Academic literature on the topic 'Populations transfers'
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Journal articles on the topic "Populations transfers"
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Musgrave, Stephanie, Elizabeth Lonsdorf, David Morgan, Madison Prestipino, Laura Bernstein-Kurtycz, Roger Mundry, and Crickette Sanz. "Teaching varies with task complexity in wild chimpanzees." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 969–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907476116.
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Cumulative culture is a transformative force in human evolution, but the social underpinnings of this capacity are debated. Identifying social influences on how chimpanzees acquire tool tasks of differing complexity may help illuminate the evolutionary origins of technology in our own lineage. Humans routinely transfer tools to novices to scaffold their skill development. While tool transfers occur in wild chimpanzees and fulfill criteria for teaching, it is unknown whether this form of helping varies between populations and across tasks. Applying standardized methods, we compared tool transfers during termite gathering by chimpanzees in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo, and in Gombe, Tanzania. At Goualougo, chimpanzees use multiple, different tool types sequentially, choose specific raw materials, and perform modifications that improve tool efficiency, which could make it challenging for novices to manufacture suitable tools. Termite gathering at Gombe involves a single tool type, fishing probes, which can be manufactured from various materials. Multiple measures indicated population differences in tool-transfer behavior. The rate of transfers and probability of transfer upon request were significantly higher at Goualougo, while resistance to transfers was significantly higher at Gombe. Active transfers of tools in which possessors moved to facilitate possession change upon request occurred only at Goualougo, where they were the most common transfer type. At Gombe, tool requests were typically refused. We suggest that these population differences in tool-transfer behavior may relate to task complexity and that active helping plays an enhanced role in the cultural transmission of complex technology in wild apes.
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Jaramillo, Nacarí, Esteban Domingo, María Carmen Muñoz-Egea, Enrique Tabarés, and Ignacio Gadea. "Evidence of Muller’s ratchet in herpes simplex virus type 1." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 366–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.044685-0.
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Population bottlenecks can have major effects in the evolution of RNA viruses, but their possible influence in the evolution of DNA viruses is largely unknown. Genetic and biological variation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been studied by subjecting 23 biological clones of the virus to 10 plaque-to-plaque transfers. In contrast to large population passages, plaque transfers led to a decrease in replicative capacity of HSV-1. Two out of a total of 23 clones did not survive to the last transfer in 143 TK– cells. DNA from three genomic regions (DNA polymerase, glycoprotein gD and thymidine kinase) from the initial and passaged clones was sequenced. Nucleotide substitutions were detected in the TK and gD genes, but not in the DNA polymerase gene. Assuming a uniform distribution of mutations along the genome, the average rate of fixation of mutations was about five mutations per viral genome and plaque transfer. This value is comparable to the range of values calculated for RNA viruses. Four plaque-transferred populations lost neurovirulence for mice, as compared with the corresponding initial clones. LD50 values obtained with the populations subjected to serial bottlenecks were 4- to 67-fold higher than for their parental clones. These results equate HSV-1 with RNA viruses regarding fitness decrease as a result of plaque–to-plaque transfers, and show that population bottlenecks can modify the pathogenic potential of HSV-1. Implications for the evolution of complex DNA viruses are discussed.
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Murray, Clyde B., and Terry D. Beacham. "Responses of meristic characters in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) to temperature changes during development." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 596–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-086.
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Variability in the number of dorsal, anal, caudal, pectoral, and pelvic fin rays, vertebrae, and gill rakers was examined in four populations of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) transferred from 8 to 2 °C at various stages of embryonic development. Late transfers at complete eye pigmentation produced more gill rakers than transfers earlier in development. Transfers at completion of epiboly and initial eye pigmentation produced fewer vertebrae than earlier or later transfers. Stage of transfer had no significant effect on fin ray counts. Vertebral responses differed among families. Genotype–environment interactions produce meristic phenotypes that are presently difficult to predict.
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Steinberg, Jessica. "Strategic Sovereignty." Journal of Conflict Resolution 60, no. 8 (July 11, 2016): 1503–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002714564429.
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In some regions of natural resource extraction, embedded local populations receive transfers that compensate them for environmental consequences of extraction; while in others, these populations receive no benefits and endure negative environmental externalities, which can lead to violent protest. This article develops a formal model of the strategic dynamics among a government, a natural resource extraction firm, and a local population in an extractive region to understand the variation in extractive outcomes. The model specifies the conditions under which firms will provide promised transfers to a local population, distributive conflict will occur, and how the government will respond.
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McMechan, Anthony J., Satyanarayana Tatineni, Roy French, and Gary L. Hein. "Differential Transmission of Triticum mosaic virus by Wheat Curl Mite Populations Collected in the Great Plains." Plant Disease 98, no. 6 (June 2014): 806–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-13-0582-re.
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Wheat is an important food grain worldwide and the primary dryland crop in the western Great Plains. A complex of three wheat curl mite (WCM)-transmitted viruses (Wheat streak mosaic virus, High plains virus, and Triticum mosaic virus [TriMV]) is a cause of serious loss in winter wheat production in the Great Plains. TriMV was first reported in Kansas in 2006 and later found in most other Great Plains states. Currently, three populations of WCM have been identified by genetic characterization and differential responses to mite resistance genes in wheat. In this study, we examined TriMV transmission by these three WCM populations: ‘Nebraska’ (NE), ‘Montana’ (MT), and ‘South Dakota’ (SD). Mite transmission using single-mite transfers revealed that the NE WCM population transmitted TriMV at 41%, while the MT and SD WCM populations failed to transmit TriMV. In multi-mite transfers, the NE WCM population transmitted TriMV at 100% level compared with 2.5% transmission by MT and SD WCM populations. Interestingly, NE mites transferred during the quiescent stages following the first and second instar transmitted TriMV at a 39 to 40% rate, suggesting that immature mites were able to acquire the virus and maintain it through molting. In addition, mite survival for single-mite transfers was significantly lower for NE mites when transferred from TriMV-inoculated source plants (60%) compared with mock-inoculated source plants (84%). This demonstrates potentially negative effects on WCM survival from TriMV. TriMV transmission differences demonstrated in this study underscore the importance of identification of mite genotypes for future studies with TriMV.
