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Rébéna, Agathe, Sylvain Rafflegeau, Germain Kansci, Doris Nanda, and Claude Genot. "Enquêtes sur la consommation, la perception et les utilisations de l’huile de palme rouge chez les ménagères et restauratrices de Yaoundé, Cameroun." Cahiers Agricultures 28 (2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2019027.
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L’huile de palme est aujourd’hui la matière grasse végétale alimentaire la plus consommée au monde. Au Cameroun, elle est largement utilisée sous sa forme d’huile rouge, c’est-à-dire non raffinée, constituant la première source alimentaire de vitamine A. Cependant, les changements dans la consommation alimentaire des ménages urbains camerounais nous ont amenés à nous interroger sur le rôle et la part de l’huile rouge dans la consommation actuelle en corps gras des ménages au Cameroun, et plus particulièrement à Yaoundé, capitale multiculturelle du fait de la diversité d’origine ethnique de sa population. Les présentes données rassemblent, sous forme de deux tableaux Excel stockés sur le Dataverse de l’UMR System au CIRAD, les résultats de deux enquêtes effectuées au premier semestre 2016 dans les différents quartiers de Yaoundé, sur la base d’un échantillonnage raisonné de 124 ménagères et de 29 restauratrices de Yaoundé. Ces enquêtes portent sur la consommation d’huiles alimentaires (types d’huile et quantités) et, concernant l’huile rouge, sur les pratiques d’approvisionnement (fournisseur, fréquence, prix et volume), la perception de la qualité, les dénominations, les utilisations et les propriétés culinaires recherchées afin de préparer les plats traditionnels camerounais. La diversité des caractéristiques socio-économiques des ménages et des restaurants, ainsi que la culture des personnes interrogées, sont également caractérisées. Sans prétendre être représentatifs, ces résultats d’enquêtes issus d’un échantillon conséquent présentent une photographie au plus près des pratiques des ménagères et des restauratrices de Yaoundé. Ces données seront utiles pour suivre l’évolution des consommations et pratiques d’utilisation des huiles alimentaires, en particulier de l’huile de palme au Cameroun. Il serait judicieux de comparer la situation du Cameroun avec celles d’autres pays africains traditionnellement consommateurs d’huile de palme rouge, afin de vérifier la tendance à la consommation accrue d’huile raffinée, tandis qu’émerge en parallèle, un intérêt croissant pour les plats traditionnels à base d’huile rouge et pour la qualité de cette huile.
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Moussima Yaka, Diane Armelle, Ange Alex Tiemeni, Bertrand Zing Zing, Thérèse Line Laure Jokam Nenkam, Amina Aboubakar, Aline Beatrice Nzeket, Brice Hermann Fokouong Tcholong, and Yvette Clarisse Mfopou Mewouo. "Qualité physico-chimique et bactériologique des eaux souterraines et risques sanitaires dans quelques quartiers de Yaoundé VII, Cameroun." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 5 (September 14, 2020): 1902–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i5.32.
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Au Cameroun, l’accès aux systèmes d’alimentation en eau potable en milieu urbain apparaît sélectif. Les populations des quartiers situés en périphérie ont recours aux puits et sources pour assouvir leurs besoins. La présente étude a pour objectif d’évaluer la qualité physico-chimique et bactériologique des eaux souterraines couramment utilisées dans quelques quartiers de l’arrondissement de Yaoundé VII. 24 échantillons d’eaux prélevés dans 6 sources (S1 à S6) et 2 puits (W1 et W2) ont été analysés suivant des méthodes normalisées. Les températures relevées, proches de celle de l’air, révèlent le caractère libre des nappes étudiées. Celles-ci subiraient l’influence directe des eaux d’infiltration. Les stations S1, W1 et W2 présentent des valeurs en nitrates supérieures à 50 mg/l (norme OMS). La consommation de leurs eaux expose la population jeune à la méthémoglobinémie. Contrairement aux recommandations de la norme camerounaise, les indicateurs de pollution fécale et les bactéries du genre Salmonella, ont été isolées dans les eaux analysées. Une analyse en composante principale ainsi qu’un dendrogramme ont permis de classer les points d’échantillonnage, selon l’ordre croissant de pollution organique suivant : {S6}, (S3, S4, S5), (S1, S2), {W1}, {W2}. Cependant, du point de vue pathogénique, S6, S3, S4, S5 sont les plus à craindre.Mots clés : Qualité des eaux, puits, sources, Yaoundé, risques sanitaires.
English Title: Physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of groundwater and health risks in some districts of Yaoundé VII, CameroonIn Cameroon, access to drinking water supply systems in urban areas appears to be selective. The populations located in the peripheral zone use wells and springs to satisfy their needs. This study aims to assess the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of the groundwater commonly used in some districts of Yaoundé VII. 24 water samples taken from 6 sources (S1 to S6) and 2 wells (W1 and W2) were analyzed according to standardized methods. The temperatures recorded, close to that of the air, reveal the free nature of the aquifers studied which are directly influenced by the infiltration waters. Samples points S1, W1 and W2 presented concentration of nitrate above 50 mg/l (WHO standard). The consumption of their waters exposes young people to methemoglobinemia. On contrary to the recommendations of the cameroonian standard, the indicators of faecal pollution and bacteria of the genus Salmonella, were isolated in the waters analyzed. A principal component analysis as well as a dendrogram permit to classify the sampling points, according to the following increasing order of organic pollution: {S6}, (S3, S4, S5), (S1, S2), {W1}, {W2}. However, from a pathogenic point of view, S6, S3, S4, S5, are the most to be feared.Keywords: Water quality, Dug wells, spring, Yaoundé, sanitary risks.
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Pefura-Yone, E., A. Balkissou, and A. Kengne. "Prévalence et déterminants du pattern ventilatoire restrictif spirométrique en population générale à Yaoundé, Cameroun." Revue des Maladies Respiratoires 33 (January 2016): A218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmr.2015.10.469.
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Tatah, Peter, and Michaela Pelican. "Migration to the Gulf States and China: Local Perspectives from Cameroon." African Diaspora 2, no. 2 (2009): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187254509x12477244375210.
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Abstract This contribution discusses local perspectives on international migration with a focus on South-South and South-East migration, namely from Cameroon to the Gulf States and to China. The report is based on a joint research project involving anthropologists and students of the Universities of Zurich, Yaoundé and Douala. As in many African countries, international migration has become a major concern for large parts of the population of Cameroon. While western countries still feature as preferred destinations, many Cameroonians have turned to other, more easily accessible options within the South. Popular destinations are countries within Africa as well as the Near and Far East. In all these migration enterprises the family plays a crucial role, both in the preparation of the journey and with regard to transnational exchange relations. For Muslim migrants, religion may be a significant factor influencing their choice of destination besides other considerations, such as economic and educational incentives. Cette contribution examine les perspectives locales sur la migration internationale avec un accent sur la migration Sud-Sud et sur la migration Sud-Est, à savoir du Cameroun aux Etats du Golfe et à la Chine. Le rapport est basé sur un projet de recherche impliquant des anthropologues et des étudiants des universités de Zurich, Yaoundé et Douala. Comme dans beaucoup de pays africains, la migration internationale est devenue un souci majeur pour la majeure partie de la population camerounaise. Tandis que les pays occidentaux figurent toujours comme les destinations préférées, beaucoup de Camerounais se tournent vers des pays plus accessibles dans le Sud. Les destinations populaires sont les pays africains et l'Extrême et Proche Orient. Dans toutes ces stratégies de migration la famille joue un rôle crucial, tant dans la préparation du voyage qu'en ce qui concerne les relations d'échange transnationales. Pour les migrants musulmans, la religion peut être un facteur significatif influençant le choix de la destination en plus d'autres considérations, comme des motivations économiques et éducatives.
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Ekengoue, Clautaire Mwebi, Rodrigue Fotie Lele, and Armand Kagou Dongmo. "Influence De L’exploitation Artisanale Du Sable Sur La Santé Et La Sécurité Des Artisans Et L’environnement: Cas De La Carrière De Nkol’Ossananga, Région Du Centre Cameroun." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 15 (May 31, 2018): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n15p246.
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Sand is classified among the low value development minerals, even though it is massively used in the world. The exploitation of that construction mineral at Nkol’Ossananga, around Yaounde, is done by craftsmen in unsafe conditions, such as: the exposure to a wide range of diseases and the destruction of the environment. We carried out a study on occupational health and safety and environmental impacts on the Nkol’ossananga site. Our method consisted firstly of the bibliographic review, sandpit quarry investigations afterwards, and lastly the data analysis. Tabulation of results showed that the population in the site is essentially threatened by diseases such as dysentery (15%), fibromyalgia (25%), typhoid fever (55%), otalgia (10%), ocular pains (15%), and malaria (45%). Craftmen work without any personal protective equipment (PPE) and are often victims of drowning and bacterial infections. The high demand of sand in Yaoundé involves the development of the activity in other sites and, in consequence, there is a deforestation and disappearance of many animals and vegetables species. The soil and water pollution is also noticeable due to pouring of engines waste oil in the site.
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Thonneau, P. F., R. Leke, N. Goyaux, and T. Matsuda. "P12-8 Incidence de la grossesse extra-utérine en Afrique : résultats d’une étude en population générale menée à Yaoundé, Cameroun." Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique 52 (September 2004): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0398-7620(04)99355-8.
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Tombi, J., and Charles F. Bilong Bilong. "Répartition des parasites branchiaux du poisson d’eau douce Barbus martorelli Roman, 1971 (Teleostei : Cyprinidae) et tendance à une évolution d’intensité contraire des myxosporidies et des monogènes en fonction de l’âge de l’hôte." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 57, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2004): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9909.
