vegetables, fish, chicken, and eggs found in both short-term and long-term MPC recipients. Conclusions There was a significant improvement in food security and diet quality among households receiving long-term MPC but not among those receiving short-term MPC (except for a small increase in diet diversity) or who were discontinued. Positive impact was observed above and beyond food assistance. Stability of assistance is therefore key in achieving impact from MPC n food security in this population. Funding Sources European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations, German Federal Foreign Office, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and UK Aid, through CAMEALEON.
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Pienemann, Manfred, and Gisela HÅkansson. "Response article Full transfer vs. developmentally moderated transfer: a reply to Bohnacker." Second Language Research 23, no. 4 (2007): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658307080332.
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Ute Bohnacker's (2006) article on the acquisition of the verb second (V2) property in German by native speakers of Swedish (also a V2 language) is an attempted rebuttal of Håkansson et al.'s (2002) work on first language (L1) transfer and aspects of the underlying theory on which the work is based: Processability Theory (Pienemann, 1998). The article by Håkansson et al. presented empirical evidence from a similar population of learners (native language Swedish, target language German), showing that V2 is not transferred at the initial state. Unfortunately, Bohnacker misrepresents key aspects of our work on L1 transfer and, paradoxically, her own data constitute empirical evidence supporting our position, as we show in this response.
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Karpenstein-Machan, Marianne, and Peter Schmuck. "Bioenergy Village—Ecological and Social Aspects in Implementation of a Sustainability Project." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 1, no. 1 (2007): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2007.1988.
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In the project described here the electricity and heat supply of an entire German village has been changed from conventional to biomass energy sources in 2005. This lighthouse project, the first "bioenergy village" in Germany, has been initiated by a scientist team from the Universities of Göttingen, Kassel, and Berlin and was realized by the active participation of the population of the village Juehnde in Southern Lower Saxony (800 inhabitants). The ongoing ecological, economical, and social changes are analyzed to enable the transfer of the model to other interested villages in Germany and worldwide. The technical concept consists of three components: (1) An anaerobic digestion plant (supplied by energy crops and liquid manure) with a combined heat and power generator (CHP) producing electricity and heat energy, (2) a central heating plant fired by locally produced wood chips for additional heat demand during the winter, and (3) a hot water pipeline distributing the heat energy to the connected households. The history of the project, the social implementation, and the first results of the ecological and social changes in the village are reported.
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Lindner, Ulrike. "The transfer of European social policy concepts to tropical Africa, 1900–50: the example of maternal and child welfare." Journal of Global History 9, no. 2 (2014): 208–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022814000047.
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AbstractConcerns about a sinking birth rate and possible ‘national degeneration’ led to the implementation of various measures in maternal and child welfare across Europe at the dawn of the twentieth century. Infant health was strongly connected with the idea of population as both a national and imperial resource. In the colonies of the imperial powers, similar issues started to be addressed later, mostly after the First World War, when colonial administrations, who until then had predominantly worried about the health of the white European colonizers, started to take an interest in the health of the indigenous population. This article investigates the transfer of maternal and infant health policies from Britain and Germany to their tropical African colonies and protectorates. It argues that colonial health policy developed in a complex interplay between imperial strategies and preconceptions as well as local reactions and demands, mostly reifying racial demarcation lines in colonial societies. It focuses on examples from German East Africa, which became the British Tanganyika mandate after the First World War, and from the British sub-Saharan colonies Kenya and Nigeria.
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Beerbühl, Margrit Schulte. "Migration, Transfer and Appropriation." Transfers 2, no. 3 (2012): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2012.020307.
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Today foreign restaurants and food shops shape the culinary landscape of Britain. While the impact of post-war migration on the traditional eating habits of the British population has received some attention in historical research, the influence of former waves of immigrants has hardly been studied. This paper focuses on the immigration of German pork butchers and their contribution to the development of meat consumption in Britain. By looking at the pattern of migration it will be shown that migrants created geographically widespread networks in Britain. Within these networks they transferred skills, know-how and social capital. Through a complex process of adaptation and appropriation German sausages were incorporated into the British diet. This process involved natives as well as immigrants. The former had to overcome established food habits while the latter had to adapt their recipes to local taste preferences.
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Becker, Sascha O., Irena Grosfeld, Pauline Grosjean, Nico Voigtländer, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. "Forced Migration and Human Capital: Evidence from Post-WWII Population Transfers." American Economic Review 110, no. 5 (2020): 1430–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181518.
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We study the long-run effects of forced migration on investment in education. After World War II, millions of Poles were forcibly uprooted from the Kresy territories of eastern Poland and resettled (primarily) in the newly acquired Western Territories, from which the Germans were expelled. We combine historical censuses with newly collected survey data to show that, while there were no pre-WWII differences in educational attainment, Poles with a family history of forced migration are significantly more educated today than other Poles. These results are driven by a shift in preferences away from material possessions toward investment in human capital. (JEL I25, I26, J24, N34, R23)
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Bracey, Sarah. "The Symmetry of Hypocrisy in Czech-German Legal Conciliation, 1989–1997." Central European History 52, no. 03 (2019): 496–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938919000724.