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Komdeur, Jan. "Inter-island transfers and population dynamics of Seychelles Warblers Acrocephalus sechellensis." Bird Conservation International 7, no. 1 (March 1997): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900001374.
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SummaryIn the 1950s the Seychelles Warbler Acrocephalus sechellensis was a highly threatened single-island endemic species with a population of 26 individuals confined to Cousin Island in the inner Seychelles. Following long-term management of Cousin, the population steadily recovered to around 300–360 birds. In order to give the species the security of additional breeding populations, some warblers were successfully transferred to the islands of Aride and Cousine in September 1988 and June 1990 respectively. During the three years after the transfer to Aride and the first year after the transfer to Cousine, mean territory quality (measured as insect prey available) on these islands was significantly higher than that on Cousin, leading to higher reproductive success per territory and survival of juveniles and adult birds. In November 1991, all transferred birds were still alive, and 205 young had fledged successfully, bringing the total warbler population to c.585 birds. By then there was enough suitable space still remaining on Aride and Cousine for young birds to establish territories and the rise in warbler numbers is expected to continue. The successful establishment of three self-sustaining and viable breeding populations has ensured that the Seychelles Warbler is no longer a globally threatened species.
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Izquierdo, Jorge I., Ana G. F. Castillo, Fernando Ayllon, Jeronimo de la Hoz, and Eva Garcia-Vazquez. "Stock Transfers in Spanish Brown Trout Populations: A Long-term Assessment." Environmental Biology of Fishes 75, no. 2 (February 2006): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-005-5068-1.
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Power, Jeffrey J., Fernanda Pinheiro, Simone Pompei, Viera Kovacova, Melih Yüksel, Isabel Rathmann, Mona Förster, Michael Lässig, and Berenike Maier. "Adaptive evolution of hybrid bacteria by horizontal gene transfer." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 10 (March 1, 2021): e2007873118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007873118.
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Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is an important factor in bacterial evolution that can act across species boundaries. Yet, we know little about rate and genomic targets of cross-lineage gene transfer and about its effects on the recipient organism's physiology and fitness. Here, we address these questions in a parallel evolution experiment with two Bacillus subtilis lineages of 7% sequence divergence. We observe rapid evolution of hybrid organisms: gene transfer swaps ∼12% of the core genome in just 200 generations, and 60% of core genes are replaced in at least one population. By genomics, transcriptomics, fitness assays, and statistical modeling, we show that transfer generates adaptive evolution and functional alterations in hybrids. Specifically, our experiments reveal a strong, repeatable fitness increase of evolved populations in the stationary growth phase. By genomic analysis of the transfer statistics across replicate populations, we infer that selection on HGT has a broad genetic basis: 40% of the observed transfers are adaptive. At the level of functional gene networks, we find signatures of negative, positive, and epistatic selection, consistent with hybrid incompatibilities and adaptive evolution of network functions. Our results suggest that gene transfer navigates a complex cross-lineage fitness landscape, bridging epistatic barriers along multiple high-fitness paths.
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Smuel, Lvončík, Maděra Petr, Volařík Daniel, Vrškový Boris, and Habrová Hana. "First Proposal Of Seed Regions For Frankincense Trees (Boswellia Spp.) On Socotra Island." Journal of Landscape Ecology 6, no. 3 (December 1, 2013): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2014-0002.
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Abstract The landscape differentiation on seed regions is used in the Czech forestry industry for purposes of seed transfers. The seed regions are created for main commercial tree species and the rules for transfer among these regions are described. The geobiocoenological landscape differentiation and differences among tree species populations were used as main approaches. The same principle is used for Boswellia seed regions differentiation on Socotra island. Eight species of Boswellia genus were determined on the island, all species being endemic. The differentiation is based on Boswellia populations field survey. All populations were described in morphological signs. The vegetation zones and geomorphological differentiation were also taken into account. The result is a map of seed regions for every Boswellia species on Socotra island presented in the article.
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Quaranta, Luciana. "Program for Studying Intergenerational Transmissions in Infant Mortality Using the Intermediate Data Structure (IDS)." Historical Life Course Studies 7 (May 24, 2018): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9287.
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Studies conducted in historical populations and developing countries have evidenced the existence of clustering in infant deaths, which could be related to genetic inheritance and/or to social and cultural factors such as education, socioeconomic status or parental care. A transmission of death clustering has also been found across generations. One way of expanding the knowledge on intergenerational transfers in infant mortality is by conducting comparable studies across different populations. The Intermediate Data Structure (IDS) was developed as a strategy aimed at simplifying the collecting, storing and sharing of historical demographic data. The current work presents two programs that were developed in STATA to construct a dataset for analysis and run statistical models to study intergenerational transfers in infant mortality using databases that are stored in the IDS. The programs use information stored in the IDS tables and after elaborating such information produce Excel files with results. They can be used with any longitudinal database constructed from church books, civil registers, or population registers.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Populations transfers"
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Hellberg, Filip. "A Wide Implementation of Large-Scale Cash Transfer Programming : Rationale, criticisms, and implications to key stakeholders - The case of Lebanon." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-349099.
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This study evaluates what would be the consequences of a wide implementation of large-scale cash transfer programming in humanitarian aid. The aspects that will be assessed here is the rationale for as well as criticism against the proposed implementation. The study also analysed what implications such a reform would have to key stakeholders in the humanitarian system. The theoretical framework employed for this study consists of two separate sections. The first section presents the available evidence on large-scale cash transfer programming (LSCTP) in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability to affected populations (AAP). For the second section, a review was conducted on previous studies relating to key stakeholders and how they would be affected by the aforementioned reform. The stakeholders analysed include donors, affected governments, operational humanitarian organisations (NGOs and UN agencies), affected populations, and the private sector. For the study, eight interviews were conducted with key informants, which was complemented by secondary data. The study found that the rationale for donors to implement LSCTP on a wide scale is strong, both from an efficiency, effectiveness, and AAP perspective, although the cost- efficiency aspect does require some attention. With regard to the stakeholders analysed, donors, along with affected populations, affected governments and the private sector, are all expected to benefit from a wide implementation of LSCTP, whereas the reform is expected to be disadvantageous to NGOs and UN agencies.
