Academic literature on the topic 'Populations du passé'
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Journal articles on the topic "Populations du passé"
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Keyser, Christine, Éric Crubézy, and Bertrand Ludes. "L’analyse ADN dans l’approche anthropologique des populations du passé." médecine/sciences 29, no. 6-7 (June 2013): 637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2013296017.
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Garcin, V., J. Bruzek, A. Alduc-Le Bagousse, P. Sellier, and P. Velemínsky. "La croissance des populations du passé: désillusions, espoirs et perspectives." Bulletins et mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris 22, no. 1-2 (March 3, 2010): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13219-010-0009-8.
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Tremblay, Marc. "Vérification de deux méthodes d’estimation indirecte de la mortalité." Articles 12, no. 1 (October 31, 2008): 51–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/600490ar.
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RÉSUMÉ L’utilisation de méthodes d’estimation s’avère souvent indispensable pour étudier la mortalité de populations pour lesquelles les données nécessaires sont déficientes. Mais, quelle confiance peut-on accorder à ces méthodes? Jusqu’à quel point sont-elles efficaces et quelles sont les marges d’erreur qu’elles comportent? Le présent article examine deux méthodes d’estimation indirecte de la mortalité : la méthode de Bourgeois-Pichat (estimation de l’espérance de vie à la naissance), et celle utilisée par Bourbeau et Légaré (Bourbeau et Légaré, 1982), qui consiste à estimer, pour une population donnée, certains indices de mortalité du passé en utilisant le décalage (en années de calendrier) observé à une époque récente entre cette population et certaines autres populations (méthode des écarts). Nous appliquons ces méthodes aux données de la Norvège pour la période 1826-1976. Les résultats sont ensuite mis en comparaison avec les données observées pour la même période. À partir de ces applications et comparaisons, nous faisons une évaluation de chacune des méthodes, en faisant ressortir les avantages et les inconvénients qui les caractérisent. Nous mettons toutefois l’accent sur la méthode des écarts, dont l’utilisation par Bourbeau et Légaré est la première du genre pour estimer certains indices de mortalité du passé.
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Ludes, Bertrand. "Étude des migrations de populations sibériennes du passé : apport d’une approche multi-marqueurs." Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine 196, no. 6 (June 2012): 1087–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4079(19)31740-6.
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Rosoux, Valérie. "Mémoire(s) européenne(s) ? Forces et limites de l’intervention politique dans la mise en scène de l’histoire." Articles 22, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/007872ar.
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Résumé D’aucuns considèrent que l’Europe n’est pas une invention récente née d’un caprice de politiciens, mais le produit d’une maturation multiséculaire. C’est dans cette perspective que maints représentants officiels se réfèrent à la mémoire de l’Europe. L’enjeu est de taille. En effet, l’une des composantes essentielles de toute identité collective réside dans l’interprétation qui est donnée à l’histoire de cette collectivité. Au fil des siècles, les peuples paraissent se forger des souvenirs qu’ils entretiennent, qu’ils assument ou qu’il perdent, voire qu’ils refoulent. L’organisation des souvenirs et des oublis devrait dès lors également conditionner l’existence d’une identité qualifiée d’européenne. Mais il convient de s’interroger à cet égard. Comment les représentants des États membres peuvent-ils parvenir à atténuer les interprétations divergentes, sinon contradictoires du passé ? Comment peuvent-ils dégager un langage commun qui permette de décloisonner les mémoires nationales ? La mise en évidence de souvenirs partagés signifie-t-elle pour autant une homogénéisation totale des représentations du passé ? L’objectif de cette réflexion est de mieux cerner la portée et les limites de toute intervention politique dans la mise en scène de l’histoire. Pour ce faire, elle s’articule autour de deux parties. La première se penche sur les ambitions d’un tel projet. Elle montre que l’insistance sur un passé commun poursuit une double finalité, dans une Europe en quête de légitimité et de puissance. La seconde partie examine les limites de la représentation officielle du passé. Elle établit que la notion de mémoire européenne constitue un projet politique et non une réalité sociologique. Pour ce faire, elle dépeint les trois principales limites du discours officiel sur le passé européen, ce discours risquant de se muer en une description politiquement correcte, sans le moindre impact auprès des populations, dès qu’il apparaît comme aseptisé, homogène et figé.
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Bernand, Carmen. "Des vrais faux et des faux vrais. Le passé des populations américaines au crible de l’authenticité." Raison présente N° 208, no. 4 (2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rpre.208.0049.
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Dramé, Patrick. "La monumentalisation du passé colonial et esclavagiste au Sénégal : Controverse et rejet de la renaissance africaine." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 22, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 237–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1008983ar.
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Le 4 avril 2010, à l’occasion du cinquantenaire de la décolonisation du Sénégal, une vingtaine de chefs d’État africains procède à l’inauguration à Dakar du monument dit de la « renaissance africaine ». Devant symboliser la mémoire de l’esclavage et du colonialisme, l’édification de ce lieu de mémoire à l’esthétique et au financement plutôt discutables et dans un contexte de marasme économique occasionne de vives contestations des populations et de l’opinion publique. Cet article aborde la question en étudiant d’abord le contenu de la presse privée et publique sénégalaise qui, entre 2008 et 2010, a été le lieu d’une vibrante controverse quant aux sens symboliques, au coût et au financement de l’oeuvre monumentale. Examinant de nombreux articles de presse, discours et débats radiotélévisés, cet article questionne d’abord la signification et le sens mémoriels que l’État du Sénégal a voulu donner au monument. Il analyse par la suite les raisons pour lesquelles la représentation symbolique et mémorielle du concept de « renaissance africaine » ne passe pas aux yeux des populations. Il éclaire ainsi les fondements religieux, politiques et éthiques du discours contestataire.
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Castonguay, Stéphane. "La réhabilitation des rivières urbaines au Québec." Recherche 56, no. 2-3 (December 11, 2015): 271–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1034208ar.
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Depuis les années 1970, des mobilisations citoyennes et des interventions gouvernementales donnent lieu à une série de projets de décontamination et de réhabilitation des rivières urbaines. Prenant place dans un contexte de montée des préoccupations environnementales, ces projets semblent signaler une reconquête des fronts d’eau par une population urbaine qui en aurait été privée par le passé. Dans cet article, nous examinons les relations que les populations urbaines entretiennent envers leurs environnements fluviaux dans le temps long pour deux tributaires situés de part et d’autre du fleuve Saint-Laurent et qui traversent deux villes de taille moyenne du Québec : Shawinigan, pour la rivière Saint-Maurice, sur la rive nord, et Drummondville, pour la rivière Saint-François, sur la rive sud. Par cette démarche, nous souhaitons montrer la façon dont les types de relations que les populations entretiennent avec les rivières, plutôt que de se succéder dans le temps, se juxtaposent. De même, nous souhaitons dégager les facteurs qui modulent l’intensité des mobilisations entourant le processus continuel d’appropriation des berges et des cours d’eau.
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Kacki, S. "Influence de l'état sanitaire des populations du passé sur la mortalité en temps de peste : contribution à la paléoépidémiologie." Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 29, no. 3-4 (September 19, 2017): 202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13219-017-0189-6.
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Les épidémies de peste qui ont régulièrement frappé l'Europe depuis le vie siècle de notre ère, bien que largement documentées par les sources historiques, restent encore mal connues du point de vue épidémiologique. Une incertitude demeure notamment quant à savoir si la maladie cibla préférentiellement certaines catégories de population ou entraîna au contraire une mortalité uniforme. Le présent travail contribue à cette discussion par le prisme de l'étude anthropologique et paléopathologique d'un large corpus de squelettes médiévaux et modernes (n = 1090) issus de quatre sites d'inhumation de pestiférés et de deux cimetières paroissiaux utilisés hors contexte épidémique. Les résultats révèlent une signature démographique commune aux séries de peste, qui s'avère distincte d'un modèle de mortalité naturelle, mais en adéquation avec la structure d'une population vivante préindustrielle. L'analyse de divers indicateurs de stress suggère par ailleurs que les victimes de la peste jouissaient d'un meilleur état de santé préexistant que les individus morts d'autres causes. Les résultats tendent à prouver que les facteurs causaux de ces lésions, d'accoutumé responsables d'une diminution des chances de survie, n'eurent qu'une faible influence sur le risque de mourir de l'infection pesteuse. L'étude démontre in fine que la peste fut par le passé à l'origine d'une mortalité non sélective, frappant indistinctement les personnes des deux sexes, de tout âge et de toute condition sanitaire.
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Ledru, Marie Pierre, and Maria Luisa Ferraz Salatino. "Les refuges à Podocarpus sp. pl. de la forêt atlantique brésilienne : une analyse du passé pour mieux les protéger dans le futur." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 299, no. 299 (March 1, 2009): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2009.299.a20424.
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La forêt pluviale atlantique est la deuxième pour la biodiversité après la forêt amazonienne. Située en grande partie dans les régions les plus agricoles du Brésil, elle a subi d'intenses déforestations au cours des deux derniers siècles. Aujourd'hui ne subsiste que 7 % de sa couverture d'origine, pour la plupart des îlots de forêt ou une réserve écologique. Dans le but de définir l'expansion de la forêt atlantique pendant le quaternaire, nous avons inventorié les herbiers afin de localiser les populations des trois espèces endémiques de Podocarpus et extrait l'Adn des feuilles de 26 populations. Leur distribution actuelle est très étendue, entre l'équateur et 30° S. La palynologie caractérise l'évolution temporelle des populations, la génétique permet de délimiter leur territoire d'expansion : entre 5° et 15° S, on retrouve les P. sellowii qui se sont développés il y a 16 000 ans ; entre 15° et 23° S, des populations de P. lambertii ou sellowii se sont développées à plusieurs reprises depuis la dernière glaciation ; entre 23° et 30° S, P. lambertii est apparu en même temps que Araucaria, il y a 3 000 ans. Le croisement de ces données permet de reconstituer les limites d'expansion pour des populations très dispersées aujourd'hui. Les refuges de la forêt atlantique que nous avons ainsi identifiés permettront à la forêt de survivre lorsque les conditions climatiques ne lui seront plus favorables et de se développer lorsque celles-ci redeviendront humides. Leur protection est donc cruciale pour l'avenir de la forêt atlantique et de sa biodiversité. (Résumé d'auteur)
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Populations du passé"
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Bonneuil, Noël. "Reconstruction et dynamique des populations du passé." Paris, EHESS, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991EHES0030.
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Les fluctuations temporelles de la fecondite sont etudiees a l'aide d'outils issus de la theorie des systemes dynamiques. Dans la periode moderne (1931-1985), l'auteur propose l'existence d'un comportement temporel identique pour de nombreux pays, sous la forme d'un bi-stable bruite dans l'espace des phases : deux attracteurs ponctuels fixes s'echangent la trajectoire du comportement de fecondite au gre des conjonctures. Partant alors a la recherche des populations du passe, il passe en revue les methodes de reconstruction. Il propose une nouvelle methode capable d'estimer aussi le niveau du sous-enregistrement des sepultures. Celle-ci est utilisee pour reconstruire avec rigueur une petite population du xviie siecle en pays de caux. L'evolution temporelle de la fecondite peut etre encore caracterisee dans l'espace des phases et on retrouve une forme de bi-stable bruite. Une simulation fine du modele autoregulateur permet de retrouver cette forme generale, ainsi qu'elle montre l'existence d'une valeur de bifurcation relative a la frequence des crises de mortalite. L'auteur presente ensuite une vaste reconstruction de la population francaise par departements au xixe siecle, ou, sur la base d'un processus markovien inhomogene, il reconstruit la population feminine, les migratioons par age, il estime les sous-enregistrements affectant l'ensemble des donnees. Il presente enfin une vue panoramique de la transition demographique, ainsi qu'un modele econometrique qui revele l'importance de la mobilite dans la chute de la fecondite et qui dessine l'evolution differentielle de l'espace francaisTemporal fluctuations of fertility are studied through tools and concepts coming from the theory of dynamic systems. In the modern period (1931-1985), the author suggests the existence of a temporal fertility behaviour identical for most of western countries, in the shape of a noised bi-stable phase portrait: two fix attractors exchange the trajectory of fertility behaviuor according to conjunctures. Undertaking an exploration of populations of the past, he reviews the methods in use to reconstruct populations. He presents a new method, capable of estimanting underregistration in the burial series. This method yields a rigourous description of a 17th century population in pays de caux. The temporal evolution of fertity can still be depicted in terms of a noised bi-stable phase portrait. A simulation of the autoregulator model allows the author to find again this general form, and to detect the existence of a bifurcation value for the frequency of mortality crises. The author presents then a vast reconstruction of the female population in 19th century france. On the basis of an inhomogenous markov process, he reconstructs the population, the migration by age, he estimates underregistration inherent in the whole set of data. He then presents an overiew of the demographic transition revealed, as well as an econometric model emphasizing the importance of mobility and the differentail evolution of the french space
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Martin-Dupont, Sophie. "Les spondylarthropathies dans les populations du passé : diagnostic et épidémiologie des populations du Sud de l'Europe." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30072.
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L'objectif de ce travail est la mise au point et l'utilisation de critères morphologiques permettant de poser un diagnostic de spondylarthropathie sur des ossements anciens. Dans un premier temps, nous avons fait le point sur les outils diagnostiques disponibles en clinique et en paléopathologie. Dans un deuxième temps, la question est abordée d'un point de vue épidémiologique. A partir de cette revue bibliographique, de notre expérience de rhumatologue et de l'analyse de trois squelettes de Soulièvres dans la Somme, un système de critères diagnostiques est élaboré. Il est ensuite appliqué à trois populations squelettiques, une population Portugaise du début du siècle dernier et deux populations médiévales du sud de la France. La discussion porte sur la pertinence des critères et les facteurs susceptibles d'expliquer les variations de prévalence observées. Le système de critères, mis au point dans ce travail, permet de porter un diagnostic gradué en certain, probable, possibleThe aim of this work is to elaborate and to use morphologic criteria allowing to make the diagnosis of Spondylarthropathy on ancient skeletons. At first, we made a point on available diagnosis tools in clinical practice for living people, and in paleopathology. In a second time, the question is approached from an epidemiological point of view, through international publications. From this bibliography review, from our rheumatologist experience, and from the analysis of three skeletons of the Soulièvres Abbey in Somme (France), a set of diagnosis criteria is developed. Then, it is applied to three archaeological series, one Portuguese population from the beginning of the last century, and two medieval populations from the south of France. The discussion analyses the relevance of criteria, and factors likely to explain the variations of prevalence observed. The criteria set developed and tested in this work, allows giving a diagnosis graduated as definite, probable, possible
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Chassaing, Olivier. "Organisation génétique des populations d'esturgeon européen Acipenser sturio : passé, présent, futur." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20252/document.
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L'esturgeon européen Acipenser sturio (Linnaeus, 1758) était un poisson commun de nos fleuves jusqu'au début du 20e siècle. Toutes ses populations sont maintenant éteintes sauf une qui survit dans le bassin Gironde-Garonne-Dordogne en France. Les données disponibles sur l'espèce restent très partielles car elles proviennent quasi exclusivement de cette population relictuelle. Au cours de cette thèse, plus d'une centaine d'échantillons anciens d'esturgeons restes archéologiques ou spécimens naturalisés conservés dans les muséums d'histoire naturelle ont été analysé grâce aux méthodes de la paléogénétique. Ces analyses génétiques ont été réalisées sur l'ADN mitochondrial (surtout la Dloop) ainsi que sur cinq loci microsatellites qu'il a été nécessaire d'adapter aux méthodes d'étude de l'ADN ancien. Les données paléogénétiques obtenues ont permis d'étudier : 1) les relations de l'esturgeon européen avec les autres espèces d'esturgeons vivant ou ayant vécu en Europe, en particulier l'esturgeon de l'Adriatique A. naccarii et l'esturgeon atlantique A. oxyrinchus. 2) la diversité génétique de l'esturgeon européen sur l'ensemble de son ancienne aire de répartition. 3) la diversité génétique d'une population d'esturgeon européen au cours du temps la population du Rhône, d'une période où elle était florissante jusqu'à son extinction. L'ensemble de ces données ont été discuté à la lumière de la conservation de l'espèce, qui est aujourd'hui en danger critique d'extinctionThe European sturgeon Acipenser sturio (Linnaeus, 1758) was a common fish of our rivers until the beginning of the 20th century. All populations are now extinct except one which survives in the Gironde-Garonne-Dordogne basin in France. Data available on this species are only partial because they only stem from this relictual population. During this thesis, more than one hundred ancient sturgeon samples archaeological remains or naturalized museum specimens were analysed by paleogenetics means. These genetics anlyses were carried out on mitochondrial DNA (mainly the Dloop) and five microsatellites loci which were adapted to ancient DNA methodologies. Paleogenetics data that we obtained were used to study : 1) A. sturio interactions with other sturgeon species which live or lived in Europe, especially the Adriatic sturgeon A. naccarii and the atlantic sturgeon A. oxyrinchus. 2) the genetic diversity of A. sturio all over its former geographical range. 3) genetic diversity of a population of the European sturgeon through time the Rhone River population from a period it was flourishing until its extinction. All these data were considered in the light of the species conservation, since A. sturio is now critically endangered
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Meffray, Avril. "Infections des populations du passé : développement et application d'une approche originale de paléoépidémiologie intégrative." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200630_MEFFRAY_473hgvhb335uthc207t610n_TH.pdf.
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La restitution des environnements infectieux propres aux populations anciennes et de l’influence qu’incarnaient les infections sur leur état sanitaire représentent des pierres angulaires de notre connaissance des sociétés passées. L'objectif de cette recherche doctorale est de développer et mettre en œuvre une nouvelle approche d’étude des maladies infectieuses dans le passé : la paléoépidémiologie intégrative. Il s’agit, pour une collection ostéoarchéologique, de combiner l’étude paléoépidémiologique macroscopique dite classique avec une approche microbiologique « populationnelle ». Cette approche paléomicrobiologique rend ainsi possible l’estimation de prévalences infectieuses plus proches de la réalité épidémiologique de nos échantillons, en révélant la part des infections silencieuses présentes dans les corpus. La mise en œuvre de cette approche pour l’étude de quatre séries ostéoarchéologiques issues de contextes chronogéographiques variés a notamment démontré son potentiel dans le cadre des recherches sur les maladies infectieuses dans le passé, en prouvant la présence de nombreuses infections parmi les individus étudiés. In fine, au vu de leur complémentarité et de la richesse des données qu’elles apportent, l’intégration de la paléopathologie et de la paléomicrobiologie au sein d’une même approche s’inscrit dans l’avenir de l’étude des contextes infectieux du passé. Le développement de la paléoépidémiologie intégrative s’entrevoit dans une perspective interdisciplinaire, visant à croiser les sciences biologiques aux sciences humaines et sociales, afin d’améliorer notre compréhension des communautés de maladies qui se sont imposées aux populations du passéThe reconstruction of the infectious environments of ancient populations and the influence that infections had on their health status are cornerstones of our knowledge of past societies. The purpose of this doctoral research is to develop and implement a new approach to the study of infectious diseases in the past: integrative paleoepidemiology. For an osteoarchaeological collection, the aim is to combine the so-called classical macroscopic paleoepidemiological study with a "population-based" microbiological approach. This paleomicrobiological approach thus makes it possible to estimate infectious prevalences closer to the epidemiological reality of our samples, by revealing the proportion of "silent" infections present in the corpus. The implementation of this approach for the study of four osteoarcheological series from various chrono-geographic contexts has notably demonstrated its potential in the context of research on infectious diseases in the past, by proving the presence of numerous infections among the individuals studied. Finally, given their obvious complementarity and the wealth of data they provide, the integration of paleopathology and paleomicrobiology within a single approach is part of the future of the study of past infectious contexts. Forthcoming developments of integrative paleo-epidemiology can be foreseen from a resolutely interdisciplinary perspective, aiming to cross the biological sciences with the human and social sciences, in order to improve our understanding of the communities of diseases that have imposed themselves on past populations
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Antunes, Nicolas. "Application d'algorithmes prédictifs à l'identification de niches écoculturelles des populations du passé : approche ethnoarchéologique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0173/document.
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La géographie des groupes humains résulte d’événements historiques culturels et environnementaux. Notre démarche consiste à identifier des relations cultures/environnements dans des populations actuelles ou historiques bien documentées pour ensuite déceler l’éventuelle présence de phénomènes similaires dans des populations anciennes dont seuls les vestiges archéologiques sont connus. Après avoir passé en revue différents concepts permettant de décrire l’espace écologique occupé par une espèce (ou une population déterminée par un trait spécifique), nous déduisons que le concept de niche est idéal pour mesurer les facteurs environnementaux qui peuvent influencer l’établissement d’une culture en un lieu à une période donnée. Afin d’apprécier les distributions géographiques potentielles de cultures du présent et du passé, nous utilisons la modélisation de niches écoculturelles (ECNM). L’ECNM utilise des algorithmes prédictifs ainsi que des données d’occurrences et environnementales afin d’examiner les possibles influences des facteurs environnementaux dans les trajectoires évolutives des cultures. Nous présentons des résultats issus d’une optimisation de l’ECNM qui consiste à obtenir des données environnementales à très hautes résolutions spatiale et temporelle puis à combiner des prédictions de niche en tenant compte des performances des différents algorithmes prédictifs utilisés. La validité de la méthode que nous proposons est assurée par la fiabilité des occurrences que nous utilisons dans nos référentiels actualiste et historique. Enfin l’analyse statistique de plusieurs niches contemporaines, ou se succédant dans plusieurs phases climatiques, nous permet de les positionner dans l’espace écologique et de discuter de diversité culturelle, de risque écologique, de compétition, de dynamique évolutive et de peuplementThe geographic distribution of human populations is the result of both historical contingency and environmental factors. This study identifies culture-environment relations for well-documented present-day and historic populations in order to evaluate whether the same phenomena operated inprehistoric contexts, which are only known from archaeological sites. After reviewing the different concepts used to describe the ecological space occupied by a species (or specific population), it is shown that the niche concept is well-suited for identifying and measuring environmental factors that can influence the distribution of a culture at a particular place and time. In order to better understand the potential distributions of present and past cultures, this study employs the method known aseco-cultural niche modeling (ECNM). ECNM uses predictive algorithms along with occurrence and environmental data in order to examine the possible influences of environmental factors on cultural trajectories. The results presented here are derived from an optimized ECNM approach that permits one to obtain high-resolution environmental data, and that also combines niche predictions by taking into account the performance of the various employed predictive algorithms.The effectiveness of this approach is ensured by the use of reliable occurrence data for both the present-day and historic case studies. Finally, statistical evaluations of multiple contemporaneous niches, as well as successive ones across multiple climatic phases, allow them to be placed in ecological space and examined with respect to cultural diversity, ecological risk, competition, and evolutionary and population dynamics
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Ricaut, Francois-Xavier. "ADN ancien et populations du passé : le cas de l'Altaï et de la Sibérie orientale." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0068.
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L'identification génétique (région HV1 de l'ADNmt et STR des autosomes et du chromosome Y) de restes humains anciens appartenant aux populations Scythe du sud de la Sibérie (2500 ans BP), Yakout de Sibérie centrale (500-300 ans BP) et néolithique de l'extrême nord-est Sibérien (6000 ans BP) a été réalisé avec succès. Les résultats confirment l'hypothèse (i) d'un (re)peuplement de la Sibérie à partir de deux zones distinctes correspondant aux deux zones de refuge glaciaire en place il y a 10000 ans, et (ii) d'une poussée des populations mongoloïdes de l'est vers l'ouest de la Sibérie, décelable dès le 1er millénaire BC. La forte hétérogénéité génétique des populations Scytho-Sibérienne et Yakout, la présence caucasoïde en Altaï plusieurs siècles avant le développement de la route de la soie et la complexité des modes de recrutement funéraire Yakout a été mis en évidence, ainsi que leur ethnogénèse à partir des populations d'Asie centraleMolecular analysis (region HV1 of mtDNA and Y and autosomal STR) of ancient human remains belonging to the Scytho-Siberian of south Siberia (2500 years BP), Yakut of central Siberia (500-300 years BP) and north-eastern Neolithic (3600 BP) populations have been successful accomplish. Results are in agreement with the hypothesis (i) of a Siberia peopling from two distinct glacial refuge regions corresponding to north-eastern Siberia and southern Siberia and (ii) mongoloid population movement westward from the 1st millenary BC. We also underlined the strong genetic heterogeneity of Scytho-Siberian and Yakut populations, the Caucasoid presence in Altai several centuries before the silk road development, and that commercial exchange with neighbouring population (notably Chinese) were coupled with genetic exchange. Moreover, our genetic results suggested the Yakut funeral practice diversity and confirmed the hypothesis of their ethnogenesis from central Asian populations
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Œil, Gaëlle. "L'âge du sevrage dans les populations du passé : Estimation à partir de l'étude de l'émail dentaire." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2019AZUR2031.
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L’alimentation des populations du passé en général, et l’allaitement maternel en particulier, sont des thématiques de recherche importantes en anthropologie biologique car elles sont impliquées dans de nombreuses réflexions socioculturelles, sanitaires et démographiques. L’allaitement maternel, dont les effets bénéfiques sur la santé de l’enfant sont unanimement admis aujourd’hui, a longtemps été le choix alimentaire laissant les meilleures chances de survie aux jeunes enfants. Dans la plupart des cultures, les nouveau-nés sont allaités, souvent exclusivement dans un premier temps pendant une durée qui peut varier, avant l’introduction d’une alimentation complémentaire, puis l’arrêt complet de l’allaitement maternel. La diversification alimentaire et le sevrage complet constituent des transitions alimentaires critiques pour l’enfant. Les pratiques et les modalités d’allaitement et de sevrage connaissent une grande diversité à travers le temps et l’espace notamment en ce qui concerne la durée, qui s’explique par des facteurs socio-économiques, culturels et environnementaux.En l’absence de vestiges matériels manufacturés témoignant des pratiques de l’allaitement maternel et de sevrage, les approches anthropobiologiques représentent une alternative prometteuse pour obtenir des informations sur la consommation du lait maternel. La démarche proposée vise à mettre en relation les données chimiques obtenues par l’analyse de l’émail dentaire, l’alimentation et l’état sanitaire des jeunes enfants. Le strontium et le calcium absorbés par un individu sont incorporés dans la dent en développement. Le rapport Sr/Ca reflète donc les changements biologiques de concentration de ces deux éléments dans le corps. Le microéchantillonnage d’une section dentaire effectué par ablation laser et analysé en spectrométrie de masse (LA-ICP-MS) nous permet d’évaluer les variations chronologiques du rapport Sr/Ca dans la couronne dentaire de la première molaire définitive. Les marqueurs de croissance par accumulation de l’émail sont utilisés pour estimer l’âge auquel nous observons des variations du rapport Sr/Ca. Les lames minces dentaires de vingt-deux individus, issus de trois sites français, Saint-Martin-des-champs (Paris), Les Grands Peupliers (Hières-sur-Amby) et Saint-Laurent (Grenoble), ont été examinées de cette manière. Les résultats révèlent une évolution des pratiques d’allaitement et de sevrage à travers le Moyen Âge.Le travail présenté ici se propose, à partir de l’examen histologique et chimique de l’émail dentaire, de définir un protocole scientifique en vue d’estimer l’âge de la diversification alimentaire et l’âge du sevrage complet au lait maternel chez les individus issus de populations archéologiques. Il propose également une discussion sur les performances et les potentialités offertes par la démarche envisagéeFeeding of past populations, and particularly breastfeeding, are important thematic research in biological anthropology, as they are involved in many reflections upon sociocultural, health and demographic aspects. Breastfeeding, whose beneficial effects on child health are unanimously accepted nowadays, has long been the food choice allowing the best chances of survival for young children. In most cultures, at the beginning of their lives and according to a variable duration, newborns are exclusively breastfed. Progressively, additional food is introduced before the definitive cessation of breastfeeding. Dietary diversification and weaning represent significant transitions for children. Practices and modalities of breastfeeding and weaning have widely varied through time and space, especially as far as duration is concerned. This can be explained by socioeconomic, cultural and environmental factors. Given the lack of manufactured material remains concerning the breastfeeding’s practices and weaning, anthropologists have developed promising alternative approaches which enable them to obtain information on the consumption of breast milk. One of these approaches combines chemical data obtained by tooth enamel analysis with data concerning the diet and the health conditions of young children. The strontium and calcium consumed by an individual are incorporated as the tooth develops. Therefore, Sr/Ca reflects the biological changes in the concentrations of these two elements in the body. Microsampling of a longitudinal thin section in tooth enamel withdrawn by laser ablation and tested by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry allows us to evaluate the variations over time of the Sr / Ca ratio through the dental crown of the first permanent molar. Incremental growth markers in enamel are used to estimate the age at which changes may be observed in the Sr / Ca ratio. Thin sections of twenty two individuals from three archaeologic sites in France, Saint-Martin-des-champs (Paris), Les Grands Peupliers (Hières-sur-Amby) and Saint-Laurent (Grenoble) have been examined in this way. The results reveal the evolution of breastfeeding and weaning practices throughout the Middle Ages. The purpose of this work is to define a scientific protocol to estimate the age of dietary diversification and complete weaning for individuals from archaeological populations, on the basis of histologic and chemical examination of tooth enamel. It also proposes a discussion upon the performances and potentialities offered by the suggested approach
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Bouquin, Denis. "Décomposition du cadavre et pratiques funéraires des populations du passé : confrontation des données médico-légales et archéologiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/288196.
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La problématique à l’origine de ces travaux de doctorat porte sur la décomposition du cadavre,son rôle dans la consitution de l’image archéologique de la sépulture archéologique et donc sur lespossibilités de restitution des pratiques funéraires des populations du passé.Pour tenter de répondre à cette question qui touche les sciences médico-légales et l’archéologiede la mort, nous avons divisé notre propos en trois parties. La première traite des données théoriques.Dans un premier chapitre, nous abordons les fondements de l’archéologie de la mort afin de préciser lecadre de nos travaux notamment sur les outils dont nous disposons pour restituer les pratiques funérairesdes populations du passé. Dans les deux derniers chapitres, nous présentons les données relatives auprocessus de décomposition en contexte d’exposition, puis en contexte d’inhumation. Ces donnéesthéoriques sont indispensables car elles permettent, d’une part, de connaître la variabilité du processus,d’autre part, les facteurs qui peuvent l’influencer et enfin de pouvoir évaluer l’intérêt de ces données etde leur application en contexte archéologique. Afin de dépasser la simple application de ces informationssur des contextes archéologiques, nous avons réalisé des observations sur 50 sépultures récentes issuesde deux cimetières contemporains pour non seulement apporter nos propres données concernant lavariabilité de la décomposition en contexte d’inhumation, mais également constituer un référentiel dedonnées qui peuvent être appliquées en contexte archéologique. Dans cette optique, nous avons dansun second temps étudié 50 sépultures archéologiques pour tester la pertinence de nos observations etdémontrer l’intérêt de prendre en compte le processus de décomposition dans le cadre d’une démarchede restitution des pratiques funéraires des populations du passé. Le dernier chapitre de cette partie estconsacré à une discussion afin d’évaluer la manière dont nos résultats s’insèrent dans la recherche surla décomposition du cadavre et la restitution des pratiques funéraires des populations du passé. Enfinla dernière partie permet d’aborder les apports et les limites de nos travaux tant sur la décompositiondu cadavre en contexte d’inhumation que nos possibilités de restituer les modalités d’inhumation encontexte archéologique.Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Garot, Elsa. "Distinction entre processus pathologique de type hypominéralisation molaire-incisive et processus taphonomique par différentes méthodes de micro-analyse de l’émail dentaire." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0791/document.
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Les diagnostics d’hypominéralisations molaire-incisive (HMI) et de colorations post-mortem de l’émail sont peu fiables et reproductibles dans des séries archéologiques. Notre guide de diagnostic a permis de distinguer les hypominéralisations de l’émail des colorations taphonomiques. L'émail hypominéralisé est caractérisé par des taux de β-carbonate plus élevés et une densité minérale plus faible. Les colorations taphonomiques présentent une concentration plus élevée en manganèse, en fer, en cuivre et en plomb, mises en évidences par des analyses en fluorescence X. Les dentures d’individus immatures issus de 21 séries archéologiques ont été examinés et comprenaient : 4 séries françaises, Sains-en-Gohelle (Pas-de-Calais), Cognac-Saint-Martin (Charente), Beauvais (Oise) et Jau-Dignac-et-Loirac (Gironde) provenant de cimetières médiévaux et post-médiévaux et 17 séries anglaises (Londres) provenant de cimetières romains, médiévaux et post-médiévaux. Nous avons dénombré 555 individus dont l’âge au décès est compris entre 5 et 19 ans et dont la datation chronologique s’étale sur une période allant du 1er au 19ème siècle. Au total, sur les 290 individus avec au moins une première molaire permanente (PMP) présente, 42 avaient au moins une opacité délimitée de l’émail sur une PMP (soit 14,5%). Parmi les 17 individus dont les dents ont été analysées, les tests statistiques n’ont mis en évidence que 9 cas de HMI, soit 52,9% de l’effectif. Une prévalence de 9,3% de HMI a été estimée dans nos séries archéologiques ce qui avoisine les prévalences connues à l’heure actuelle dans les populations du vivant en Europe. Les défauts du développement de d'émail sont souvent utilisés comme indicateurs de la santé générale dans les populations archéologiques passées. La possibilité de trouver des HMI dans des populations anciennes minimise l’importance de certaines hypothèses étiologiques contemporaines (par exemple les dérivés de dioxines, les bisphénols ou les antibiotiques) sans exclure l'aspect multifactoriel possible de l'anomalieDevelopmental enamel defects are often used as indicators of general health in past archaeological populations. It can be difficult to macroscopically distinguish subtle hypomineralised enamel opacities such as Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) from post-mortem staining. The diagnostic guide developed enables the differentiation of developmental hypomineralisation of enamel from taphonomic discolorations. Hypomineralised enamel had higher β-carbonate rates and lower mineral density. Taphonomic discoloration had higher concentration of manganese, iron, copper and lead, determined by means of X-ray fluorescence analyses. Sub adults from 21 archaeological series were examined and included: 4 French series, Sains-en-Gohelle (Pas-de-Calais), Cognac-Saint-Martin (Charente), Beauvais (Oise) and Jau-Dignac-et-Loirac (Gironde) from medieval and post-medieval cemeteries and 17 English series (London) from Roman, medieval and post-medieval cemeteries. We recorded 555 individuals aged between 5-19 years dating from 1st to 19th century. Among 290 specimens with at least one first permanent molar (FPM) present, 42 showed at least one FPM opacity (14.5%). Among the 17 individuals whose teeth were analysed, statistics highlighted 9 cases of MIH (52.9%). MIH prevalence of 9.3% was estimated among the archaeological series which is close to prevalence in living populations in Europe. The identification of MIH among past populations downplays contemporary aetiological hypotheses (e.g. dioxins, bisphenols, antibiotics) without excluding multifactorial aetiology of this pathology
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Khaled, Abderrazzak. "Scolarité et délinquance juvénile au Maroc : étude d'une population délinquante passée par l'école." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR21011.
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À travers une approche comparative entre les ayant fréquenté l'école et les n'en ayant jamais fréquenté parmi l'ensemble des délinquants passés par un centre d'observation, la présente étude essaie de déceler une contribution éventuelle de l'échec scolaire à la délinquance de ces jeunes. La comparaison entre les conditions socio-économiques et socio-familiales révèle que ces conditions sont significativement plus défavorables chez les délinquants n'ayant jamais fréquenté l'école. L'approche psychologique met en relief l'agressivité, l’opposition et l'attitude critique à l'égard des adultes, de l'autorité et des valeurs sociales, comme caractéristiques distinctives des délinquants ayant fréquenté l'école. La comparaison entre les délits chez les deux sous-groupes permet de conclure que les délits des ayant fréquenté l'école sont de nature agressive et oppositionnelle, alors que ceux des n'ayant jamais fréquenté l'école sont plutôt de nature substantielle. Or, les caractéristiques psychologiques des délinquants ayant fréquenté l'école, ainsi que la nature de leurs délits, ne trouvent pas leur explication dans les conditions socio-économiques et socio-familiales. L'approche de l'expérience scolaire fournit par contre une explication plausible aux conduites de ces délinquants. Cette expérience s'avère en effet comme l'élément le plus saillant dans la vie de ces jeunesThrough a comparative approach between those who attended school and those who never attended it among the group of delinquents who attended an observation center, the present study tries to discover an eventual contribution of school failure to the delinquency of these young persons. The comparison between the socio-economic and socio-familial conditions shows that these conditions are significantly more unfavorable with the delinquents who never attended school. The psychological approach sets off aggressiveness, opposition and critical attitude about adults, the authority and the social values, as distinctive characteristics of delinquents having attended school. The comparison that the offenses with the two sub-groups allow to conclude that the offenses of those who attended school are of an aggressive and oppositional nature, while those of the group who never attended school are rather of substantial nature. Therefore, the psychological characteristics of delinquents who attended school as well as the nature of their offenses, do not find their explication in socio-economic and socio-familial conditions. On the contrary the approach of the school experience provides a plausible explication for the behavior of delinquents. This experience has, in fact, shown itself as the most salient element in these young person’s life
Books on the topic "Populations du passé"
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Vandeschrick, Christophe. Du passé au futur: Initiation aux logiciels de perspectives démographiques. 3rd ed. Louvain-la-Neuve: Academia-Bruylant, 2002.
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Costes, J. M. La population franc ʹaise: Evolution passe e, perspectives a moyen terme. Paris: Ministere des affaires sociales et de la solidarite nationale, 1985.
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Carlos, Radilson. Brasília em 3 x 4: O retrato de quem passa--. Brasília, DF: Thesaurus Editora, 2005.
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Santa Cruz Predatory Bird Research Group. and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (U.S.), eds. A pilot Golden Eagle population study in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California. Santa Cruz, Calif: The Group, 1995.
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Santa Cruz Predatory Bird Research Group. and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (U.S.), eds. A population study of golden eagles in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: Second-year progress report. Golden, Colo: NREL, 1997.
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Savage, Michael. The imposition of pass laws on the African population in South Africa 1916-1984. 1986.
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Sanghani, Rupa Mehta, and Kim Allan Williams. Radionuclide Angiography. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses the technique and use of radionuclide angiography with planar and tomographic imaging. Planar techniques have given way to tomographic imaging in recent years. An overview of RNA is given, including technical issues such as radiopharmaceutical administration, and performance aspects including image acquisition and data interpretation. First-pass RNA (FPRNA), gated planar equilibrium RNA (ERNA) and gated tomographic equilibrium blood pool imaging (GBP-SPECT) are discussed in detail. The use of RNA in select patient populations, including coronary artery disease, valvular disease and for monitoring chemotherapy is discussed. In addition, the use of RNA for the assessment of dyssynchrony is discussed.
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Rodley, Nigel S. ‘Humanitarian Intervention’. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0036.
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This chapter examines whether so-called humanitarian intervention is a lawful exception to the international law prohibiting use of force when rescuing populations from widespread grave human rights violations, without UN Security Council authorization under Chapter VII. It considers what type or level of human rights violation or abuse justifies ‘humanitarian intervention’ if it were permitted, with reference to the R2P categories of genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. It discusses the UN Charter provisions and state practice on the prohibition on use of force, and criteria used to determine the legality of action deemed humanitarian intervention. The chapter describes tests that an intervention would have to pass and would be applicable to mitigate culpability, including gravity of the situation, political neutrality, the circumstances of the Security Council’s inability to act, and principles of necessity and proportionality. It argues that there is no humanitarian exception to the prohibition of the use of force in international law.
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Fullilove, Robert E. Sociocultural Factors Influencing The Transmission of HIV/AIDS in The United States. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0009.
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This chapter discusses the unique impact that social disadvantage in general and the criminal justice systems in the United States in particular have on the conditions that drive the HIV/AIDS epidemic in this country. HIV/AIDS is classified as an important racial/ethnic health disparity because residents of marginalized black and Hispanic communities are overrepresented among persons living with HIV/AIDS in the United States. Members of black and Hispanic communities are also overrepresented in the criminal justice; in terms of the epidemic, approximately one out of seven persons living with HIV/AIDS will pass through a U.S. correctional facility in any given year. A history of incarceration is associated with poor treatment outcomes for HIV illness. Improving the quality of HIV care in correctional facilities and in the communities to which incarcerated persons will return is imperative, as is effective interventions in incarcerated populations and communities. Having AIDS activists, scientists, and healthcare workers join in efforts to reform incarceration policies and practices will improve efforts to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, particularly in communities that confront high rates of HIV/AIDS and incarceration.
Book chapters on the topic "Populations du passé"
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Osmanovic, Sanela, and Loretta Pecchioni. "Pass the Control(ler): Shifting of Power in Families Through Intergenerational Gaming." In Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population. Applications, Services and Contexts, 266–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58536-9_22.
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Erdoğan, Armağan, and M. Murat Erdoğan. "Syrian University Students in Turkish Higher Education: Immediate Vulnerabilities, Future Challenges for the European Higher Education Area." In European Higher Education Area: Challenges for a New Decade, 229–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56316-5_16.
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Abstract Since 2011, millions of Syrian people have had to leave their country and seek shelter in neighbouring countries and in Europe. Forced migration or displacement creates multiple vulnerabilities while trying to settle in a new environment. Socioeconomic, cultural and psychological vulnerabilities hinder them from participating actively in society. Higher education is one of the main ways that refugees and displaced people cling to hope for a better life. Their access to and participation in higher education has been a challenging route for many reasons both for themselves and also for the higher education systems and universities in their host countries. Turkey has a unique place in regard to Syrian refugees. It hosts the largest refugee population in the world with 3.6 million Syrians and 500,000 asylum seekers from other countries, such as Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Turkey has a young population with the 5–17 age group comprising 21% of the population, but the Syrian population is much younger as its rate is 30%. Turkey is also the country with the largest student population in the European Higher Education Area. The incomparable magnitude of the situation, among others, plays a crucial role in developing new integration policies. In spite of the ongoing difficulties and challenges, the past nine years proved a success story in protection, social cohesion and integration of these newcomers. Turkey has been suffering from some challenges, such as a supply and demand imbalance in higher education. Demographic factors, shortcomings of the higher education system and the unemployment rate among university graduates have been some long-term challenges for Turkish higher education. Moreover, a common misconception in public opinion, that Syrian refugees are admitted to Turkish universities without fulfilling the requirements, adds new challenges for future policies. Both the sheer number of migrants and also the emergency of the situation during this migration flow necessitated some action to be taken in the area of higher education. In a country like Turkey, where there is high competition between students to pass the nationwide university selection exam each year, encouraging Syrian students to access higher education seems to be an area for discussion. This paper is based on the fieldwork of research conducted in the context of the Hopes-MADAD project entitled “Elite Dialogue II- Dialogue with Syrian Refugees in Turkey through Syrian Academics and Students” in 2019. The main research subject is which types of vulnerabilities Syrian university students face, and how they can integrate into society in Turkey. New approaches and definitions are needed to touch the actual needs of the refugees to be actively involved into society. Nevertheless, research on the higher education practices of vulnerable groups in general, and of Syrian students in particular, is largely missing.
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Gallay, Alain. "Monumentalisme et populations de langues est-couchitiques en Éthiopie." In Mégalithismes vivants et passés: approches croisées, 191–218. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvxrq101.15.
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Gallay, Alain. "Monumentalisme et populations de langues est-couchitiques en Éthiopie." In Mégalithismes vivants et passés: approches croisées, 219–44. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvxrq101.16.
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Aguilera, Monica, Marie Balasse, Sébastien Lepetz, and Véronique Zech-Matterne. "Amender les sols cultivés avec des fumiers et déchets domestiques : une origine multimillénaire pour un enjeu majeur du développement durable." In Regards croisés: quand les sciences archéologiques rencontrent l'innovation, 51–72. Editions des archives contemporaines, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.3790.
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Depuis les débuts de l’agriculture, un des grands défis des systèmes agricoles a été d’assurer l’équilibre alimentaire de populations en expansion constante, quels que soient les moyens de production et les retombées nuisibles pour l’environnement. Cette surexploitation des ressources naturelles a entraîné une diminution de la qualité et de la fertilité des sols de culture. Ainsi, pour contrer l’épuisement d’éléments nutritifs et la détérioration de la structure du sol, des apports d’éléments minéraux et matières organiques se révélaient nécessaires. L’utilisation importante des engrais minéraux au cours du XXe siècle a laissé place aujourd’hui à l’emploi de matières fertilisantes d’origine résiduaire (Mafor), majoritairement des fumiers d’élevage. Bien que l’incorporation de ces fertilisants ait contribué au développement des cultures, en améliorant notablement le rendement et la qualité de la production, l’usage excessif d’engrais a eu comme conséquence la dégradation et la contamination des sols et des eaux. Dès 2012, une réflexion a été engagée en France sur une utilisation raisonnée des Mafor en agriculture, nourrie par une expertise scientifique collective sur ses effets agronomiques et environnementaux, et sur les contraintes économiques et sociales qui en découlent. Cette problématique n’est pas nouvelle. Les indices archéologiques montrent que la préoccupation de corriger les déséquilibres nutritionnels du sol remonte à des époques très anciennes. Les traces de pratiques d’amendement des parcelles cultivées sont déjà perceptibles pour des champs fossiles du Néolithique moyen. Diverses méthodologies ont été utilisées pour identifier l’apport de fumier dès les débuts de l’agriculture et durant les millénaires suivants : tessons erratiques de céramique, analyse de biomarqueurs d’anciens sols arables, identification de signatures de matières fécales dans les sols. Plus particulièrement, au sein des disciplines de l’archéobotanique (étude des restes archéologiques de plantes) ont été mises en oeuvre différentes techniques pour identifier des indices probants des stratégies développées par les agriculteurs du passé pour faire front au défi du maintien et de la bonification des sols.
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Adams, Julian. "Evolution of Complexity in Microbial Populations." In Perspectives on Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162929.003.0016.
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Complexity in the living world can be seen at many different levels of organization. Even the simplest of free-living organisms possesses an extremely complex structure and metabolism [7], still incompletely understood in spite of concerted efforts over the last several decades by armies of molecular and cellular biologists. Populations of organisms can also be considered to possess their own intrinsic complexity, being comprised of assemblages of genetically different organisms. Although there may be a few exceptions (e.g., O'Brien and Wildt [11] and Cohn [2]), the genome of each member of a population can be considered to be genetically unique. One notable application of this observation has occurred in forensic science. In the last ten years or so, DNA typing, with its overwhelming power to identify individual members of a population, has been used in numerous criminal court cases to establish the guilt—or innocence—of defendants. A central issue in population genetics and evolutionary biology continues to be the explanation of the large amounts of genetic variability observed in natural populations of virtually all species examined. The search for mechanisms has mainly focused on patterns of selective differences (or lack thereof), which can maintain pre-existing variability in populations, and has largely ignored the more basic, but related question of the evolution of the more complex polymorphic state (genetic variation in populations) from the simpler condition of monomorphism (genetic uniformity). Simple population genetic theory has been remarkably unsuccessful in proposing plausible and global mechanisms which would result in such widespread variation. Heterozygous advantage is frequently invoked as a mechanism for the maintenance of genetic variation in populations of diploid sexually reproducing eukaryotes. However, the paucity of well-authenticated cases of overdominance, as well as theoretical difficulties implicit in the assumption of heterozygote superiority for many loci, make it unlikely as a general explanation for the maintenance of polymorphism. Furthermore, the luxury of explanations involving heterozygous advantage is not available for haploid and asexually reproducing species. Alternatively, "neutral" theory postulates that genetically different individuals in a population do not differ in their ability to survive and pass on their genes to future generations—that is, they possess identical "fitnesses." The abundance of examples of fitness differences between individuals makes such an explanation unlikely.
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Greenblatt, Deborah. "Supporting Teacher Candidates Completing the edTPA." In Evaluating Teacher Education Programs through Performance-Based Assessments, 184–200. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9929-8.ch012.
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The edTPA (Teacher Performance Assessment) is an enormous undertaking that requires much time and effort. This can create a stressful situation that can have an impact on the teacher candidates and affect on their student teaching experience. With this in mind, schools of education have to look for ways to support teacher candidate and make the process less burdensome while not losing sight of the goals of student teaching or their school missions. This chapter will start with an explanation of the acceptable guidelines for support for the edTPA. It will then move into explaining the challenges teacher candidates face such as mastering unfamiliar language, test documents, and digital literacy skills followed by support strategies. The next section considers the populations of teacher candidates who might need specialized support due to the lack of local scoring and the inherent biases embedded in standardized assessments for a diverse population. The chapter concludes with the benefits and consequences of providing support for teacher candidates to pass the edTPA.
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"Status, Distribution, and Conservation of Native Freshwater Fishes of Western North America." In Status, Distribution, and Conservation of Native Freshwater Fishes of Western North America, edited by J. Michael Hudson and Julie A. Jackson. American Fisheries Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569896.ch2.
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ABSTRACT Population abundance estimates conducted from 1998 to 2000 were completed for adult (>200 mm) humpback chub <em>Gila cypha</em> and roundtail chub <em>G. robusta</em> in Westwater Canyon on the Colorado River, Utah. Sampling was conducted annually using a three-pass mark–recapture approach. The primary method of capture was trammel netting with supplemental electrofishing on one pass per year. Separate abundance estimates were generated for each year of the study using the null estimator (M<sub>o</sub>) within Program CAPTURE. Results showed a decline in the adult humpback chub population between 1998 and 1999 and no change in abundance between 1999 and 2000. The adult roundtail chub population abundance in Westwater Canyon during this time period was relatively stable. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) data from this study and historic interagency standardized monitoring indicated a continued declining trend in mean CPUE for humpback chub that was significant. Mean CPUE for roundtail chub also showed a continued declining trend, but it was not statistically significant. The results of this study provide information to assess the current status of these two species and a point of reference for future population estimates of chub in the upper Colorado River basin.
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Ding, Amy Wenxuan. "Quickly Channeling Crowd Population in Emergency." In Social Computing in Homeland Security, 156–83. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-228-2.ch010.
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Evacuation remains one of the main public protection strategies in response to a man-made or natural incident when people are at risk. In most cases when an evacuation is required, it indicates the presence of danger and urgency. By instinct, people affected act to escape from the danger; thus, two typical phenomena often occur during an evacuation: competitive behavior and herding behavior (Festinger, 1954). If people perceive a threat and are trapped at an incident site, they try to get out as soon as possible. Usually, they look for exit signs or evacuation routes that can lead them to a safer place and proceed to the nearest one. For people near the exit or route entrance, moving toward the exit or entering the evacuation route may be the only likely escape choice. Thus, two forms of competitive behavior may exist simultaneously: the effort to pass through the exit (or enter the route) as quickly as possible, and the effort among those at risk to run toward the exits. Such behavior may cause congestion at the exits or entrance points, even to the point that people may crush one another. The India stampede event on January 26, 2005, is just such a tragedy. According to media reports (BBC, 2005; CNN, 2005), a screaming crowd fled down narrow walkways chaotically when fires broke out, causing many people to be crushed and resulting in 250 deaths.
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Broadwater, Jeff, and Troy L. Kickler. "Afterword." In North Carolina's Revolutionary Founders, 301–4. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651200.003.0015.
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This brief epilogue concludes that state-level leaders, or what one contributor described as “ordinary founders,” were essential to mobilizing a largely parochial population to fight a long war for independence and later to support a new national government. In closing, the editors make three final observations. First, by the late 1780s, North Carolina’s Revolutionary founders began to pass from the scene, and the state entered a new political era. Second, although the individuals profiled in this book were a diverse group, probably none of them could be characterized as extreme nationalists. Third, many other figures and topics from this period in North Carolina history remain to be explored.
Conference papers on the topic "Populations du passé"
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Monteiro, A., G. Cortez, Y. Murtaza, A. Aghaebrahim, E. Sauvageau, and R. Hanel. "E-082 Analysis of collaterals profile and successful first pass thrombectomy in the elderly population: a single-center experience." In SNIS 17TH ANNUAL MEETING. BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-snis.116.
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Sharma, Deepak, Kalyanmoy Deb, and N. N. Kishore. "An Improved Initial Population Strategy for Compliant Mechanism Designs Using Evolutionary Optimization." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49187.
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In this paper, an improved initial random population strategy using a binary (0–1) representation of continuum structures is developed for evolving the topologies of path generating complaint mechanism. It helps the evolutionary optimization procedure to start with the structures which are free from impracticalities such as ‘checker-board’ pattern and disconnected ‘floating’ material. For generating an improved initial population, intermediate points are created randomly and the support, loading and output regions of a structure are connected through these intermediate points by straight lines. Thereafter, a material is assigned to those grids only where these straight lines pass. In the present study, single and two-objective optimization problems are solved using a local search based evolutionary optimization (NSGA-II) procedure. The single objective optimization problem is formulated by minimizing the weight of structure and a two-objective optimization problem deals with the simultaneous minimization of weight and input energy supplied to the structure. In both cases, an optimization problem is subjected to constraints limiting the allowed deviation at each precision point of a prescribed path so that the task of generating a user-defined path is accomplished and limiting the maximum stress to be within the allowable strength of material. Non-dominated solutions obtained after NSGA-II run are further improved by a local search procedure. Motivation behind the two-objective study is to find the trade-off optimal solutions so that diverse non-dominated topologies of complaint mechanism can be evolved in one run of optimization procedure. The obtained results of two-objective optimization study is compared with an usual study in which material in each grid is assigned at random for creating an initial population of continuum structures. Due to the use of improved initial population, the obtained non-dominated solutions outperform that of the usual study. Different shapes and nature of connectivity of the members of support, loading and output regions of the non-dominated solutions are evolved which will allow the designers to understand the topological changes which made the trade-off and will be helpful in choosing a particular solution for practice.
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Luwes, Nicolaas Johannes, and James Swart. "The relationship between demographics and the academic achievement of engineering students." In Third International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head17.2017.5206.
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The changing structure of student populations or cohorts over decades’ produces changing academic achievements or results. This may be due to a number of factors, including the school education system, the political system and the sociocultural system. The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between student demographics and the academic achievement of undergraduate engineering students over a 15-year period. A longitudinal descriptive study is used to determine the relationships between specific variables that existed between 1998 and 2013. These variables include gender, age and home languages of students that are contrasted to their final grade in a compulsory Design Projects module. Students need to obtain more than 50% to successfully complete this module, with the results indicating greater success for students with an Afrikaans or IsiZulu mother tongue than compared to students with a Sesotho, Setswana or Xhosa mother tongue. Younger students, less than 21 years of age, have a higher pass rate than older students who are more than 24 years of age. Finally, males outnumber females by more than 3:1. However, their final overall pass rates differ by only 3%, suggesting that both genders performed equally well in the Design Projects module. A key recommendation is to provide additional academic support to older students who may be struggling to synthesize knowledge and skills from a wide number of modules
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Landa, Beinish. "Public Health as a Social Issue: The Role of Digital Technologies Originating from the Internet & Big Data Era." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-69.
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Digitalisation is gradually penetrating all spheres of society The rationale for this study is the unprecedented measures taken by the President and the Government of the Russian Federation to encourage the population to engage in physical education and sport in order to preserve and improve health and increase the life expectancy of Russians. Federal targeted programmes have made it possible to build and commission thousands of modern sports complexes. The study was primarily aimed at the elaboration and implementation of a technique of digital information and diagnostic support of mass health surveillance. The research methodology developed at our University contains three process phases: measurement, calculations, and appraisal. The implementation of these procedures allows both the individual trajectory of the complex development of each subject and the processing of unlimited amounts of information concerning normative test takers. At each stage, digital technologies are used to generate the database, to store it, to process the results obtained and to pass them on to other organisations upon demand, making the achievements of the methodology transparent and open. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the methodology, by monitoring the dynamics of individual and collective achievements, handles information on all groups of the population in a prompt, reliable and valid manner and is used by us not only to modernise the process of physical education, but also to assess the health-promoting activities of any organisation. Digitisation originated from the Internet and BigData era, entails raising the level of evidence-based decision-making in physical education and sport to a new, modern level.
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Nakano, Masakatsu, Tomohiro Tanaka, Masamitsu Abe, Mitsuyoshi Nakatani, and Hidenori Terasaki. "Improvement of Low-Temperature Toughness in Weld Metal Made of 9Cr-1Mo-V Steel by GTAW Method." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93466.
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Abstract Energy demand will increase due to global population growth in the future. As one of solutions for the demand, it will be necessary to operate petroleum service plants more efficiently. To improve refining efficiency, operation at higher temperatures is required of reactors used in high-pressure hydrogen service at the plants. 9Cr-1Mo-V steel has excellent creep strength compared to 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel and 2 1/4Cr-1Mo-V steel, which have been conventionally applied to reactors, and has been already put into commercial use for boilers of thermal power plants, etc. Further application of 9Cr-1Mo-V steel is expected for reactors at petroleum refining plants. As materials applied to reactors, low-temperature toughness should be considered for weld joints in addition to creep strength. However, 9Cr-1Mo-V steel has poor low-temperature toughness compared to 2 1/4Cr-1Mo steel and 2 1/4Cr-1Mo-V steel. As for the welding methods applied to reactors, Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) can be used. The 9Cr-1Mo-V steel weld metals formed by SAW and SMAW have a high oxygen content, and their low-temperature toughness is inferior to that of the weld metal formed by GTAW. On the other hand, the GTAW weld metal has a low oxygen content and excellent low-temperature toughness. Therefore, GTAW is an effective way to improve the toughness of the weld metal. However, GTAW has low productivity compared with others, so it is necessary to apply to a narrow groove and a hot wire method to improve the productivity. In this paper, the application of narrow gap GTAW using the hot wire method was considered for welding of 9Cr-1Mo-V steel. When using the hot wire method, productivity of GTAW increases in comparison to the conventional method, leading to increased weld pass thickness. With the increase in pass thickness, the area of coarse grains increases because of decreasing thermal effect by the subsequent pass, then the low-temperature toughness decreases. Therefore, in order to improve the low-temperature toughness by refining the grains of the GTAW weld metal, the melt-run method, arc re-melting without adding fillers, was conducted after the former weld pass metal solidified. The weld metal from the melt-run method had finer grains compared with those of the weld metal without the melt-run method, and the low-temperature toughness increased. On the other hand, the melt-run method requires two processes: welding and melt-run. Therefore, a tandem electrode GTAW machine was produced in which an electrode for welding and the other one for melt-run were placed continuously to make it possible to execute welding and a melt-run without a time lag. As a result, it is possible to manufacture reactors made of 9Cr-1Mo-V steel for petroleum refining plants with sufficient low-temperature toughness by applying a welding method with narrow gap GTAW and a melt-run method combined.
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CIANI, Adriano, Asta RAUPELIENE, and Vilma TAMULIENE. "THE TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT CONTRACTS AS INNOVATIVE NEW GOVERNANCE OF THE TERRITORY IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE EUROPEAN UNION CLLD PROGRAMME AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES POLICY." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.248.
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In the world, the question of the good practice to manage of territory is a pillar of the implementations of Sustainable Development Goals 2015-2030. The authors are working in collaboration with a holistic approach at the topic. In this way, the Smart Communities and Smart Territories are the new paradigms in 21th Century to solve the question of the adaptation at the Climate Change and to guarantee, for the future generation, the conservation and promotion of all potentialities of each territory and identity of areas. Until now, they have use a deductive method to analyse and show, in the framework of the Sustainable Development, the Community Led Local Development (EU Programme for CLLD) and Ecosystem Services, the need to move from an emergency management approach to pre-emptive territory management. The results of this research have produced the original and autonomous configuration of a new and innovative strategy and governance based on a model that puts in synergy the three aspects of the framework that has been given the name of Territorial Management Contracts (TMC). The TMC, appear a possible shared and democratic model that could to combine the territory risk management with solutions of development driving and sharing by the local populations. This innovative approach is strictly linked with the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals 2015-2030 and the Europe 2020 (smart, sustainable and inclusive). The authors argue that the TMC model is now sufficiently mature to pass from the processing phase to that of the implementation that in the Payment of the Ecosystem Services (PES) finds a concrete reinforcement of the scientific analysis carried out.
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Bosch, Kelly, Katrina Harris, David Clark, Risa Scherer, and Joseph Melotik. "Blast Mitigation Seat Analysis: Assessment of the Effect of Personal Protective Equipment on the 5th Percentile Female Anthropomorphic Test Device Performance in Drop Tower Evaluations." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46342.
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To address the lack of knowledge on the quantitative effects of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) on the small occupant, 55 drop tower tests were conducted and the resulting responses were evaluated. A previous technical publication evaluated the results of drop tower testing of twelve models of blast energy-attenuating seats1. That study assessed the data recorded from three sizes of anthropomorphic test devices, or ATDs, including the Hybrid III 5th percentile female, the Hybrid III 50th percentile male, and the Hybrid III 95th percentile male. The forces, moments, and accelerations from the ATDs were compared to Injury Assessment Reference Values (IARVs) to validate the drop tower methodology and to evaluate the appropriateness of the IARVs developed for the three occupant sizes. The data review revealed that the maximum lumbar compression loads recorded by the ATDs was an effective “go/no-go” criteria for judging seat performance, and that the 5th percentile female ATD, or small occupant, was the most difficult to pass the corresponding lumbar compression IARV. Additionally, the 5th percentile female ATD exceeded its corresponding IARV for upper neck compression, leading to the motivation for this study; the data set from the previous technical publication was used in this study. Historically, blast mitigation seats are designed to accommodate the average sized occupant, or 50th percentile male. Moving forward, there is a new emphasis on extending the protection afforded to the full military population, including the small female. The data presented in this paper seeks to determine the effect of PPE on the lumbar compression and upper neck loads for the small occupant.
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Buzzetto-More, Nicole, and Ojiabo Ukoha. "The Efficacy of a Web-Based Instruction and Remediation Program on Student Learning." In InSITE 2009: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3319.
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Faculty today are challenged to meet the individualized learning needs of what is frequently a disparate student population while engaging in meaningful assessment of student learning outcomes. Learning styles and levels of preparation vary among students especially in the area of mathematics and the ability to diagnosis deficiencies and remedy needs can increase student success. Computerized homework and test management systems complete with interactive tutorials and targeted remediation exercises are being presented as a means of meeting the individual instructional needs of learners while assisting faculty through the automation of assessment. In particular, a number of studies have indicated positive student learning outcomes results when these programs are implemented into mathematics instruction (Butler & Zerr, 2005; Kennedy, Ellis, Ojen, & Benoit, 2007; Zerr, 2007). The University of Maryland Eastern Shore is a Historically Black University that primarily serves first generation, low income, and minority learners. Over the years, the number of students requiring remedial mathematics instruction has increased dramatically. In order to increase student learning outcomes success, as well as the persistence rates of students, an online homework and assessment system was implemented into all sections of remedial mathematics. Features of the system utilized include interactive tutorial exercises, an online tutoring center, an e-book, sample problems and answers, diagnostic analysis, targeted exercises, online assignments and quizzes, and an online grade book. This paper presents the findings of study that examined student satisfaction and perception of value with respect to the usage of this system as well as impact on student persistence and performance. The results of this study were mixed and marked by high levels of neutrality; however, the findings did indicate that most students felt that the system was easy to use, a valuable learning tool, successful at having helped them to learn course concepts, and an aide that helped them to perform better on their assignments. At the same time, most student responded that they were not satisfied the system. The analysis of the student performance data noted a significant decrease in student withdrawal rates and a marked increase in pass rates for the course under consideration.
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Dolphin, B. H., W. D. Richins, and S. R. Novascone. "Automating Risk Assessments of Hazardous Material Shipments for Transportation Routes and Mode Selection." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38880.
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The METEOR (Model to Evaluate Transportation Effects of Risk) project at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) successfully addresses the difficult problem in risk assessment analyses of combining the results from bounding deterministic simulation results with probabilistic (Monte Carlo) risk assessment techniques. This paper describes a software suite designed to perform sensitivity and cost/benefit analyses on selected transportation routes and vehicles to minimize risk associated with the shipment of hazardous materials. METEOR uses Monte Carlo techniques to estimate the probability of an accidental release of a hazardous substance along a proposed transportation route. A METEOR user selects the mode of transportation, origin and destination points, and charts the route using interactive graphics. Inputs to METEOR (many selections built in) include crash rates for the specific aircraft, soil/rock type and population densities over the proposed route, and bounding limits for potential accident types (velocity, temperature, etc.). New vehicle, materials, and location data are added when available. If the risk estimates are unacceptable, the risks associated with alternate transportation modes or routes can be quickly evaluated and compared. Systematic optimizing methods will provide the user with the route and vehicle selection identified with the lowest risk of hazardous material release. The effects of a selected range of potential accidents such as vehicle impact, fire, fuel explosions, excessive containment pressure, flooding, etc. are evaluated primarily using hydrocodes capable of accurately simulating the material response of critical containment components. Bounding conditions that represent credible accidents (i.e., for an impact event, velocity, orientations, and soil conditions) are used as input parameters to the hydrocode models yielding correlation functions relating accident parameters to component damage. The Monte Carlo algorithms use random number generators to make selections at the various decision points such as crash, location, etc. For each pass through the routines, when a crash is randomly selected, crash parameters are then used to determine if failure has occurred using either external look up tables, correlations functions from deterministic calculations, or built in data libraries. The effectiveness of the software was recently demonstrated in safety analyses of the transportation of radioisotope systems for the US Dept. of Energy. These methods are readily adaptable to estimating risks associated with a variety of hazardous shipments such as spent nuclear fuel, explosives, and chemicals.
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Hegde, Shreyas S., Anand Thamban, Arham Ahmed, Meet Upadhyay, and Arun Mahalingam. "Development of a Chassis Mounted Multi Stage Axial Flow Turbine for Wind Energy Harvesting on a Cruising Transport Vehicle: A CFD Based Approach." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59548.
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Fossil fuels have been a means of energy source since a long time, and have tended to the needs of the large global population. These conventional sources are bound to deplete in the near future and hence there is a need for producing energy from renewable energy sources like solar, wind, geothermal, tidal etc. Technologies involving renewable energy are a growing subject of concern. Further, the problem is also one of excessive pollution caused by conventional sources of energy and their impact on the environment. In particular, one of the main sources of pollution is harmful gases emitting out of automobiles. Wind energy is one among the renewable energy sources which is implemented in large scale energy production to supplement growing domestic energy needs. Significant amount of research has been done in this field to harness energy to power household and other amenities using wind farms. The aim of this project is to come up with a low cost solution for wind energy harvesting on moving vehicles. The purpose of this study is to consider the use of wind energy along with conventional energy sources to power automobiles. This would help reduce the use of fossil fuels in automobiles and hence reduce the resulting environmental pollution. Also since the turbine adds to the weight of the vehicle the aim also is to minimize the weight of the turbine. Extensive structural analysis is done for this purpose to choose a material which would be both light weight and also be able to withstand the stresses developed. In the current paper the drag force produced in automobiles is harvested by using a convergent divergent nozzle mounted below the chassis of the car. Initially drag analysis is done in order to determine the increase in drag force produced after mounting of the nozzle. It is found from existing literature that the drag increases by 3.4% after the mounting of the nozzle making it possible the mounting of a nozzle beneath the car. Additionally exhaust gases is also allowed to pass through the same duct to increase the mass flow to the turbine and thus generate more energy. This is made to strike the blades of a 2 stage axial flow turbine whose rotation generates energy. The power output from the turbine is the parameter of interest. This energy can also be stored in batteries and be used to run auxiliary equipment of the automobile including the air conditioner. The exhaust gases will be passed through a catalytic converter before striking the blades of the turbine in order to prevent corrosion of the blades. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to validate the concept and also come up with a design that maximizes energy generation by such turbines. Numerical results obtained by simulation are validated by theoretical calculation based on turbines inlet and outlet velocity triangles. The future scope of the project would include the use of multiple nozzles in order to study its performance.
Reports on the topic "Populations du passé"
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Hunt, W. G., R. E. Jackman, T. L. Hunt, D. E. Driscoll, and L. Culp. A Population Study of Golden Eagles in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: Population Trend Analysis, 1994-1997. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/12148.
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Hunt, G. A pilot golden eagle population study in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/86813.
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A population study of golden eagles in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource area. Second-year progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/531111.
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