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L’étude de la parasitofaune branchiale de 558 Barbus martorelli a été menée dans un cours d’eau douce aux alentours de Yaoundé (Cameroun) en milieu tropical, afin d’obtenir des informations sur la répartition des agents pathogènes dans une population d’hôtes sauvages ; ces données sont indispensables dans la recherche de moyens pour éviter les pertes énormes souvent observées en pisciculture intensive. Cette analyse a révélé la présence de deux espèces de myxosporidies (Myxobolus barbi et M. njinei) et de huit espèces de monogènes (Dactylogyrus bopeleti, D. insolitus, D. simplex, D. maillardi, Dogielius martorellii, Dogielius sp., une espèce de Gyrodactylidae et une larve de Polystomatidae). Quatre poissons n’ont pas présenté de parasites, 24 ont présenté une infection monospécifique et 530 une infection plurispécifique. Chaque individu infesté a hébergé en moyenne quatre espèces de parasites. Alors que la prévalence et l’intensité moyenne parasitaire diminuaient avec la taille de l’hôte pour les protozoaires, le phénomène inverse a été observé pour les helminthes. L’effet sexe a été noté dans l’infestation de B. martorelli par la myxosporidie M. njinei et par la plupart des espèces de monogènes. Les femelles ont ainsi été plus infestées que les mâles en raison de leur biologie en période de frai. Enfin, la richesse des espèces parasitaires a semblé affecter négativement le poids des hôtes.
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Ndongo, Barthelémy, Emmanuel Ngnikam, and Stéphane Lako Mbouendeu. "Analyse des services d'eau non conventionnels dans les quartiers à habitat spontané : cas du quartier EBA'A dans la périphérie de la ville de Yaoundé (région du centre au Cameroun)." Revue des sciences de l’eau 25, no. 2 (August 7, 2012): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1011605ar.
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Cet article présente une analyse du service d’eau non conventionnel (service n’ayant fait l’objet d’aucune convention (cahier de charge, contrat, norme ou règlement, etc.), et donc organisé de façon intuitive par les utilisateurs) d’un quartier à habitat spontané de la périphérie de Yaoundé (EBA’A). L’étude aura consisté à : identifier les caractéristiques de ce service, relever les contraintes auxquelles ses usagers sont soumis, identifier les principaux déterminants de satisfaction de la clientèle et définir les perspectives d’amélioration de ce service. Pour cela, une enquête ménage a été effectuée dans le quartier sur un échantillon représentatif de la population étudiée. Cette enquête fut complétée par des observations et mesures faites sur le terrain. L’analyse des données collectées révèle que les services d’eau locaux non conventionnels s’appuient sur des ouvrages de desserte autonomes qui sont considérablement éloignés des usagers. Ce type de service semble contraignant pour les ménages d’EBA’A, et ce, plus sur le plan des conditions d’approvisionnement que du coût du service. C’est pourquoi, en guise d’amélioration, les ménages souhaitent avoir un service d’eau potable proche et permanent, même si son coût demeure élevé. Cependant, il existe un seuil de 2,10 $•m-3 pour ces populations. Dans ces conditions, un délai de paiement des factures d’au moins dix jours, avec des interruptions de service n’excédant pas trois jours, semble tolérable pour ces ménages. Ainsi, les services d’eau potable non conventionnels pourraient s’avérer être des alternatives d’accès à l’eau potable satisfaisantes dans les quartiers défavorisés, à condition qu’ils soient proches des usagers, permanents, et qu’ils aient un coût supportable par les ménages.
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Essounga, Angeline Raymonde Ngo, and Frida Njiei Achu. "Urban development interventions and living conditions in the informal settlement of Yaounde." Technium Social Sciences Journal 21 (July 9, 2021): 709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v21i1.3907.
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Since the mid-2000s, the political capital of Cameroon, Yaounde is undergoing construction with many urban development projects coordinated by the Yaounde City Council carried out in residential areas and informal settlements. These various activities as many other urban development projects have impacts on the living conditions of the inhabitants. This article focuses on the projects specifically carried out in the informal settlements, aims at analyzing the meaning and the scope of those projects in the lives of individuals and communities. Indeed, this work, is interested in the different operations of eviction, opening up and restructuring that took place in the informal settlements as well as their social consequences on the entire population of the city. It describes these different operations as public actions that are not deployed over the entire area occupied by the popular neighborhoods in Yaoundé, but only on certain slums concentrated around the central town. These results and conclusion are developed from data obtained during direct observations in the slums, from archives and from semi-structured interviews with some urban actors who participated in the implementation of urban development programs in the slums of Yaoundé.
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Ajeagah, Gideon A., Ellénita Ngoko Kamguep, Moïse Nola, Samuel Foto Menbohan, and Thomas Njine. "Isolement et mise en évidence des oocystes de Cyclospora cayetanensis dans un hydrosystème polysaprobe en zone équatoriale, Afrique Centrale." Revue des sciences de l’eau 27, no. 2 (June 13, 2014): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1025562ar.
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Peu de données sont disponibles sur la distribution des Apicomplexa parasites du tube digestif de l’homme. Ils causent pourtant des maladies diarrhéiques de très grande envergure. Une étude menée de janvier à août 2011, dans le cours d’eau Olézoa à Yaoundé (Cameroun), a visé à rechercher et caractériser les oocystes de Cyclospora cayetanensis. Les échantillonnages ont été effectués en amont et en aval du cours d’eau, sur deux stations localisées en zone fortement anthropisées. L’identification des oocystes de C. cayetanensis isolés à l’aide de l’observation directe après coloration au Lugol et selon la technique de Ziehl-Neelsen, a montré qu’ils sont constitués de deux sporocystes contenant chacun deux sporozoïtes. La dynamique d’abondance de ce microorganisme est significativement corrélée à la turbidité, à la température et au pH de l’eau (p < 0,01). Par ailleurs, les formes non sporulées sont plus abondantes que les formes sporulées dans l’environnement et sont fortement corrélées aux teneurs en oxygène dissous qui est un paramètre très important pour leur sporogénèse. En amont du cours d’eau, l’abondance la plus élevée de C. cayetanensis a été de 407 oocystes•L-1 et la valeur enregistrées en aval été de 250 oocystes•L-1. La population de C. cayetanensis observée a été largement dominée par les formes non sporulées de taille 8 µm. La concentration des oocystes la plus élevée en utilisant la technique directe et celle de Ziehl-Neelsen a été enregistrée respectivement au cours des mois de juin et juillet; ces périodes se situent respectivement à la fin de la petite saison des pluies et au début de la saison sèche.
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Yebga, Solange Ngo. "Initiatives locales de la société civile en santé reproductive au Cameroun: Étude de cas des associations en milieu urbain." Regions and Cohesion 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2012.020102.
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The notion of civil society became popular and generalized in Africa during the 1990s, through the initiatives of international bodies like the World Bank and agencies for international development. In Cameroon, the economic recession caused by the deterioration of exchange rates and falling prices of agricultural raw materials (coffee, cocoa, and co on) has favored the emergence of these actors alongside the state in managing and improving the living conditions of those urban populations. In the field of reproductive health, civil society, through associations, is pursuing public orientation through services of education, promotion, and diffusion. Observing the Association for the Struggle against Violence against Women (ALFV in French) ALFV and Women, Health, and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa (FESADE in French) shows how a health policy is operationalized via endogenous initiatives. This research, which is mainly empirical, was conducted between 2006 and 2009 with institutional health managers and managers of associative structures in Yaoundé and throughout Cameroon. Spanish la noción de sociedad civil se populariza y vulgariza en África hacia los años 90 bajo la iniciativa de instancias internacionales como el Banco Mundial y las agencias de desarrollo. En Camerún, la recesión económica debida a la caída de las tasas de cambio y a la baja en las materias primas agrícolas (café, cacao, algodón) favoreció la emergencia de dicha sociedad paralelamente al Estado en la gestión y mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida de las poblaciones urbanas. Por ejemplo, en el campo de la salud reproductiva, la sociedad civil, en la forma de asociaciones, lleva a cabo acciones públicas a través de los servicios de educación, promoción y difusión. La observación de los ejemplos de la Asociación para la Lucha contra la Violencia contra la Mujer (ALVF en francés) y de Mujer, Salud y Desarrollo en el África subsahariana (FESADE en francés) permite ver cómo se operativiza una política de salud a través de iniciativas endógenas. Esta investigación esencialmente empírica fue desarrollada entre 2006 y 2009 con los responsables institucionales de salud y con los responsables de las estructuras asociativas de Yaoundé y Camerún. French La notion de société civile se popularise et se vulgarise en Afrique vers les années 90 à l'initiative d'instances internationales comme la Banque mondiale et des agences d'aide au développement. Au Cameroun, la récession économique due à la détérioration des termes de l'échange et à la chute des prix des matières premières agricoles (café, cacao, coton) a favorisé l'émergence de cet intervenant aux côtés de l'Etat dans la gestion et l'amélioration des conditions de vie des populations urbaines. Dans le domaine de la santé reproductive, la société civile, sous la forme d'associations par exemple, poursuit les orientations publiques à travers des services d'éducation, de promotion et de diffusion. En observant les exemples de l'ALVF et de la FESADE, nous étudions comment s'opérationnalise une politique de santé à travers des initiatives endogènes. Ce e recherche, essentiellement empirique, a été menée entre 2006 et 2009 auprès de responsables institutionnels de santé et de responsables des structures associatives à Yaoundé et dans d'autres villes du Cameroun.