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André, Laura. "Étude de verrous scientifiques et technologiques pour la compréhension et l’optimisation du procédé de méthanisation voie sèche discontinu de sous-produits d’origine agricole." Thesis, Compiègne, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016COMP2279/document.
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La digestion anaérobie en voie sèche représente une opportunité de développement de la méthanisation sur le territoire français au vu des gisements agricoles disponibles sur le territoire. Toutefois, l’importance des verrous scientifiques et technologiques de par leur nombre et leur complexité rend cette technologie non mature et peu développée sur le territoire français. Dans ces travaux de thèse, il a été étudié dans un premier axe la mise au point de la détermination de la demande chimique en oxygène (DCO) pour des substrats solides avec un kit commercial rendant celle-ci utilisable sans dilution des déchets et utilisant une faible quantité de réactifs. Cette méthode est un outil de suivi des installations. Un deuxième axe d’étude qui s’est attaché à l’étude de la phase d’acidification, verrou majeur de la méthanisation phase sèche, a démontré l’impact de la conservation et de l’origine des inocula sur leur capacité à gérer une phase d’acidification en présence de déchets facilement hydrolysables. L’inoculum est un paramètre majeur de la méthanisation voie sèche et est pourtant peu étudié. Un troisième axe de cette thèse concerne l’étude des transferts hydriques sur des substrats d’origine agricole par une méthodologie de traçage et de modélisation via le modèle à deux régions d’eau mobile et immobile. L’évolution des transferts hydriques a été étudiée au cours de la digestion anaérobie de fumier bovin en digesteur 60 L montrant une diminution de la perméabilité du massif après le deuxième pic de production de méthane. Par conséquent, tout l’inoculum recirculé passe par les côtés et non au sein du massif solide. Deux fréquences de recirculation ont été testées permettant d’obtenir une amélioration de la production de méthane d’environ 20 %. La caractérisation des transferts hydriques obtenus pour ces deux modalités sont identiques après 32 jours de dégradation anaérobie. Le gain de méthane obtenu se fait donc jusqu’au deuxième pic de production de biogaz par la recirculation. Les bilans hydriques et massiques effectués sur ces digesteurs 60 L démontrent que 36 % de la matière organique sont retrouvés dans le digestat montrant un procédé non optimisé. Le quatrième axe d’étude a été de comprendre et d’étudier la dynamique des populations méthanogènes au sein de digesteurs de méthanisation voie sèche de 60 L selon deux configurations. Des expérimentations modulant l’immersion du massif solide ont conduit à obtenir une amélioration de 13 % de production de méthane pour la condition favorisant l’immersion. Cette augmentation de production de méthane est induite par une plus forte quantité de Methanosarcinaceae. La dynamique des populations méthanogènes a été étudiée dans la phase solide et liquide au cours de la digestion anaérobie montrant un transfert microbien de la phase liquide à solide pour un ordre des bactéries hydrogénotrophes, une hiérarchie de ces « hydrogénotrophes » dans le milieu et un fort développement des « acétotrophes » dans le milieu solide servant de support. Dans un cinquième axe, la mise en oeuvre de la tomographie électrique sur un digesteur de 30 m3 a permis de valider son utilisation pour localiser la phase liquide, les zones de potentiels méthane et les zones dégradées dans un container en fonction des protocoles de remplissage et de vidange du digesteur. Cette méthode est disponible pour localiser les zones mortes et donc pour optimiser le procédé de méthanisation en voie sèche type batch. A travers ces expérimentations menées à différentes échelles et avec différentes problématiques, des méthodologies ont été adaptées pour la compréhension des mécanismes et le suivi du procédé de méthanisation par voie sècheThe dry anaerobic digestion (AD) process is an opportunity to develop the methanization in France. Agricultural waste is abundant in France. However, many scientific and technical locks are complex and must be solved to develop the dry anaerobic digestion process in France. In this work, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) method was adapted for solid waste no implying waste dilution or a high quantity of reagent. This COD method was available to monitor and manage the dry AD process. The study of acidification phase, a major lock of the dry AD process, showed that the storage condition and the origin of inoculum influence the capacity to manage this phase. The inoculum is a major parameter of the dry AD process. But, the inoculum is few studied.On another part of experiments concerned the water transfers studied on agricultural waste with a tracing method. The modeling of the elution curves to determine the diffusion and the convective transfers was made with a model with two Mobile-Immobile regions. The evolution of water transfers was studied during the AD cycle showing a decrease about the permeability of solid phase after the second peak of methane production. Thus, the inoculum passes on the board of solid phase. Two recirculations were tested allowing to obtain an improvement the methane production about 20 % after the AD cycle. The water transfers of these two recirculations modalities were identical after the AD cycle. The improvement of methane production occurred after the second peak of the methane production. Water and mass balances made showing that 36 % of organic matter was find in the digestat. Consequently, the process was not optimized. Others experiments modulating the immerged part of solid phase showed an improvement of the methane production about 13 % with the increasing of immerged part. This methane improvement was induced by the development of Methanosarcinaceae. The methanogens dynamics were studied in the liquid and solid phases during the AD process showing (i) a population transfer between the liquid phase to the solid phase, (ii) a hierarchy of hydrogenotrophs methanogens in the media, and (iii) a strong development of acetotrophs methanogens in the solid phase. In the final part, the electrical tomography was implemented in a dry AD batch at full scale (30 m3). This method was adapted to localize the liquid phase, the zones of methane potential and the degraded zones according to filling and the emptying protocols. This method can detect the “dead” zones of process in dry AD process.Though, experiments carried out at different scales and with different problematic and several methodologies were adapted to understand the dry AD process. Moreover, the optimization of dry AD process was finding to increase the methane production
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Sotton, Benoît. "Mise en évidence des voies de transfert des cyanotoxines dans les lacs péri-alpins et implications dans les réponses physiologiques des poissons exposés." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00808634.