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AbstractFollowing the collapse of communism in 1989, the Czechoslovak and German governments entered a new phase of relations marked by reconciliatory goodwill. However, relations rapidly deteriorated in the face of mutual claims for material redress concerning the wartime Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia and the expulsion/transfer of the Sudeten German population in the immediate postwar period. The Czechoslovak (later Czech) and German governments disputed the legal status of the Munich Agreement of 1938 and the Beneš Decrees of 1945, and their differing interpretations had implications either strengthening or undermining the Sudeten German restitution claim. Comparing argumentative strategies reveals a striking symmetry of hypocrisy. Czech and German representatives selectively employed two opposing theories of legal legitimacy, reflecting the jurisprudential schools of legal positivism and natural law theory, either to defend or repudiate the abovementioned instruments. This article argues that reciprocal inconsistency critically undermined attempts by Czech and German representatives to achieve a legal resolution in the 1990s.
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Rothwell, V. "Expelling the Germans: British Opinion and Post-1945 Population Transfer in Context." English Historical Review CXXIV, no. 508 (2009): 767–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cep108.
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Röhrig, Gabriele, Ingrid Becker, Anna Hagemeier, Kai Gutensohn, and Thomas Nebe. "White blood cell counts, CRP, GGT and LDH in the elderly German population." Journal of Laboratory Medicine 43, no. 2 (2019): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/labmed-2018-0133.
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Abstract Background Hematological abnormalities are frequently found in geriatric patients. However, little data is available on reference values for total blood cell counts in older patients. This study is focused on the analysis of reference values for white blood cell counts in aged persons ≥60 years. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of outpatient laboratory data of 2015 from a German countrywide working laboratory company; inclusion criteria: age ≥60 years, parameters evaluated by the laboratory company between 1.1.2015 and 31.12.2015; exclusion criteria: glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min, lack of inclusion criteria; primary objective: mean leukocyte count; secondary objective: mean counts of lymphocytes, eosinophil, neutrophil and basophil leukocytes as well as platelets, C-reactive protein (CRP), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in hematologically healthy persons aged ≥60 years. Results Data of 30,611 persons aged ≥60 years were evaluated by age groups. Results for leukocytes, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes remained within the reference ranges recommended by the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) and the German Association of Specialists in Internal Medicine (BDI); the lower reference limit for normal platelet values in males was below the DGHO reference value with 136,000/μL (confidence interval [CI] 129,000;142,000); similarly, our results for normal monocyte values were above the DGHO reference values with 6.0% (5.7;6.2) to 14.3% (13.9;14.8) in males and 5.4% (5.2;5.6) to 12.9% (12.6;13.4) in females; CRP, GGT and LDH values were above the BDI reference values, comparable with the previous data of a senior patient cohort analysis. Conclusions Adaptation of reference values for selected laboratory parameters in older German patients should be well considered.
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Gyllensten, Ulf, and Allan C. Wilson. "Interspecific mitochondrial DNA transfer and the colonization of Scandinavia by mice." Genetical Research 49, no. 1 (1987): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300026690.
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SummaryRestriction enzymes were used to search for genetic variability at 162 cleavage sites in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) purified from 22 mice caught at seven Swedish localities. Although all of these mice bear the nuclear genes of Mus musculus, they bear the mtDNA of M. domesticus exclusively. Yet, some of the Swedish localities are 750 km away from the hybrid zone between these two species. Furthermore, only one type of mtDNA was found at the seven Swedish localities; this type was found before at an eighth locality in Sweden as well as in Jutland north of the hybrid zone. The apparent lack of mtDNA divergence in the mouse population of Sweden contrasts with the extensive divergence usually found within other geographic areas in Europe, Africa and North America. Electrophoretic analysis of proteins encoded by nuclear genes indicates that the Swedish mice have lower average heterozygosity than Danish and Central European populations of musculus mice. These findings lead us to suggest that the source of the commensal mouse population in Sweden was a small propagule that originated from a population situated only a few kilometres to the east of the point at which the hybrid zone on the European mainland meets the Baltic Sea, namely on East Holstein. Such a founder event may have been associated with the spread of farming from north Germany into Sweden about 4000 years ago.
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Bärwolff, Günter. "A Local and Time Resolution of the COVID-19 Propagation—A Two-Dimensional Approach for Germany Including Diffusion Phenomena to Describe the Spatial Spread of the COVID-19 Pandemic." Physics 3, no. 3 (2021): 536–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physics3030033.