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Yongsi H.B., Nguendo, Ntetu Lutumba A., Bryant R. Christopher, Ojuku Tiafack, and Hermann Thora M. "Uncontrolled Draining of Rainwater and Health Consequences in Yaoundé – Cameroon." Acta Universitaria 19, no. 2 (August 1, 2009): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/au.2009.95.
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Context: Like many sub Saharan African cities, Yaoundé is experiencing a faster growth of its population and urban perimeter. The urban population has grown from 812 000 inhabitants in 1987 to 2 100 000 inhabitants in 2006. However, this population growth has not been monitored by the city planners and decision makers. Accordingly, the city is lacking basic urban facilities. such as a good sewage system to evacuate urban waste water. Objective: This paper aims at addressing health consequences resulting from inadequate management of rainwater in Yaoundé. Material and methods: From the data gathered by us in the framework of the PERSAN programme focused on urban health, a cross sectional study has been carried out in 2002 and 2006 across the city. Based on socio-environmental and medical surveys, the study covered neighborhoods and 3 034 households in Yaoundé. Results: It comes out that that the present urban draining network is outdated and ineffective. This has led to increasing fl oods in several sectors of the city, with health hazards. It has been noted that many diarrheal diseases in Yaoundé are related to the poor sanitation resulting from urban waste coupled with standing waters. Conclusion: We are of the opinion that to solve this problem, there is urgent need to set up a new town-planning mechanism which takes into account the city’s demographic and space dynamics.
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Bamou, Roland, Nadège Sonhafouo-Chiana, Konstantinos Mavridis, Timoléon Tchuinkam, Charles S. Wondji, John Vontas, and Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio. "Status of Insecticide Resistance and Its Mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii Populations from Forest Settings in South Cameroon." Genes 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2019): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10100741.
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A key factor affecting malaria vector control efforts in Cameroon is the rapid expansion of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l (An. gambiae) populations; however, mechanisms involved in insecticide resistance in forest mosquito populations are still not well documented yet. The present study was conducted to screen molecular mechanisms conferring insecticide resistance in An. gambiae s.l. populations from the South Cameroon forest region. WHO bioassays were conducted with F0 An. gambiae females aged three to four days from forest (Sangmelima, Nyabessan, and Mbandjock) and urban sites (Yaoundé (Bastos and Nkolondom)), against pyrethroids (permethrin 0.75% and deltamethrin 0.05%) and carbamates (bendiocarb 0.1%). Members of the An. Gambiae s.l. species complex were identified using molecular diagnostic tools. TaqMan assays were used to screen for target site mutations. The expression profiles of eight genes implicated in insecticide resistance were assessed using RT-qPCR. Cuticle hydrocarbon lipids were measured to assess their potential implication in insecticide resistance. Both An. Gambiae and An. coluzzii were detected. An. gambiae was highly prevalent in Sangmelima, Nyabessan, Mbandjock, and Nkolondom. An. coluzzii was the only species found in the Yaoundé city center (Bastos). Low mortality rate to both pyrethroids and bendiocarb was recorded in all sites. High frequency of L1014F allele (75.32–95.82%) and low frequencies of L1014S (1.71–23.05%) and N1575Y (5.28–12.87%) were recorded. The G119S mutation (14.22–35.5%) was detected for the first time in An. gambiae populations from Cameroon. This mutation was rather absent from An. coluzzii populations. The detoxification genes Cyp6m2, Cyp9k1, Cyp6p4, Cyp6z1, as well as Cyp4g16 which catalyzes epicuticular hydrocarbon biosynthesis, were found to be overexpressed in at least one population. The total cuticular hydrocarvbon content, a proxy of cuticular resistance, did not show a pattern associated with pyrethroid resistance in these populations. The rapid emergence of multiple resistance mechanisms in An. Gambiae s.l. population from the South Cameroon forest region is of big concern and could deeply affect the sustainability of insecticide-based interventions strategies in this region.
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Manfo, Faustin Pascal Tsagué, Cathérine Harthé, Edouard Akono Nantia, Henri Dechaud, Angèle Nkouatchoua Tchana, Marie-Tthérèse Zabot, Michel Pugeat, and Paul Fewou Moundipa. "Bisphenol A differentially affects male reproductive function biomarkers in a reference population and agro pesticides users from Djutitsa, Cameroon." Toxicology and Industrial Health 35, no. 4 (April 2019): 324–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233719838437.
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The consequences of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure on male reproductive function were studied in two populations from Cameroon, farmers using agro pesticides in Djutitsa (rural area) and townsmen in Yaoundé (urban area, Centre region). Urinary BPA concentration from all participants was measured, and the values were correlated with biochemical markers of male reproductive function. The data showed that BPA could be detected in 92.6% of urine participants, with an average concentration of 2.18 ± 1.97 µg/g creatinine but with no significant difference between the urinary BPA concentration from rural and urban populations. From BPA urinary concentration, the BPA average daily intake was estimated to be 0.06 ± 0.05 μg/kg/day (3.51 µg/day per individual) in the Cameroon population. Interestingly, free and bioavailable testosterone concentrations and estradiol/testosterone ratio correlated with BPA levels in the overall population. When data were analysed according to residence, BPA correlated with total testosterone levels ( r = −0.433) and estradiol/testosterone ratio ( r = 0.338) in the urban residents only, while the rural population exhibited significant increases in sex-hormone-binding globulin with increased BPA exposure. Our data showed that the male Cameroon population is exposed to BPA but that inconstant BPA association to endocrine reproductive markers suggests that other environmental factors in combination with BPA exposure might influence testicular function.
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Tadonléké, Rémy D., Louis B. Jugnia, Télesphore Sime-Ngando, Serge Zébazé, and Moïse Nola. "Short-term vertical distribution of phytoplankton populations in a shallow tropical lake (Lake Municipal, Yaounde, Cameroon)." Fundamental and Applied Limnology 143, no. 4 (November 10, 1998): 469–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/143/1998/469.
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Djiappi-Tchamen, Borel, Mariette Stella Nana-Ndjangwo, Konstantinos Mavridis, Abdou Talipouo, Elysée Nchoutpouen, Idene Makoudjou, Roland Bamou, et al. "Analyses of Insecticide Resistance Genes in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Mosquito Populations from Cameroon." Genes 12, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12060828.
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The emergence of insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes could pose major challenges for arboviral-borne disease control. In this paper, insecticide susceptibility level and resistance mechanisms were assessed in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) from urban settings of Cameroon. The F1 progeny of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus collected in Douala, Yaoundé and Dschang from August to December 2020 was tested using WHO tube assays with four insecticides: deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, DDT 4% and bendiocarb 0.1%. TaqMan, qPCR and RT-qPCR assays were used to detect kdr mutations and the expression profiles of eight detoxification genes. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Douala were found to be resistant to DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin. Three kdr mutations, F1534C, V1016G and V1016I were detected in Aedes aegypti populations from Douala and Dschang. The kdr allele F1534C was predominant (90%) in Aedes aegypti and was detected for the first time in Aedes albopictus (2.08%). P450s genes, Cyp9J28 (2.23–7.03 folds), Cyp9M6 (1.49–2.59 folds), Cyp9J32 (1.29–3.75 folds) and GSTD4 (1.34–55.3 folds) were found overexpressed in the Douala and Yaoundé Aedes aegypti populations. The emergence of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus calls for alternative strategies towards the control and prevention of arboviral vector-borne diseases in Cameroon.
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Juliot Mpabe Bodjongo, Mathieu. "Regulations of noise pollution emitted by revival churches and the well-being of neighboring populations in Cameroon." Environmental Economics 11, no. 1 (July 14, 2020): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.11(1).2020.08.
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The noise pollution is negative externalities having harmful effects on the individual’s well-being. This paper examines the effect of noise pollution regulations emitted by revival churches (RC) on surrounding populations’ well-being. The analysis focuses on a field survey sample of 726 individuals not belonging to RC and residing in the towns of Yaoundé and Douala, Cameroon. Drawing inspirations from the theoretical and empirical literature, the econometric results obtained with the nested logit model reveal that setting up a control plan against noise pollution produced by RC allows an increase in individuals’ well-being not belonging to RC. These surrounding populations are ready to pay USD 0.889 for the “the regulation of church service opening hours,” USD 0.831 for “the building of sound-proof places of worship,” and USD 0.466 for “the sensitization of RC’s officials on the bad effects of the noise pollution they produce.” To reduce noise pollution, public authorities must not close the places of worship belonging to RCs.
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Mbarga, Tite Ngoumou. "Changements alimentaires autour de la banane plantain au Cameroun." Anthropologie et Sociétés 37, no. 2 (August 15, 2013): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017910ar.
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Cet article aborde sous un angle anthropologique le sujet des changements alimentaires au Cameroun. Il explore la consommation de la banane plantain, l’un des symboles de la culture des populations autochtones des régions au sud et du centre du Cameroun, à partir du village de Koumou situé à l’arrière-pays de Yaoundé jusqu’à cette même ville. En utilisant des données recueillies en 2004, l’article jette un regard sur les changements dans la consommation de la banane plantain qui sont dus à l’urbanisation. Utilisant une analyse de classe, il présente la question de la différentiation alimentaire qui accompagne le développement des classes sociales urbaines et propose des points théoriques sur le sujet des changements alimentaires en particulier et la consommation en général.
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Keou, F. X. Mbopi, P. Mauclere, A. Andela, E. Tetanye, R. Leke, G. Chaouat, F. Barre Sinoussi, P. Martin, and L. Belec. "Antenatal HIV prevalence in Yaounde, Cameroon." International Journal of STD & AIDS 9, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 400–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462981922485.
