Journal articles: 'Porous composite electrode'

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Okafor, Patricia, and Jude Iroh. "Electrochemical Properties of Porous Graphene/Polyimide-Nickel Oxide Hybrid Composite Electrode Material." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 23, 2021): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030582.

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Polyimide-graphene nanosheet composite electrodes are rigid and dense and, therefore, exhibit moderate electrochemical properties. The electrochemical properties of polyimide-graphene nanosheet electrodes were remarkably improved by creating voids in the composite followed by the insertion of nickel oxide into the composites. Nickel oxide particles were electrodeposited onto the porous graphene/poly(amic acid) composite, containing poly (acrylic resin). The hybrid composite was then subjected to thermal treatment at ≥ 300 °C to simultaneously complete imidization and degrade the poly (acrylic resin). Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to study the eletrochemical properties of the composite electrode material. It is shown that remarkable improvement in the electrochemical behavior of the hybrid composite occurred due to the removal of poly(acrylic acid) and the insertion of NiO particles into the polyimide matrix. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the hybrid composites show distinct characteristic peaks for polyimide and NiO in the hybrid composite electrode. Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM images of the composites, show the presence of NiO aggregates in the composite material. Compared to neat graphene/polyimide composite electrode (GR/PI) composites, the specific capacitance of the hybrid composite electrode increased remarkably by over 250% due to the high interfacial surface area provided by NiO and the concomitant improvement in the electrode–electrolyte interaction.

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Feller, Claudia, Stefan Furche, and Markus Eberstein. "Development and characterization of glass matrix composites as porous coating film of a solid state reference electrode." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, CICMT (September 1, 2012): 000200–000207. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2012-tp46.

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For protection against leaching of the electrolyte reservoir of a solid state reference electrode a porous covering film was prepared and characterized. The porous covering film is based on a glass matrix composite and fired at 400 °C according to the thick-film-based structure of the reference electrode. Based on stability investigations on low sintering glasses in the range of pH 1.68 to pH 9.18 and in various concentrated potassium chloride solutions, a suitable zinc borate glass was selected. Using this glass and Al2O3 or ZrO2 oxide powders, various glass matrix composites were prepared and their sintering behavior was investigated in dependence on the amount of crystalline fraction up to 45 vol%. The shrinkage was measured by heating microscopy of powder compacts of cylindrical shape. In addition composite films on ZrO2 substrates screen-printed and at 400 °C fired were characterized in terms of their porosity by means of micro structural analysis and electrochemical deposition of copper. According to these investigations, suitable composites were selected as porous covering materials for the reference electrode and were tested therefore. The electrochemical characterization showed that the solid-state reference electrodes with porous covering films have a very good performance compared to conventional reference electrodes.

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Kim, Jisu, Youn-Ji Heo, Jin-Yong Hong, and Sung-Kon Kim. "Preparation of Porous Carbon Nanofibers with Tailored Porosity for Electrochemical Capacitor Electrodes." Materials 13, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030729.

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Porous carbon electrodes that accumulate charges at the electrode/electrolyte interface have been extensively investigated for use as electrochemical capacitor (EC) electrodes because of their great attributes for driving high-performance energy storage. Here, we report porous carbon nanofibers (p-CNFs) for EC electrodes made by the formation of a composite of monodisperse silica nanoparticles and polyacrylonitrile (PAN), oxidation/carbonization of the composite, and then silica etching. The pore features are controlled by changing the weight ratio of PAN to silica nanoparticles. The electrochemical performances of p-CNF as an electrode are estimated by measuring cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge. Particularly, the p-CNF electrode shows exceptional areal capacitance (13 mF cm−2 at a current of 0.5 mA cm−2), good rate-retention capability (~98% retention of low-current capacitance), and long-term cycle stability for at least 5000 charge/discharge cycles. Based on the results, we believe that this electrode has potential for use as high-performance EC electrodes.

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Sombatmankhong, Korakot, and Adrian C. Fisher. "Development of Porous Polypyrrole Electrode for Fuel Cell Applications." Key Engineering Materials 545 (March 2013): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.545.77.

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One method of increasing number of reaction sites was by the introduction of a porous structure into the electrodes to provide a high surface area for catalyst deposition. This work focused on the development of a method for the fabrication of a porous polypyrrole electrode; a mixture of two monomers (i.e. pyrrole and methylene blue) was simultaneously electropolymerised and one of which was selectively removed from the composite film by solvent extraction. The porous polypyrrole had a suitably porous structure whilst maintaining excellent electrical properties. The application of this novel material to miniaturized fuel cells was shown to have improved power density of 2-fold and 3-fold higher than bulk polypyrrole and bare gold electrodes respectively.

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Wang, Qing, Xiao Nan Zhang, Xiao Di Huo, Ren Hui Zhang, and Jian Feng Dai. "Study of Nanocrystalline ZnO and Zn₂TiO₄ Film Electrode with ZnPc Dye and PbS Quantum Dots Composite Sensitization." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 2217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.2217.

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Nanocrystalline ZnO and Zn2TiO4 porous film electrodes were prepared by sol-gel method and spin coating method, and the nanocrystalline porous films were characterized by XRD and SEM. Using ZnPc dye and PbS quantum dots as sensitizers. The nanocrystalline film electrodes of ZnO series and Zn2TiO4 series were prepared separately, and their absorption characteristics observed by UV-vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that ZnPc dye and PbS quantum dots could well sensitize the film electrodes, and the effect of ZnPc dye and PbS quantum dots composite sensitization was optimal. Then, the solar cells were fabricated. In simulation sunlight, the overall photoelectric conversion efficiency by Zn2TiO4/Q-PbS/ZnPc electrode increased by 22%, relative to the ZnO/Q-PbS/ZnPc electrode’s.

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Riyanto, Riyanto, Mohamed Rozali Othman, and Jumat Salimon. "ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF ETHANOL USING Ni-Co-PVC COMPOSITE ELECTRODE." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 11, no. 1 (July 12, 2011): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21424.

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The morphological characteristics and electrochemical behavior of nickel metal foil (Ni), nickel-polyvinyl chloride (Ni-PVC) and nickel-cobalt-polyvinyl chloride (Ni-Co-PVC) electrodes in alkaline solution has been investigated. The morphological characteristics of the electrode surface were studied using SEM and EDS, while the electrochemical behavior of the electrodes was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). It was found that composite electrodes (Ni-PVC and Ni-Co-PVC) have a porous, irregular and rough surface. In situ studies using electrochemical technique using those three electrodes exhibited electrochemical activity for redox system, as well as selectivity in the electrooxidation of ethanol to acetic acid. The studies also found that an electrokinetics and electrocatalytic activity behaviors of the electrodes prepared were Ni metal foil

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Ho, M. Y., and Poi Sim Khiew. "Heat-Treated Fe₃O₄ - Activated Carbon Nanocomposite for High Performance Electrochemical Capacitor." Advanced Materials Research 894 (February 2014): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.894.349.

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The impact of heat treatment temperature on the electrochemical performance of Fe3O4-activated carbon nanocomposite electrodes was investigated using constant current charge-discharge and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). An improved capacitive behaviour was observed due to the effect of enhanced ionic and electronic conductivities of the 4 wt% Fe3O4/AC by thermally heating at 200 °C for 6 hours. It was found that the internal resistance of 4 wt% Fe3O4/AC composite electrode calcined at 200 °C for 6 hours is the smallest (2.97 Ω) in comparison to those untreated (4.36 Ω) composite electrodes. The ion mobility inside the porous composite electrodes is favourable at 200 °C, accompanying with the enhanced electronic conductivity of oxide electrode as a result of improved crystallinity. The EIS results and analysis not only have significant impact on the fundamental understanding of the temperature-dependent structural and electrochemical properties of electrode but also provide the insights on the diffusion mechanism of the nanocomposite in neutral Na2SO3electrolyte.

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Kalinina, Elena, and Elena Pikalova. "Opportunities, Challenges and Prospects for Electrodeposition of Thin-Film Functional Layers in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology." Materials 14, no. 19 (September 26, 2021): 5584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195584.

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Electrolytic deposition (ELD) and electrophoretic deposition (EPD) are relevant methods for creating functional layers of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). This review discusses challenges, new findings and prospects for the implementation of these methods, with the main emphasis placed on the use of the ELD method. Topical issues concerning the formation of highly active SOFC electrodes using ELD, namely, the electrochemical introduction of metal cations into a porous electrode backbone, the formation of composite electrodes, and the electrochemical synthesis of perovskite-like electrode materials are considered. The review presents examples of the ELD formation of the composite electrodes based on porous platinum and silver, which retain high catalytic activity when used in the low-temperature range (400–650 °C). The features of the ELD/EPD co-deposition in the creation of nanostructured electrode layers comprising metal cations, ceramic nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes, and the use of EPD to create oriented structures are also discussed. A separate subsection is devoted to the electrodeposition of CeO2-based film structures for barrier, protective and catalytic layers using cathodic and anodic ELD, as well as to the main research directions associated with the deposition of the SOFC electrolyte layers using the EPD method.

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Lu, Mi, Yongzhi Mao, Jian Wang, Yongfeng Hu, and Jigang Zhou. "Surface heterogeneity in Li0.5CoO2 within a porous composite electrode." Chemical Communications 54, no. 60 (2018): 8320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc03238f.

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Yu, Mei Hui, Hui Min Meng, and Ying Xue. "Nano-Mesh Structured Mn-Based Oxide/Conducting Polymer Composite Electrode for Supercapacitor." Materials Science Forum 859 (May 2016): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.859.104.

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In this work, modified nano-mesh structured Mn-based oxide electrode material and the supercapacitors are researched. Three types of conducting polymers, i.e. polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy) and polythiophene (PTs) are considered to modify Mn-based oxide electrodes. The results of field emission scanning electron microscope show that conducting polymer film can form porous structure on Mn-based oxide electrode, this special structure is beneficial to the improvement of specific surface area, so that the specific capacitance can be increased. The specific capacitance of the supercapacitors assembled by Mn-based oxide/conducting polymer composite electrodes are tested, resulting that the maximum initial specific capacitance is 843 F g-1, cycle life is 105 times. Compared to supercapacitors assembled by general Mn-based oxide electrodes, this Mn-based oxide/conducting polymer material electrode can improve the specific capacitance up to 1.4~1.9 times, and the conductivity and cycle stability can be increased at the same time.

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Wang, Yi, Yanhua Song, Chengwei Ye, and Lan Xu. "Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 11 (August 27, 2020): 1280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.112.

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Ordered carbon/graphene composite nanofibers (CGCNFs) with different porous configurations were used as a material to fabricate supercapacitor electrodes. These nanofibers were synthesized by applying a modified parallel electrode to the electrospinning method (MPEM) in order to generate electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers containing graphene. After synthesis, these fibers were submitted to carbonization under a N2 atmosphere at 1100 °C. The influence of the ordering and porosity of CGCNFs on their electrochemical performance was studied. The results showed that by adding deionized water to the spinning solution one could increase the number of mesopores and the specific surface area of CGCNFs, thereby significantly increasing their specific capacitance. In addition, the ordering of CGCNFs within the electrode improved the electron transfer efficiency, resulting in a higher specific capacitance.

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Zheng, Guoxu, Jinghua Yin, Minghua Chen, Shiyi Tian, Botao Li, and Qingming Gao. "Puffed Rice Inspired Porous Carbon Co-MOFs Derived Composite Electrode for Lithium Ion Batteries." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 4474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17684.

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Carbon matrix metal organic frameworks (MOFs) hybrid is often used as electrode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we report three dimensional (3D) puffed rice inspired porous carbon (3DPRC) supported Co-MOFs derived composite by facile method. Co/C nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed on porous carbon sheets surface, forming unique 3D structures. As anode of LIBs, the prepared Co/C-3DPRC electrode shows excellent electrochemical properties when compared with the pristine Co/C electrode. With capacity of 430 mAh g−1 at 1C and 300 mAh g−1 at 10C is obtained in the composite electrode, respectively. The excellent properties can attribute to the Co/C-3DPRC interconnected porous framework with a high electrical conductivity and large surface area. Our developed design strategies can be extended for fabrication of other heteroatom doped carbon matrix hybrid for environmental energy fields.

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Wu, Wenguo, Hao Niu, Dayun Yang, Shi-Bin Wang, Jiefu Wang, Jia Lin, and Chaoyi Hu. "Controlled Layer-By-Layer Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes on Electrodes for Microbial Fuel Cells." Energies 12, no. 3 (January 24, 2019): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030363.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polyelectrolyte poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) composite modified indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, by a layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly technique, was evaluated as an anode for microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The bioelectrochemistry of Shewanella loihica PV-4 in an electrochemical cell and the electricity generation performance of MFCs with multilayer (CNTs/PAH)n-deposited ITO electrodes as an anode were investigated. Experimental results showed that the current density generated on the multilayer modified electrode increased initially and then decreased as the deposition of the number of layers (n = 12) increased. Chronoamperometric results showed that the highest peak current density of 34.85 ± 2.80 mA/m2 was generated on the multilayer (CNTs/PAH)9-deposited ITO electrode, of which the redox peak current of cyclic voltammetry was also significantly enhanced. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses showed a well-formed nanostructure porous film on the surface of the multilayer modified electrode. Compared with the plain ITO electrode, the multilayered (CNTs/PAH)9 anodic modification improved the power density of the dual-compartment MFC by 29%, due to the appropriate proportion of CNTs and PAH, as well as the porous nanostructure on the electrodes.

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Bakhia, Tamuna, Ruslan Kh Khamizov, Zaur R. Bavizhev, Mukhamed D. Bavizhev, Magomet A. Konov, Daniil A. Kozlov, Snezhana A. Tikhonova, et al. "Composite Graphene-Containing Porous Materials from Carbon for Capacitive Deionization of Water." Molecules 25, no. 11 (June 4, 2020): 2620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112620.

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New techniques were developed for the synthesis of monolithic highly porous composite aerogels (hydrogels) from reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes, as well as graphene-containing composites based on mesoporous activated carbon. Simple operations for hydrophilization of synthesized samples were proposed. New electrode materials for electrosorption and deionization of water were fabricated. The resulting materials were investigated and tested in electrochemical cells for membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI).

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Глебова, Н. В., А. О. Краснова, and А. А. Нечитайлов. "Эволюция массотранспортных свойств структурно-модифицированных электродов для топливных элементов и электролизеров воды." Журнал технической физики 91, no. 11 (2021): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2021.11.51530.107-21.

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The method of a disk electrode (stationary and rotating) was used to study the regularities of changes in the mass transport properties of composite electrodes containing platinum nanoparticles on carbon black, the addition of carbon material with various forms of structural elements (three-dimensional and pseudo-one-dimensional carbon nanotubes with different length-to-diameter ratios), and the proton-exchange polymer Nafion. The transport of molecular oxygen inside a porous electrode to the platinum surface is investigated. Mechanisms for changing the mass transport properties of structurally modified electrodes in the course of electrochemical action are proposed.

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Liu, Chaoran, Sanshan Hu, Lu Yin, Wenli Yang, Juan Yu, Yumin Xu, Lili Li, Gaofeng Wang, and Luwen Wang. "Micro Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Electrode." Micromachines 12, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12010072.

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The effect of an anode composite electrode on the performance of a micro direct methanol fuel cell (μDMFC) is analyzed from sample preparation configurations and discussed in detail, with a specific focus on the catalyst layer and the micro-porous layer on the anode composite electrode. This study investigates the effects of Pt content, Pt-Ru molar ratio, Nafion content, catalyst support, and preparation method in the catalyst layer, along with the carbon loading and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE )content in the micro-porous layer, on the performance of the anode composite electrode. The results show that the anode composite electrode delivers the best performance with 30% Pt content, a 1:1.5 Pt-Ru molar ratio, 10% Nafion content on reduced graphene oxide as the catalyst support. The synthesis is optimized with the impregnation reduction method using NaBH4 as the reducing agent, with the addition of 1.5 mg/cm2 carbon loading and 5% PTFE.

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Liu, Chaoran, Sanshan Hu, Lu Yin, Wenli Yang, Juan Yu, Yumin Xu, Lili Li, Gaofeng Wang, and Luwen Wang. "Micro Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Electrode." Micromachines 12, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12010072.

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The effect of an anode composite electrode on the performance of a micro direct methanol fuel cell (μDMFC) is analyzed from sample preparation configurations and discussed in detail, with a specific focus on the catalyst layer and the micro-porous layer on the anode composite electrode. This study investigates the effects of Pt content, Pt-Ru molar ratio, Nafion content, catalyst support, and preparation method in the catalyst layer, along with the carbon loading and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) content in the micro-porous layer, on the performance of the anode composite electrode. The results show that the anode composite electrode delivers the best performance with 30% Pt content, a 1:1.5 Pt-Ru molar ratio, 10% Nafion content on reduced graphene oxide as the catalyst support. The synthesis is optimized with the impregnation reduction method using NaBH4 as the reducing agent, with the addition of 1.5 mg/cm2 carbon loading and 5% PTFE.

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Guo, Xiaoyu, Qi Zhang, Qing Li, Haipeng Yu, and Yixing Liu. "Composite Aerogels of Carbon Nanocellulose Fibers and Mixed-Valent Manganese Oxides as Renewable Supercapacitor Electrodes." Polymers 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2019): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11010129.

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Bio-waste derived nanocelluloses show excellent mechanical flexibility and self-aggregated capability, which enable them to be good supporting substrates for the synthesis of electroactive materials. Herein, we present a facile route for fabricating composite aerogels consisting of carbonized nanocellulose fibers (CNF) and mixed-valent manganese oxide (MnOx), toward supercapacitor applications. Mixed solutions of nanocellulose and manganese acetate with different ratios were prepared and freeze-dried into hybrid aerogels. The hybrid aerogels were then transformed into CNF/MnOx composites by a calcination process. The CNF membranes served as porous carbon nano-reservoirs for MnOx and electrolyte. The CNF/MnOx composites also kept a 3D porous aerogel structure with hierarchical pores, which enabled stable transport of both electrolyte ions and electrons to the electrode surface, leading to low a charge-transfer impedance and good electrochemical kinetics. The CNF/MnOx-based symmetric supercapacitor showed a satisfied energy density and power density of 37.5 Wh kg−1 and 2.75 kW kg−1, respectively. All the above results demonstrate the feasibility of using sustainable nanocellulose as a nanoscale carbon substrate for the synthesis of hybrid composite electrodes toward renewable supercapacitor applications.

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Ishitobi, Hirokazu, Satoshi Sugawara, Kosuke Oba, and Nobuyoshi Nakagawa. "Increased Current Density of a Redox Flow Battery with a Carbon Paper Partially Modified by Porous Carbon Nanofibers." Advanced Engineering Forum 38 (November 2020): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.38.31.

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One of the technical issues of vanadium redox flow batteries with a carbon paper electrode and interdigitated flow channel is the relatively low current density due to insufficient active material transport downstream in the electrode and low reaction interface area. In this study, we propose a new composite electrode structure, i.e., a porous carbon nanofiber layer that is partially added on the carbon paper. The current density of the composite electrode was higher than that of the unloaded carbon paper electrode due to the lower internal resistances of the battery. In addition, the discharge capacity and voltage efficiency during the charge-discharge operation were improved by the composite structure.

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NUMATA, Hiroo, Ryo YAMAZAKI, and Izumi OHNO. "A New Ni-polymer Composite for MCFC Porous Electrode." Denki Kagaku oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku 61, no. 7 (July 5, 1993): 747–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5796/electrochemistry.61.747.

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Sim, Cheng-Kim, S. R. Majid, and Noor Zalina Mahmood. "Durable porous carbon/ZnMn2O4 composite electrode material for supercapacitor." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 803 (September 2019): 424–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.06.220.

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Huang, Huabo, Renpeng Chen, Shuaiyi Yang, Liang Li, Yulan Liu, and Juan Huang. "Facile fabrication of MnO2-embedded 3-D porous polyaniline composite hydrogel for supercapacitor electrode with high loading." High Performance Polymers 32, no. 3 (July 4, 2019): 286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008319860893.

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To obtain the promising pseudocapacitance of MnO2, the composite hydrogel of MnO2 and polyaniline (PANI) was fabricated using in situ polymerization of aniline hydrochloride in the aqueous solution containing commercial MnO2 nanoparticles and additives. Both scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results indicated that the composite hydrogel exhibited a 3-D porous structure, within which MnO2 nanoparticles were uniformly embedded. The investigations of cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge−discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrated superior supercapacitor (SC) performance of the hydrogel electrode even with high loading. The electrode with loading of 1.5 mg cm–2 showed a favorable specific capacitance (293 F g–1, 10 mV s–1), which only decreased to 258 F g–1 when the loading of the electrode was seven times higher (10.8 mg cm–2). Furthermore, the hydrogel electrode displayed good cycle stability in the acidic solution (81% capacitance retention after 1000 charge/discharge cycles). The favorable electrochemical performance of the composite hydrogel should be attributed to the fast electron/ion transport and good protection for MnO2 in the 3-D porous structure. Due to the facile one-pot synthesis and optimized nanostructure, it could be expected that MnO2-embedded 3-D porous PANI composite hydrogels have great application in the field of high-performance electrode with high loading for SCs.

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Chen, Liqiao, Zhe Leng, Yunqian Long, Xuan Yu, Wei Jun, and Xiaoming Yu. "From Silver Nanoflakes to Silver Nanonets: An Effective Trade-Off between Conductivity and Stretchability of Flexible Electrodes." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 16, 2019): 4218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244218.

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Flexible and stretchable conductive materials have received significant attention due to their numerous potential applications in flexible printed electronics. In this paper, we describe a new type of conductive filler for flexible electrodes—silver nanonets prepared through the “dissolution–recrystallization” solvothermal route from porous silver nanoflakes. These new silver fillers show characteristics of both nanoflakes and nanoparticles with propensity to form interpenetrating polymer–silver networks. This effectively minimizes trade-off between composite electrode conductivity and stretchability and enables fabrication of the flexible electrodes simultaneously exhibiting high conductivity and mechanical durability. For example, an electrode with uniform, networked silver structure from the flakiest silver particles showed the lowest increase of resistivity upon extension (3500%), compared to that of the electrode filled with less flaky (3D) particles (>50,000%).

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Liu, Tao, Chuanjia Jiang, Wei You, and Jiaguo Yu. "Hierarchical porous C/MnO2 composite hollow microspheres with enhanced supercapacitor performance." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 18 (2017): 8635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta00363c.

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Zhang, Qian, Man Li, Chunling Qin, Zhifeng Wang, Weimin Zhao, and Yongyan Li. "Flexible Free-Standing CuxO/Ag2O (x = 1, 2) Nanowires Integrated with Nanoporous Cu-Ag Network Composite for Glucose Sensing." Nanomaterials 10, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10020357.

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To improve glucose electrocatalytic performance, one efficient manner is to develop a novel Cu-Ag bimetallic composite with fertile porosity and unique architecture. Herein, the self-supported electrode with CuxO/Ag2O (x = 1, 2) nanowires grown in-situ on a nanoporous Cu-Ag network (CuxO/Ag2O@NP-CuAg) has been successfully designed by a facile two-step approach. The integrated hierarchical porous structure, the tip-converged CuxO/Ag2O nanowires combined with the interconnected porous conductive substrate, are favorable to provide more reactive sites and improve ions or electrons transportation. Compared with monometallic Cu2O nanowires integrated with nanoporous Cu matrix (Cu2O@NP-Cu), the bimetallic CuxO/Ag2O@NP-CuAg composites exhibit the enhanced electrocatalytic performance for glucose. Moreover, the higher sensitivity of ~1.49 mA mM−1 cm−2 in conjunction with a wider linear range of 17 mM for the CuxO/Ag2O@NP-CuAg electrode anodized for 10 min are attributed to the synergistic effect of porous structure and bimetallic CuxO/Ag2O nanowires. Particularly, the integrated CuxO/Ag2O@NP-CuAg composites possess good flexibility, which has been reported for the first time. Accordingly, the CuxO/Ag2O@NP-CuAg with excellent glucose electrocatalytic performance and good flexibility is promising to further develop as a candidate electrode material of glucose sensors.

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Nulu, Venugopal. "Porous MnO2/ carbon Hybrid Material with Improved Electrochemical Performance." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 59, no. 9 (September 5, 2021): 670–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2021.59.9.670.

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In this work, MnO2 nanoparticles were embedded in a carbon matrix as a porous composite, fabricated using a simple chemical route followed by low-temperature annealing, with activated carbon (AC) as the carbon source in the composite preparation. The porous MnO2/carbon structures contained some selective nanoparticles coated with carbon. The structural feature was identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The surface area and pore size distribution of the materials were investigated by N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, and demonstrated a high surface area of about 80 m2 g-1. AC is a readily available carbon source that can easily form a composite with MnO2 nanoparticles, forming a distinctive porous morphology. When employed as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIB), the composite electrode demonstrated high specific capacities with an initial discharge capacity of 2500 mAh g-1 and maintained about 1391 mAh g-1 after fifty cycles. It also demonstrated excellent high rate performance, delivering more than 500 mAh g-1 of specific capacity at 3000 mA g-1, which is a higher capacity than a conventional graphite anode. Overall, the MnO2/ carbon composite electrode delivered superior anode performance, which was attributed to the improved surface area of the carbon hybridized MnO2 nanoparticles. The porous composite has benefits for lithium storage performance.

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Seo, Han Gil, Yoonseok Choi, Bonjae Koo, Ahreum Jang, and WooChul Jung. "Robust nano-architectured composite thin films for a low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell cathode." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 24 (2016): 9394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta00052e.

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Nano-precipitates of Sm-doped CeO₂ were uniformly coated onto porous Pt thin films via cathodic electrochemical deposition. Deposition of only 5 min created an oxide coating that increased the values of the electrode conductance by more than two orders of magnitude and provided outstanding thermal stability even at 600 °C for more than 100 h compared to the bare Pt electrodes.

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Yambem, Soniya D., Samantha Burns, Joshua N. Arthur, Jana Timm, Maria A. Woodruff, Ajay K. Pandey, and Roland Marschall. "A highly porous and conductive composite gate electrode for OTFT sensors." RSC Advances 9, no. 13 (2019): 7278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra00148d.

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Wang, Meixia, Jing Zhang, Xibin Yi, Benxue Liu, Xinfu Zhao, and Xiaochan Liu. "High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor made of NiMoO4 nanorods@Co3O4 on a cellulose-based carbon aerogel." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 11 (January 21, 2020): 240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.18.

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In this study, a new nanoporous material comprising NiMoO4 nanorods and Co3O4 nanoparticles derived from ZIF-67 supported by a cellulose-based carbon aerogel (CA) has been successfully synthesized using a two-step hydrothermal method. Due to its chemical composition, the large specific surface and the hierarchical porous structure, the NiMoO4@Co3O4/CA ternary composite yields electrodes with an enhanced specific capacitance of 436.9 C/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g and an excellent rate capability of 70.7% capacitance retention at 5.0 A/g. Moreover, an advanced asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) is assembled using the NiMoO4@Co3O4/CA ternary composite as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode. The ASC device exhibits a large capacitance of 125.4 F/g at 0.5 A/g, a maximum energy density of 34.1 Wh/kg at a power density of 208.8 W/kg as well as a good cyclic stability (84% after 2000 cycles), indicating its wide applicability in energy storage. Finally, our results provide a general approach to the construction of CA and MOF-based composite materials with hierarchical porous structure for potential applications in supercapacitors.

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Huang, Luyi, Yoshikazu Ito, Takeshi Fujita, Xingbo Ge, Ling Zhang, and Heping Zeng. "Bismuth/Porous Graphene Heterostructures for Ultrasensitive Detection of Cd (II)." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 12, 2020): 5102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225102.

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Heavy metals pollution is one of the key problems of environment protection. Electrochemical methods, particularly anodic stripping voltammetry, have been proven a powerful tool for rapid detection of heavy metal ions. In the present work, a bismuth modified porous graphene (Bi@PG) electrode as an electrochemical sensor was adopted for the detection of heavy metal Cd2+ in an aqueous solution. Combining excellent electronic properties in sensitivity, peak resolution, and high hydrogen over-potential of bi-continuous porous Bi with the large surface-area and high conductivity on PG, the Bi@PG electrode exhibited excellent sensing ability. The square wave anodic stripping voltammetry response showed a perfect liner range of 10−9–10−8 M with a correlation coefficient of 0.9969. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) are calculated to be 0.1 and 0.34 nM with a sensitivity of 19.05 μA·nM−1, which is relatively excellent compared to other carbon-based electrodes. Meanwhile, the Bi@PG electrode showed tremendous potential in composite detection of multifold heavy metals (such as Pb2+ and Cd2+) and wider linear range.

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Zeng, Li, Liping Zhang, Xingang Liu, and Chuhong Zhang. "SnS2 Nanocrystalline-Anchored Three-Dimensional Graphene for Sodium Batteries with Improved Rate Performance." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 2336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122336.

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Tin disulfide (SnS2) is regarded as one of the most suitable candidates as the electrode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the easy restacking and volume expansion properties of SnS2 during the charge/discharge process lead to the destruction of the electrode structure and a decrease in capacity. We successfully synthesized a SnS2 nanocrystalline-anchored three-dimensional porous graphene composite (SnS2/3DG) by combining hydrothermal and high-temperature reduction methods. The SnS2 nanocrystalline was uniformly dispersed within the connected reduced graphene oxide matrix. The SnS2/3DG battery showed a high reversible capacity of 430 mAh/g after 50 cycles at 100 mA/g. The SnS2/3DG composite showed an excellent rate capability with the current density increasing from 100 mA/g to 2 A/g. The excellent performance of the novel SnS2/3DG composite is attributed to the porous structure, which not only promoted the infiltration of electrolytes and hindered volume expansion for the porous structure, but also improved the conductivity of the whole electrode, demonstrating that the SnS2/3DG composite is a prospective anode for the next generation of sodium-ion batteries.

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32

Zakharov, Yu A., A. N. Voropay, N. M. Fedorova, V. M. Pugachev, A. V. Puzynin, Ch N. Barnakov, Z. R. Ismagilov, and T. S. Manina. "Highly Porous Carbon Materials Filled with Nickel Hydroxide Nanoparticles; Synthesis, Study, Application in Electrochemistry." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 17, no. 3 (July 13, 2015): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj243.

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Nickel hydroxide was deposited on the surface of the porous carbon to obtain a cathode material for supercapacitors. This work is the first part of the study of Ni(OH)2/С composite, which considers the conditions of its synthesis using two types of porous carbon matrices with a highly developed specific surface area (1000–3000 m2/g) and two types of precursors (NiCl2*6H2O and Ni(N3)2). The morphology of the systems, in particular the shape and size characteristics of the hydroxide filler particles, was examined using the scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption at 77 K. The measurements of capacity of the Ni(OH)2/С-electrodes were made in 6 M KOH using an asymmetric two-electrode cell (a porous carbon material with known electrode characteristics was employed as the counter electrode). The capacity was shown to decrease by 22–56% with increasing the scanning rate from 10 to 80 mV/s. A maximum capacity of the composite was obtained at a scanning rate of 10 mV/s was 346 F/g.

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He, Mingping, Jianguang Li, Wanli Xu, Zhenqiang Dong, Yuechao Wu, and Liang Lv. "Carbon Nanotubes/MnO2 Composite Fabricated via Laser Welding and Electrodeposition as Flexible Electrode for Supercapacitors." Nano 14, no. 06 (June 2019): 1950074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292019500747.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were welded on the surface of thermoplastic polypropylene (PP) substrate by laser irradiation and then manganese dioxide (MnO2) was deposited on the surface of CNTs by electrochemical method to prepare CNTs/MnO2 flexible electrodes (L-CM). The microstructure and morphology of CNTs/MnO2 composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that CNTs were welded on the surface of the substrate, adhering to each other to form a porous network structure. In addition, there were distinct small protrusions on the surface of CNTs, indicating that MnO2 had been successfully deposited on the surface of CNTs. Cyclic voltammogram (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were employed to investigate the electrochemical performance of the composites. Compared with CNTs/MnO2 composite prepared via compaction (denoted as C-CM), L-CM composite prepared under the laser power of 0.75[Formula: see text]W (denoted as L-CM75) showed a larger capacitance of 214.6[Formula: see text]F[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] at the current density of 0.5[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] and displayed excellent bendability, demonstrating capacitance retention of approximately 89.6% after 1000 bending cycles. The excellent performance of L-CM75 may be attributed to the fact that the CNTs welded on the substrate have formed an effective conductive network whose porous structure can facilitate easy access of electrolytes to the electrode, which results in enhancement of the electrochemical performance of L-CM75.

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Schnucklake, Maike, László Eifert, Jonathan Schneider, Roswitha Zeis, and Christina Roth. "Porous N- and S-doped carbon–carbon composite electrodes by soft-templating for redox flow batteries." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (May 28, 2019): 1131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.113.

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Highly porous carbon–carbon composite electrodes for the implementation in redox flow battery systems have been synthesized by a novel soft-templating approach. A PAN-based carbon felt was embedded into a solution containing a phenolic resin, a nitrogen source (pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde) and a sulfur source (2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde), as well as a triblock copolymer (Pluronic® F-127) acting as the structure-directing agent. By this strategy, highly porous carbon phase co-doped with nitrogen and sulfur was obtained inside the macroporous carbon felt. For the investigation of electrode structure and porosity X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen sorption (BET) were used. The electrochemical performance of the carbon felts was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The N- and S-doped carbon electrodes show promising activity for the positive side reaction and could be seen as a significant advance in the design of carbon felt electrodes for use in redox flow batteries.

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35

Gong, Xinyi, Wanxia Luo, Nannan Guo, Su Zhang, Luxiang Wang, Dianzeng Jia, Lili Ai, and Shizhan Feng. "Carbon nanofiber@ZIF-8 derived carbon nanosheet composites with a core–shell structure boosting capacitive deionization performance." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 34 (2021): 18604–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta03804d.

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36

Chen, Tingting, Yong Fan, Guangning Wang, Jing Zhang, Huixin Chuo, and Ruixiao Yang. "Rationally Designed Carbon Fiber@NiCo2O4@Polypyrrole Core–Shell Nanowire Array for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes." Nano 11, no. 02 (February 2016): 1650015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292016500156.

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The composite supercapacitor electrodes were rationally fabricated by facile electrochemical deposition of polypyrrole (PPy) on NiCo2O4 nanowire arrays which were grown radially on carbon fiber (CF). When used as electrodes in supercapacitors, the composite nanostructures demonstrated prominent electrochemical performances with a high areal capacitance (1.44[Formula: see text]F/cm2 at a current density of 2[Formula: see text]mA/cm2), a good rate capability (80.5% when the current density increases from 2[Formula: see text]mA/cm2 to 20[Formula: see text]mA/cm2), and a good cycling ability (85% of the initial specific capacitance remained after 5000 cycles at a high current density of 10[Formula: see text]mA/cm2). The excellent electrochemical performance of NiCo2O4@PPy nanostructures can be mainly ascribed to the good electrical conductivity of PPy, the enhanced adherent force between electrode materials and CF to hold the electrode fragments together by means of NiCo2O4 nanowires, the short ion diffusion pathway in ordered porous NiCo2O4 nanowires and the three-dimensional nanostructures.

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37

Yuan, Wen Tao, Ya Jie Yang, Yong Long Qiu, Jian Hua Xu, Wen Yao Yang, and Shuang Xia. "High Performance Supercapacitor Electrode Materials Based on Activated Carbon and Conducting Polypyrrole." Key Engineering Materials 645-646 (May 2015): 1150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.645-646.1150.

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The traditional supercapacitor is made of activated carbon, which shows lower specific capacity and higher resistance. In this paper, we demonstrated preparation of high performance supercapacitor electrode materials based on activated carbon and conducting polymer polypyrrole (ppy). In order to obtain well dispersion of ppy in activated carbon for lower resistance of electrode, a high-speed agate beads milling process was used to mix the ppy and porous carbon powder. By controlling the synergistic effect between ppy and activated carbon, a uniform structure composite electrode was prepared and the performance of this composite based supercapacitor was investigated. Compared with pure activated electrode, the obvious electrochemical performance improvement was achieved in composite electrode after the introduction of ppy. It has been found that electrode based on this composite has a maximum specific capacitance about 159 F/g, which was higher than pure activated carbon, and exhibited low resistance about 3.35 Ohm. The cycle performance results revealed that a 142 F/g (more than 88% of initial capacitance) capacitance was kept in composite electrode after 1000 cycles charge/discharge process. We conclude that the excellent synergistic effect between activated carbon and ppy resulted in superior electrochemical performance of composite electrode. Furthermore, the simple preparing method of composite electrode for supercapacitor assembly has potential commercial applications.

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38

Ma, Guofu, Fengting Hua, Kanjun Sun, Enke Feng, Zhiguo Zhang, Hui Peng, and Ziqiang Lei. "Anthraquinones-modified porous carbon as composite electrode for symmetric supercapacitor." Ionics 24, no. 2 (July 18, 2017): 549–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-017-2215-6.

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39

Xu, Yong, Jun Chen, Ze'en Xiao, Caixia Ou, Weixia Lv, Lihong Tao, and Shengwen Zhong. "Porous diatomite-mixed 1,4,5,8-NTCDA nanowires as high-performance electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries." Nanoscale 11, no. 34 (2019): 15881–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr06186j.

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40

Song, Yu, Mingyue Zhang, Tianyu Liu, Tianjiao Li, Di Guo, and Xiao-Xia Liu. "Cobalt-Containing Nanoporous Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanocuboids from Zeolite Imidazole Frameworks for Supercapacitors." Nanomaterials 9, no. 8 (August 2, 2019): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9081110.

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Pyrolyzing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) typically yield composites consisting of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles finely dispersed on carbon matrices. The blend of pseudocapacitive metal oxides and conductive metals, as well as highly porous carbon networks, offer unique opportunities to obtain supercapacitor electrodes with mutually high capacitances and excellent rate capabilities. Herein, we demonstrate nitrogen-doped carbon nanocuboid arrays grown on carbon fibers and incorporating cobalt metal and cobalt metal oxides. This composite was synthesized via pyrolysis of a chemical bath deposited MOF, cobalt-containing zeolite imidazole framework (Co–ZIF). The active materials for charge storage are the cobalt oxide and nitrogen-doped carbon. Additionally, the Co metal and the nanoporous carbon network facilitated electron transport and the rich nanopores in each nanocuboid shortened ion diffusion distance. Benefited from these merits, our Co–ZIF-derived electrode delivered an areal capacitance of 1177 mF cm−2 and excellent cycling stability of ~94% capacitance retained after 20,000 continuous charge–discharge cycles. An asymmetric supercapacitor prototype having the Co–ZIF-derived hybrid material (positive electrode) and activated carbon (negative electrode) achieved a maximal volumetric energy density of 1.32 mWh cm−3 and the highest volumetric power density of 376 mW cm−3. This work highlights the promise of metal–metal oxide–carbon nanostructured composites as electrodes in electrochemical energy storage devices.

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41

Sun, Xiaogang, Zhiwen Qiu, Long Chen, Manyuan Cai, Jie Wang, Xu Li, Wei Chen, Zhenhong Liu, and Hao Tang. "Three-Dimensional Porous Carbon Nanotube Papers as Current Collector and Buffer for SnO2 Anodes." Nano 12, no. 11 (November 2017): 1750141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292017501417.

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A novel three-dimensional porous conductive papers have been successfully synthesized via a simple physical route. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)@SnO2 composite anode materials are embedded in porous conductive papers. The peculiar structure can accommodate the huge volume expansion of MWCNTs@SnO2 composite anode materials during charge–discharge process. The framework formed by MWCNTs and cellulose can greatly improve the strength, stability and flexibility of the electrode. In addition, the structure successfully prevent the aggregation of SnO2 nanoparticles and collapse of MWCNTs@SnO2 composite electrode, leading to the improvement in electrochemical utilization and stable cyclability. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The electrochemical properties and application were evaluated by galvanostatic discharge–charge testing and cycling voltammetry. As a result, the MWCNTs@SnO2 composite electrode showed excellent rate performance. The discharge capacity remains about 680[Formula: see text]mAh g[Formula: see text] after 100 cycles at 200[Formula: see text]mA g[Formula: see text], and even around 300[Formula: see text]mAh g[Formula: see text] at 1000[Formula: see text]mA g[Formula: see text].

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42

Kingsakklang, Saran, Supacharee Roddecha, and Malinee Sriariyana. "The Interconnected Open-Channel Highly Porous Carbon Material Derived from Pineapple Leaf Fibers as a Sustainable Electrode Material for Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices." Key Engineering Materials 798 (April 2019): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.798.97.

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The activated porous carbon anode material was successfully prepared from the agro-waste pineapple leaf fiber by using the simple hydrothermal technique and KOH chemical activation under heat treatment in Ar atmosphere. The obtained amorphous activated carbon with three-dimensional interconnected porous structure exhibited a high specific surface area of about 1520 m2/g. Furthermore, polyaniline (PANI) conductive polymer was grown on the porous carbon surface to promote its capacitance for the preliminary test as the anode for a lithium battery. The SEM characterization revealed the homogeneous longitudinal growth of polyaniline crystalline at the applied concentration of 0.03M aniline monomers on the surface of targeted porous carbon. The pineapple leaf fiber derived activated porous carbon could exhibit high capacity density as 320 mAh/g for the initial charge-discharge test and then substantially dropped to the reversible capacity of about 63 mAh/g at a current density of 0.5C. After composited with polyaniline, the porous carbon/polyaniline composite showed the superior initial capacity density of 425 mAh/g with the following improved reversible capacity by 27% relative to that of the bared porous carbon material. Moreover, the conducted porous carbon/polyaniline composite could also sustain higher cycle stability after 50 cycling tests.

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43

Coeler, Matthias, Vanessa van Laack, Frederieke Langer, Annegret Potthoff, Sören Höhn, Sebastian Reuber, Katharina Koscheck, and Mareike Wolter. "Infiltrated and Isostatic Laminated NCM and LTO Electrodes with Plastic Crystal Electrolyte Based on Succinonitrile for Lithium-Ion Solid State Batteries." Batteries 7, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries7010011.

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We report a new process technique for electrode manufacturing for all solid-state batteries. Porous electrodes are manufactured by a tape casting process and subsequently infiltrated by a plastic crystal polymer electrolyte (PCPE). With a following isostatic lamination process, the PCPE was further integrated deeply into the porous electrode layer, forming a composite electrode. The PCPE comprises the plastic crystal succinonitrile (SN), lithium conductive salt LiTFSI and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and exhibits suitable thermal, rheological (ƞ = 0.6 Pa s @ 80 °C 1 s−1) and electrochemical properties (σ > 10−4 S/cm @ 45 °C). We detected a lowered porosity of infiltrated and laminated electrodes through Hg porosimetry, showing a reduction from 25.6% to 2.6% (NCM infiltrated to laminated) and 32.9% to 4.0% (LTO infiltrated to laminated). Infiltration of PCPE into the electrodes was further verified by FESEM images and EDS mapping of sulfur content of the conductive salt. Cycling tests of full cells with NCM and LTO electrodes with PCPE separator at 45 °C showed up to 165 mAh/g at 0.03C over 20 cycles, which is about 97% of the total usable LTO capacity with a coulomb efficiency of between 98 and 99%. Cycling tests at 0.1C showed a capacity of ~128 mAh/g after 40 cycles. The C-rate of 0.2C showed a mean capacity of 127 mAh/g. In summary, we could manufacture full cells using a plastic crystal polymer electrolyte suitable for NCM and LTO active material, which is easily to be integrated into porous electrodes and which is being able to be used in future cell concepts like bipolar stacked cells.

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Cui, Linlin, Chen Cheng, Feng Peng, Yupeng Yang, Yue Li, Mengying Jia, and Xiaojuan Jin. "A ternary MnO2-deposited RGO/lignin-based porous carbon composite electrode for flexible supercapacitor applications." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 35 (2019): 14084–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj02184a.

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MnO₂ nanoparticles were successfully synthesized on a reduced graphene oxide/lignin-based porous carbon (RGO/PC) composite film by a simple electrodeposition method, and a ternary RGO/PC/MnO₂ composite electrode for flexible supercapacitors was prepared.

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Weremfo, Alexander, Xunyu Lu, Paul Carter, D. Brynn Hibbert, and Chuan Zhao. "Modelling an electrochemically roughened porous platinum electrode for water oxidation." Chemical Communications 52, no. 21 (2016): 4068–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc09947a.

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The use of a central composite design to model the roughness of an electrochemically roughened Pt electrode and the surface with a well-defined nanostructure exhibits greatly improved catalytic activity towards oxygen evolution reaction.

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46

Navarrete, Laura, Chung-Yul Yoo, and José Manuel Serra. "Comparative Study of Epoxy-CsH2PO4 Composite Electrolytes and Porous Metal Based Electrocatalysts for Solid Acid Electrochemical Cells." Membranes 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030196.

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Electrochemical cells based on acid salts (CsH2PO4) have attracted great interest for intermediate temperature, due to the outstanding proton conductivity of acid salts. In this work, electrodes and electrolyte were optimized following different strategies. An epoxy resin was added to the CsH2PO4 material to enhance the mechanical properties of the electrolyte, achieving good conductivity, enhanced stability, and cyclability. The electrodes configuration was modified, and Ni sponge was selected as active support. The infiltration of different oxide nanoparticles was carried out to tailor the electrodes resistance by promoting the electrocatalyst activity of electrodes. The selection of a cell supported on the electrode and the addition of an epoxy resin enables the reduction of the electrolyte thickness without damaging the mechanical stability of the thinner electrolyte.

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47

Park, Chang Won, Jung-Hun Lee, Jae Kwon Seo, Weerawat To A. Ran, Dongmok Whang, Soo Min Hwang, and Young-Jun Kim. "Graphene/PVDF Composites for Ni-rich Oxide Cathodes toward High-Energy Density Li-ion Batteries." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 2271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092271.

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Li-ion batteries (LIBs) employ porous, composite-type electrodes, where few weight percentages of carbonaceous conducting agents and polymeric binders are required to bestow electrodes with electrical conductivity and mechanical robustness. However, the use of such inactive materials has limited enhancements of battery performance in terms of energy density and safety. In this study, we introduced graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride (Gr/PVdF) composites in Ni-rich oxide cathodes for LIBs, replacing conventional conducting agents, carbon black (CB) nanoparticles. By using Gr/PVdF suspensions, we fabricated highly dense LiNi0.85Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) cathodes having a uniform distribution of conductive Gr sheets without CB nanoparticles, which was confirmed by scanning spreading resistance microscopy mode using atomic force microscopy. At a high content of 99 wt.% NCA, good cycling stability was shown with significantly improved areal capacity (Qareal) and volumetric capacity (Qvol), relative to the CB/PVdF-containing NCA electrode with a commercial-level of electrode parameters. The NCA electrodes using 1 wt.% Gr/PVdF (0.9:0.1) delivered a high Qareal of ~3.7 mAh cm−2 (~19% increment) and a high Qvol of ~774 mAh cm−3 (~18% increment) at a current rate of 0.2 C, as compared to the conventional NCA electrode. Our results suggest a viable strategy for superseding conventional conducting agents (CB) and improving the electrochemical performance of Ni-rich cathodes for advanced LIBs.

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Song, Yanhua, Yi Wang, Lan Xu, and Mingdi Wang. "Fabrication and Characterization of Electrospun Aligned Porous PAN/Graphene Composite Nanofibers." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 1782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121782.

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A modified parallel electrode method (MPEM), conducted by placing a positively charged ring between the needle and the paralleled electrode collector, was presented to fabricate aligned polyacrylonitrile/graphene (PAN/Gr) composite nanofibers (CNFs) with nanopores in an electrospinning progress. Two kinds of solvents and one kind of nanoparticle were used to generate pores on composite nanofibers. The spinning parameters, such as the concentration of solute and solvent, spinning voltage and spinning distance were discussed, and the optimal parameters were determined. Characterizations of the aligned CNFs with nanopores were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resistance meter, and other methods. The results showed that graphene (Gr) nanoparticles were successfully introduced into aligned CNFs with nanopores and almost aligned along the axis of the CNFs. The MPEM method could make hydrophobic materials more hydrophobic, and improve the alignment degree and conductive properties of electrospun-aligned CNFs with nanopores. Moreover, the carbonized CNFs with nanopores, used as an electrode material, had a smaller charge-transfer resistance, suggesting potential application in electrochemical areas and electron devices.

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Gao, Mengyao, ChiCheung Su, Meinan He, Tobias Glossmann, Andreas Hintennach, Zhenxing Feng, Yaqin Huang, and Zhengcheng Zhang. "A high performance lithium–sulfur battery enabled by a fish-scale porous carbon/sulfur composite and symmetric fluorinated diethoxyethane electrolyte." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 14 (2017): 6725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta01057e.

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Lisowska-Oleksiak, Anna, Andrzej P. Nowak, and Beata Wicikowska. "Aquatic biomass containing porous silica as an anode for lithium ion batteries." RSC Adv. 4, no. 76 (2014): 40439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra06420h.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Porous composite electrode'

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