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En dépit de la ré-oligotrophisation de nombreux lacs d'Europe du nord au cours des deux dernières décennies, les développements massifs de cyanobactéries toxiques, telle que Planktothrix rubescens, adaptée aux écosystèmes mésotrophes, sont encore largement observés. Parmi les cyanotoxines produites par cette espèce, les microcystines (MCs) sont les toxines les plus fréquemment rencontrées et sont reconnues comme des molécules perturbatrices de tous les compartiments trophiques des écosystèmes lacustres. Ces blooms toxiques affectent notamment les lacs péri-alpins pour lesquels des risques de contaminations des populations piscicoles exploitées ont été démontrés. Cependant, il existe encore un manque de connaissances important tant concernant les voies de transfert de ces toxines au sein des réseaux trophiques limniques, que leurs effets physiologiques sur les populations de poisson. Dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse, deux modèles de poissons, dont les répartitions spatiales verticales diffèrent (juvéniles de perche et corégones), ont été considérés. Les objectifs principaux ont été traités d'une part au travers d'une approche expérimentale (par gavage) visant à analyser les processus d'accumulation et de détoxification, ainsi que les effets génotoxiques des MCs sur ces deux espèces modèles. Les réponses physiologiques ainsi étudiées ont permis de mettre en évidence que les juvéniles de perche et les corégones sont capables de détoxifier une partie des MCs ingérées, mais cependant des effets génotoxiques sont observés suite à l'exposition des poissons aux MCs. D'autre part, des approches écosystémiques ont permis (1) d'explorer les effets potentiels de la présence du bloom sur la répartition spatiale des poissons (2) d'évaluer les niveaux de contaminations par les MCs pour les deux espèces de poisson en tenant compte de la variabilité saisonnière (3) d'identifier les principaux vecteurs zooplanctoniques de MCs jusqu'aux poissons. Les résultats acquis montrent que les filaments de P. rubescens constituent une ressource alimentaire en période de bloom pour les organismes zooplanctoniques brouteurs et qu'un transfert de MCs est possible jusqu'aux espèces zooplanctoniques prédatrices et in fine jusqu'aux poissons. Nos résultats mettent également en avant que les voies de contaminations ainsi que les intensités de contamination des poissons peuvent varier aussi bien à l'échelle saisonnière que journalière. Ces variations sont expliquées à la fois par les changements de régime alimentaire des poissons, les variations journalières de la production de MCs par P. rubescens, et les abondances et distributions verticales des différentes proies zooplanctoniques. A l'issue de ce travail, la part importante du transfert trophique des MCs jusqu'aux poissons a été vérifiée dans les cas des contaminations chroniques qui caractérisent les conditions de blooms des lacs péri-alpins (concentrations en cyanobactéries et en toxines modérées à fortes au cours de plusieurs mois).
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Navaux, Julien. "Les transferts intergénérationnels en France : stabilités et ruptures des répartitions entre classes d'âge." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED021.
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Cette thèse a pour objectif de vérifier si les baby-boomers sont à l’origine d’une rupture de l’équité intergénérationnelle en France. Elle repose sur une application de la méthode des Comptes de Transferts Nationaux, ce qui permet d’obtenir une mesure par âge de la consommation, des ressources individuelles, de l’épargne et des transferts publics et privés entre 1979 et 2011. Des projections sont également réalisées à l’horizon de l’année 2060 grâce au modèle MELETE concernant les transferts publics reçus et le revenu disponible. Les résultats, qui sont établis au regard des principaux critères de justice intergénérationnelle, ne présentent pas de rupture manifeste et généralisée de l’équité entre générations, même si la société française se caractérise par certaines iniquités concernant la répartition des revenus d’actifs et la répartition des pensions de retraite entre générations. Par ailleurs, cette thèse apporte des résultats qui sont utiles à la compréhension de la solidarité familiale en France. Depuis trente ans, l’augmentation du poids économique des donations et des héritages coïncide avec une diminution du poids des aides en sein des ménages et une stabilité du poids des aides entre ménages. Il en résulte que les transferts privés entre ménages sont de moins en moins adaptés aux besoins des bénéficiaires, ce qui est corroboré par une analyse micro-économétrique en panel qui montre que les évènements vécus par les donateurs peuvent déclencher le versement de donations, contrairement aux aides entre ménages qui dépendent exclusivement des évènements vécus par les donatairesThe purpose of this dissertation is to asses if baby-boomers are responsible of intergenerational inequities in France. To answer this research question, the dissertation applies the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) methodology to the case of France, for the time period covering 1979-2011, therefore capturing national accounts aggregates such as consumption, individual resources, savings and transfers by age. Projections are conducted up to 2060 for public transfers inflows and for disposable income using the computable general equilibrium model “MELETE”, and the results are drawn from the main criteria of intergenerational justice. The results of this dissertation show that there is no obvious and widespread disruption of fairness between generations in the country. However, France is still characterized by intergenerational inequities seen through the allocation of asset income and publics pensions. The NTA methodology also provides useful results about private transfers in France. Since 1979, the role of wealth transfers increased over time, whereas the role of private transfers within households (intra-household transfers) decreased over this period and the role of regular, occasional and in-kind transfers between household (inter-household transfers) remained stable. It follows that private transfers are less and less responsive to the needs of transfer recipients. In fact, a micro econometric analysis using panel data shows that the life events experienced by transfer givers can trigger the payment of inter vivos wealth transfers, which is not the case for inter-household transfers that depend exclusively on the life events experienced by the recipients
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Tidjani, Abdoul-Razak. "Évolution génomique au sein d'une population naturelle de Streptomyces." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0159.