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Summary: From June 1994 to July 1996, 4100 pregnant women living in Yaounde, Cameroon, were tested for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 HIV 1 and syphilis. The HIV seroprevalence was 4.2 95 confidence interval CI : 3.6- 4.8 , and that of antibodies to Treponema pallidum was 17.4 95 CI: 16.3- 18.6 HIV infection was twice as common in women with positive syphilis serology 7.2 vs 3.6 . Over the study period, the antenatal seroprevalence of syphilis remained stable, while there was an increase in the HIV seroprevalence rate. There was an increase in HIV seropositivity in women uninfected with syphilis between 1994 1995 and 1995 1996 from 2.9 to 4.3 . By the end of the study, HIV infection was no commoner in women with negative compared with positive syphilis serology. It is therefore postulated that HIV infection in Yaounde has entered the general, sexually active female population. We suggest that manage ment of pregnant women in Cameroon should include routine screening for both HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases STDs .
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LYDIÉ, N., N. J. ROBINSON, B. FERRY, E. AKAM, M. DE LOENZIEN, L. ZEKENG, and S. ABEGA. "ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY AND THE HIV EPIDEMIC IN YAOUNDÉ, CAMEROON." Journal of Biosocial Science 36, no. 5 (August 13, 2004): 597–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200300631x.
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Adolescents are the focus of many interventions that aim to prevent HIV transmission. In order for these interventions to be effective, it is essential to understand adolescents' sexual behaviour. Using data collected in Yaoundé, Cameroon, in 1997, the study analysed risk exposure and HIV prevalence among 426 men and 510 women aged 15–24. Although risky behaviours seem to be more prevalent among young men, their HIV prevalence remains under 1%. In contrast, HIV prevalence is high among young women (7·5%), even those who report having had few sexual partners. Mixing patterns among sexual partners, and especially the age difference between men and women, do not seem to be sufficient to explain the large male–female discrepancy in HIV prevalence that is evident in these data. The results are therefore probably due to a greater susceptibility to infection of young women than men. This study highlights the necessity of reinforcing prevention campaigns among youth and fighting the obstacles that continue to impede the use of condoms in this population.
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Bamou, Roland, Edmond Kopya, Leslie Diane Nkahe, Benjamin D. Menze, Parfait Awono-Ambene, Timoléon Tchuinkam, Flobert Njiokou, Charles S. Wondji, and Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio. "Increased prevalence of insecticide resistance in Anopheles coluzzii populations in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon and influence on pyrethroid-only treated bed net efficacy." Parasite 28 (2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021003.
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In Cameroon, pyrethroid-only long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are still largely used for malaria control. The present study assessed the efficacy of such LLINs against a multiple-resistant population of the major malaria vector, Anopheles coluzzii, in the city of Yaoundé via a cone bioassay and release-recapture experimental hut trial. Susceptibility of field mosquitoes in Yaoundé to pyrethroids, DDT, carbamates and organophosphate insecticides was investigated using World Health Organization (WHO) bioassay tube tests. Mechanisms of insecticide resistance were characterised molecularly. Efficacy of unwashed PermaNet® 2.0 was evaluated against untreated control nets using a resistant colonised strain of An. coluzzii. Mortality, exophily and blood feeding inhibition were estimated. Field collected An. coluzzii displayed high resistance with mortality rates of 3.5% for propoxur (0.1%), 4.16% for DDT (4%), 26.9% for permethrin (0.75%), 50.8% for deltamethrin (0.05%), and 80% for bendiocarb (0.1%). High frequency of the 1014F west-Africa kdr allele was recorded in addition to the overexpression of several detoxification genes, such as Cyp6P3, Cyp6M2, Cyp9K1, Cyp6P4 Cyp6Z1 and GSTe2. A low mortality rate (23.2%) and high blood feeding inhibition rate (65%) were observed when resistant An. coluzzii were exposed to unwashed PermaNet® 2.0 net compared to control untreated net (p < 0.001). Furthermore, low personal protection (52.4%) was observed with the resistant strain, indicating reduction of efficacy. The study highlights the loss of efficacy of pyrethroid-only nets against mosquitoes exhibiting high insecticide resistance and suggests a switch to new generation bed nets to improve control of malaria vector populations in Yaoundé.
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Kamda Silapeux, A. G., Roger Ponka, Chiara Frazzoli, and Elie Fokou. "Waste of Fresh Fruits in Yaoundé, Cameroon: Challenges for Retailers and Impacts on Consumer Health." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020089.
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Post-harvest losses contribute significantly to food insecurity and affect the nutritional status and health of populations. This study estimates the waste of fresh fruits in the post-harvest chain and identifies avoidable causes along the food supply chain to extrapolate good practices for the empowerment of retailers. A semi-structured questionnaire and a checklist were used in the administrative units of Yaoundé, Cameroon, from May to June 2017. Fifty fresh fruit retailers were randomly selected. Information, including socioeconomic profile, handling practices, transport, and food wastes, was analyzed. Dominant figure in the fruit market are 34-aged women. Despite significant professional experience, none of retailers received formal training. The perceived main causes of fruit waste were failure to sell, mechanical damage during transport, and storage conditions. Inappropriate packaging materials and poor hygiene were also observed, and about 40–50% of fruits did not reach the consumers’ table. Nutritional education of the general population is crucial in facing the challenge of fresh fruit waste. The analysis of critical points in the post-harvest fresh fruit chain highlights good cost-effective practices. Training and empowerment of retailers represent the main measures to decrease fruit waste, in addition to nutritional training programs for the general population recommending the daily consumption of fruits for healthy life.
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mandob, DAMARISenyegue, messi zac, and andnoandouaclaude cyrille. "FACTEURS DE RISQUES SOCIODEMOGRAPHIQUES DU SYNDROME METABOLIQUE DANS UNE POPULATION DE YAOUNDE-CAMEROUN." International Journal of Advanced Research 6, no. 3 (March 31, 2018): 596–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/6707.
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Tchanana, Gladys M. K., Marcus Ngantcha, Matthew F. Yuyun, Olujimi A. Ajijola, Samuel Mbouh, Steve C. T. Tchameni, Ahmed Suliman, and Aimé Bonny. "Incidence of recreational sports-related sudden cardiac arrest in participants over age 12 in a general African population." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6, no. 1 (August 2020): e000706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000706.
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BackgroundThe incidence of sports-related sudden cardiac arrest (SrSCA) in sub-Saharan Africa is unknown.ObjectiveTo determine the incidence of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in non-competitive athletes in an urban population of Cameroon, a country in sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsTwo study populations in Cameroon were used. A 12-month, multisource surveillance system of 86 189 inhabitants over 12 years old recorded all deaths in two administrative districts of Douala City. All fields of sports, emergency medical service, local medical examiners and district hospital mortuaries were surveyed. Two blinded cardiologists used a verbal autopsy protocol to determine the cause of death. SCA was identified for all deaths occurring within 1 hour of onset of symptoms. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 793 persons in Yaoundé City, which is the second study population aimed at determining the proportion of people who are physically active.ResultsThe mean age in the cross-sectional study was 27.3±10.7, with more men (56.2%). The cross-sectional study showed that 69.0% (95% CI 65.8 to 72.2) of the population could be considered to have at least 3 hours of physical activity per week. The surveillance found that among 288 all-cause deaths, 27 (9.4%) were due to SCA. One SrSCA was registered in a 35-year-old woman while running. Merging both sources revealed an SrSCA incidence of 1.7 (95% CI 0.2 to 12.0) cases per 100 000 athletes per year.ConclusionThis pioneer study reports the incidence estimates of SrSCA in a sub-Saharan African general population and should be regarded as a first step to a big problem.
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Lydie, R. Marie, and R. Martin Nemba. "The annual effective dose due to natural radionuclides in the reservoir and tap water in Yaoundé area, Cameroon." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 27, no. 1 (2009): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp09011.
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The average concentrations of radionuclides of reservoir and tap water in the Yaoundé area, with a population of 1.5 million inhabitants were estimated from measurements of mean specific activity using a well calibrated Canberra NaI(Tl) detector system. Water samples were collected from reservoirs and taps during the dry and the rainy seasons respectively in December 2002 and July 2003. The radionuclides observed with regularity belonged to the decay series naturally occurring radionuclides headed by 238U and 232Th as well as the non-series nuclide 40K. The average specific activity values obtained for 40K, 226Ra and 228Ra, respectively were for reservoir water 70 ± 11 BqL–1; 8.7 ± 3.5 BqL–1; 0.6 ± 0.2 BqL–1 during the dry season, and 50 ± 9 BqL–1; 8.5 ± 3.7 BqL–1; 0.6 ± 0.2 BqL–1 during the rainy season and for tap water, we have respectively 111 ± 17 BqL–1; 11.4 ± 3.7 BqL–1; 1 ± 0.3 BqL–1 during the dry season, and 51 ± 10 BqL–1; 9 ± 3.5 BqL–1; 0.7 ± 0.2 BqL–1 during the rainy season. The annual effective dose received by Yaoundé adult population as a result of ingestion of this drinking water is respectively 0.925 mSv for the reservoir water and 1.052 mSv for the tap water.
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Kemka, N., T. Njine, S. H. Zébazé Togouet, D. Niyitegeka, M. Nola, A. Monkiedje, J. Demannou, and S. Foto Menbohan. "Phytoplancton du lac municipal de Yaoundé (Cameroun) : Succession écologique et structure des peuplements." Revue des sciences de l'eau 17, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705535ar.