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The understanding of factors that affect the dissemination of a viral infection is fundamental to help combat it. For instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic that changed the lives of people all over the world, one observes regions with different incidences of cases. One can speculate that population density might be one of the variables that affect the incidence of cases. In populous areas, such as big cities or congested urban areas, higher COVID-19 incidences could be observed than in rural regions. It is natural to think that if population density is such an important factor, then a gradient or difference in population density might lead to a diffusion process that will proceed until equilibrium is reached. The aim of this paper consists of the inclusion of a diffusion concept into the COVID-19 modeling. With this concept, one covers a gradient-driven transfer of the infection next to epidemic growth models (SIR-type models). This is discussed for a certain period of the German situation based on the quite different incidence data for the different federal states of Germany. With this ansatz, some phenomena of the actual development of the pandemic are found to be confirmed. The model provides a possibility to investigate certain scenarios, such as border-crossings or local spreading events, and their influence on the COVID-19 propagation. The resulting information can be a basis for the decisions of politicians and medical persons in charge of managing a pandemic.
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Kind-Kovács, Friederike. "Crossing Germany’s Iron Curtain." East Central Europe 41, no. 2-3 (2014): 180–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-04103002.
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In recent years, historians have slowly lost interest in depicting the Cold War as a unique ideological contest between the “real existing” socialist East and the capitalist West. In this spirit, this text examines the social practice of literary transfers, i.e., the exchange of literary works across borders. These transfers sought to physically restore an unraveled Europe that had come about as a result of the ideological and often personal division of Europe’s (and Germany’s) populations. Focusing on the practice of literary transfers across the Iron Curtain permits us to understand borders as symbolic spaces of the Cold War, although they had supposedly been hermetically sealed. Current research on opposition movements in Cold War Europe is still dominated by the widespread notion that oppositional phenomena in thegdrrepresent a research area distinct from other oppositional movements in the Eastern bloc. Possibly due to Germany’s singular dividedness, this perception has often led to individual studies of oppositional phenomena, especially in the literary field, in the formergdr, thereby obscuring parallels in Central and Eastern Europe. As a critical response, this text distances itself from the division of the Soviet bloc’s cultural history into irreconcilable geographical subareas. In doing so, it exemplifies literary transfers both across the German-German border as well as across the East-West Iron Curtain.
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Liesebach, Heike, Katharina Liepe, and Cornelia Bäucker. "Towards new seed orchard designs in Germany – A review." Silvae Genetica 70, no. 1 (2021): 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sg-2021-0007.
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Abstract New first and 1.5 generation seed orchards are to be created in Germany based on recently assembled breeding populations of Acer pseudoplatanus, Larix sp., Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Quercus sp. To justify the high expenses in time and cost for orchard establishment and maintenance, planning should make use of consolidated knowledge and experience of both the national and international scientific community. Here, we briefly describe advances in genetic gains achieved through tree breeding, and resume population genetic aspects and design considerations to draw conclusions for clonal composition and spatial design of the new orchards. We conclude that to avoid outbreeding depression separate orchards are required for each breeding zone. The zones are species-specific and defined by ecological and climatic aspects. A minimum of 60-80 clones per orchard is recommended for native tree species with high proportions of natural regeneration in forest practice. This would allow future selective thinning based on estimated breeding values from progeny testing. It would also permit the transfer of seed orchard progenies into a naturally regenerating forest stands without the risk of a genetic bottleneck. Lower clone numbers are appropriate for non-native species and hybrids. It is important to strictly avoid inbreeding depression, achieved by using only one clone per progeny or population, from which the plus trees were selected. Further, the spatial layout should promote random mating by optimizing the neighbourhood of each clone. With all of these considerations taken into account, we expect superior quality traits and at least 10-15 % more volume from the new seed orchards.
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Batyra, Anna, Olivier Pierrard, David de la Croix, and Henri R. Sneessens. "Structural Changes in the Labor Market and the Rise of Early Retirement in France and Germany." German Economic Review 20, no. 4 (2019): e38-e69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12150.
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Abstract The rise of early retirement in Europe is typically attributed to the European system of taxes and transfers. A model with an imperfectly competitive labor market allows us to consider also the effects of bargaining power and of matching efficiency on pre-retirement. We find that lower bargaining power of workers and declining matching efficiency have been important determinants of early retirement in France and Germany. These structural changes, combined with early retirement transfers and population aging, are also consistent with the employment and unemployment rates, labor share and seniority premia.
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SCHARF, THOMAS. "Ageing and intergenerational relationships in rural Germany." Ageing and Society 21, no. 5 (2001): 547–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x01008388.
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This paper uses a range of secondary data sources to analyse key elements of intergenerational relationships in Germany. Within the context of a discussion of regional differences in Germany’s population structure and aspects of socio-economic conditions in rural areas, the paper focuses on the following aspects of intergenerational relationships: household structures, proximity of the generations, frequency and intensity of contacts between the generations, intergenerational transfers and non-kin relationships. Where appropriate, comparisons are made between East and West Germany and between rural and urban areas. The analysis of data on intergenerational relationships highlights several difficulties associated with research on older people living in rural areas. It is suggested that these difficulties contribute to the distorted and contradictory views that are often associated with rural ageing.