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Les Streptomyces sont des bactéries de la rhizosphère qui contribuent à la fertilité des sols (recyclage de la matière organique), et à la croissance et la santé des plantes. Elles possèdent parmi les plus grands génomes bactériens (12 Mb) et présentent une variabilité génétique importante. Cette variabilité connue au niveau interspécifique n’a jamais été abordée à l’échelle de la population, c’est-à-dire entre individus sympatriques appartenant à la même espèce (souches sœurs) au sein de la même niche écologique. L’objectif de ce travail est de rechercher cette diversité dans les populations de l’écosystème sol forestier, d’approcher sa dynamique et son rôle fonctionnel. Après séquençage et comparaison des génomes complets, nous avons observé une grande diversité génomique en termes de taille, de présence/absence d’éléments extrachromosomiques, mais également en terme de présence/absence de gènes le long du chromosome. Un grand nombre d’événements d’insertions et délétions (indels) comprenant de 1 à 241 gènes différencient les individus de la population. Au vu des liens phylogénétiques étroits entre les individus, l’ancêtre commun de la population est récent, aussi la diversité génomique résulterait d’un flux massif et rapide de gènes. La forte prévalence d’éléments conjugatifs intégrés dans la population suggère que la conjugaison est le moteur prépondérant de cette diversité génomique. La production différentielle de métabolites spécialisés (antibiotiques) a également été utilisée pour estimer l’impact de la diversité génétique sur le fonctionnement de la population. Nous avons pu montrer que cette production était liée à des gènes spécifiques de souches et qu’elle pouvait constituer un bien commun pour la population. Nous proposons que l’évolution rapide du génome participe au maintien des mécanismes de cohésion sociale chez ces bactéries du solStreptomyces are rhizospheric bacteria that contribute to soil fertility (recycling of organic matter), plant growth and health. They have among the largest bacterial genomes (12 Mb) with a high genetic variability. The genome variability, observed at the interspecific level has never been addressed within a population, i.e. between sympatric individuals belonging to the same species (Conspecific strains) within the same ecological niche. The objective of this work was to investigate this diversity in the forest soil ecosystem, to estimate its dynamics and its potential functional roles. After sequencing and comparison of the complete genomes, we observed a wide genomic diversity in terms of size, presence/absence of extrachromosomal elements, but also in terms of presence/absence of genes along the chromosome. A large number of insertion and deletion events (indels) from 1 to 241 genes differentiate individuals in the population. Given the close phylogenetic relationship of these strains, the common ancestor of the population is recent, hence the genomic diversity would result from a massive and rapid gene flux. The high prevalence of integrative and conjugative elements in the population suggests that conjugation could act as a driving force of this diversity. Differential production of specialized metabolites (antibiotics) was also used to estimate the impact of genetic diversity on population’s ecology. We were able to show that this production was linked to strain specific genes and that it may constitute a « public good » for the population. We propose that the rapid evolution of the genome contributes to the maintenance of social cohesion mechanisms within these soil bacteria
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Crawford, Lauren Jane. "Population dynamics of mycovirus transfer in Ophiostoma species." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399170.
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Arevalo, Philip A. (Philip Alexander). "Horizontal gene transfer as a cohesive force in microbial populations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113462.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 2017Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Populations are the central unit of evolution and ecology. In the context of evolution, populations are commonly defined as groups of organisms with a shared gene pool in which adaptive genes can spread freely through natural selection. Ecology takes a less abstract view of populations and conceives of them as members of a single species that occupy the same geographical area. Among sexual eukaryotes, gene pools are easily defined in terms of reproductive isolation and the geographical scales relevant for populations are well-matched to everyday human experience. Microbiologists, however, have faced a great challenge in applying these concepts to the microbial realm. Can closed gene pools form in the face of apparently rampant horizontal gene transfer? What exactly is a microbial species? And does the famous maxim that '"everything is everywhere" mean that the entire globe is to E. coli what Galapagos is to a finch? In this thesis, I hope to move closer to an answer to these large scale questions by asking two smaller ones. First, can ecologically cohesive microbial populations be identified using genomic information alone? Second, once such populations are identified, what are the relevant factors driving population-Ưlevel differentiation? Horizontal gene transfer plays a central role in answering both of these questions, acting both as a force that allows cohesive microbial populations to form and as a means by which new functions and capabilities are introduced into and spread within populations.
by Philip A. Arevalo.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology
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Dillard, Joshua Ryan. "Demographics and Transfer of Escherichia coli Within Bos taurus Populations." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1484.
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In the United States, symptoms caused by pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are on the rise. A major source of these pathogenic strains is the E. coli in the digestive tract of cattle. The purpose of this project was to determine if E. coli are transferred between individuals of the same species and if interspecies transmission is possible. Proximity of cattle was also studied as a contributing factor to the transfer of E. coli. To accomplish this goal, E. coli isolates from cattle and cohabitating ground squirrels were compared through a new method of bacterial strain typing called pyroprinting. Bulls from the Cal Poly Bull Test were sampled every summer from May to September when around 200 bulls from ranches across California are housed together to be tested and eventually auctioned off. The impact of cattle origin (ranch, city) and habitation (pen) on E.coli isolate strain type were evaluated via pyroprinting . The cattle were studied to see if transfer was related to proximity of cohabitation. Since the complete population of intestinal E. coli could not be sampled, transfer could not be directly seen. The probability of sharing E. coli in each time point was used to infer transfer. There was an increase in the probability of sharing E. coli from the May sample date to the September date, indicating that some form of transfer was occurring. There was an even greater increase in the probability of sharing E. coli when the bulls were housed in close proximity. Lastly, ground squirrels cohabitating in the area were found to house some of the same strains as the cattle. This makes transfer between squirrels and cattle a possibility. Overall, this paper shows that the intestinal E. coli composition of bulls may be readily altered by the introduction of new bulls into a population.
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Baro, Johanna. "Modélisation multi-échelles de la morphologie urbaine à partir de données carroyées de population et de bâti." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PEST1004/document.