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L'évolution spatio-temporelle, qualitative et quantitative du peuplement phytoplanctonique a été suivie au lac municipal de Yaoundé. Pour cela des prélèvements hebdomadaires ont été effectués de novembre 1996 à décembre 1997, au niveau d'une station de la zone centrale du lac.Trois descripteurs (indice de diversité spécifique, régularité et diagrammes rangs-fréquences) ont été utilisés pour l'analyse de la dynamique de la structure du peuplement. L'indice de diversité spécifique obtenu à partir des biomasses spécifiques, par la formule dérivée de celle de SHANNON et WEAVER (1949), est compris entre 0,68 et 4,64 bits/µg. La régularité (PIELOU, 1966) varie de 0,14 à 0,84; les faibles valeurs correspondant dans l'ensemble à la présence des espèces fortement dominantes. Les profils des diagrammes rangs-fréquences, établis en coordonnées log-log, associés aux faibles valeurs de la diversité, sont essentiellement caractéristiques des stades pionniers (1 et 1') de l'évolution d'un lac tel que décrits par MARGALEF (1967) et FRONTIER (1976). Le stade 2 est rare alors que le stade 3 est absent. Une analyse simultanée basée sur les variations spatio-temporelles de la densité cellulaire et de l'indice de diversité spécifique, sur les valeurs de la régularité, et sur les profils des diagrammes rangs-fréquences révèle le caractère immature permanent des populations phytoplanctoniques inféodées à ce biotope, et caractérise ainsi un milieu eutrophe à hypereutrophe où aucun stade d'équilibre n'est atteint. La richesse du milieu en éléments biogènes et sa faible profondeur (Zmax=4,3 m) sont à l'origine de sa vulnérabilité. L'événement susceptible d'interrompre la succession des populations s'est avéré être le brassage des eaux, provoqué aussi bien par les pluies que les vents dont l'énergie cinétique est fréquemment suffisante pour entraîner un brassage complet d'une colonne d'eau de hauteur aussi faible.
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Sap, Suzanne Ngo Um, Ritha Mbono Betoko, Martine Etoa Etoga, Pierre Yves Mure, Yves Morel, Sophie Dahoun, Faustin Mouafo Tambo, Boniface Moiffo, Eugène Sobngwi, and Paul Koki Ndombo. "Observational study of disorders of sex development in Yaounde, Cameroon." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 33, no. 3 (March 26, 2020): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2019-0458.
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AbstractIntroductionAccording to the current classification of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society (LWPES) and the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) of Disorders of Sex Development (DSD), etiologies vary around the world. Ethnic or genetic diversity probably explains this variability. We therefore conducted the present study on etiologies of DSDs in a country from central Africa.MethodsWe carried out an observational retrospective study at the Pediatric Endocrinology Unit of the Mother and Child Centre of the Chantal Biya Foundation in Yaounde, Cameroon from May 2013 to December 2019. All patients diagnosed with a DSD were included, and incomplete files excluded.ResultsWe included 80 patients diagnosed with DSD during the study period. The 46,XX DSD were the most frequent in our study population (n = 41, 51.25%), with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) as the main diagnosis. The 46,XY DSD accounted for 33.75% and sex chromosome DSD group represented 15% of the study population.ConclusionsDSDs are not an exceptional diagnosis in a Sub-Saharan context. 46,XX DSD are the most prevalent diagnosis in our setting. The diagnosis of all these affections is late compared to other centers, justifying advocacy for neonatal screening of DSDs in our context.
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Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Felix Assah, Saint-Just Petnga, Bibiane Siaheu Kameni, Hebert Donald Fosso Tene, Francial Terrenstra Nang, Dominic Leandry Angong Wouna, Jean Jacques Noubiap, and Joseph Kamgno. "Assessing the global risk of cardiovascular disease among a group of university students: population-based cross-sectional study in Yaoundé, Cameroon." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e030594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030594.
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ObjectiveTo describe the global cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk distribution in a young adult-aged population living in Yaoundé, Cameroon and depict factors likely influencing this risk distribution.DesignA cross-sectional study between May and July 2017.SettingThe University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.ParticipantsAny university student aged 18 years and above, with no known history of CVD, found at the campus during recruitment and who voluntarily agreed to be included in the study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe global risk of CVD was measured with the non-laboratory-based INTERHEART Modifiable Risk Score.ResultsA total of 949 participants (54% males) were recruited; the median age was 23 (IQR 21–26) years. The CVD risk varied between 2 and 21, with a median of 9 (IQR 7–12); 51.2% of students had a low risk of CVD, 43.7% had a moderate risk and 5.1% presented a high risk of CVD. The number of years since first registration at the university (β=0.08), history of sudden death among biological parents (β=1.28), history of hypertension among brothers/sisters (β=1.33), history of HIV infection (β=4.34), the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption score (β=0.13), regular exposure to firewood smoke (β=1.29), eating foods/drinks with too much sugar ≥1 time/day (β=0.96), eating foods/snacks with too much oil ≥3 times/week (β=1.20) and eating dairy products≥1 time/day (β=0.61) were the independent factors likely influencing participants’ global risk of CVD.ConclusionAlmost 50% of participants had moderate or high risk of CVD. Specific interventions targeting major CVD risk factors should be put in place among young adults to prevent or reduce this upcoming overburdened picture of CVD.
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Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Bibiane Siaheu Kameni, Felix Kembe Assah, Jean Joel Bigna, Saint-Just Petnga, Dahlia Noelle Tounouga, Shalom Tchokfe Ndoula, Jean Jacques Noubiap, and Joseph Kamgno. "Prevalence of major cardiovascular disease risk factors among a group of sub-Saharan African young adults: a population-based cross-sectional study in Yaoundé, Cameroon." BMJ Open 9, no. 10 (October 2019): e029858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029858.
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ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence estimates of some major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a young adult-aged population living in Yaoundé, Cameroon.DesignA cross-sectional study held from May to July 2017.SettingParticipantsStudents aged 18–35 years, with no known history of CVD, found at the campus during recruitment and who voluntarily agreed to be included in the study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresData were collected on personal and family history as well as lifestyle and nutritional habits; anthropometric parameters and blood pressure were also measured. Prevalence rates were calculated with their respective 95% CI.ResultsOverall, 931 participants (53.8% males) were included, with a median age of 23 years (IQR 21–25). The prevalence estimates for some major CVD risk factors were: 3.1% (95% CI 2.0 to 4.2) for family history of heart attack, 6.3% (95% CI 4.7 to 7.9) for family history of stroke, 26.7% (95% CI 23.9 to 29.5) for hazardous alcohol consumption, 0.9% (95% 0.3 to 1.5) for current tobacco smoking, 27.6% (95% CI 24.7 to 30.5) for secondhand smoking, 88.9% (95% CI 86.9 to 90.9) for physical inactivity, 99.0% (95% CI 98.4 to 99.6) for inadequate fruits and/or vegetables consumption, 39.8% (95% CI 36.7 to 42.9) for self-reported anxiety, 49.2% (95% CI 46.0 to 52.4) for self-reported depression, 22.1% (95% CI 19.4 to 24.8) for overweight, 3.9% (95% CI 2.7 to 5.1) for obesity, 14.4% (95% CI 12.1 to 16.7) for abdominal obesity, 14.5% (95% CI 12.2 to 16.8) for excess body fat mass, 30.0% (95% CI 27.1 to 32.9) for suspected prehypertension and 2.8% (95% CI 1.7 to 3.9) for suspected hypertension.ConclusionThe prevalence of some major CVD risk factors is high among young adults living in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Therefore, specific actions should be undertaken in this population to mitigate the upcoming burden of CVD. Accordingly, younger-aged adult populations should be encouraged and accompanied to practice physical activity, eat healthily, and stop or avoid smoking and/or hazardous alcohol consumption.
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Nkahe, Diane Leslie, Edmond Kopya, Borel Djiappi-Tchamen, Wilson Toussile, Nadege Sonhafouo-Chiana, Sevilor Kekeunou, Remy Mimpfoundi, Parfait Awono-Ambene, Charles Sinclair Wondji, and Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio. "Fitness cost of insecticide resistance on the life-traits of a Anopheles coluzzii population from the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon." Wellcome Open Research 5 (July 20, 2020): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16039.1.
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Background: Pyrethroid resistance is rapidly expanding in An. gambiae s.l. populations across Sub-Saharan Africa. Yet there is still not enough information on the fitness cost of insecticide resistance . In the present study, the fitness cost of insecticide resistance on Anopheles coluzzii population from the city of Yaoundé was investigated. Methods: A resistant An. coluzzii colony was established from field collected mosquitoes resistant to both DDT and pyrethroid and selected for 12 generations with deltamethrin 0.05%. The Ngousso laboratory susceptible strain was used as control. A total of 100 females of each strain were blood fed and allowed for individual eggs laying, and then different life traits parameters such as fecundity, fertility, larval development time, emergence rate and longevity were measured. The TaqMan assay was used to screen for the presence of the L1014F and L1014S kdr mutations. Results: Field collected mosquitoes from the F0 generation had a mortality rate of 2.05% for DDT, 34.16% for permethrin and 50.23% for deltamethrin. The mortality rate of the F12 generation was 30.48% for deltamethrin, 1.25% for permethrin and 0% for DDT. The number of eggs laid per female was lower in the resistant colony compared to the susceptible (p <0.0001). Insecticide resistant larvae were found with a significantly long larval development time (10.61±0.33 days) compare to susceptible (7.57±0.35 days). The number of emerging females was significantly high in the susceptible group compared to the resistant . The adults lifespan was also significantly high for susceptible (21.73±1.19 days) compared to resistant (14.63±0.68 days). Only the L1014F-kdr allele was detected in resistant population.. Conclusion: The study suggests that pyrethroid resistance is likely associated with a high fitness cost on An.coluzzii populations. The addition of new tools targeting specifically larval stages could improve malaria vectors control and insecticide resistance management.