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MORISSENS, ANN, and DIANE SAINSBURY. "Migrants' Social Rights, Ethnicity and Welfare Regimes." Journal of Social Policy 34, no. 4 (2005): 637–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279405009190.
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Comparative welfare state research has devoted little attention to the social rights of migrants or the ethnic/racial dimension, even though societies are becoming more ethnically diverse through international migration. Using data from the Luxembourg Income Study for the UK, the USA, Germany, France, Denmark and Sweden, this article represents an initial attempt to compare the social rights of migrants and citizens across welfare regimes. We examine the substantive social rights of migrants and ethnic minorities by focusing on their participation in social transfer programmes, and the impact of transfers on their ability to maintain a socially acceptable standard of living compared with the rest of the population. The analysis shows that there are major disparities between how migrant and citizen households fare in welfare states, and that the discrepancies widen for migrants of colour. When the analysis is confined to citizen households, the results largely correspond to the expected performance of welfare regimes. However, when migrants are incorporated into the analysis, intra-regime variations stand out in the case of the liberal and social democratic countries.
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PANAYI, PANIKOS. "Expelling the Germans: British Opinion and Post-1945 Population Transfer in Context - By Matthew Frank." History 94, no. 315 (2009): 408–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-229x.2009.00461_30.x.
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Daniel, Sandra, Kelly Goldlust, Valentin Quebre, et al. "Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of ESBL Plasmid from Escherichia coli O104:H4." Genes 11, no. 10 (2020): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11101207.
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Multidrug resistance (MDR) often results from the acquisition of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that encode MDR gene(s), such as conjugative plasmids. The spread of MDR plasmids is founded on their ability of horizontal transference, as well as their faithful inheritance in progeny cells. Here, we investigated the genetic factors involved in the prevalence of the IncI conjugative plasmid pESBL, which was isolated from the Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak strain in Germany in 2011. Using transposon-insertion sequencing, we identified the pESBL partitioning locus (par). Genetic, biochemical and microscopic approaches allowed pESBL to be characterized as a new member of the Type Ib partitioning system. Inactivation of par caused mis-segregation of pESBL followed by post-segregational killing (PSK), resulting in a great fitness disadvantage but apparent plasmid stability in the population of viable cells. We constructed a variety of pESBL derivatives with different combinations of mutations in par, conjugational transfer (oriT) and pnd toxin-antitoxin (TA) genes. Only the triple mutant exhibited plasmid-free cells in viable cell populations. Time-lapse tracking of plasmid dynamics in microfluidics indicated that inactivation of pnd improved the survival of plasmid-free cells and allowed oriT-dependent re-acquisition of the plasmid. Altogether, the three factors—active partitioning, toxin-antitoxin and conjugational transfer—are all involved in the prevalence of pESBL in the E. coli population.
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Sokolova, M., and E. Plisov. "CROSS-LINGUISTIC TRANSFER CLASSROOM L3 ACQUISITION IN UNIVERSITY SETTING." Vestnik of Minin University 7, no. 1 (2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26795/2307-1281-2019-7-1-6.
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Introduction: the paper investigates cross-linguistic influences between the two previously learnt languages and their effects on classroom L3 acquisition. The study checks the predictions of the existing theories of mechanisms of transfer into the L3 attested for naturalistic learners. The main predictions get confirmed with the population of classroom learners of English as the L3. All the participants are native speakers of Russian. They all learnt their dominant foreign language, either French or German, in the classroom. The results suggest a governing role of the Universal Grammar in classroom language learning. Materials and Methods: the experiment uses three production tasks: written production, oral production and pronunciation task. The written assignment asks the participants to translate sentences from Russian into English. The target sentence contains the existential there are that does not exist in Russian. The way the participants structure the target sentence in English allows for conclusion about possible influences of the first foreign language on the development of their L3- English. In the oral production task, the participants are prompted to produce negative sentences. The influences from previously learnt languages is traced through the placement of the negation not. In the pronunciation task Praat was used to measure the duration and the formant frequency of the nasal [N] in English. Differences in sound quality trace back to the influences from the previously learnt languages. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA for between and within group differences. Results: in the written task, the participants who studied German as their first foreign language prefer verb final placement in the subordinate, which is ungrammatical in English but grammatical in German. The L2-French group put the verb in the right place, but they do not use the existential there are, which required in English. In the oral task, the placement of negation is Russian-like in both groups. In pronunciation, the quality of English [N] is influenced by the amount of nasality the participants learnt before, i.e. French influences make the English [N] more nasalized than the [N] in the group with German as the first foreign language. Discussion and Conclusion: classroom learners of English as the L3 experience influences from all the previously learnt languages, the native language and the first foreign language. These findings pattern with the assumptions of the main generative theories of naturalistic L3 acquisition. Concluding that classroom language learning is governed by universal grammar, the teaching can benefit from predicting what cross-linguistic influences can be facilitative or not for the acquisition of the target language.