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La question des liens entre forme urbaine et transport se trouve depuis une vingtaine d'années au cœur des réflexions sur la mise en place de politiques d'aménagement durable. L'essor de la diffusion de données sur grille régulière constitue dans ce cadre une nouvelle perspective pour la modélisation de structures urbaines à partir de mesures de densités affranchies de toutes les contraintes des maillages administratifs. A partir de données de densité de population et de surface bâtie disponibles à l'échelle de la France sur des grilles à mailles de 200 mètres de côté, nous proposons deux types de classifications adaptées à l'étude des pratiques de déplacement et du développement urbain : des classifications des tissus urbains et des classifications des morphotypes de développement urbain. La construction de telles images classées se base sur une démarche de modélisation théorique et expérimentale soulevant de forts enjeux méthodologiques quant à la classification d'espaces urbains statistiquement variés. Pour nous adapter au traitement exhaustif de ces espaces, nous avons proposé une méthode de classification des tissus urbains par transfert d'apprentissage supervisé. Cette méthode utilise le formalisme des champs de Markov cachés pour prendre en compte les dépendances présentes dans ces données spatialisées. Les classifications en morphotypes sont ensuite obtenus par un enrichissement de ces premières images classées, formalisé à partir de modèles chorématiques et mis à œuvre par raisonnement spatial qualitatif. L'analyse de ces images classées par des méthodes de raisonnement spatial quantitatif et d'analyses factorielles nous a permis de révéler la diversité morphologique de 50 aires urbaines françaises. Elle nous a permis de mettre en avant la pertinence de ces classifications pour caractériser les espaces urbains en accord avec différents enjeux d'aménagement relatifs à la densité ou à la multipolaritéSince a couple of decades the relationships between urban form and travel patterns are central to reflection on sustainable urban planning and transport policy. The increasing distribution of regular grid data is in this context a new perspective for modeling urban structures from measurements of density freed from the constraints of administrative division. Population density data are now available on 200 meters grids covering France. We complete these data with built area densities in order to propose two types of classified images adapted to the study of travel patterns and urban development: classifications of urban fabrics and classifications of morphotypes of urban development. The construction of such classified images is based on theoretical and experimental which raise methodological issues regarding the classification of a statistically various urban spaces. To proceed exhaustively those spaces, we proposed a per-pixel classification method of urban fabrics by supervised transfer learning. Hidden Markov random fields are used to take into account the dependencies in the spatial data. The classifications of morphotypes are then obtained by broadening the knowledge of urban fabrics. These classifications are formalized from chorematique theoretical models and implemented by qualitative spatial reasoning. The analysis of these classifications by methods of quantitative spatial reasoning and factor analysis allowed us to reveal the morphological diversity of 50 metropolitan areas. It highlights the relevance of these classifications to characterize urban areas in accordance with various development issues related to the density or multipolar development
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Chen, Taichang. "Intergenerational transfers and well-being in old age in contemporary urban and rural China." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:01361609-ce26-4d15-a6b2-ffd310eea8b1.
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China is entering a new historical era that has as its demographic hallmark an ageing population. The fact that China is ageing before it becomes a modernised, wealthy country, presents serious challenges, one of the most direct and important of which relates to support for older members of society. This thesis concerns the way in which different factors affect intergenerational transfers from adult children to their old parents, with particular focus on living arrangements and parental income. The core question this thesis aims to address is: If public transfers increase, would this crowd out private transfers? The results of the estimated association between living arrangements and intergenerational transfers are also used to improve the robustness of the test of crowding-out effect. This study is based on empirical analyses of two waves of nationally representative datasets, covering adult individuals aged 60 and over from 20 provinces in urban and rural China. Living arrangements are vital to intergenerational transfers and welfare in old age, especially in China where the family-based support mechanism by which the young cared for the old was traditionally through coresidence. The descriptive statistics show that though coresidence is still the predominant living arrangement in rural areas, older Chinese people are increasingly less likely to co-reside with children. Such changes in living arrangements, however, do not leave older people isolated over time. Investigation of the determinants of older people’s coresidence decisions shows that older people with more financial or instrumental needs are more likely to live with children. Analysis of the determinants of parents’ living distance from children finds that in urban areas, old parents with higher pensions are more likely to live far away from children, although insignificant effects are found for rural samples. Finally, this study finds weak evidence that parents living far from children receive more intergenerational transfers. Overall, it has been found that family support, including intergenerational monetary transfers, is still prevalent in China; particularly in rural areas. Although a pattern of declining intergenerational transfers began to emerge during the period between 2000 and 2006, the family unit, and traditional family support, appear likely to remain an essential pillar of security in old age. Through the use of a variety of quantitative methodologies this thesis is able to provide robust estimates of how the increase in public programmes is influencing private transfers in China. Analysis of the factors that determine the incidence of receipt of transfers from children suggests that intergenerational transfers in China tend to target old parents that are in greater financial need. Moreover, the analysis of determinants of the size of transfer suggests that although altruism and exchange motives co-exist, the exchange motive dominates inter-generational transfers in urban China. This study does not find statistically significant estimates of transfer derivatives for older people in rural areas. The emerging pattern of support for older people indicates the pursuit of a new balance between formal and informal support. This thesis argues that a gradual increase in public transfers will not crowd out private transfers, and, in cities, may actually strengthen private transfers.
Books on the topic "Populations transfers"
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Grigoriantz, Alexandre. Les damnés de la Russie: Le déplacement de populations comme méthode de gouvernement. Chêne-Bourg: Georg, 2002.
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The exchange of populations and Adana, 1830-1927. Osmanbey, İstanbul: Libra Kitap, 2011.
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Reinisch, Jessica. The disentanglement of populations: Migration, expulsion and displacement in post-war Europe, 1944-9. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
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Reinisch, Jessica. The disentanglement of populations: Migration, expulsion and displacement in post-war Europe, 1944-9. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
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Paikert, G. C. The German exodus: A selective study on the post-World War II expulsion of German populations and its effects. The Hague, [Netherlands]: Nijhoff, 1991.
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The disentanglement of populations: Migration, expulsion and displacement in post-war Europe, 1944-9. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
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Die deutschen Nachkriegsverluste unter Vertriebenen, Gefangenen und Verschleppten: Mit einer Übersicht über die europäischen Nachkriegsverluste. München: Herbig, 1986.
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Lüth, Erik. Private Intergenerational Transfers and Population Aging. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57588-4.