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Nkahe, Diane Leslie, Edmond Kopya, Borel Djiappi-Tchamen, Wilson Toussile, Nadege Sonhafouo-Chiana, Sevilor Kekeunou, Remy Mimpfoundi, Parfait Awono-Ambene, Charles Sinclair Wondji, and Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio. "Fitness cost of insecticide resistance on the life-traits of a Anopheles coluzzii population from the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon." Wellcome Open Research 5 (September 8, 2020): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16039.2.
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Background: Pyrethroid resistance is rapidly expanding in An. gambiae s.l. populations across Sub-Saharan Africa. Yet there is still not enough information on the fitness cost of insecticide resistance . In the present study, the fitness cost of insecticide resistance on Anopheles coluzzii population from the city of Yaoundé was investigated. Methods: A resistant An. coluzzii colony was established from field collected mosquitoes resistant to both DDT and pyrethroid and selected for 12 generations with deltamethrin 0.05%. The Ngousso laboratory susceptible strain was used as control. A total of 100 females of each strain were blood fed and allowed for individual eggs laying, and then different life traits parameters such as fecundity, fertility, larval development time, emergence rate and longevity were measured. The TaqMan assay was used to screen for the presence of the L1014F and L1014S kdr mutations. Results: Field collected mosquitoes from the F0 generation had a mortality rate of 2.05% for DDT, 34.16% for permethrin and 50.23% for deltamethrin. The mortality rate of the F12 generation was 30.48% for deltamethrin, 1.25% for permethrin and 0% for DDT. The number of eggs laid per female was lower in the resistant colony compared to the susceptible (p <0.0001). Insecticide resistant larvae were found with a significantly long larval development time (10.61±0.33 days) compare to susceptible (7.57±0.35 days). The number of emerging females was significantly high in the susceptible group compared to the resistant . The adults lifespan was also significantly high for susceptible (21.73±1.19 days) compared to resistant (14.63±0.68 days). Only the L1014F-kdr allele was detected in resistant population.. Conclusion: The study suggests that pyrethroid resistance is likely associated with a high fitness cost on An.coluzzii populations. The addition of new tools targeting specifically larval stages could improve malaria vectors control and insecticide resistance management.
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Ryan, K. A., L. Zekeng, R. E. Roddy, and S. S. Weir. "Prevalence and prediction of sexually transmitted diseases among sex workers in Cameroon." International Journal of STD & AIDS 9, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462981922494.
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The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases STDs , describe the frequency of genitourinary symptoms and signs, and to assess the accuracy of clinical diagnoses of STD in a cohort of Cameroonian sex workers. Physical examinations were conducted on 1233 sex workers in Yaounde and Douala, Cameroon. Symptoms experienced within the 14 days prior to examination were collected. Women were tested for gonorrhoea, chlamydia infection, and trichomoniasis. Doctors clinical impressions were compared with laboratory tests. Prevalence of cervical infection and trichomoniasis was 20 . A high percentage of abnormal signs and symptoms was found in this cohort. Clinical diagnosis for cervicitis and trichomoniasis had low sensitivities 50 while specificity remained high 65 . In conclusion STDs are common among sex workers in Cameroon. Clinical diagnosis was not an accurate predictor of infection at the individual level in this population at risk of STD.
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Toivonen, Aurélie, and Tapiwa Seremani. "The enemy within: The legitimating role of local managerial elites in the global managerial colonization of the Global South." Organization 28, no. 5 (September 2021): 798–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13505084211015373.
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This paper contributes to the drive to decolonize management and organization knowledge by unpacking the role played by indigenous managerial elites in the global managerial colonization of the Global South. We focus on the narratives managerial elites construct to legitimate managerialism to a dissenting population. We conducted an ethnographic study of efforts by members of the city council of Yaoundé, in Cameroon to implement and legitimate a global managerial intervention. Our findings show that to successfully legitimate the imposition of managerialism to a dissenting populace, managerial elites construct hybrid narratives. These hybrid narratives are not ignorant of the local context and are particularly potent because of the manner in which they factor in some local concerns, making the managerialist intervention more palatable to locals and yet continuing to impose a foreign way of life.
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De Beaudrap, Pierre, Gervais Beninguisse, Estelle Pasquier, Alice Tchoumkeu, Adonis Touko, Frida Essomba, Aude Brus, et al. "Prevalence of HIV infection among people with disabilities: a population-based observational study in Yaoundé, Cameroon (HandiVIH)." Lancet HIV 4, no. 4 (April 2017): e161-e168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3018(16)30209-0.
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Dongmo, Lidy Flore, and Joseph Lebel Tamesse. "Population Dynamic of Hilda Cameroonensis Tamesse & Dongmo (Tettigometridae) Pest of Vernonia amygdalina Delile in Yaoundé-Cameroon." Entomology and Applied Science Letters 8, no. 1 (2021): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51847/f36k6pq2t7.
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Nicolet, Laure, Amir Moayedoddin, Joel Djatché Miafo, Daniel Nzebou, Beat Stoll, and Emilien Jeannot. "Teenage Mothers in Yaoundé, Cameroon—Risk Factors and Prevalence of Perinatal Depression Symptoms." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 18 (September 15, 2021): 4164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10184164.
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Background: Perinatal depression is defined as a non-psychotic depressive episode occurring during pregnancy or during the first year following childbirth. This depressive disorder is highly prevalent among teenage women but there is a lack of data in low- and middle-income countries. The objective of this study was to provide baseline data on the sociodemographic characteristics of pregnant teenagers or teenage mothers in an urban zone in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Risk factors were assessed, and prevalence of depressive disorders was determined. Methods: Women aged 20 years old or less in the perinatal period were invited to participate in the study. A total of 1344 women participated in the four-stage data collection process involving a questionnaire including questions on sociodemographic background, an assessment of their risk of perinatal depression using the EPDS questionnaire (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), a clinical interview based on the DSM 5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), and a final section focusing on risk factors of perinatal depression. Results: The EPDS score was obtained for 1307 women. The prevalence of depressive disorder symptoms among teenage or young pregnant women is estimated to be 70.0%. This risk is significantly increased by different factors including unintended or unplanned pregnancy (aOR: 1.33, 1.14–1.56 CI95%), being separated or single (aOR: 1.34, 1.12–1.60 CI95%), experiencing depression and anxiety before childbirth (aOR: 1.50, 1.02–2.27 CI95%), abortion experience (aOR: 2.60, 1.03–7.14 CI95%) and domestic violence (aOR: 1.76, 1.12–2.83 CI95%). Conclusion: The results of this study reveal a high prevalence of depressive disorder symptoms within the study population. These findings highlight the need to develop maternal care programs to support both mothers and their infants.
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Eteme, Adolphe Ayissi, and Justin Moskolai Ngossaha. "The Contribution of ICTs to Sustainable Urbanization and Health in Urban Areas in Cameroon." International Journal of Strategic Information Technology and Applications 9, no. 3 (July 2018): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsita.2018070104.
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The uncontrolled urbanization in African cities with inadequate access to urban domestic waste, housing and sanitation management services (DWHSMS) generates landscapes that become places of the spread of many pathologies leading to many public health problems. The city of Yaoundé (Cameroon) is not an exception in this situation which exposes an urban population to the most recurrent diseases. The situation become more complex in the fact that, the performance of the policies and the actions undertaken implied in developing countries, is not known in a precisely. The information sources are dispersed, old and not coordinated. ICT can, at the service of the great causes like the sustainable urbanization and/or environmental health, constitute the irreplaceable ones and essential decision-making tools. For this purpose, integrated and interoperable YUSIIP platform has proposed and deployed. The objective of this article is to present this Domestic platform and to show its contribution in (DWHSMS).
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Emmanuel, Ngnikam, Tanawa Emile, Mougoue Benoît, and Etoga Simon Pierre. "Pre-Collection of Domestic Waste in Slum Districts of Yaoundé in Cameroon: Socio-Economic and Sanitary Impact." Open Waste Management Journal 6, no. 1 (August 28, 2013): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876400201306010005.
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In developing countries, the management of solid waste constitutes one of the main challenges of the present decade. A pre collecting pilot operation taking solid waste from individual households to municipal bins was implemented at Melen in Yaounde. The methods used for the preparation of this operation included meetings between project partners to agree on project objectives and implementation, the identification and interviewing of key actors, conducting a population census and an assessment of the waste generating activities in the targeted area, documenting research, meetings for information sharing and discussion with the inhabitants and the mapping of potential waste collecting itineraries in the targeted areas. By the end of the first year of investigation, we identified the actors of waste management and the services they offered, identified the youth associations capable of waste collection process implementation, and assessed the population’s ability to finance collection the cost of which varied between US$1.25 and US$5 per month. In addition, we noticed that 81% of the households were ready to pay for the pre collection of their waste. The project team endeavoured to create an environment that supported dialogue among various actors enabling follow-up and supervision of the process on the field. The assessment of the first 5 years of the waste program has proven the commitment of the inhabitants to participate in this type of operation through the direct payment for the service: 40 % of the targeted households continued to pay for the pre collection service. The total contribution collected is about US$7,750 per year that permits the employment of 8 persons. This operation collected 22.4 tons of waste per month between 2002 and 2007, waste that would have been otherwise thrown into the streams, directly improving the environment and the population's health in these quarters.
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Temgoua, Mazou Ngou, Gloria Ashuntantang, Marie José Essi, Joël Nouktadie Tochie, Moussa Oumarou, Acho Fon Abongwa, Aimé Mbonda, and Samuel Kingue. "Prevalence and Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease in Family Relatives of a Cameroonian Population of Hemodialysis Patients: A CrossSectional Study." Hospital Practices and Research 4, no. 1 (January 26, 2019): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/hpr.2019.02.
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Background: In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the trend in the number of patients admitted for maintenance hemodialysis is on the rise. The identification of risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) ensures adequate primary and secondary preventive measures geared at reducing the burden of CKD in low-resource settings. A family history of CKD is an established risk factor for CKD in high-income countries. However, data on family predisposition to CKD is scarce in the literature on SSA. Objective: The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of CKD in family relatives of a Cameroonian population of hemodialysis patients (HDP) followed-up in a major hemodialysis referral center in Cameroon. Methods: The current cross-sectional study was conducted over four months on a consecutive sample of first-degree family relatives of end-stage renal disease patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis at the hemodialysis unit of the General Hospital of Yaoundé. For each participating family relative, socio-demographic characteristics, clinical data, and biological data including fasting blood glucose, proteinuria, and serum creatinine were collected. Results: A total of 82 first-degree family relatives of HDP were recruited. The prevalence of CKD among the participants was 15.8%. The main identified risk factors for CKD were age (P = 0.0015), female gender (P = 0.0357), hypertension (P = 0.0004), regular intake of herbal remedies (P = 0.0214), and diabetes mellitus (P = 0.0019). Conclusion: Overall, the current findings suggest an urgent need for population education, routine screening of CKD, and the identification of risk factors in first-degree family relatives of HDP in Cameroon.
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Socpa, Antoin. "New Kinds of Land Conflict in Urban Cameroon: the Case of the ‘landless’ Indigenous Peoples in Yaoundé." Africa 80, no. 4 (November 2010): 553–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2010.0402.
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ABSTRACTThe land disputes in Cameroon that are best known are between groups of local (indigenous) populations and people originating from elsewhere (incomers). This situation is fairly common in the cosmopolitan towns of Douala and Yaoundé. The purpose of this article is not to revisit these types of conflict, but rather to explore conflicts over land between the indigenous populations and the state. This new kind of opposition demonstrates that it is not only the incoming populations who are dispossessing indigenous people of their land. In fact, in various and more effective ways, the state is playing a significant part in the expropriation of indigenous land heritage. This process may be witnessed in urban housing developments, as well as in areas set aside for public utility, or those that are too dangerous to be developed (slopes, piedmonts and marshlands). Through its policy of urbanization, the state is seemingly contributing to producing ‘landless indigenous people’ in much the same way as and probably more effectively than the incomers. This article reviews the historical processes of land expropriation from the time of the colonial state, analysing the grievances of indigenous people faced with this situation, as well as the strategies they have developed in an effort to take back control of their lost lands.
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Tene Fossog, Billy, Edmond Kopya, Cyrille Ndo, Benjamin Menze-Djantio, Carlo Costantini, Flaubert Njiokou, Parfait Awono-Ambene, and Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio. "Water Quality andAnopheles gambiaeLarval Tolerance to Pyrethroids in the Cities of Douala and Yaoundé (Cameroon)." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/429817.
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The poor management of the urban environment in sub-Saharan Africa is affectingAnopheles gambiaesusceptibility to insecticides. A study was undertaken to assess the influence of breeding sites physicochemical parameters on malaria vectors population tolerance to insecticides. A total of 18, 262 larvae collected from 104 breeding sites were exposed to diagnostic concentrations of permethrin and deltamethrin. Larvae originating from cultivated sites were more tolerant than larvae from polluted or nonpolluted sites. No significant difference was observed between polluted and nonpolluted sites. Field larvae were 142 to 325 times and 6.08 to 9.57 times more tolerant to deltamethrin and permethrin, respectively, than larvae of theA. gambiaeKisumu strain used as control. A low but significant correlation was detected between physicochemical parameters and larval insecticide tolerance. Cultivated sites were negatively and significantly correlated to larval tolerance to both deltamethrin (r=−0.421;P<0.0001) and permethrin (r=−0.392;P<0.0001). Dissolved oxygen (r=+0.466;P<0.0001) and ammonia (r=−0.205;P=0.04) appeared significantly correlated to larval tolerance to deltamethrin. The data suggest a direct correlation between some characteristics from the breeding sites and larval tolerance to pyrethroids.
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Nkoyock, Emilienne Grâce, Blaise H. Nguendo Yongsi, Justin Ndié, and Patrice Emmanuel Awono Ateba. "Étude Rétrospective Des Atteintes Rénales Toxiques Medicamenteuses Au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire De Yaoundé (2009-2014)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 27 (September 30, 2016): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n27p149.
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Background: Renal drug toxicity are affections that attacking the renal parenchyma as a result of the consumption of drug substance. In Cameroon, anarchic consumption of medicinal drug subsequent of a growth in unauthorised sales drug increase the risk of developing these pathologies. Objective: This study aims at describing and laying the epidemiological profile of drug-induced toxic renal diseases in Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital over the last 6 years (2009 – 2014). Materials and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out from the 1st of July to the 30th of November 2015, at the polyvalent reanimation service and the haemodialysis unit of the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital. With the aid of a questionnaire, the files of patients consulted and hospitalised in these services over a period of 6 years (1st January 2009 to 31st December 2014) were examined. Included in this study, patients suffering from renal drug toxicity. The data input, treatment and analysis were carried out with the help of Epi Info 7 and SPSS 22 software. Results: Forty-four (44) cases renal drug diseases representing 18.3% of the 240 files examined were noted. The average age of the patients was 48±18 years and varied between 11 and 87 years. The male sex constituted the majority of the suffers cases with a sex ratio of 2.67 (M/F). Acute renal infections with frequency of 65.9%, were most dominant of drug affections. Traditions concoctions (50%), gentamycin (11.4%) and paracetamol (9.1%) were the most incriminating drug in the occurrence of these renal drug affecting. The evolution was noted by a 43% complete recovery against a 14% death. Conclusion: Renal drug toxicities represent a non-negligible proportion of the renal affection ailments in the specialised centres like Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital. The elaboration and putting into action a sensitization plan for populations on the proves necessary, as this would help improve pharmacovigilance and also reduce the consumption of illicit drugs to a greater extent responsible for renal problems.
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Noumegni, Steve Raoul, Jean Joel Bigna, Vicky Jocelyne Ama Moor epse Nkegoum, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Felix K. Assah, Ahmadou Musa Jingi, Magellan Guewo-Fokeng, et al. "Relationship between estimated cardiovascular disease risk and insulin resistance in a black African population living with HIV: a cross-sectional study from Cameroon." BMJ Open 7, no. 8 (August 2017): e016835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016835.
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ObjectivesCardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic diseases are growing concerns among patients with HIV infection as a consequence of the improving survival of this population. We aimed to assess the relationship between CVD risk and insulin resistance in a group of black African individuals with HIV infection.MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved patients with HIV infection aged 30–74 years and followed up at the Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon. Absolute CVD risk was calculated using the Framingham and the DAD CVD risk equations while the HOMA-IR index was used to assess insulin resistance (index ≥2.1).ResultsA total of 452 patients (361 women; 80%) were screened. The mean age was 44.4 years and most of the respondents were on antiretroviral therapy (88.5%). The median 5-year cardiovascular risk was 0.7% (25th−75th percentiles: 0.2–2.0) and 0.6% (0.3–1.3) according to the Framingham and DAD equations respectively. Of all participants, 47.3% were insulin resistant. The Framingham equation derived absolute CVD risk was significantly associated with insulin resistance; while no linear association was found using the DAD equation.ConclusionThe relationship between cardiovascular risk and insulin resistance in black African patients with HIV infection seems to depend on the cardiovascular risk equation used.
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Tounouga, Dahlia Noëlle, Emmanuel Armand Kouotou, Jobert Richie Nansseu, and Anne-Cécile Zoung-Kanyi Bissek. "Epidemiological and Clinical Patterns of Kaposi Sarcoma: A 16-Year Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study from Yaoundé, Cameroon." Dermatology 234, no. 5-6 (2018): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000492175.
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Background: The burden of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is increasing fast among HIV-infected populations, but the disease remains desperately underexplored in Cameroon, where the burden of HIV is high. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out over a period of 16 years (January 2001 to December 2016) at the HIV day care unit of the Central Hospital of Yaoundé, Cameroon. The diagnosis was based on clinical aspects and histological confirmation, and we used a preconstructed questionnaire for data collection through patients’ electronic and physical files. Results: Among 14,220 files reviewed, 316 cases of KS were identified, yielding a cumulative incidence of 2.2%. In the end, 266 patients (55% male) were included in this study. The patients’ age ranged from 17 to 72 years, with a mean of 37.8 ± 9.5 years. KS was the presenting manifestation of HIV in 89.8% of the cases. Cutaneous lesions occurred more often (81.6%), mainly located on the lower limbs (47.7%); mucous lesions were found in 15.8% of the patients, while 8 patients (3.0%) had associated visceral lesions. The lesions predominantly were lymphedemas (28.6%) and papulonodules (21.1%). At the diagnosis of KS, the median CD4 count was 175 cells/mm3 (interquartile range 80.5–288.5), and 150 patients (56.6%) had CD4 counts < 200 cells/mm3. Conclusions: KS is frequent among our HIV-infected patients; it seems to occur most often at a younger adult age and represents one of the presenting manifestations of HIV/AIDS in our context. It seems to equally affect men and women, occurring more often when CD4 counts are < 200 cells/mm3.
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Nkemngo, Francis N., Leon M. J. Mugenzi, Ebai Terence, Abdoulaye Niang, Murielle J. Wondji, Micareme Tchoupo, Nguiffo D. Nguete, et al. "Elevated Plasmodium sporozoite infection and multiple insecticide resistance in the principal malaria vectors Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae in a forested locality close to the Yaoundé airport, Cameroon." Wellcome Open Research 5 (June 23, 2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15818.1.
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Background: Reducing the burden of malaria requires better understanding of vector populations, particularly in forested regions where the incidence remains elevated. Here, we characterized malaria vectors in a locality near the Yaoundé international airport, Cameroon, including species composition, abundance, Plasmodium infection rate, insecticide resistance profiles and underlying resistance mechanisms. Methods: Blood-fed adult mosquitoes resting indoors were aspirated from houses in April 2019 at Elende, a village located 2 km from the Yaoundé-Nsimalen airport. Female mosquitoes were forced to lay eggs to generate F1 adult progeny. Bioassays were performed to assess resistance profile to insecticides. The threshold of insecticide susceptibility was defined above 98% mortality rate and mortality rates below 90% were indicative of confirmed insecticide resistance. Furthermore, the molecular basis of resistance and Plasmodium infection rates were investigated. Results: Anopheles funestus s.s. was most abundant species in Elende (85%) followed by Anopheles gambiae s.s. (15%) with both having a similar sporozoite rate. Both species exhibited high levels of resistance to pyrethroids (<40% mortality). An. gambiae s.s. was also resistant to DDT (9.9% mortality) and bendiocarb (54% mortality) while susceptible to organophosphate. An. funestus s.s. was resistant to dieldrin (1% mortality), DDT (86% mortality) but susceptible to carbamates and organophosphates. The L119F-GSTe2 resistance allele (8%) and G119S ace-1 resistance allele (15%) were detected in An. funestus s.s. and An. gambiae s.s., respectively. Furthermore, the high pyrethroid/DDT resistances in An. gambiae s.s. corresponded with an increase frequency of 1014F kdr allele (95%). Transcriptional profiling of candidate cytochrome P450 genes reveals the over-expression of CYP6P5, CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b. Conclusion: The resistance to multiple insecticide classes observed in these vector populations alongside the high Plasmodium sporozoite rate highlights the challenges that vector control programs encounter in sustaining the regular benefits of contemporary insecticide-based control interventions in forested areas.
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Nkemngo, Francis N., Leon M. J. Mugenzi, Ebai Terence, Abdoulaye Niang, Murielle J. Wondji, Micareme Tchoupo, Nguiffo D. Nguete, et al. "Multiple insecticide resistance and Plasmodium infection in the principal malaria vectors Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae in a forested locality close to the Yaoundé airport, Cameroon." Wellcome Open Research 5 (November 5, 2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15818.2.
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Background: Reducing the burden of malaria requires better understanding of vector populations, particularly in forested regions where the incidence remains elevated. Here, we characterized malaria vectors in a locality near the Yaoundé international airport, Cameroon, including species composition, abundance, Plasmodium infection rate, insecticide resistance profiles and underlying resistance mechanisms. Methods: Blood-fed adult mosquitoes resting indoors were aspirated from houses in April 2019 at Elende, a locality situated 2 km from the Yaoundé-Nsimalen airport. Female mosquitoes were forced to lay eggs to generate F 1 adults. Bioassays were performed to assess resistance profile to the four insecticides classes. The threshold of insecticide susceptibility was defined above 98% mortality rate and mortality rates below 90% were indicative of confirmed insecticide resistance. Furthermore, the molecular basis of resistance and Plasmodium infection rates were investigated. Results: Anopheles funestus s.s. was the most abundant species in Elende (85%) followed by Anopheles gambiae s.s. (15%) with both having similar sporozoite rate. Both species exhibited high levels of resistance to the pyrethroids, permethrin and deltamethrin (<40% mortality). An. gambiae s.s. was resistant to DDT (9.9% mortality) and bendiocarb (54% mortality) while susceptible to organophosphate. An. funestus s.s. was resistant to dieldrin (1% mortality), DDT (86% mortality) but susceptible to carbamates and organophosphates. The L119F-GSTe2 resistance allele (8%) and G119S ace-1 resistance allele (15%) were detected in An. funestus s.s. and An. gambiae s.s., respectively. Furthermore, the high pyrethroid/DDT resistances in An. gambiae corresponded with an increase frequency of 1014F kdr allele (95%). Transcriptional profiling of candidate cytochrome P450 genes reveals the over-expression of CYP6P5, CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b. Conclusion: The resistance to multiple insecticide classes observed in these vector populations alongside the significant Plasmodium sporozoite rate highlights the challenges that vector control programs encounter in sustaining the regular benefits of contemporary insecticide-based control interventions in forested areas.
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de Maret, Pierre. "Recent Archaeological Research and Dates from Central Africa." Journal of African History 26, no. 2-3 (March 1985): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700036902.
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Depuis la synthèse précédente, les recherches archéologiques se sont développées et diversifiées en Afrique Centrale.Pour la préhistoire, des recherches prometteuses sont effectuées sur les processus géomorphoiogiques au Congo, ce qui permettra de mieux comprendre les problèmes posés par l'interpretation des vestiges découverts dans les formations sableuses.Du Gabon à l'Angola, on assiste à un intérêt croissant pour les vestiges des populations qui exploitent la zone littorale depuis l'âge de la pierre récent et qui sont responsable de nombreux amas coquilliers.A l'intérieur du continent, au Congo et au Rwanda, une série de nouvelles dates se rapportent à l'âge de la pierre récent, sans qu'il soit possible de préciser les limites temporelles de ces industries.Dans la moitié sud du Cameroun et à l'est de la Centrafrique, divers témoignages indiquent que depuis au moins le dernier millénaire avant notre ère cette partie de la forêt etait occupee par des populations sedentaires, utilisant de la ceramique, des haches polies et pratiquant sans doute une forme d'agriculture.La fonte du fer semble débuter dans la région de Yaoundé vers le quatrième siècle avant notre ère. A l'est, au Rwanda et au Burundi, la métallurgie du fer paraît au moins aussi ancienne et l'on ne peut tout à fait exclure qu'elle soit même beaucoup plus ancienne, mais cela reste controversé. Au Congo, un fourneau pour fondre le fer a pu être daté du cinquième siècle de notre ère, tandis qu'un fourneau pour fondre le cuivre était daté du treizi`eme siècle de notre ère. Au Zaïre, dans la région du Shaba, la fonte de ces métaux remonte au quatrième siècle de notre ère.Enfin, des séries systématiques de datations permettent d'esquisser durant l'âge des métaux les bases d'évolutions régionales au nord Cameroun, en Centrafrique, dans la cuvette centrale au Zaïre, et au Rwanda.
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McCollum, Andrea M., Leonardo K. Basco, Rachida Tahar, Venkatachalam Udhayakumar, and Ananias A. Escalante. "Hitchhiking and Selective Sweeps of Plasmodium falciparum Sulfadoxine and Pyrimethamine Resistance Alleles in a Population from Central Africa." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 11 (September 2, 2008): 4089–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00623-08.
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ABSTRACT Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance in Plasmodium falciparum is encoded by a number of mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthetase (dhps) genes. Here, we have characterized point mutations in dhfr and dhps and microsatellite loci around dhfr on chromosome 4 and dhps on chromosome 8 as well as neutral markers on chromosomes 2 and 3 in 332 samples from Yaoundé, Cameroon. The triple mutant dhfr haplotype that originated in Southeast Asia is the most predominant in this sample set, but we also find additional independent haplotypes at low frequency and an incipient process of genetic differentiation among alleles of Southeast Asian origin. As reported for other African populations, we find evidence of a selective sweep for resistant dhfr mutants in this Cameroonian population due to drug selection. Although we find evidence for a selective sweep in dhps mutants associated with SP resistance, the dynamics of dhps mutants appear different than those observed for dhfr mutants. Overall, our results yield support for the use of microsatellite markers to track resistant parasites; however, the detection of resistant dhfr alleles in low frequency, the evidence of divergence among dhfr alleles that share a common evolutionary origin, and the distinct dynamics of resistant dhps alleles emphasize the importance of comprehensive, population-based investigations to evaluate the effects of drug selection on parasite populations.
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KORO KORO, F., A. F. NGATCHOU, J. L. PORTAL, C. GUTIERREZ, F. X. ETOA, and S. I. EYANGOH. "The genetic population structure of Mycobacterium bovis strains isolated from cattle slaughtered at the Yaoundé and Douala abattoirs in Cameroon." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 34, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 1001–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.34.3.2390.
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Ama Moor, Vicky Jocelyne, Sylvie Ndongo Amougou, Sebastien Ombotto, Felicien Ntone, Doriane Edna Wouamba, and Bernadette Ngo Nonga. "Dyslipidemia in Patients with a Cardiovascular Risk and Disease at the University Teaching Hospital of Yaoundé, Cameroon." International Journal of Vascular Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6061306.
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Objective. To determine the frequency of lipid abnormalities in patients with a cardiovascular risk and disease at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) of Yaoundé.Materials and Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study from 1 March to 31 May 2015 at the UTH of Yaoundé. We included all patients seen in the outpatient department with a diagnosis of a cardiovascular disease or a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Patients who accepted to participate in the study were asked to answer a questionnaire; after that a blood sample was taken for lipid profile. An informed consent was signed by all the participants and the study has received approval from the national ethic committee.Results. We recruited 264 patients of which 119 were men and 145 were women with a sex ratio of 0.82. Mean age was 61.36 years. The frequency of lipid profiles abnormalities was as follows: low HDL cholesterol (44.3%), hypertriglyceridemia (18.9%), high LDL cholesterol (3.8%), and high total cholesterol 3.4%). Hypertriglyceridemia was strongly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Conclusion. Low levels of HDL cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia are more prevalent in our study population. More studies are needed to confirm this finding in our environment.