Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Porosité – Mesure'
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Guéroult, Sébastien. "Analyse expérimentale de la saturation des milieux fibreux à double échelle de pores : application à la mise en oeuvre des matériaux composites par procédé RTM." Le Havre, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LEHA0008.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms during the impregnation in a dual scale porous media. As any process consisting in an injection of liquid into a fiber preform, RTM process is prone to have void type defects. Those defects may lead to a reduction of the final mechanical properties. To address this problem of void creation during infiltration, original experimental devices have been designed to measure the saturation in fibrous media. Sensors have been developed based on the electrical properties of materials: conductivity and permittivity. The saturation results show a dependency with the capillary number. Different mechanisms for the creation and transport of voids have been highlighted. These data are then correlated with pressure measurements. The evolution of the capillary pressure as a function of the capillary number has been introduced to characterize properly the impregnations. The correlation of all the data concerning saturation and pressure allows us to propose a new analysis of the permeability in dual scale porous media. Two concepts of permeability are defined: the geometric permeability as an intrinsic characteristic of the preform and the relative permeability as a function of the saturation
Al-Meslemi, Yahya Ismail. "Modélisation prédictive pour la Fabrication Additive métallique : Caractéristiques clés et applications à la caractérisation de la porosité." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPAST007.
Full textAbstract : Quality control remains the main barrier for broader adoption of Additive Manufacturing processes. Data analytics, physical process modelling, part measurement and metrological assessment, are more and more used to achieve better quality. However, there are still significant modeling, computational, and measurement challenges stemming from the broad range of the involved parameters affecting the quality of the final part.In this thesis, we focus on overcoming some of these quality-related limits. We propose a predictive modeling approach to perform porosity characterization and to determine the range of manufacturing working conditions based on a limited set of previously collected data.The proposed systematic modeling approach uses Gaussian Process (GP) to map the entire experimental space based on limited predetermined measured points. GP integrates a covariant function, which uses statistical bayesian inference coupled with Markov Chain to estimate model parameters, based on the collected data. These data are generated based on a proposed experimental design and CT scan image analysis protocol. Finally, and for an efficient implementation of approach, we benefit from establishing correlations between the manufacturing process conditions and the product’s features, based on Key Characteristics (KCs) while considering the whole value chain in AM. These KCs are evaluated based on their importance and ordered hierarchically from a statistical point of view
Profice, Sandra. "Mesure de propriétés monophasiques de milieux poreux peu perméables par voie instationnaire." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0142/document.
Full textAmong the multitude of petrophysical data used to describe a geological formation,some of them allow specifically to predict the production capacity, namely: the porosity,the intrinsic permeability and the Klinkenberg coefficient. In the particular case ofgas shales, these three essential properties are extremely difficult to measure precisely,because of the complexicity of these rocks. This thesis is the continuity ofworks led in I2M laboratory-TREFLE department, on the analysis and the improvementof the Pulse Decay method, which is the classical transient method of measurementused in the oil&gas industry to identify one or several of the properties ofinterest. The numerous weaknesses of the Pulse Decay method are here presented,as the strengths of the new method derived from the improvement of the Pulse Decaymethod, namely the Step Decay method, developed in I2M laboratory and patentedin partnership with TOTAL. More exactly, the performances of the Step Decaymethod are here studied numerically as well as experimentally, in homogeneouscondition, as in heterogeneous condition. This manuscript provides also the results ofan analysis dealing with the Pulse Decay method on cuttings, which forms a possiblealternative to the Pulse Decay method on plug but which reliability is highly questioned
Massat, Luc. "Influence de la chimie sur les propriétés multi-échelles du gonflement d’une bentonite compactée." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0085/document.
Full textA multi-scale investigation of the swelling behaviour of a purified bentonite under constrained conditions is carried out by a monitoring of the swelling pressure and the porosity evolution at various scales (inter-aggregate, inter-particle, interlayer). A specific oedometer, oedo-tomometer, has been designed to monitor both the swelling pressure and the inter-aggregate porosity evolution deduced from microfocus X-ray computed tomography measurements (size higher than 5 µm). Further investigations of the porosity at lower scale were conducted at various stages of the swelling process by gas adsorption mainly and transmission electron microscopy. Various fluids were used for specimen hydration to control either crystalline swelling or osmotic swelling (NaCl solutions at different ionic strengths and methyl methacrylate (MMA) solution). The results, which combined both swelling pressure measurements and quantification of microstructure evolution upon hydration for the two different solutions, give sound understanding on the development of osmotic and/or crystalline swelling and their relative impact both on the microstructure and on the magnitude of the macroscopic swelling pressure of compacted smectites. Furthermore, these results compared to calculated results (BExM for example) shows similar evolutions
Grandjean, Sylvie. "Réponse thermique à l'échelle locale dans les matériaux céramiques, effets des pores et des joints de grains." Limoges, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIMO0033.
Full textA heterogeneous material consists of a mixture of solid phases, pores and interfaces. Many models describe the equivalent thermal conductivity of porous or multiphase material. On the other hand, there is little information concerning the effect of the grain boundaries. We have therefor examined the relation between the porosity and the grain boundaries with conductivity and in particular we have evaluated the thermal resistance of the grain boundaries in alumina, tin oxide and magnesia. Values in the range 0. 7 to 2. 2 10-8 m2. K. W-1 were obtained for the three materials. In order to eliminate the contribution of the pores on resistance, a correction is made by the effective medium percolation theory. This choice was guided by a study in computer simulation of the effect of the porous structure on conductivity. The last part presents an experiment of local measurement of thermal conductivity applied to single crystal fibers as well as polycrystalline ceramics
Hu, Cong. "Etude expérimentale de propriétés mécaniques, de transport et poromécaniques d’un grès à haute porosité." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECLI0019/document.
Full textThis study aims to improve the understanding of the phenomenon of sand production around borehole during exploitation of natural gas storage. The source of sand may be due to structural factors or fatigue of the material because of the cyclic injection and extraction of gas pressure. This work focuses on the mechanical behaviors, transport properties and poromechanical proprieties of a sandstone. The Drucker-Pragger failure criterion is identified with triaxial effective stress without pore pressure. It can be used to evaluate the critical gas pressure causing rock failure at constant confining pressure and deviatoric stress. 80% of the critical gas pressure is then applied to observe whether different phenomenon will occur. Several cases of rupture are obtained after maintaining this gas pressure for a long time and cyclic loading-unloading of gas pressure damages the material significantly. At the meantime, the permeability of the material under axial stress decreases constantly even at volumetric dilatation stages which confirms the phenomenon of sand production. Finally, we find that mechanical damage increases its slightly natural anisotropy and it has a very significant influence on the poro-mechanical behaviors (Biot’s coefficient). This part of the work can be used to describe the structural effects induced by gas pressure variation around the borehole
Emeruwa, Edjikémé. "Compressibilité des poudres : influence de la morphologie des poudres et action d'une impulsion ultrasonore." Limoges, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIMO0069.
Full textDominguez, Nicolas. "Modélisation de la propagation ultrasonore en milieu complexe : application au contrôle non destructif et à la caractérisation de la porosité dans les matériaux composites stratifiés." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30235.
Full textRougelot, Thomas. "Étude expérimentale multi-échelles des couplages hydriques, mécaniques et chimiques dans les matériaux cimentaires." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10115/document.
Full textTo determine the hydro-mechanical and chemical behaviour in cementitious materials is a key point to predict the durability of a structure submitted to complex stresses, such as the radioactive waste underground disposaI. This work is performed on mortars and cement pastes, with two distinct water-to-cement ratios. Coupling between hydric stresses by drying, hydro-chemical effect of calcium leaching, and the mechanical behaviour of the material, with a focus put on damage and strains evolution, are studied. Moreover, the experimental approach tries to characterize the physical phenomenons with a multi-scale view. From microscopic aspects, the characterization of the porous network is obtained by means of desorption isotherms and mercury intrusion. The influence of the W/C ratio is highlighted. Then, in a 4D approach of coupling effects between calcium leaching and cracking is conducted with X-ray microtomography (resolution: 5 µm). The restrained shrinkage due to differential strains in aggregates and cementitious matrix is shown as the cause of microcracking. ln addition, a pre-cracking increases the chemical degradation of the material. From macroscopic aspects, the shrinkage due to a smooth drying is experimentally determined, and a poromechanical model is then proposed. The diffuse microcracking effects appear to have more importance on the desorption than several localized macrocracks. Finally, the decrease in the saturation of the material modifies the splitting tensile strength. This could be due to a competitive effect between shrinkage, stresses and the influence of the aggregates in the cracking energy. Some preliminary tests are also conducted in direct tension
Özgümüs, Ahmet. "Contribution à la modélisation de l'émanation du radon par effet de recul direct, influence de l'eau." Besançon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BESA2026.
Full textEgermann, Patrick. "Mesures pétrophysiques sur déblais de forage." Toulouse, INPT, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPT053H.
Full textHaurais, Florian. "Evaluate the contribution of the fuel cladding oxidation process on the hydrogen production from the reflooding during a potential severe accident in a nuclear reactor." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS375/document.
Full textIn nuclear power plants, a severe accident is a very unlikely sequence of events during which components of the reactor core get significantly damaged, through chemical interactions and/or melting, because of very high temperatures. This may potentially lead to radiotoxic releases in the containment building and to air ingress in the reactor core. In that context, this thesis work led at EDF R&D aimed at modeling the deterioration of the nuclear fuel cladding, made of zirconium alloys, in accidental conditions: high temperature and either pure steam or air-steam mixture. The final objective was to improve the simulation by the MAAP code of the cladding oxidation and of the hydrogen production, in particular during a core reflooding with water. Due to the progressive thickening of a dense and protective ZrO2 layer, the oxidation kinetics of Zr in steam at high temperatures is generally (sub-)parabolic. However, at certain temperatures, this oxide layer may crack, becoming porous and not protective anymore. By this “breakaway” process, the oxidation kinetics becomes rather linear. Additionally, the temperature increase can lead core materials to melt and to relocate down to the vessel lower head whose failure may induce air ingress into the reactor core. In this event, oxygen and nitrogen both react with the pre-oxidized claddings, successively through oxidation of Zr (thickening the ZrO2 layer), nitriding of Zr (forming ZrN particles) and oxidation of ZrN (creating oxide and releasing nitrogen). These self-sustained reactions enhance the cracking of the cladding and of its ZrO2 layer, inducing a rise of its open porosity.In order to quantify this cladding porosity, an innovative two-step experimental protocol was defined and applied: it consisted in submitting ZIRLO® cladding samples first to various accidental conditions during several time periods and then to measurements of the open porosity through porosimetry by mercury intrusion. The tested corrosion conditions included numerous temperatures ranging from 1100 up to 1500 K as well as both pure steam and a 50-50 mol% air-steam mixture. For the ZIRLO® samples oxidized in pure steam, except at 1200 and 1250 K, the “breakaway” kinetic transitions do not occur and the open porosity remains negligible along the oxidation process. However, for all other samples, corroded in air-steam or oxidized in pure steam at 1200 or 1250 K, “breakaway” transitions are observed and the porosimetry results show that the open porosity increases along the corrosion process, proportionally to the mass gain. Moreover, it was evidenced that the pore size distribution of ZIRLO® samples significantly extends during corrosion, especially after “breakaway” transitions. Indeed, the detected pore sizes ranged from 60 μm down to around: 2 μm before the transition, 50 nm just after and 2 nm longer after. Finally, a two-step numerical model was developed in the MAAP code to improve its simulation of the cladding oxidation. First, thanks to the proportionality between open porosity and mass gain of cladding samples, porosity correlations were implemented for each tested corrosion condition. Second, the calculated porosity values are used to proportionally enhance the cladding oxidation rate. This improved model thus simulates not only chemical reactions of Zr-based claddings (oxidation and nitriding) but also their mechanical degradation and its impact on their oxidation rate. It was validated by simulating QUENCH tests (-06, -08, -10 and -16), conducted at KIT to study the behavior of claddings in accidental conditions with a final reflooding. These simulations show a better cladding thermal behavior and a hydrogen production significantly higher and so closer to experimental values, in particular during the reflooding
Boucly-Norotte, Véronique. "Évolution des caractéristiques mécaniques et de la perméabilité de matériaux argileux sous l'effet de sollicitations thermiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1991. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00569032.
Full textLion, Maxime. "Influence de la température sur le comportement poromécanique ou hydraulique d'une roche carbonatée et d'un mortier : études expérimentales." Lille 1, 2004. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2004/50376-2004-61-62.pdf.
Full textPapazoglou, Athanasios. "An experimental study of localized compaction in high porosity rocks : the example of Tuffeau de Maastricht." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI100/document.
Full textGiven their high porosity, carbonates form important water and hydrocarbons reservoirs, and they are also suitable for other applications such as CO2 storage and nuclear waste disposal. However, localized compaction in carbonates affects the stress field and the hydromechanical properties of these rocks leading to inelastic deformation and failure with potential economic, environmental and social impacts. Previous field and experimental studies have shown that in porous carbonates, unlike sandstones, a variety of micromechanisms such as pore collapse, grain crushing, debonding, crystal plasticity and pressure solution can potentially lead to inelastic compaction. Due to the coexistence of such multiple inelastic processes and the interplay among them, the dominant micromechanism responsible for failure remains poorly understood.This doctoral thesis presents an experimental investigation into the deformation mechanisms governing the mechanical behavior and failure mode of high porosity carbonate rocks. To this end, Tuffeau de Maastricht, a bioclastic sedimentary limestone exhibiting up to 52% porosity, has been tested under dry conditions. This study focuses on how stress path, confining pressure and bedding orientation affect the onset and propagation of localized compaction. Three main experimental campaigns are conducted on cylindrical specimens of 11.5 mm diameter and 22 mm height to study the brittle-ductile transition: (i) isotropic compression, (ii) uniaxial compression, and (iii) triaxial compression tests at confining pressures ranging from 1 to 5 MPa. A systematic analysis of the anisotropic behavior of Tuffeau de Maastricht is conducted on samples cored perpendicular, oblique 45° and parallel to the bedding plane. High resolution x-ray computed tomography (CT) is used to obtain 3D images of the entire specimen under loading. The acquired images are processed and full-field measurements have been used to elucidate the mechanics of initiation and propagation of localized compaction. Porosity variations during loading are measured macroscopically as well as locally. The porosity measurements are performed over a REV, which is defined with the use of statistical tools. The systematic use of x-ray micro tomography combined with the use of advanced image analysis and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) provides a quantitative 3D information the strain field inside a sample and its evolution during a test.Two failure modes are identified, based on porosity measurements and DIC: compactive shear bands at low confining pressure, and compaction bands (perpendicular to the maximum compressive stress) at higher confinement. These bands develop at essentially constant deviator stress and propagate through the whole sample punctuated by episodic stress drops. Triaxial compression tests at much higher axial strain present three distinct phases: (1) an initial quasi-linear increase of deviator stress, followed by (2) a plateau and (3) a post-plateau hardening. The essential observation from these experiments if the occurrence of a debonding phase which converts the specimen from rock-like to sand-like. A second localization, typical of dense sand, eventually occurs for very axial strain. Additional experiments that are performed on artificially debonded specimens emphasize this destructuration phase during the plateau of deviator stress. The experimental results also highlight the strong anisotropy of the mechanical behavior of the studied material
Xiang, Maiqi. "Aerosol sampling and characterization technique using TEM porous grids." Thesis, Compiègne, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COMP2611.
Full textCharacterization and analysis of airborne solid nano/micrometric particles have received considerable attention. The representative collection of particles to be analyzed is a fundamental requirement. The recently developed aerosol sampler called Mini Particle Sampler (MPS), which is equipped with a porous Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) grid, renders particle sampling convenient. However, the research for this useful sampling system is still in the initial stage. The thesis improves and quantifies the MPS sampling system. Besides, a new method of pollutant mass characterization is developed based on the optimizedsampling system. The sampling efficiency of the sampling system for particles with mobility diameters ranging from 5 to 100 nm is mainly investigated. According to the sensitivity analysis tof the parameters in the whole setup carried out by the Taguchi method, salt concentration of the atomizer, high-voltage polarity in the Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA), sampling efficiency assessment method, sampling temperature, and porosity of the porous TEM gridminimally affect the collection efficiency. Small filter pore size, high flowrate, and denserparticles promote particle capturing, which are the main parameters. Based on the investigation of the filtration mechanisms of TEM grids and the comparison of available theoretical models, a method for experimental collection efficiency analysis combined with theoretical modeling is developed by considering the model’s applicability. Using this method, the effects of the main parameters mentioned above are compared between experiments andtheories. The sampling technology is optimized and the minimum collection efficiency isup to 40% by adjusting the parameter settings of the sampling system. In addition, accordingto the Monte-Carlo methods, sampling efficiency uncertainties from measured data andtheoretical models are generally less than 1% and 9%, respectively. Most sampling efficienciesmeasured data are covered by the efficiency uncertainty range simulated by models.Sobol variance-based sensitivity analysis shows that pore size and flowrate contribute significantly to the uncertainties, and require control to improve the efficiency precision. Besides, Cunningham correction factor is also a sensitivity parameter. Based on the above development of the MPS sampling system, a quantitative method is proposed to characterize the elemental mass concentration of airborne nano/micrometric particles via particle sampling and TEM - Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The principle is to collect airborne particles on a TEM grid, then add a certain mass of reference particles on it, and determine the relative percentages of all elements (reference and unknown particles) via EDS. Regardless of the sampling condition, the quantitative and homogeneously collection of monodisperse RbCl, CsCl, NaCl particles on the TEM grid could be achieved. For all the tested conditions, when depositing divers kinds of quantified airborne particles on one TEM grid, the absolute deviations between theoretical element mass percentages and experimental ratios measured by EDS remain lower than 10%, which confirms that the proposed method could be used for mass characterization of elements in an unknown aerosol. RbCl has been preferred as a reference since its rarity in usual airborne particles and having a low toxicity. The developed method has been used for characterizing aerosol released by the friction between serial pad and braking disc. The mass concentration of Fe in the braking aerosol is calculated as 0.105 μg/L using this method, which is consistent with the concentration range estimated from the data of Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS)
Sunjoto. "La mesure de l'ouverture de filtration des géotextiles : analyse des méthodes d'essai." Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10095.
Full textSammartino, Stéphane. "La caractérisation d'un matériau à faible perméabilité : mesures expérimentales et analyses d'images ; application à la tonalité du sud-Vienne, effet de l'altération." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2309.
Full textLefebvre, Jérôme. "Etude et valorisation d'un absorbant innovant à base de polymères d'origine naturelle dédié au confort acoustique." Thesis, Artois, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ARTO0201/document.
Full textThis thesis is about acoustic comfort and deals particularly with absorptive materials used to treat noise pollution in the housing environment. Our purpose is a double-sided one as the idea is to propose a bio based and absorptive material within the range of low frequencies.We have focused on porous bio based material on the same manufacturing process of porous ceramic. It is composed of homogeneous and isotropic cellulose. The making of a polymethyl methcrylate print enabling a thorough control of its internal structure. Then, we have dealt with the experimental characterization of its acoustic properties and of the intrinsic parameters of the material. The analysis of these data together with the numerical modelling permitted to define the physical characteristics having an influence on acoustic performances and to identify their means of improvement.Finally, the implementation of empirical means will be presented, namely: (i) the inclusion of aerogel in the porous mould, (ii) the exploitation of double porosity in two different configurations, either in the case of cellulose/aerogel composite, or the one of a material composed of a double mesoporous/microporous structure and (iii) the use of materials containing gradients of properties (interconnection or porosity). For each of these three approaches, the manufacturing process and the characterization of these new materials are detailed and their acoustic performances are discussed
Arnaud, Gaël. "Mesures locales des variations bachymétriques et des propriétés du sol en zone de surf." Pau, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PAUU3036.
Full textEvolution of sandy coastline results predominantly of sediment transport processes in the surf zone. Thus, monitoring sediment levels in this area is crucial both for understanding the mechanisms involved and for the supervision of marine structures. However monitoring this area can be tricky because of energy conditions and the global dynamic of this area. The thesis presented here was conducted in order to develop and implement a new measurement system based on an electrical method of bed level detection. The system is made of a ramp of electrodes mounted on a supporting pole that is buried in the sediment. The resistivity contrast between the sediment and the water is then used to differentiate both mediums. A theoretical study as been made in order to optimize the electrode configuration. Then numerical simulations and laboratory tests have been performed to confirm theoretical behavior of the measurement. The system was then submitted to real conditions testing during field experiment. Analysis of these data have provided informations on sediment level changes over several tidal cycles, presenting an original approach of the sediment water interface under dynamic conditions. Finally, the way of using resistivity measurements to assess the evolution of porosity in the first centimeters of sediment layer is analyzed, pointing out limitations and suggesting improvements of the instrument
Safinowski, Pawel. "Diagnostic ultrasonore de la dégradation mécanique et structurale du béton." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00664281.
Full textGallier, Jonathan. "Caractérisation des processus d'évolution structurale et de salinité des sols de marais côtiers par mesures mécaniques et géo-électriques in situ." Poitiers, 2011. http://nuxeo.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/b90aaf26-2c74-4f2c-bee0-4bdcbee77b9c.
Full textIn order to explain the mechanisms of sol consolidation and sol desalinization in marshes two grasslands and a cultivated field were studied on the INRA Experimental site of St Laurent de la Prée. The study of the structural evolutions of the soils is based on comparisons between water content (W), cone resistance (Qd) and cohesion (C) profiles. The Qd- C and soil structure relationship are based on the W-e shrinkage curve of the clay material. All the structural and mechanical profiles are represented in a W-e-Qd-C crossed diagram. Taking into account the hydraulic conductivity (K) in W-e-C-K diagram, this shows the relationship which could exist between the structural profiles and liquid-to-solid soil states. Based on the W-e-C relationship a model of soil fracturation is proposed. The results of calculations are compared to 2D and 3D petrographic features observed on polished section and by XR microtomography. The study of structural and salinity evolution of soils is based on in situ geo-electrical investigation by resistivity sections, chemical analyses of soil water sampled in piezometers, and measurement of soil electrical conductivity (CE) profile. The resistivity – electrical conductivity of soil relationship are calculated according to the structural (e-W) profiles of soils. The CE profile evolutions are governed by the hydrogeological behavior of the groundwater. Finally, the CE profiles measured during the 2006, 2008 and 2010 campaigns allow the proposing of an abacus of CE profiles – corn yield relationship for favorable and unfavorable meteorological conditions
Hubert, Amélie. "Déséquilibres des séries de l'uranium dans les aquifères : quantification des mécanismes de transport de l'uranium et de ses descendants : cas de l'aquifère de la craie (Champagne, France)." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GLOB0012.
Full textAdeline, Karine. "Classification des matériaux urbains en présence de végétation éparse par télédétection hyperspectrale à haute résolution spatiale." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ESAE0056/document.
Full textThe new advances in remote sensing acquisitions at very high spatial resolution, either spaceborne (PLEIADES, HYPXIM), airborne or unmanned aerial vehicles borne, open the way for the study of complex environments such as urban areas. In particular, the better understanding of urban heat islands, urban planning, vegetation biodiversity, requires the knowledge of detailed material classification mapsbased on the use of spectral information brought by hyperspectral imagery 0.4-2.5μm. However, one of the main limitations of classification methods relies on the absence of shadow processing. Past studies have demonstrated that spectral information was possible to be extracted from shadows cast by buildings. But existing methods fail in shadows cast by trees because of their crown porosity. The objective of this thesis aims to characterize surface optical properties in urban tree shadows by means of radiative transfer and atmospheric correction tools. The originality of this work is to study the tree crown porosity through the analysis of the tree crown transmittance. Therefore, the issue has been divided into two parts. Firstly, an experimental design with the use of DART tool has been carried out in order to examine the relationships between the transmittance of an isolated tree and different biophysical and external variables. Then, the estimation of the tree crown transmittance has been assessed with several tree 3D modelling strategies derived from reference terrestrial lidar acquisitions. Secondly, a new atmospheric correction method appropriate to the processing of tree shadows, ICARE-VEG, was implemented fromthese previous results. An airborne and field campaign UMBRA was dedicated to its validation. Moreover, its performances was compared to other existing tools. Finally, the conclusions open large outlooks to the overall interpretation of remote sensing images and highlight the complexity to model physical natural processes with finer spatial resolutions
Guedj, Annie. "Oxydation photo-assistee du silicium par laser au co2 continu et contribution a l'etude des couches de silice obtenues." Toulouse, INSA, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ISAT0011.
Full textPerlot, Céline. "Influence de la décalcification de matériaux cimentaires sur les propriétés de transfert : application au stockage profond de déchets radioactifs." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30211.
Full textCementitious materials have been selected to compose engineering barrier system (EBS) of the french radioactive waste deep repository, because of concrete physico-chemical properties: the hydrates of the cementitious matrix and the pH of the pore solution contribute to radionuclides retention; furthermore the compactness of these materials limits elements transport. The confinement capacity of the system has to be assessed while a period at least equivalent to waste activity (up to 100. 000 years). His durability was sustained by the evolution of transfer properties in accordance with cementitious materials decalcification, alteration that expresses structure long-term behavior. Then, two degradation modes were carried out, taking into account the different physical and chemical interactions imposed by the host formation. The first mode, a static one, was an accelerated decalcification using nitrate ammonium solution. It replicates EBS alteration dues to underground water. Degradation kinetic was estimated by the amount of calcium leached and the measurement of the calcium hydroxide dissolution front. To evaluate the decalcification impact, samples were characterized before and after degradation in term of microstructure (porosity, pores size distribution) and of transfer properties (diffusivity, gas and water permeability). The influence of cement nature (ordinary Portland cement, blended cement) and aggregates type (lime or siliceous) was observed: experiments were repeated on different mortars mixes. On this occasion, an essential reflection on this test metrology was led. The second mode, a dynamical degradation, was performed with an environmental permeameter. It recreates the EBS solicitations ensured during the resaturation period, distinguished by the hydraulic pressure imposed by the geologic layer and the waste exothermicity. This apparatus, based on triaxial cell functioning, allows to applied on samples pressure drop between 2 and 10 MPa and temperature from 20 to 80°C. Water permeability evolution relating to experimental parameters, uncoupled or coupled, was relied to mortars microstructural modifications