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Canada. External Affairs and International Trade Canada. World population growth and population movements: Policy implications for Canada. Ottawa: External Affairs and International Trade Canada, 1992.
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Tang, Xiaoou. Transform texture classification. [Woods Hole, Mass: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering], 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Populations transfers"
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Winstanley, C., J. A. W. Morgan, J. R. Saunders, and R. W. Pickup. "The Detection of Marked Populations of Recombinant Pseudomonads Released into Lake Water." In Gene Transfers and Environment, 15–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77450-8_3.
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Mallet, C., M. F. Charpin, and J. Devaux. "Nitrate reductase activity of phytoplankton populations in eutrophic Lake Aydat and meso-oligotrophic Lake Pavin: A comparison." In Oceans, Rivers and Lakes: Energy and Substance Transfers at Interfaces, 135–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5266-2_11.
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Arnett, Katy. "7. The Genesis and Perpetuation of Exemptions and Transfers from French Second Language Programs for Students with Diverse Learning Needs: A Preliminary Examination and Their Link." In Minority Populations in Canadian Second Language Education, edited by Katy Arnett and Callie Mady, 103–17. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781783090310-009.
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Riley, Margaret A., and Michelle Lizotte-Waniewski. "Population Genomics and the Bacterial Species Concept." In Horizontal Gene Transfer, 367–77. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-853-9_21.
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Le Goff, Maëlan, Julien Navaux, and Lionel Ragot. "The Impact of Life Stages on Parent-Child Transfers." In INED Population Studies, 199–215. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56001-4_10.
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Gardner, Paul, Lawerence A. Bull, Julian Gosliga, Nikolaos Dervilis, and Keith Worden. "Towards Population-Based Structural Health Monitoring, Part IV: Heterogeneous Populations, Transfer and Mapping." In Model Validation and Uncertainty Quantification, Volume 3, 187–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47638-0_20.
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Lai, Mun Sim, and Gretchen Donehower. "National Transfer Accounts Project." In Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_909-1.
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Tsang, Parker Y. L., Deborah M. S. Tai, and Libby C. W. Li. "Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer." In Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_1043-1.
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Bergmann, K., J. Martin, and B. W. Shore. "Coherent Population Transfer in Multilevel Systems." In Coherence and Quantum Optics VII, 287–94. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9742-8_35.
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Ogawa, Naohiro, Rikiya Matsukura, and Maliki. "Rapid Population Aging and Changing Intergenerational Transfers in Japan." In International Handbook of Population Aging, 133–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8356-3_7.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Populations transfers"
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Todorov, Georgy C., M. P. Chaika, Valentina R. Ruseva, Vladimir R. Arsov, N. Durmenov, and Blagovest K. Bahnev. "Influence of the spontaneous emission transfers on the nonlinear corrections of the Rb resonant states populations." In 11th International School on Quantum Electronics: Laser Physics and Applications, edited by Peter A. Atanasov and Stefka Cartaleva. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.425123.
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Grivopoulos, S., and B. Bamieh. "Optimal population transfers for a quantum system in the limit of large transfer time." In Proceedings of the 2004 American Control Conference. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc.2004.1383837.
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Gao, Yandong, Dana Brantley-Sieders, Devi Majumdar, Jin Chen, Donna Webb, and Deyu Li. "A Simple Approach to Probe the Extracellular Signaling Pathways Using Ligand Traps." In ASME 2012 Third International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2012-75106.
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Cells communicate with one another through a huge variety of extracellular soluble signaling molecules. A common method in biology to investigate the signaling pathways is to inactivate the gene coding the interested ligand or receptor from cells using modern DNA technology, known as gene knockout. Even though very effective, however, gene knockout is a time-consuming and cost-prohibitive process and requires huge amount of efforts to conduct. Here we present a simple method to probe the extracellular signaling pathways through engineering a semi-permeable barrier between two cell populations. In this approach, ligand traps, receptor-coated nano/micro-particles, are embedded inside the nanoporous barrier. Because the receptors have the ability to selectively bind to certain ligand(s) with high affinity, the associated ligands can be ‘trapped’ inside the barrier when they try to perfuse from one cell population to the other. As a result, the targeted soluble ligands can be effectively blocked from the molecular exchange between the two cell populations. We have demonstrated the feasibility of this novel approach using fluorescent proteins. An analytical model has also been developed to guide the design of the ligand-trap-embedded barrier.
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"Influence Factors on the Adoption of a Financial Application [Abstract]." In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4273.
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Aim/Purpose: Today more and more transactions and acquisitions are controlled directly from mobile devices, especially smartphones applications. Previous studies have examined the adoption of financial applications based on a single theory as a theoretical basis. In order to examine the phenomenon in a wider way, we used in this study two theories as a theoretical basis. Background: It is important to define the main technological and psychological factors that affect the choice of potential customers to adopt or prefer financial applications. By combining two theories in the study, we expanded the examination of the phenomenon of adopting financial technology. Methodology: The study questionnaire was based on two questionnaires from previous studies. The questionnaire was tested on a focus group and certain adjustments were made based on the feedback. Thereupon, the questionnaire was sent online via social media. A total of 497 questionnaires were received, 402 were filled correctly and found suitable for statistical analysis. The statistical analysis included Alpha Cronbach Test, Pearson correlation test, and linear regression. Contribution: By combining DIT theory (Diffusion of Innovative Technology) suggested by Rogers, and TAM model (Technology Acceptance Model) presented by Davis, we expanding our understanding of the technological and psychological factors affecting financial application validation. Finding the influencing factors can help develop and implement future financial applications. Banks will be able to develop applications that truly meet the needs, desires and concerns of their target customers, thus able to save costs and improve their services to their customers. Findings: Six factors were tested in this study: relative advantage, complexity, compatibility, observability, experiencing, and perceived risk. The main findings showed significant negative correlation between age and relative advantage, so that as the age of the user increased the relative advantage decreased. In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between age and observability, so that as the age of the user increased the observability decreased. Also was found a significant negative correlation between age and the variable adoption of a financial application, so that as the age of the subject increases the financial application adoption decreases. No significant correlation was found between age and compatibility, complexity, relative risk. In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between the numbers of months of experience that the bank offers to the customers to the positive decision to adopt a financial application. No significant correlation was found between the demographic variables, education and wages, and financial application adoption. The regression analysis led to a significant result, so that the variables together explain 69.3% adoption of financial application. According to the research hypothesis, the relative advantage, compatibility, experiencing, and observability have the most significant positive effect on financial application adoption. Recommendations for Practitioners: We recommend programmers to focus on meeting the customers’ needs that best match the criteria delineated above. In addition, by understanding the influencing factors, marketers should use these criteria to reduce the psychological concerns of customers that delay the adoption of a financial application. Recommendations for Researchers: Since financial applications are becoming more useful as financial transfers, other behavioral aspects that influence the adoption of technology should be examined. We recommend conducting further research based on behavioral, economic, and technological theories. Impact on Society: A better understanding of the influencing factors will derive a better planning and development of financial applications, regarding the three most significant factors: relative advantage, compatibility, and observability. This process will result better and wider adoption of financial applications by customers, and will bring more customers to use financial transfers by smartphones. Future Research: Other studies can be used other theoretical basis for research; to examine specific populations, for example, in terms of older populations; to examine cultural and social influences factors on the adoption of financial applications.