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Havlíček, Tomáš. "The population development in the borderland of South Bohemia and Upper Austria after the Second World War." Geografie 105, no. 1 (2000): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2000105010077.
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The article briefly analyses the population development in the Czech-Austrian borderland and that in five time horizons during the period 1950-1997. The model territory (municipalities of four near-border districts) manifested a very intensive development of the number of inhabitants due mainly to the transfer of the inhabitants of German nationality after the Second World War and the establishment of the so-called iron curtain. What a strong barrier for population development was the existence of the iron curtain and has its fall caused new development tendencies? In general it can be said that nearer the locality was to the border line, more the number of inhabitants stagnated or even decreased. After the fall of the iron curtain the model territory has been getting more attractive and the number of inhabitants has been progressively growing.
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Al-Hilali, Nabieh, Mangalathillam R. N. Nampoory, Thomas V. Ninan, Jaber H. Ali, Alaa Gawish, and Kaivilayil V. Johny. "Viability of Home Peritoneal Dialysis: Experience with 100 Patients from an Arab Population." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 23, no. 2_suppl (2003): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080302302s34.
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Background The viability of home peritoneal dialysis (HPD) is being debated in Arab countries. We therefore undertook the present study to assess the viability of HPD in the Arab culture. Patients and Methods A total of 100 patients with end-stage renal failure were treated with HPD during the period January 1996 to October 2001. Results Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was performed in 81 patients (81%), and nightly intermittent peritoneal dialysis (NIPD) in 19 patients (19%). The patient group included 54 men (54%) and 46 women (46%) with a mean age of 54.94 ± 14.58 years. They were followed for a total of 2118.3 patient–treatment months and had a mean dialysis duration of 21.2 ± 9.97 months. Peritonitis occurred at the rates of 1 episode every 18.5 patient–treatment months (Bieffe L3 double-bag system: Bieffe Medital, Grosotto, Italy), 1 episode every 22.5 patient–treatment months (ANDY Plus system: Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany), and 1 episode every 23.7 patient–treatment months (NIPD system Fresenius PD-Night: Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany). Recurrent peritonitis was the main reason (70.6%) for transfer to hemodialysis. A good level of social well-being and rehabilitation was achieved in 49 patients on CAPD (60.5%) and 13 patients on NIPD (68.4%). Conclusions We conclude that HPD is a viable modality of renal replacement therapy in Arab countries. By adopting a strict training model, the peritoneal dialysis team can train even patients or caregivers with limited education, preventing peritonitis and promoting the general well-being of patients.
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Schwendicke, F., J. Krois, and R. Jordan. "Can We Predict Usage of Dental Services? An Analysis from Germany 2000 to 2015." JDR Clinical & Translational Research 5, no. 4 (2020): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2380084420904928.
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Objectives: We aimed to predict the usage of dental services in Germany from 2000 to 2015 based on epidemiologic and demographic data, and to compare these predictions against claims within the statutory health insurance. Methods: Indicators for operative (number of coronally decayed or filled teeth, root surface caries lesions, and fillings), prosthetic (number of missing teeth), and periodontal treatment needs (number of teeth with probing pocket depths (PPDs) ≥ 4 mm) from nationally representative German Oral Health Studies (1997, 2005, 2014) were cross-sectionally interpolated across age and time, and combined with year- and age-specific population estimates. These, as well as the number of children eligible for individual preventive services (aged 6 to 17 y), were adjusted for age- and time-specific insurance status and services’ utilization to yield predicted usage of operative, prosthetic, periodontal, and preventive services. Cumulative annual usage in these 4 services groups were compared against aggregations of a total of 24 claims positions from the statutory German health insurance. Results: Morbidity, utilization, and demography were highly dynamic across age groups and over time. Despite improvements of individual oral health, predicted usage of dental services did not decrease over time, but increased mainly due to usage shifts from younger (shrinking) to older (growing) age groups. Predicted usage of operative services increased between 2000 and 2015 (from 52 million to 56 million, +7.8%); predictions largely agreed with claimed services (root mean square error [RMSE] 1.9 million services, error range −4.6/+3.8%). Prosthetic services increased (from 2.4 million to 2.6 million, +11.9%), with near perfect agreement to claimed data [RMSE 0.1 million services, error range −8.3/+3.9%]). Periodontal services also increased (from 21 million to 27 million, +25.9%; RMSE 5.2 million services, error range +21.9/+36.5%), as did preventive services (from 22 million to 27 million, +20.4%; RMSE 3 million, error range −13.7/−4.7%). Conclusion: Predicting dental services seems viable when accounting for the joint dynamics of morbidity, utilization, and demographics. Knowledge Transfer Statement: Based on epidemiologic and demographic data, predicting usage of certain dental services is viable when accounting for the dynamics of morbidity, utilization, and demographics.
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Forsyth, Helen. "The Influence of L2 Transfer on L3 English Written Production in a Bilingual German/Italian Population: A Study of Syntactic Errors." Open Journal of Modern Linguistics 04, no. 03 (2014): 429–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2014.43036.
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Brown, Martin D. "Forcible population transfers ‐ a flawed legacy or an unavoidable necessity in protracted ethnic conflicts? The case of the Sudeten Germans." RUSI Journal 148, no. 4 (2003): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071840308446916.
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Nickel, Renate, Assja Haider, Claudia Sengler, et al. "Association study of Glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) with asthma and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in two German pediatric populations." Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 16, no. 6 (2005): 539–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2005.00307.x.
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McCourt, Richard M., Michelle T. Casanova, Kenneth G. Karol, and Monique Feist. "Monophyly of Genera and Species of Characeae based on rbcL Sequences, with Special Reference to Australian and European Lychnothamnus barbatus (Characeae: Charophyceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 47, no. 3 (1999): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97100.
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Sequences for the chloroplast-encoded large subunit of the Rubisco gene (rbcL) were used to test the monophyly of multiple isolates within species, and multiple species within genera, of green algae in the Characeae (Class Charophyceae). Parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses supported the monophyly of genera and most species, with the exception of a paraphyletic assemblage comprising isolates of two ‘species’, dioecious Chara connivens Salzm. ex A.Br. and monoecious C. globularis Thuill., which together constitute a monophyletic group. The rbcL data support the independent evolution of either monoecious or dioecious sexual systems in the two connivens-globularis, clades. Comparisons of disjunct isolates of the monotypic Lychnothamnus barbatus (Meyen) Leohn. revealed nearly identical rbcL sequences in isolates from Croatia, Germany and Australia, although all three sequences were unique. The variation exhibited by these isolates was similar to variation between isolates within species of Chara and Lamprothamnium from different continents. The limited variation may be due to dispersal of thalli or oospores between continents; however, the rarity of known intercontinental transfers of Characeae in the last two centuries suggests that the Australian population is probably not an exotic from Europe. Lychnothamnus barbatus populations in Australia and elsewhere thus merit continued protected status.
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Foff, V., F. Weiser, E. Foffová, and Dušan Gömöry. "Growth response of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) populations to climatic transfer A Novel Approach for Controlled Pollination in Casuarina equisetifolia." Silvae Genetica 63, no. 1-6 (2014): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2014-0010.
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Abstract The study focuses on growth responses of Larix decidua provenances to climatic transfer based on a regional provenance experiment. This comprises a series of 5 trial plots situated in Germany and Slovakia, where 12 indigenous Sudetic and West-Carpathian larch provenances are planted. Transfer rates were defined as differences in altitudes or climatic variables between the site of plantation and the site of origin. 1st and 2nd-order polynomial regressions were used for the identification of overall trends of growth performance and responses to transfer. Sudetic provenances clearly outperformed the Carpathian ones on all test sites. When all provenances were considered jointly, height and breast-height diameter mostly showed significant monotonous geographical and climatic trends: the performance generally decreased with increasing altitude and precipitations and decreasing temperatures. The relationships between growth response and transfer rates (ecodistances) were mostly linear. However, when Sudetic and Carpathian provenances were considered separately, most significant response curves were unimodal. There is a very good correspondence between the responses in height and diameter growth within geographic groups, but the responses are not consistent between groups. Joint regression analysis showed that most provenances exhibited average stability. Stability indices are quite consistent between the response traits and did not show any association with the geographical position, climate of origin, or growth performance. The results indicate that populations in different climates remain adapted to a common optimum, the extent of local adaptation is quite limited. Possible explanations of this observation are briefly discussed.
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Müller, Markus, Laura Cuervo-Alarcon, Oliver Gailing, et al. "Genetic Variation of European Beech Populations and Their Progeny from Northeast Germany to Southwest Switzerland." Forests 9, no. 8 (2018): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9080469.
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Climate change can adversely affect the growth of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) across its entire distribution range. Therefore, knowledge of the adaptive potential of this species to changing climatic conditions is of foremost importance. Genetic diversity is the basis for adaptation to environmental stress, and the regeneration phase of forests is a key stage affecting genetic diversity. Nevertheless, little is known about the effect of climate change on the genetic diversity of adult trees compared to their progeny. Here, we present genetic diversity data for 24 beech populations ranging from northeast Germany to southwest Switzerland. Potentially adaptive genetic variation was studied using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in candidate genes that are possibly involved in adaptive trait variation. In addition, more than 2000 adult trees and 3000 of their seedlings were genotyped with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to determine selectively neutral genetic diversity and differentiation among populations. All populations showed high SSR and SNP variation, and no differences in genetic diversity were found between adult trees and their offspring. The genetic differentiation between adults and seedlings within the same stands was also insignificant or very low. Therefore, we can conclude tentatively that the transfer of genetic variation among tree generations, currently, is not much affected by climate change, at least in the studied beech populations.
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Rojewski, Jay W., and John W. Schell. "Cognitive Apprenticeship for Learners with Special Needs." Remedial and Special Education 15, no. 4 (1994): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074193259401500405.
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Cognitive apprenticeship emphasizes a combination of authentic problem-solving experiences with expert guidance in lieu of decontextualized instruction. As an instructional approach, cognitive apprenticeship can support the acquisition, use, and transfer of basic and advanced cognitive skills required in school and adult life by learners with special needs. This article first examines assumptions of teaching and learning that may have a negative impact on the education and postschool success of special populations. From this overview, several emerging aspects of cognitive science considered germane to advanced thinking are identified and reviewed. A model of cognitive apprenticeship is then described as a practical means of providing academic instruction to students with special learning needs. Lastly, implications of adopting this instructional approach with special populations are discussed.
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Andlauer, Till F. M., Dorothea Buck, Gisela Antony, et al. "Novel multiple sclerosis susceptibility loci implicated in epigenetic regulation." Science Advances 2, no. 6 (2016): e1501678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501678.
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We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility in German cohorts with 4888 cases and 10,395 controls. In addition to associations within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, 15 non-MHC loci reached genome-wide significance. Four of these loci are novel MS susceptibility loci. They map to the genesL3MBTL3,MAZ,ERG, andSHMT1. The lead variant atSHMT1was replicated in an independent Sardinian cohort. Products of the genesL3MBTL3,MAZ, andERGplay important roles in immune cell regulation.SHMT1encodes a serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzing the transfer of a carbon unit to the folate cycle. This reaction is required for regulation of methylation homeostasis, which is important for establishment and maintenance of epigenetic signatures. Our GWAS approach in a defined population with limited genetic substructure detected associations not found in larger, more heterogeneous cohorts, thus providing new clues regarding MS pathogenesis.
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Vos, Michiel, and Gregory J. Velicer. "Genetic Population Structure of the Soil Bacterium Myxococcusxanthus at the Centimeter Scale." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 5 (2006): 3615–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.5.3615-3625.2006.
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ABSTRACT Myxococcus xanthus is a gram-negative soil bacterium best known for its remarkable life history of social swarming, social predation, and multicellular fruiting body formation. Very little is known about genetic diversity within this species or how social strategies might vary among neighboring strains at small spatial scales. To investigate the small-scale population structure of M. xanthus, 78 clones were isolated from a patch of soil (16 by 16 cm) in T�bingen, Germany. Among these isolates, 21 genotypes could be distinguished from a concatemer of three gene fragments: csgA (developmental C signal), fibA (extracellular matrix-associated zinc metalloprotease), and pilA (the pilin subunit of type IV pili). Accumulation curves showed that most of the diversity present at this scale was sampled. The pilA gene contains both conserved and highly variable regions, and two frequency-distribution tests provide evidence for balancing selection on this gene. The functional domains in the csgA gene were found to be conserved. Three instances of lateral gene transfer could be inferred from a comparison of individual gene phylogenies, but no evidence was found for linkage equilibrium, supporting the view that M. xanthus evolution is largely clonal. This study shows that M. xanthus is surrounded by a variety of distinct conspecifics in its natural soil habitat at a spatial scale at which encounters among genotypes are likely.
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Elsasser, Peter, Kerstin Altenbrunn, Margret Köthke, Martin Lorenz, and Jürgen Meyerhoff. "Spatial Distribution of Forest Ecosystem Service Benefits in Germany: A Multiple Benefit-Transfer Model." Forests 12, no. 2 (2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020169.
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We investigate the economic benefits of fundamental forest ecosystem services (FES) for the population in Germany at national level in monetary terms and estimate the spatial distribution of these benefits at county level. Specifically, we consider the benefits of timber production, of global climate protection due to carbon sequestration, of recreation for local residents, and of services for nature protection and landscape amenity. Combining information from official statistics and data from valuation studies that are compatible with economic demand theory, we identify spatial drivers of FES benefits and derive generic valuation functions for each of the services. Using a Geographic Information System, these valuation functions are applied to the conditions in the Local Administrative Units (municipalities), resulting in Benefit Function Transfer estimates for each service and each municipality. Afterwards, results are aggregated to NUTS-3 level (counties) and mapped. Aggregate annual benefits of timber production to society as a whole, of climate protection and of recreation services together exceed the ten billion Euro mark—far more than what is reflected in market statistics. Scenarios illustrate the potential for enhancing nature protection benefits particularly by restoring forest biodiversity, as measured by an avifaunistic indicator. The spatial analysis reveals distinct distributional patterns for each of the services. We conclude that a spatially explicit valuation for an entire country is possible even with limited data, which can help policy makers improve the institutional setting in a way that the protection and use of the forests become more sustainable and efficient. After pointing at several caveats, we finally suggest various possibilities for further model development.
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Frech, Marianne, Martin Nagl-Cupal, Agnes Leu, Gisela C. Schulze, Anna-Maria Spittel, and Steffen Kaiser. "Who are „Young Carers”? Analysis of the Use of the Term in German Speaking Countries and Development of a Definition / Wer sind Young Carers? Analyse der Begriffsverwendung im deutschsprachigen Raum und Entwicklung einer Definition." International Journal of Health Professions 6, no. 1 (2019): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijhp-2019-0004.
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Abstract Introduction Children and adolescents with caring responsibility who are looking after a family member or a person close are often hiding from the view of the public. They are not well recognised from professionals from health care, education and social services. Several research as well as support programmes have been initiated within the last years. It became obvious that the term ‘young carers’ was translated in various ways into German and connected with different attributes. An integral understanding is yet of high relevance for the international dialogue as well as for the transfer from theory to practice. Aim The aim of this article is to analyse and conceptualize the use of different terminologies for ‘young carers’ by professionals when providing support for these young people. A definition for the target population was developed for German speaking countries that will provide the groundwork for the scientific and public discourse. Methods A concept analysis by Walker und Avant (2014) was conducted. Results The analysis illustrated the various use of terms as well as defining key characteristics – the presence of an ill person that needs support, the age of these young people, the tasks they perform as well as the involved high responsibility. Discussion Not all children of family members or persons close who have an illness or impairment perform a support role. Only part of these young people take on caring tasks and provide support on a significant level. Conclusion The analysis showed the need for a clarification of the terms used in German speaking countries for ‘young carers’. A commonly applied definition enables an identification of the target group by professionals and the persons concerned. Additionally, it facilitates the alignment to the proceeding international discourse.
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Douglas, R. M. "Matthew Frank. Expelling the Germans. British Opinion and Post-1945 Population Transfer in Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Pp. 320." Austrian History Yearbook 41 (April 2010): 292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237809990464.
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Burbach, Ralf, and Tony Royle. "Talent on demand?" Personnel Review 39, no. 4 (2010): 414–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00483481011045399.
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PurposeAs the interest in talent management (TM) gathers momentum, this paper aims to unravel how talent is managed in multinational corporations, what factors mediate the talent management process and what computerised systems may contribute to the management of talent.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs a single case study but multiple units of analysis approach to elucidate the factors pertaining to the transmission and use of talent management practices across the German and Irish subsidiaries of a US multinational corporation. Primary data for this study derive from a series of in‐depth interviews with key decision makers, which include managers at various levels in Germany, Ireland and The Netherlands.FindingsThe findings suggest that the diffusion of, and success of, talent management practices is contingent on a combination of factors, including stakeholder involvement and top level support, micro‐political exchanges, and the integration of talent management with a global human resource information system. Furthermore, the discussion illuminates the utility and limitations of Cappelli's “talent on demand” framework.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation of this research is the adoption of a single case study method. As a result, the findings may not be applicable to a wider population of organisations and subsidiaries. Additional research will be required to substantiate the relevance of these findings in the context of other subsidiaries of the same and other corporations.Practical implicationsThis paper accentuates a number of practical implications. Inter alia, it highlights the complex nature of institutional factors affecting the talent management process and the potential efficacy of a human resource information system in managing talent globally.Originality/valueThe paper extends the body of knowledge on the transfer of talent management practices in the subsidiaries of multinational corporations. The discussion presented herein may engender further academic debate on the talent management process in the academic and practitioner communities. The link between talent management and the use of human resource information systems established by this research may be of particular interest to human resource practitioners.
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Biewen, Martin, Martin Ungerer, and Max Löffler. "Why Did Income Inequality in Germany Not Increase Further After 2005?" German Economic Review 20, no. 4 (2019): 471–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12153.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract While income inequality in Germany considerably increased in the years before 2005, this trend stopped after 2005. We address the question of what factors were responsible for the break in the inequality trend after 2005. Our analysis suggests that income inequality in Germany did not continue to rise after 2005 for the following reasons. First, we observe that the general rise in wage inequality that explained a lot of the inequality increase before 2005, became less steep (but did not stop) after 2005. Second, despite further increases in wage inequality after 2005, inequality in annual labour incomes did not increase further after 2005 because increased within-year employment opportunities compensated otherwise rising inequality in annual labour incomes. Third, income inequality did not fall in a more marked way after 2005 because also the middle and the upper part of the distribution benefited from the employment boom after 2006. Finally, we provide evidence that the effect of a wide range of other factors that are often suspected to have influenced the distribution such as capital incomes, household structures, population ageing, changes in the tax and transfer system and the financial crisis of 2008 did not significantly alter the distribution after 2005.