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Wendel, Mark, Bernard Riemer, and Ashraf Abdou. "Measurements of Gas Bubble Size Distributions in Flowing Liquid Mercury." In ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2012-72015.
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Pressure waves created in liquid mercury pulsed spallation targets have been shown to induce cavitation damage on the target container. One way to mitigate such damage would be to absorb the pressure pulse energy into a dispersed population of small bubbles, however, measuring such a population in mercury is difficult since it is opaque and the mercury is involved in a turbulent flow. Ultrasonic measurements have been attempted on these types of flows, but the flow noise can interfere with the measurement, and the results are unverifiable and often unrealistic. Recently, a flow loop was built and operated at Oak Ridge National Labarotory to assess the capability of various bubbler designs to deliver an adequate population of bubbles to mitigate cavitation damage. The invented diagnostic technique involves flowing the mercury with entrained gas bubbles in a steady state through a horizontal piping section with a glass-window observation port located on the top. The mercury flow is then suddenly stopped and the bubbles are allowed to settle on the glass due to buoyancy. Using a bright-field illumination and a high-speed camera, the arriving bubbles are detected and counted, and then the images can be processed to determine the bubble populations. After using this technique to collect data on each bubbler, bubble size distributions were built for the purpose of quantifying bubbler performance, allowing the selection of the best bubbler options. This paper presents the novel procedure, photographic technique, sample visual results and some example bubble size distributions. The best bubbler options were subsequently used in proton beam irradiation tests performed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The cavitation damage results from the irradiated test plates in contact with the mercury are available for correlation with the bubble populations. The most effective mitigating population can now be designed into prototypical geometries for implementation into an actual SNS target.
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Grivopoulos, Symeon, and Bassam Bamieh. "Averaging simplifies optimal population transfer problems." In Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2006.377174.
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Tscherneck, M., and N. P. Bigelow. "Coherent Population Transfer in Heteronuclear Molecules." In Laser Science. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ls.2007.ltug5.
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Zhang, Wei, Vignesh Narayanan, and Shin Li. "Robust Population Transfer for Coupled Spin Ensembles." In 2019 IEEE 58th Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc40024.2019.9029879.
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Spalding, B. "Population models of turbulent heat and mass transfer." In Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer 6. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium On Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ichmt.2009.turbulheatmasstransf.1890.
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Ozawa, Takashi, Michael F. Modest, and Deborah A. Levin. "Spectral Module for Photon Monte Carlo Calculations in Hypersonic Nonequilibrium Radiation." In ASME 2009 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the InterPACK09 and 3rd Energy Sustainability Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2009-88599.
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In this paper, efficient spectral modules and random number databases are developed for atomic and diatomic species for use in photon Monte Carlo (PMC) modeling of hypersonic nonequilibrium flow radiation. To model nonequilibrium flow conditions, the quasi steady state (QSS) assumption was used to generate electronic state populations of atomic and diatomic gas species in the databases. For atomic species (N and O), both bound-bound transitions and continuum radiation were included, and were separately databased as a function of electron temperature and number density as well as the ratio of atomic ion to neutral number density. For the radiating diatomic species of N2+, N2, O2, and NO, databases were generated for each electronic molecular electronic system. In each molecular electronic system, the ro-vibrational transition lines were separately databased for each electronic upper state population forming the electronic system. The spectral module for the PMC method was optimized toward computational efficiency for emission calculations, wavelength selections of photon bundles and absorption coefficient calculations in the ray tracing scheme.
Reports on the topic "Populations transfers"
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Mason, Andrew, Ronald Lee, An-Chi Tung, Mun-Sim Lai, and Tim Miller. Population Aging and Intergenerational Transfers: Introducing Age into National Accounts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12770.
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Becker, Sascha, Irena Grosfeld, Pauline Grosjean, Nico Voigtländer, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. Forced Migration and Human Capital: Evidence from Post-WWII Population Transfers. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24704.
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Busso, Matías, Juanita Camacho, Julián Messina, and Guadalupe Montenegro. Social Protection and Informality in Latin America during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002865.
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Latin American governments swiftly implemented income assistance programs to sustain families' livelihoods during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders. This paper analyzes the potential coverage and generosity of these measures and assesses the suitability of current safety nets to deal with unexpected negative income shocks in 10 Latin American countries. The expansion of pre-existing programs (most notably conditional cash transfers and non-contributory pensions) during the COVID-19 crisis was generally insufficient to compensate for the inability to work among the poorest segments of the population. When COVID-19 ad hoc programs are analyzed, the coverage and replacement rates of regular labor income among households in the first quintile of the country's labor income distribution increase substantially. Yet, these programs present substantial coverage challenges among families composed of fundamentally informal workers who are non-poor, but are at a high risk of poverty. These results highlight the limitations of the fragmented nature of social protection systems in the region.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.
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With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor