Dissertations / Theses: 'Port ecosystem'

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Parks, Kelly. "Examination of Trophic Dynamics of the Mangrove Ecosystem in Port Everglades, Florida, USA, Using Stable Isotope Ratios." NSUWorks, 2013. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/134.

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Mangrove communities are unique environments that line coastlines in tropical and subtropical latitudes. In Florida, four mangrove tree species dominate these communities and are accompanied by other primary producers, infaunal, epifaunal, and juvenile faunal species that together form the base of a complex, chiefly detritus-based food web. In an effort to evaluate mangrove communities in Port Everglades, Florida, tissue samples were taken from a diversity of mangrove- associated producer and consumer species from three mangrove sites. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were used to establish patterns of energy flow of mangrove material, examine the influence of detrital material, and identify isotopic differences among mangrove species. R.mangle was the most depleted in δ13C, -34.11 to -26.19‰, while C.erectus was the most enriched, -29.91 to -25.30‰. This pattern mirrors the documented pattern of proximity to the waterline, but this pattern was not the same in δ15N, as C.erectus exhibited the narrowest range of δ15N values, -1.95 to 5.40‰. Significant differences were found in δ15N and δ13C signatures of the mangrove species among the tissue types, sampling sites, and trophic linkages among three sample sites, which could indicate differences between natural and anthropogenic influences, such as increased nitrate from a nearby residential area. Specifically, site 1, the only site located directly on the Intracoastal Waterway, differed significantly from sites 2 and 3, both of which were indirectly connected to the waterway. Results also established unique trophic levels, with primary producers at the bottom and carnivorous fish at the top. Slight differences among the trophic dynamics, such as a shift in diet specifically with fish species, among the sites revealed a possible influence of restricted tidal flow from mangrove communities.

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Neil, Karen. "Human-Ecosystem Interactions in Relation to Holocene Climate Change in Port Joli Harbour, Southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24347.

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A high-resolution pollen record from Path Lake (43°87’00”N, 64°92’42”W, 10m asl) in Port Joli Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada, was used to provide a paleo-ecological perspective on Holocene climate and vegetation variability within the context of local archaeological research. Pollen assemblages in the early Holocene reflect a post-glacial forest dominated by Pinus, Tsuga, Betula and Quercus. Shallow water aquatic and wetland taxa increased after 3400 cal. yr. BP in response to wetter climatic conditions. Increased settlement intensity of native inhabitants coincides with late-Holocene climate change at a regional scale, suggesting that environmental conditions may have influenced prehistoric human activities. European settlement, after 350 cal. yr. BP, was marked by a rise in Ambrosia, and peak charcoal accumulation rates after this time showed evidence of human disturbance on the landscape. This study suggests that environmental changes affected human exploitation of the landscape, and human activity altered forest composition in the late Holocene.

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Ndamase, Zola. "The implication of fuel-wood use and governance to the local environment: a case study of Ward Seven of Port St Johns Municipality in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/448.

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The importance of ecological systems in supporting social systems has been identified as one of the most important facets of sustainable development. Consequently, a number of international and local laws and policy interventions have been established to ensure that natural resource use remains sustainable. In rural areas, overdependence on fuel wood has commonly been identified as one of the biggest threat to forestry ecosystems. This in turn has led to environmental degradation that includes among others species depletion, soil erosion and decline in water and air quality. Based on the myriad problems caused by over-reliance on fuel wood, this study sought to identify usage, management and perceived implication of woodland exploitation in Port St Johns local municipality in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Using interviews and questionnaires for key respondents in the local community, the study identified two key threats to socio-ecological stability resulting from wood fuel exploitation namely; high poverty levels and lack of coordination in the management of wood fuel resources. Apart from using fuel wood for domestic use, local fuel wood exploitation has been commercialized to augment household incomes. Lack of coordination in the management of natural resources has also created a vacuum in the exploitation and management of fuel wood resources. The study did not have inclination towards statistics such as chi-square and t-tests since the research questions and objectives did not refer to any relationship or significance level. The study recommends non-wood based alternative sources of energy, improved coordination and harmonization of functions among different stakeholders and emphasis on collaboration between traditional and local governance in the management fuel wood and the local physical environment. The study further recommends resuscitation of indigenous knowledge and socio-ecological stability

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Hamani, Vincent. "Vers une meilleure compréhension des écosystèmes portuaires : interactions entre les organismes filtreurs et leur environnement." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROS013.

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L’hyper-anthropisation, en particulier le long de nos côtes, a profondément modifié l’environnement. De plus en plus de structures, telles que les ports, forment des écosystèmes à part entière. Parmi la multitude d’espèces qui peuplent le port, un groupe semble particulièrement intéressant à étudier : les Filtreurs (bivalve set tuniciers). Ces organismes, par leurs modes de vie, ont une forte interaction avec l’environnement portuaire. En effet, en restant fixés sur les structures, ils subissent sans cesse les facteurs environnementaux qui caractérisent le port et leur mode d’alimentation, la filtration, les amène à être en contact avec une grande quantité d’eau et donc avec les éléments qui s’y trouvent. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’étudier ce socio écosystème particulier qu’est l’environnement portuaire à travers ce groupe clé : les filtreurs. Ce travail par une approche pluridisciplinaire a permis :-d’étudier et de cartographier les communautés de filtreurs présents dans le port de plaisance de La Rochelle ; montrant ainsi la complexité de leur communauté et le fait qu’elles seraient impactées par des facteurs anthropiques et hydrosédimentaires .-d’analyser l’effet de deux contaminants très présents en milieu portuaire, le cuivre et le zinc, sur un organisme filtreur modèle : le pétoncle (Mimachlamys varia) ; et de montrer leur impact sur plusieurs voies métaboliques impliquées dans de nombreuses fonctions biologiques, telles que l'osmorégulation, le stress oxydatif, métabolisme énergétique, la reproduction et des phénomènes d’apoptose.- de mettre en évidence le fait que les filtreurs interviennent dans la composition des vases en remobilisant les sédiments présents dans la colonne d’eau et en modifiant leurs propriétés physico-chimiques ;que cela est espèce-dépendant et fortement modulé par les conditions environnementales telles que le taux de matière organique.-de développer plusieurs méthodes d’échantillonnage et d’analyse novatrice nécessaires pour appréhender cet environnement particulier
The hyper-anthropization, particularly along our coasts, has profoundly modified the environment. New structures, such as harbors, emerging, forming “true” ecosystems. Among the multitude of species inhabiting the port, one group seems particularly interesting to study: the filter feeders (bivalves and tunicat). These organisms have a strong interaction with the port environment due to their behaviour. Indeed, by remaining anchored to the structures, they are constantly subjected to the environmental factors that characterize the port and their feeding behavior, the filtration, leads them to be in contact with a large quantity of water and therefore with the elements that are in it. The objective of this thesis is to study this particular socio-ecosystem that is the port environment through this key group: the filter feeders. Through a multidisciplinary approach, this work, has allowed :-to study and map the communities of filter feeders present in the marina of La Rochelle; showing the complexity of their community and the fact that they are impacted by anthropogenic and hydrosedimentary factors.-to analyze the effect of two common contaminants in the port environment, copper and zinc, on the metabolism of a model filter-feeder organism : the scallop (Mimachlamys varia); and to show that they impacted several metabolic pathways involved in numerous biological functions, such as osmoregulation, oxidative stress, energetic metabolism, reproduction and apoptosis.- to highlight the fact that filter feeders are involved in the composition of the mud by remobilizing the sediments present in the water column and by modifying their physico-chemical properties; and that is species dependent and is strongly modulated by environmental conditions such as the level of organic matter.- to develop several innovative sampling and analysis methods needed to understand this particular environment

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Lepercq, Pascale. "Stimulation de l'épimérisation de l'acide chénodésoxycholique en acide ursodésoxycholique par des bactéries en transit chez le porc." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112075.

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Nous identifions ou isolons pour la premiere fois, onze souches 7-epimerisantes de l'ecosysteme intestinal de sujets sains. Elles appartiennent aux genres clostridium, eubacterium et ruminococcus. Nous identifions egalement plusieurs souches de cet ecosysteme, capables de realiser l'une ou l'autre des deux etapes de la 7-epimerisation de cdc en udc. En revanche, aucune des soixante-seize bacteries lactiques (souches d'interet agro-alimentaires) testees n'est active dans nos conditions experimentales. Une souche 7-epimerisante in vitro (clostridium absomum choisi comme modele) exprime egalement cette activite in vivo, lorsqu'elle transite vivante, dans l'intestin de porcs vigiles et normalement alimentes. Dans ces conditions, la reabsorption intestinale d'udc dans la veine porte est multipliee par un facteur 3,5 a 7,5. Il est donc possible d'augmenter udc dans l'intestin et la veine porte via l'administration de bacteries vivantes. L'enjeu suivant consistera a faire exprimer cette activite par des bacteries d'interet agro-alimentaire, afin de proposer de nouvelles souches probiotiques dans le cadre d'une nutrition preventive de pathologies majeures dont le developpement est ralenti voire supprime par udc
We identified or isolated for the first time, eleven 7-epimerising bacterial strains from the intestinal microbiota of healthy volunteers. These strains were members of the clostridium, eubacterium and ruminococcus genera. We also identified several strains carrying one of both enzymatic activities involved in the 7-epimerisation of cdc to udc. Conversely, none of the seventy-six lactic bacteria (safe food micro-organisms) was found to be active under our study conditions. One of the active strains (clostridium absonum) was taken as a model for assaying its activity in vivo, during its transit in the intestine of awaked and normally fed pigs. We demonstrated that udc absorbed into the portal vein, increased 3?5?7?5-fold, under administration of living compared to killed bacteria. It is therefore feasible to increase udca in the intestine and portal blood of conventional pigs treated with living 7-epimerising bacteria. This may represent a new interesting probiotic activity, useful for the prevention of major pathologies whose development is known to be slower or suppressed under udc-therapy, provided that in the future, the 7-epimerising activity could be expressed by a safe food micro-organism

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Catry, Filipe Xavier. "Fire effects on forest species in mediterranean basin ecosystems: ecology and management." Doctoral thesis, ISA, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6151.

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Bilge, Gulsah. "Development of Monitoring Strategies to Inform Management Actions In support of Riparian Ecosystem Restorations:as applied to Clover Groff Stream Restoration." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338318227.

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Botequim, Brigite Roxo. "Tools to support design of fire-resistant landscapes in Portuguese ecosystems." Doctoral thesis, ISA/UL, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/9257.

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Doutoramento em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Forests are a key element in the Portuguese landscape. Moreover, fire hazard is a central challenge at national context. How can appropriate management potentially change fire behaviour, fire damage and the difficulty of fire suppression? What are the causal relationships between fire proneness, stand structure and forest stand composition? The common objective of the doctoral research among the five studies is to address the above issues based on principles of creating fire-resistant forests, underlying factors and implications for active forest management, while sustaining effective fire prevention levels. The ultimate goal is to provide forest managers and policy makers with tools to support their decisions, and more effectively align management policies, plans, and practices across fire-prone landscapes. The first research phase aims, across a range of scales from the individual tree to the stand level, respectively: (i) modelling the annual probability of wildfire occurrence of pure and even-aged eucalypt stands; (ii) developing a shrub biomass accumulation model, and (iii) a post-fire mortality model at stand level and the individual tree survival probability to mitigate damage in any forest stand structure. The second phase introduces fire behavior modeling coupled with common stand variables as a tool to (iv) assess potential crown fire occurrence through stand structure/stand composition, and (v) draw guidelines that express the difficulty of fire suppression in those fire-prone forest stands. The accuracy of the research findings can provide an interesting insight to support hazard-reduction silvicultural practices in Portuguese ecosystems

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Moros, Cañón Lina. "Payments for ecosystem services in Colombia: discourses, design and motivation crowding." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670175.

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Els pagaments dels serveis ecosistèmics (PSE) han estat promoguts des de la dècada dels noranta per institucions globals, ONGs de conservació i governs nacionals i regionals per incentivar els propietaris a mantenir la biodiversitat i la cobertura forestal, així com per restaurar o millorar la prestació de serveis ecosistèmics. PES ha penetrat a l’agenda de polítiques globals mediambientals perquè promet un enfocament de conservació directa que aborda simultàniament la protecció del medi ambient i la reducció de la pobresa. Amèrica Llatina predomina l’implementació del PES, amb els programes nacionals de Costa Rica (1998) i Mexico (2003) sent dos dels sistemes més grans del món, seguits del programa de conversió de terres inclinades de la Xina. Malgrat la creixent popularitat del PES, segueix sent un concepte controvertit i dinàmic que planteja moltes preocupacions, incloent-hi la monetització de les funcions dels ecosistemes, els compromisos entre l’eficàcia ambiental i les consideracions d’equitat i els possibles riscos d’amuntegament de la motivació. disminuir les motivacions proambientals. Mitjançant un enfocament multidisciplinari i de mètodes mixts, aquesta tesi contribueix a aquests debats investigant com s’ha conceptualitzat i implementat el PES a Colòmbia, un dels que es troben més tard a l’agenda del PSE, que es distingeix globalment tant pel seu alt nivell de biodiversitat com per la seva taxes de deforestació. Aquesta tesi fa dues contribucions principals a la literatura del PSE: en primer lloc, teòricament es mostra la importància d’identificar els punts de convergència entre els discursos del PSE per facilitar l’implementació del SPO segons les necessitats i realitats locals. També destaca el paper important de les motivacions en l’eficàcia de les polítiques de conservació que tenen com a objectiu canvis de comportament. En segon lloc, metodològicament, avança la metodologia Q desenvolupant un protocol sistemàtic i replicable per capturar, definir i prioritzar les declaracions PES de les xarxes socials. També proposa que les motivacions i els comportaments s’analitzin per separat i no s’assumeixin com a intercanviables.
Los Pagos por Servicios Ambientales (PSA) han sido promovidos desde la década de 1990 por instituciones globales, ONG conservacionistas y gobiernos nacionales y regionales para incentivar a los propietarios de tierras a conservar la biodiversidad y las coberturas forestales, así como a restaurar o mejorar la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos. Los PSA han permeado la agenda de la política ambiental global porque prometen un enfoque de conservación directo que aborda simultáneamente la protección del medio ambiente y la reducción de la pobreza. América Latina domina la implementación de PSA, y los programas nacionales de Costa Rica (1998) y México (2003) son dos de los esquemas más grandes del mundo, seguidos por el programa de Sloping Land Conversion de China. A pesar de la creciente popularidad de los PSA, éste sigue siendo un concepto controvertido y dinámico que plantea muchas inquietudes, incluida la monetización de las funciones de los ecosistemas, las posibles tensiones entre la efectividad ambiental y las consideraciones de equidad, y los riesgos potenciales de que los PSA disminuyan las motivaciones pro-ambientales de quienes participan en los esquemas. Utilizando un enfoque multidisciplinario y de métodos mixtos, esta disertación contribuye a estos debates al investigar cómo se ha conceptualizado e implementado el PSA en Colombia, un país que acaba de entrar en la agenda de PSA mundial y que se destaca globalmente por su alto nivel de biodiversidad y tasas de deforestación. Esta tesis hace dos contribuciones principales a la literatura de PSA: en primer lugar, teóricamente muestra la importancia de identificar puntos de convergencia en los discursos de PSA para facilitar la implementación de PSA de acuerdo con las necesidades y realidades locales. También destaca el importante papel de las motivaciones pro-ambientales en la efectividad de las políticas de conservación dirigidas a buscar cambios de comportamiento. En segundo lugar, metodológicamente, avanza la metodología Q mediante el desarrollo de un protocolo sistemático y replicable para capturar, definir y priorizar los objetivos de los PSA mencionados en las redes sociales. También propone que las motivaciones y los comportamientos se deben analizar por separado y no deben ser asumidos como intercambiables.
Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have been promoted since the 1990s by global institutions, conservation NGOs, and both national and regional governments to incentivise landowners to maintain biodiversity and forest cover, as well as to restore or enhance the provision of ecosystem services. PES has permeated the environmental global policy agenda because it promises a direct conservation approach that simultaneously tackles environmental protection and poverty reduction. Latin America dominates PES implementation, with the Costa Rican (1998) and Mexican (2003) national programmes being two of the largest schemes in the world, followed by China’s Sloping Land Conversion programme. Despite the growing popularity of PES, it remains a contested and dynamic concept that raises many concerns including the monetisation of ecosystem functions, trade-offs between environmental effectiveness and equity considerations, and potential risks of motivation crowding, meaning that PES can, over time, diminish pro-environmental motivations. Using a multi-disciplinary and mixed methods approach, this dissertation contributes to these debates by investigating how PES has been conceptualised and implemented in Colombia, a late-comer in the PES agenda which stands-out globally for both its high level of biodiversity and its rates of deforestation. This thesis makes two main contributions to PES literature: first, theoretically it shows the importance of identifying points of convergence across PES discourses to facilitate PES implementation according to local needs and realities. It also highlights the important role of motivations in the effectiveness of conservation policies aiming at behavioural changes. Second, methodologically, it advances Q-methodology by developing a systematic and replicable protocol to capture, define and prioritise PES statements from social media. It also proposes that motivations and behaviours should be analysed separately and not assumed as interchangeable.

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Väisänen, M. (Maria). "Ecosystem-level consequences of climate warming in tundra under differing grazing pressures by reindeer." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2014. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526207001.

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Abstract Grazing by reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.) affects vegetation and soil microbial processes in tundra ecosystems. It is considered that grazing can induce two alternative vegetation states that differ in plant species composition and the rate of nutrient cycling. I hypothesised that these alternative vegetation states differ in ecosystem responses to climate warming. I tested the hypothesis using a factorial warming and fertilisation experiment on long-term lightly grazed (LG) and heavily grazed (HG) tundra. The reindeer grazing induced vegetation shift from dwarf shrubs to graminoids increased microbial activities for SOM decomposition. The grazer-induced shifts in vegetation and microbial activities in combination with the fertilisation via urine and faeces had important consequences on soil N availability and soil C quality that determined the ecosystem-level consequences of climate warming. Due to higher soil N availability, warming increased plant productivity (GEP) on HG but not on LG tundra, where N limitation prevented the warming-increased plant production. The varying effects of warming on GEP at different grazing intensities determined the effects of warming on ecosystem net C sink, which was unaffected by warming on HG but decreased on LG tundra. Reindeer grazing reduced the soil C quality, as soils under LG stored a higher proportion of carbohydrates vulnerable to microbial decomposition than soils under HG. According to laboratory soil incubations, the grazer-induced reduction in soil C quality mitigated the responses of soil microbial activity to prolonged warming. Warming caused a stronger decrease in concentrations of phenolics, an important means of plant defence against biotic and abiotic stresses, in Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum under HG than LG. Grazing history by reindeer, with the associated vegetation shift from dwarf shrubs to graminoids, can significantly alter the ecosystem-level consequences of climate warming. Overall, this thesis highlights that the effects of reindeer grazing on soil properties, soil N availability and C quality, are important determinants of the ecosystem responses to climate warming. Therefore, future research on climate warming should take into account herbivores and aim towards a more holistic approach that includes both aboveground and belowground components of the ecosystem
Tiivistelmä Tundralla porolaidunnus vaikuttaa kasvillisuuteen ja maaperän mikrobien toimintaan. Porolaidunnus voi aikaansaada kaksi vaihtoehtoista kasvillisuuden tilaa, jotka eroavat toisistaan paitsi kasvilajiston myös ravinnekierron suhteen. Esitin hypoteesin, jonka mukaan ilmaston lämpenemisen vaikutukset eroavat tundratyypeillä, jotka edustavat vaihtoehtoisia kasvillisuustiloja. Testasin hypoteesia faktoriaalisen lämmitys- ja lannoituskokeen avulla tundra-alueilla, joilla poron laidunnuspaine on ollut pitkäaikaisesti joko kevyttä tai voimakasta. Poron aiheuttama kasvillisuusmuutos varpuvaltaisesta heinävaltaiseksi lisäsi maaperän mikrobien hajotusaktiivisuutta. Poron aiheuttamat erot kasvillisuudessa ja mikrobiaktiivisuuksissa yhdessä virtsan ja papanoiden lannoittavan vaikutuksen kanssa muuttivat maaperän typen saatavuutta sekä hiilen laatua. Erot maaperän ominaisuuksissa puolestaan ohjasivat ilmaston lämpenemisen ekosysteemitason vaikutuksia. Lämmitys kasvatti ekosysteemituotantoa ravinteikkaalla voimakkaasti laidunnetulla tundralla mutta ei kevyesti laidunnetulla tundralla, joka oli typpirajoitteinen. Lämmityksen erilaiset vaikutukset ekosysteemituotantoon eri laidunpaineissa määrittivät lämmityksen vaikutuksen ekosysteemin hiilinieluun, joka pysyi muuttumattomana voimakkaasti laidunnetulla tundralla mutta pieneni kevyesti laidunnetulla tundralla. Porolaidunnus alensi maaperän hiilen laatua, ja kevyesti laidunnetulla tundralla maaperässä oli enemmän mikrobien hajotukselle alttiita hiilihydraatteja kuin voimakkaasti laidunnetulla tundralla. Laboratoriossa suoritetun inkubaatiokokeen perusteella maaperän hiilen alhaisempi laatu lievensi mikrobien hajotusaktiivisuuden vastetta pitkäaikaiseen lämmitykseen. Lämmitys vähensi pohjanvariksenmarjan fenoliyhdisteiden, jotka ovat tärkeä osa kasvien puolustusta bioottisia ja abioottisia stressitekijöitä vastaan, pitoisuuksia enemmän voimakkaasti kuin kevyesti laidunnetulla tundralla. Poron laidunnushistoria yhdessä kasvillisuusmuutoksen kanssa voi merkittävästi vaikuttaa ilmaston lämpenemisen ekosysteemitason seurauksiin. Tämän väitöstyön tulokset osoittavat, että poron vaikutukset maaperän typpeen ja hiileen määrittävät lämpenemisen vaikutukset ekosysteemissä. Tulevaisuudessa ilmastonmuutostutkimuksen pitäisikin kokonaisvaltaisemmin huomioida sekä herbivorian että ekosysteemin eri osien merkitys

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Timo, Thiago Philipe de Camargo e. "Mamíferos de médio e grande porte em áreas de cultivo de eucalipto das bacias do Alto Paranapanema e Médio Tietê, Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-17112009-081119/.

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A região compreendida entre os trechos alto do rio Paranapanema, médio do rio Tietê e o rio Sorocaba possui longo histórico de influência humana na paisagem. Esta influência intensificouse nos dois últimos séculos com a passagem de estradas de ferro e a construção de hidroelétricas, entre outras modificações que implicaram em alterações do uso da terra. Uma das mudanças significativas foi a chegada e expansão rápida da silvicultura de eucalipto. A estrutura desta vegetação cultivada e seu ciclo produtivo têm influência sobre as comunidades vegetais e animais nativas. Neste estudo foi avaliada a influência da conformação geométrica da paisagem e da idade de plantio de áreas de silvicultura de eucalipto sobre padrões de distribuição e abundância de mamíferos de médio e grande porte. Foi possível demonstrar que herbívoros são favorecidos por áreas extensas de vegetação nativa com geometria simples, enquanto onívoros se beneficiam da ausência de grandes predadores e da geometria convoluta da vegetação nativa em áreas onde a matriz de eucalipto domina a paisagem. Onde o eucalipto é a feição dominante da paisagem agrícola, estas espécies utilizam o interior dos talhões em fase intermediária de cultivo, quando existe sub-bosque que ofereça abrigo e recursos alimentares. Tais observações reforçam a importância da manutenção de Áreas de Preservação Permanente e de Reserva Legal em paisagens agrícolas, assim como questionam o conservadorismo na aplicação da legislação que leva ao embargo do corte de eucaliptais com sub-bosque, diminuindo o valor de conservação desta cultura sobre a fauna de médios e grandes mamíferos nativos. Palavras-chaves: mamíferos de médio e grande porte, padrões de distribuição e abundância, paisagem agrícola, eucalipto.
The region comprehended amid the high portion of river Paranapanema, mid portion of river Tietê and the river Sorocaba, has a long history of human influence on landscape. This influence was intensified during the past two centuries through the passage of railroads and hydroelectric dam constructions along with other modifications that had implications on land use changes. One of the significant modifications was the arrival and rapid expansion of eucalypt silviculture. The structure and cycle of production of this cultivated vegetation have influence on plant and animal native communities. In this study, geometric conformity and age of planted stands in eucalypt silviculture areas were evaluated on patterns of distribution and abundance of medium to large size mammals. It was possible to demonstrate that herbivores are favored by extensive areas of native vegetation, while omnivores benefit from the absence of large predators and complex geometry of native vegetation in landscapes with dominant eucalypt matrix. Where eucalypt plantations are the commonest landscape features, these species use central areas of silviculture stands in intermediate stages of cultivation, when there is undergrowth that offers shelter and food resources. These observations reinforce the importance of Permanent Preservation Areas and Legal Reserves in agricultural landscapes, as well as they question the conservatism on application of environmental laws that leads to the legal impediment of harvest on eucalypt stands with undergrowth, decreasing conservation value of this culture for medium to large size mammals fauna.

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GOMES, JÚNIOR Edivaldo Lima. "Resposta da comunidade de tardígrados ao impacto do pisoteio associado ao turismo nos recifes de Porto de Galinhas (Ipojuca, PE)." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2014. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/16240.

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O pisoteio decorrente do tráfego de pedestres sobre os recifes de coral é um fenômeno associado ao turismo em muitas praias de Pernambuco. No ambiente fital o pisoteio pode afetar as algas e a fauna associada, modificando a estrutura das comunidades. O filo Tardigrada é componente permanente da meiofauna sendo encontrado no sedimento marinho e associado a macroalgas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do pisoteio sobre os tardígrados associados ao fital dos recifes de Porto de Galinhas, PE. Para isso delineou-se experimentos observacionais e manipulativos com intuito de avaliar o impacto do turismo e das simulações de pisoteio humano sobre a comunidade de Tardigrada. No primeiro experimento foram determinadas estações pareadas ao longo dos recifes, seguindo os limites entre a área protegida e a exposta ao trafego humano, avaliando se a comunidade diferia em consequência do pisoteio. Os tardígrados apresentaram abundâncias aparentemente condicionadas pelo tipo de substrato, mostrando reduções na densidade quando associados a Gelidiela acerosa, e exibindo maior densidade na área impactada quando associados Chodrophicus papillosus. Para o segundo experimento foram determinados transects na área protegida do recife e executados dois níveis de intensidade de pisoteio sobre o substrato recifal. A avaliação do efeito do pisoteio seguiu um desenho experimental BACI (Antes/Depois e Controle/Impacto), sendo as amostras coletadas para monitoramento do nível de recuperação da comunidade com um, dois e três meses após cessado o pisoteio. Como resultado deste trabalho, houve redução das variáveis do substrato algal (biomassa, cobertura, peso do substrato e altura do tapete) e também na densidade de Tardigrada, com valores seguindo uma tendência de redução tanto maior o nível de estresse. Variações locais, foram determinantes para a estrutura da comunidade de Tardigrada, dificultando a compreensão dos efeitos do impacto. O processo de recuperação foi independente da intensidade do distúrbio, alcançando valores estabilizados já no primeiro mês.
The trampling resulting from pedestrian traffic on coral reefs is a phenomenon associated with tourism in many beaches of Pernambuco. In phytal environment the trampling can affect the algae and associated fauna, modifying the structure of communities. The phylum Tardigrada is permanent component of the meiofauna being found in marine sediment and associated with macroalgae. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of trampling on tardigrades associated with the phytal of reefs of Porto de Galinhas, PE. For this were outlined observational and manipulative experiments in order to assess the impact of tourism and simulations of human trampling on the community of tardigrades. In the first experiment were paired certain stations along the reefs, following the boundaries of the protected area and exposed to human traffic, assessing whether the community differed as a result of trampling. The tardigrades presented abundances apparently conditioned by the type of substrate, showing reductions in density when associated with a Gelidiela acerosa, and exhibiting higher density in the impacted area when associated Chodrophicus papillosus. For the second experiment were determined transects in protected reef area and run two levels of intensity of trampling on reef substrate. The evaluation of the effect of trampling followed a experimental design BACI (Before / After and Control / Impact), being the samples collected for monitoring of the level of recovery of the community with one, two and three months after trampling ceased. As a result of this work, there was a reduction of the algal substrate variables (biomass, cover, substrate weight and turf height) and also the density of tardigrades, with values following a trend of greater reduction in both the level of stress. Local variations were crucial to the structure of the tardigrades community, making the understanding of the effects of the impact difficult. The recovery process was independent of the intensity of the disturbance, reaching values stabilized in the first month.

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Alves, Maísa Ziviani. "Caracterização da comunidade de mamíferos de médio e grande porte em paisagem agrícola fragmentada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-24092012-092113/.

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O avanço agrícola é uma das maiores causas da fragmentação de habitats, levando à diminuição e ao isolamento de áreas naturais. Assim, torna-se importante compreender qual papel da estrutura e dinâmica da paisagem na manutenção da biodiversidade local. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a estrutura de uma comunidade de mamíferos de médio e grande porte em paisagem fragmentada agrícola, considerando a estrutura e dinâmica da paisagem. O estudo foi realizado em unidades de paisagem (16 Km2) com matriz predominante de pasto (n = 2) e cana-de-açúcar (n = 3) (bacia do rio Corumbataí, São Paulo) de maio a outubro de 2010. O levantamento da comunidade de mamíferos foi realizado através de busca ativa por pegadas, em 15 transectos alocados nas margens de riachos, com distância percorrida padronizada em 200 m. No entorno de cada transecto foram gerados buffers (250, 500, 1000 e 2000 m de raio), para o cálculo de índices de estrutura (porcentagens dos usos do solo, densidade de drenagem, densidade de estradas e proximidade entre fragmentos) e de dinâmica (taxa anual de mudança e perfil da curva de mudança florestal) para cinco anos (1962, 1978, 1995, 2000 e 2008). A relação entre os índices de paisagem e a riqueza de espécies foi analisada através de um teste PCA (Análise de Componentes Principais), gerando um gráfico Biplot. Posteriormente, foi realizada regressão linear múltipla, para análise da influência da estrutura e dinâmica da paisagem sobre a riqueza de espécies e frequência de registros. Foram registradas 19 espécies, sendo 17 em unidades de cana-de-açúcar e 13 em unidades de pasto. A comunidade de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, presente nestas matrizes da bacia do rio Corumbataí, é representada, em grande parte, por espécies tolerantes a alterações ambientais da região. A espécie com maior frequência de registros foi Procyon cancrivorus, de hábito generalista, como a maior parte dos animais registrados. Pelo gráfico Biplot, o buffer de 1000 m foi o que melhor distinguiu os sítios amostrais em relação às matrizes de cana-de-açúcar e pasto. A riqueza apresentou relação positiva com a porcentagem de áreas florestais e densidade de drenagem. Em contrapartida, a riqueza mostrou relação negativa com a porcentagem de pasto. A riqueza e a frequência de registros não apresentaram diferença estatística significativa entre as matrizes e também não houve relação significativa entre os índices de paisagem e as variáveis dependentes. A similaridade entre a composição de espécies das comunidades amostradas nas matrizes foi de 57%. As relações entre a estrutura desta comunidade e a paisagem necessitam de mais esforços para serem melhor compreendidas, já que o método de levantamento utilizado neste estudo, assim como a escala espaço-temporal, não permitiram descrever tais relações.
Agricultural expansion is a major cause of habitat fragmentation, leading to a reduction and isolation of natural areas. It is therefore important to understand the role of agricultural landscape structure and dynamics in maintaining local biodiversity. We aimed to describe how the structure and dynamics of an agricultural landscape influenced the community of mid and large bodied mammals in the south of Brazil. From May to October 2010 we studied the mammal community in five 16 km2 landscape units located within the Corumbatai river basin, São Paulo. Landscape units contained a matrix of predominantly pasture (n = 2) and cane sugar (n = 3). We used track surveys along 15 transects (200m each) to sample the mammal community along river banks. To calculate indices of habitat structure and dynamics we generated buffers (250, 500, 1000 and 2000 m radius) around each of the transects. Within each of these distance buffers we calculated habitat structure indices (percentage of land use, drainage density, road density and proximity of fragments) and indices of habitat dynamics (annual rate of change and profile of the forest change curve) for five years (1962, 1978, 1995, 2000 and 2008). The relationship between landscape indices and species richness was analyzed through a PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and associated Biplot. Subsequently, multiple linear regression was performed to analyze the influence of landscape structure and dynamics on species richness and frequency of records. We recorded 19 species, 17 in cane sugar units and 13 in pasture units. The community of mid and large bodied mammals present in the habitat matrices of the Corumbataí river basin was represented mostly by generalist species tolerant of environmental changes. The most frequently recorded species was Procyon cancrivorus, a habit generalist. The PCA Biplot showed that the 1000m buffer was the one that best distinguished the sampling sites in relation to the sugar cane and pasture matrices. Species richness was positively related with the percentage of forested areas and drainage density. In contrast, richness was negatively related with the percentage of pasture. The richness and frequency of records showed no statistically significant difference between the two matrix types and there was no significant relationship between landscape indices and the dependent variables. The similarity between the species composition of the sampled communities in the matrices was 57%. Understanding the relationships between the composition of this community and the landscape structure and dynamics requires more efforts, as the survey method used in this study, and the spatiotemporal scale, do not permit the description of these relationships.

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Burmeister, Marina. "Reconnecting man with nature : post industrial landscape development." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45272.

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Industries became a permanent addition to cities in the 18th century, transforming the natural landscape and influencing the people directly dependant on it, this enforces to the consumer culture we experience every day. This industrial development all over the world has disregarded apparent and non-apparent relationships that humans have within nature, resulting in the connection between humans and nature to become estranged, leaving humankind searching for identity and purpose. This study investigates the connection between humans and nature through adapting the post-industrial landscape, to ultimately establish an identity of place for human well-being. The study proposes that apparent and non-apparent relationships between humans and nature can be introduced in the post-industrial landscape through the concepts of ecosystem services and commemorative design. By commemorating the natural landscape, memories and experiences will create an appreciation for the natural landscape, strengthening the connection between humans and nature. Different ecosystem services are generated by the design to establish ecological and human well-being. The sketch plan design intervention proposes that, these apparent and non-apparent relationships between humans and nature are revealed and celebrated. The non-apparent relationships are transformed into apparent design features within the landscape to make visitors aware of their unity with nature and the services it provides them with. The design proposal creates opportunities for interaction, education and appreciation by means of food gardens, utility gardens, biodiversity gardens and experiments of spontaneous succession. The purpose of these interventions is to restore the post-industrial landscape while creating a strong cultural connection to heritage within industries and nature to reconnect humankind with their own identity as part of nature.
Dissertation (ML(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2014.
Architecture
ML(Prof)
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Marais, Karen E. "Postfire regeneration of mountain fynbos by resprouting : a comparison of species with different life history types." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71964.

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Thesis (MScConEcol)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The fire-prone mediterranean-type climate regions of the world are immensely biodiverse. Changes in fire frequency due to anthropogenic ignitions and climate change are one of the factors threatening the plant diversity of these regions. Many postfire regeneration studies have focused on seedling recruitment, whereas much can still be learned about regeneration through resprouting. This project focused on resprouters after a fire and assessed if there are differences between the obligate (OS) and facultative (FS) resprouting life history types. OS species have to resprout after fire, as their seeds are not fire resistant and seedling recruitment takes place in fire-free periods, whereas FS species have the ability to resprout and recruit seedlings after a fire. My analyses found a significant difference in postfire resprout success between OS species and FS species, supporting the division of woody resprouting shrubs into these two life history types. OS species had minimal fire-related mortality and this was related to their ability to resprout early and vigorously after fire. OS species had no postfire mortality, which points to traits that enable them to endure the hot and dry summer months. The FS species varied in their response to fire and had greater fire induced mortality than the OS species. Postfire mortality (post-sprouting) was also greater compared to OS species, especially towards the end of the long dry summer suggesting a link to water stress. A postfire seedling survey of target FS, OS and non-sprouters (NS), revealed that NS species had seedling/adult ratios that were orders of magnitude higher ranging between 40-200 seedlings per adult against less than 1-10 seedlings per adults for FS, with OS species recruiting no seedlings directly postfire, as is consistent with their life history type. Although the NS species do not sprout and the FS species had some mortality, the population was at or above replacement two-year postfire on account of seedling recruitment. OS species maintained their pre-fire population by successfully resprouting and by experiencing almost no postfire mortality. These results provide strong justification for grouping woody resprouters into OS and FS species in future studies seeking to understand the underlying differences in postfire recovery. Postfire flowering phenology was also observed during the two year study period. Geophytes, mostly belonging to the Iridaceae and Orchidaceae were overrepresented within the first year postfire, many displaying fire-stimulated flowering. This suggests that some geophytes limit their reproductive cycle to the immediate postfire environment, when nutrients and light are abundant. Smaller resprouting shrubs generally flowered earlier than larger resprouting shrubs. Many non-sprouting shrubs did not reach maturity within the study period and those that did mostly belonged to the Fabaceae and Asteraceae families. This study added 71 species to the existing Paarl Mountain species list, including eight new red listed species, highlighting the importance of early postfire field surveys.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Veldbrande is ‘n natuurlike verskynsel in die meditereense klimaatstreke van die wereld. Hierdie areas is ook bekend vir hulle ryk biodiversiteit. Veranderinge in die vuur frekwensie as gevolg van klimaatsverandering en veldbrande wat deur mense veroorsaak word, bedreig die plantdiversiteit van hierdie streke. Vorige veldbrandstudies het meestal gefokus op saailinge en daar bestaan ‘n groot leemte om regenerasie deur herspruiting beter te verstaan. Hierdie navorsingsprojek fokus op herspruiting van fynbos plante as ‘n oorlewingstrategie na ‘n veldbrand. Spesifiek word daar gekyk na verskille tussen verpligte (VH) en nie-verpligte (fakultatiewe) herspruiters (FH). VH spesies moet herspruit na vuur om hulle populasie stabiel te hou, aangesien hulle saad nie vuurbestand is nie. FH spesies het die vermoë om te herspruit sowel as saailinge te werf na ‘n brand. Die studie bevindinge dui op betekenisvolle verskille tussen hierdie twee lewensgeskiedenistipes en regverdig die groepering van houtagtige herspruiter spesies as VH of FH. VH het minimale mortaliteit getoon na die veldbrand. Bykans alle plante het vinnig en kragtig herspruit. VH besit ook eienskappe wat hulle in staat stel om die warm, droeë somers te oorleef. Die oorlewing van FH was wisselvallig, met mortaliteit as gevolg van direkte vuurskade en verdere mortaliteit gedurende die lang somermaande, moonlik as gevolg van water stress. ‘n Saailingstudie van VH, FH en ook nie-spruiters (NS) het getoon dat die saailing/volwasse verhoudings van NS ordes hoër is as die van FH. VH het geen saailinge direk na die vuur geproduseer nie. Twee jaar na die vuur was FH en NS saailing getalle steeds heelwat meer as die aantal volwasse plante wat dood is in die veldbrand. VH het hul populasie stabiliteit gehandhaaf deurdat alle volwasse plante suksesvol herspruit het. Hierdie bevindinge regverdig die verdeling van herspruitende fynbos spesies as VH of FH. Verdere studies is belangrik om die onderliggende ekofisiologiese verskille tussen die twee lewensgeskiedenistipes beter te verstaan. Die blompatrone van verskillende spesies is ook aangeteken tydens die tweejaar studieperiode. Bolplante, veral in die iris- (Iridaceae) en orgidee (Orchidaceae) families het oorheers gedurende die eerste jaar na die brand, aanduidend van ‘n vuur-gestimuleerde blompatroon. Sommige bolplante mag hul voorplantingssiklus beperk tot die periode direk na veldbrand, terwyl daar genoeg lig is en die grond verryk is met voedingsstowwe. Kleiner herspruitende struike het in die algemeen vroeër geblom as groter struike. Nieherspruitende struike het meestal nie seksuele volwassenheid bereik binne twee jaar na die veldbrand nie, buiten sommige in die ertjie- (Fabaceae) en asterfamilies (Asteraceae). Die studie het 71 nuwe spesies tot die bestaande Paarlberg spesielys gevoeg, waarvan agt rooidataspesies was, wat die waarde van plantopnames direk na ‘n veldbrand beklemtoon.

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Freitas, Juliana Ribeirão de. "Funcionamento dos ecossistemas e conservação biológica: poluição por luz artificial, oferecimento de serviços ecossistêmicos e diversidade funcional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106132/tde-11112016-185627/.

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O funcionamento dos ecossistemas é o fluxo de matéria e de energia ao longo dos seus componentes bióticos e abióticos. A manutenção de tal funcionamento é crucial para promover os serviços ecossistêmicos dos quais a humanidade depende. Atividades antrópicas, como a agricultura e a urbanização podem alterá-los significativamente e, por isso, o entendimento dos impactos positivos e negativos de tais alterações bem como o desenvolvimento de ferramentas de avaliação da biodiversidade são importantes para a conservação. A diversidade funcional é um componente da diversidade biológica que leva em conta o papel que cada espécie desempenha no ecossistema e, portanto, deve refletir o funcionamento do ecossistema de forma mais acurada. Esta tese teve por objetivos relacionar o funcionamento do ecossistema e os seus serviços a ações antrópicas, bem como propor a abordagem funcional como indicadora da biodiversidade de áreas naturais. No primeiro capítulo, avalio padrões espaciais e temporais da exposição dos tipos de vegetação que ocorrem no Brasil à luz artificial, um dos principais símbolos da urbanização e da vida moderna. Os resultados mostram que a maioria deles apresenta alguma porcentagem de sua área expostos à luz artificial. Em alguns deles, porém, ainda é possível encontrar o brilho natural do céu noturno, o que nos permite sugerir a elaboração de políticas de desenvolvimento de distribuição de luz com foco no mínimo impacto, ao contrário das políticas de mitigação adotadas por países onde a iluminação é excessivamente difundida. No segundo capítulo mapeio padrões espaciais e temporais da provisão de dois serviços ecossistêmicos (polinização e estoque de carbono) e um serviço ambiental (espaço para viver) e avalio os impactos da agricultura sobre estes serviços, na área coberta pelo cerrado, na região central do Brasil. Os serviços ecossistêmicos avaliados descaíram significativamente ao longo do tempo e a região conhecida como MATOPIBA (entre os estados do Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí e Bahia) foi identificada como um importante remanescente. Por isso, recomendo a criação de unidades de conservação de proteção integral na área. Identifiquei também sobreposição da disponibilidade destes serviços com áreas indígenas, o que ressalta a importância da manutenção destas áreas para a disponibilidade dos serviços. No terceiro capítulo exploro, por meio de revisão bibliográfica, o status da diversidade funcional na literatura científica no campo da Conservação Biológica. Os resultados permitiram visualizar o paradigma da transferência de conhecimento e identificar o potencial desta abordagem para elaboração de indicadores da biodiversidade. Por fim, no quarto capítulo, estabeleço uma lista de espécies de plantas que podem ser indicadoras da diversidade funcional em áreas cobertas por cerradão no estado de São Paulo. Tais indicadores devem ser usados em conjunto para monitoramento e diagnóstico da biodiversidade quando o objetivo é manter o funcionamento do ecossistema. As conclusões do estudo contribuem para elucidar a interferência das atividades antrópicas nos ecossistemas naturais, para levantar formas de minimizá-los e para aprimorar as formas de avaliação da biodiversidade.
Ecosystem functioning is the flow of energy and matter through the biotic and abiotic ecosystems components. The maintenance of this functioning is essential to the ecosystem services provisioning upon which humans depend. Anthropogenic activities such as agriculture and urbanisation may change it. Thus, conservation strategies rely on the understanding of the positives and negatives impacts from this changes and on the development of measurements of biodiversity. Functional diversity is a biodiversity component which considers the role of each species in the ecosystem, and, as a consequence, may reflect the ecosystem functioning more accurately. This thesis aims the establishment of the relationships between ecosystem functioning, ecosystem services and anthrogenic activities as well as purpose functional approach as biodiversity indicator of natural areas. In the first chapter, I assessed spatial and temporal patterns of exposition of the Brazilian vegetation types to the artificial light which is one of the urbanisation symbols. The results show that most of them are affected by artificial light. However, in some of them it is still possible to find a natural sky background, which allow suggesting the formulation of light distribution policies focused on minimal impact instead of mitigation, as adopted by countries where light is excessively widespread. In the second chapter, I mapped spatial and temporal patterns of two ecosystem services provisioning (pollination and carbon stocks) and one environmental service (living space) and assessed the impacts of agriculture in these services in Cerrado area, in the central region of Brazil. The ecosystem services I assessed declined significatively over time and the MATOPIBA region (around Maranhão, Tocantins, Piaui, and Bahia States) was identified as an important remint. Thus I recommended the creation of strictly protected areas in that region. I also identify overlap of these services with indigenous land, highlighting its importance for the ecosystem services provisioning. In the third chapter I explored through literature survey, the status of functional diversity in the scientific literature related to the Biological Conservation field. The results allow visualise the paradigm of knowledge transfer and identify the potential use of this approach for developing indicators of biodiversity. Finally, in the fourth chapter, we established a list of plant species that are functional diversity indicators in cerradão areas in São Paulo State. These indicators should be use as a set for the monitoring and diagnosis of biodiversity when the goal is to maintaining ecosystem functioning. The conclusions of the study contribute to clarify some lack of knowledge concerned to the impacts of human activities on ecosystem functioning, to raise means to minimise them, and to improve means of ecological integrity assessment.

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Kaechele, Karin Teixeira. "A redução compensada do desmatamento no Mato Grosso: uma análise econômica-ecológica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-26022008-163530/.

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Esta dissertação analisa o Instrumento de Comando e Controle da Política Ambiental do Estado do Mato Grosso - o SLAPR, através dos pilares da Economia Ecológica (escala, alocação e distribuição). O SLAPR: Sistema de Licenciamento Ambiental em Propriedades Rurais tem como um dos seus objetivos reduzir o desmatamento ilegal em propriedades particulares. Por meio de imagens de satélite e do uso de ferramenta do Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), pôde-se concluir que este Instrumento não é eficaz. Este trabalho discute um instrumento Econômico - o Pagamento pelo Serviço Ecossistêmico (PSE) carbono, pelo desmatamento evitado dos biomas amazônicos no âmbito do Protocolo de Kyoto para os proprietários detentores de 80% ou mais de cobertura florestal em suas reservas legais. Ressalta-se que esta é uma política second best, visto que se propõe a tratar da problemática ambiental aliando Instrumentos de Comando e Controle (estimando-se a escala) com um Instrumento Econômico. O mecanismo de PSE para as reservas legais nos biomas amazônicos no estado do Mato Grosso tem como princípios: 1 -definição clara do serviço comercializado, 2-verificação da oferta e da demanda, 3-o desenvolvimento da valoração e pagamento deste serviço e 4- desenvolvimento de uma rede institucional onde haja uma instituição gestora, um seguro, uma agência reguladora e uma instituição certificadora e acreditadora.
The focus of this dissertation is the system adopted by the State of Mato Grosso [Brazil] for managing and taking command and control of its environmental policies through the pillars of Ecological Economics, i.e. scale, allocation and distribution. One of the goals of SLAPR [\"System for Environmental Licensing of Rural Properties\", for short] is to reduce illegal deforesting in private properties. However, the use of satellite images and the application of SIG - \"Geographic Information System\" have led to the conclusion that SLAPR is not an efficient tool. This essay therefore discusses a new economic tool: PSE -\"Payment for Eco-Systemic Service - Carbon\", in exchange for prevented deforesting of Amazonian Biomes, within the scope of the Kyoto Protocol. It should be emphasized that this is a \"second best\" policy, since its proposal is to deal with environmental issues by combining an \'Economic Instrument\' with \'Command-and-Control Instrument, in order to estimate the scale in question. The following are the principles of PSE mechanisms for legal forest reserves within the Amazonian Biomes of the State of Mato Grosso: 1) a clear definition of the ecosystem services rendered; 2) offer-and-demand verification; 3) development of improved value-and-payment procedures for rendered services; and 4) development of an institutional net that includes a managing agency, a regulating agency, a certifying agency and an accrediting agency.

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Silva, Samara Martins. "Serviços ecossistêmicos de carbono e biodiversidade e os projetos de lei sobre pagamento por serviços ambientais no Brasil: uma análise sobre o panorama atual." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-26092016-095350/.

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Na atualidade, os serviços ambientais podem ser descritos como as atividades antrópicas que auxiliam no aumento dos benefícios ao meio ambiente, enquanto os serviços ecossistêmicos são processos ecossistêmicos capazes de fornecer sustentação à vida sendo dois temas mundialmente pesquisados. Neste sentido o pagamento por práticas que forneçam a melhoria da qualidade ambiental conhecidas como pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) têm surgido e avançado no Brasil nos últimos anos, embora ainda não possuam regulamentação legal específica. No primeiro capítulo procurou-se analisar os projetos de lei (PLs) em trâmite no Congresso Nacional PL 792/2007, PL 5.487/2009, Projeto de Lei do Senado (PLS) 276/2013 e PL 312/2015 com relação à adicionalidade, princípios do direito ambiental e teorias econômicas que regulamentam o PSA no Brasil. No segundo capítulo foi realizada a estimativa de serviços ecossistêmicos de biodiversidade de abelhas e carbono na região do Xingu na Amazônia brasileira, onde utilizou-se a equação alométrica para cálculo da biomassa e índices de diversidade para avaliar a diversidade de plantas e abelhas, e verificou-se a possível relação entre a diversidade de plantas e abelhas e o carbono estocado na vegetação para avaliar a relação dos serviços ecossistêmicos de carbono e biodiversidade na região. Esta dissertação apresenta um panorama sobre a legislação atual de PSA no Brasil e um estudo de caso de quantificação de adicionalidade ambiental provida pelos serviços ecossistêmicos de carbono e biodiversidade na área do Rio Xingu, no estado do Pará. Embora os estudos sobre serviços ecossistêmicos e as funções do ecossistema tenham surgido há muito tempo, pouco tem sido estudado sobre a adicionalidade ambiental destes serviços. Logo, como descrito no art. 5 do Paris Agreement da COP 21, as Partes são encorajadas a realizar pagamentos através de incentivos e políticas sobre redução de emissões de desmatamento e degradação florestal no papel da conservação na gestão sustentável das florestas, enquanto que na Contribuição Nacionalmente Determinada (INDC) o Brasil incluiu como uma das metas a implementação de atividades de REDD+ e pagamento por seus resultados representando possíveis avanços para o PSA em nível nacional e mundial.
Environmental services described as human activities that help to enhance the benefits to the environment and ecosystem services on ecosystem processes capable of providing support to life are two highly specific topics discussed on all the world. Payment for environmental services (PES) have emerged and advanced in Brazil in recent years, though it is still not regulated. In the first chapter we tried to analyze the Law\'s project (PL) in current analisys on National Brazilian Congress PL 792/2007, PL 5.487/2009, Federal Senate (PLS) PLS 276/2013 and 312/2015 regarding additionality principles of environmental law and economic theories involved in PLs. Although studies on ecosystem services and ecosystem functions, have arisen for over fifty years ago, few has been studied about the provision of these services together through environmental additionality. In the second chapter was held on ecosystem services and carbon estimate bee biodiversity in the Xingu endemic region of the Brazilian Amazon. For this we used the allometric equation for calculating the biomass and diversity index to evaluate the diversity of plants and bees, there had a relationship between the diversity of plants and bees and the carbon stocked in the vegetation to assess the relationship of ecosystem services of carbon and biodiversity in the region. Soon, as defined by the Art. 5 of the Paris Agreement of COP 21, Parties are encouraged to make payments through incentives and policies on reduction of deforestation and forest degradation emissions in the role of conservation in sustainable forest management while in INDC (Intended Nationally Determined Contribution), Brazil included as goals from other actions the implementation of REDD + activities and payment by results reprensenting major advances can be made to the PSA at the national and global levels. So this paper presents an overview of the current project legislation on PSE in Brazil and a case study to quantify environmental business as usual provided by the ecosystem service of carbon and biodiversity in the Xingu River area in the state of Pará as contemporary and integrated assessment on the topic involving environmental additionality.

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Vidal, Patrícia Martins. "Uso de organismos filtradores (ascidiacea) na avaliação da contaminação por mercúrio em ecossistemas costeiros do Estado do Rio de Janeiro." Niterói, 2017. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/5191.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ
necessidade no estabelecimento de prioridades para decisões de gerenciamento ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho é o uso de organismos filtradores do grupo Ascidiacea como bioindicadores para a avaliação da contaminação em ecossistemas costeiros do Estado do Rio de Janeiro em relação a poluição/risco ecotoxicológico por mercúrio. Foram escolhidas três baías do sistema costeiro do Estado do Rio de Janeiro com diferentes graus de degradação: Baía de Guanabara (BG) amplamente poluída; Baía de Sepetiba (BS), com algumas áreas contaminadas e Baía da Ribeira (BR), com alterações antrópicas localizadas. Em cada baía, foi selecionado um ponto de coleta e capturados, durante a maré baixa, aproximadamente trinta indivíduos. As ascídias coletadas foram colocadas em sacos plásticos, lacrados, identificados e congelados. Uma vez no laboratório, os organismos foram identificados, a nível de espécie, e pesados (peso úmido). A determinação das concentrações de mercúrio total (HgT) nos organismos foi realizado no Laboratório de Especiação de Mercúrio Ambiental (LEMA) no CETEM/MCT. Para tal, foi utilizado um aparelho de absorção atômica portátil (LUMEX), específico para análises de HgT por espectrofotometria de absorção baseada no diferencial Zeeman. A determinação do metal foi feita tanto na parte interna das ascídias quanto em sua túnica de revestimento. Para a espécie Styela plicata, encontrada na BG e BS, apesar de não haver diferença significativa, foram observadas maiores [HgT], tanto na túnica quanto na parte interna, nas ascídias de BS. Tais resultados tornam-se mais evidentes ao comparamos as estações Pilar Niterói (ambiente altamente poluído) e Pilar Canal Central (ambiente menos poluído devido à intensa circulação das águas) da BG, tanto entre si, quanto em relação às amostras dessa espécie na BS. Em relação à Phallusia nigra, espécie encontrada na BR, a [HgT] foi maior na parte interna desses organismos do que os da BG e BS. As maiores [HgT] foram observadas na túnica, para as três baías, e não houve diferença significativa entre elas. Não houve correlação entre o peso (tamanho) das ascídas e a [HgT] em seus tecidos. Como a composição bioquímica da túnica de ambas as espécies é similar, a explicação da diferença de concentração do metal entre elas pode residir no fato das células morulares da P. nigra realmente acumularem maior concentração de HgT do que as células de S. plicata. A estimativa dos valores de FBC para ascídia S. plicata, é maior na BS do que na BG. O mesmo resultado foi observado quando comparado ao FBC das ascídias da BR, indicando uma maior disponibilidade do Hg em ambientes menos poluídos. Este primeiro estudo realizado no país, foi uma tentativa preliminar de avaliação das ascídias como potenciais bioindicadoras de contaminação por Hg. Portanto, como são organismos sésseis e filtradores, um maior esforço amostral para confirmar se a espécie Styela plicata pode estar presente na BR como sugerido no estudo, a fim de possibilitar uma análise comparativa mais completa em termos da gradação da contaminação por mercúrio.
The use of indicators of ecological risk due to pollution of water bodies is a need to establish priorities for environmental management decisions. The objective of this study is the use of filter feeding organisms of ascidians as bioindicators for the assessment of contamination in coastal ecosystems of the State of Rio de Janeiro in relation to pollution / ecotoxicological risk by mercury. We chose three bays of the coastal system of the State of Rio de Janeiro with different degrees of degradation: the Bay of Guanabara (BG) widely polluted; Sepetiba Bay (SB), with some contaminated areas and the Ribeira Bay (RB), with anthropogenic changes located. In each bay, was selected a collection point and captured during low tide, about thirty individuals. The ascidians collected were placed in plastic bags, sealed, identified and frozen. Once in the laboratory, organisms were identified to species level, and weighed (wet weight). The determination of concentrations of total mercury (THg) in organisms was performed at the Laboratory of Environmental Mercury Speciation (LEMA) in CETEM / MCT. To this end, we used a portable atomic absorption apparatus (LUMEX), specific analyzes of THg absorption spectrophotometry based on differential Zeeman. The determination of metal was done both on the inside of ascidians and in his coat lining. For the species Styela plicata, found in the BG and BS, although no significant differences were observed higher [THg] in both the tunica and inside, in ascidians BS. These results become more evident when comparing stations Pilar Niterói (highly polluted environment) and Pilar Central Canal (cleaner environment due to the intense movement of water) BG, both among themselves and in relation to samples of this species in the BS. Regarding Phallusia nigra species found in BR, [THg] was greater in the inner part of the bodies of BG and BS. The highest [THg] were observed in the tunica, for the three bays, and there was no significant difference between them. There was no correlation between the weight (size) of ascídas and [THg] in their tissues. As the biochemical composition of the coat of both species is similar, the explanation of the difference in concentration of the metal between them may lie in the fact that morulares cells of P. nigra actually accumulate THg higher concentration of cells of S. plicata. The estimated values for FBC ascidian S. plicata, the BS is greater than the BG. The same result was observed when compared to the FBC squirts of BR, indicating a greater availability of Hg in less polluted environments. This first study in the country, was a preliminary attempt to evaluate the ascidians as potential bioindicators of Hg contamination. Therefore, as filtrating and sessile organisms is a major effort to confirm that the sample species Styela plicata BR may be present as suggested in the study in order to facilitate a more complete comparative analysis in accordance with the gradation of mercury contamination.

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Cordier, Mateo. "Ecosystème estuarien et système économique régional: faisabilité d'une intégration par modélisation input-output : application au cas de l'habitat halieutique dans l'estuaire de la Seine." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209905.

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Le modèle input-output régional environnementalisé développé dans la thèse de M. Cordier suggère qu’il serait possible de restaurer 25% des surfaces naturelles de nourriceries de poissons détruites dans l’estuaire de la Seine entre 1834 et 2004. Le modèle suggère que la mesure de restauration pourrait augmenter de 15% à 23% la biomasse de soles produite dans l’estuaire par rapport à une situation sans mesure. Quant à l’effet des coûts de restauration sur les agrégats macroéconomiques (PIB, emploi, etc.), il génère une diminution qui ne dépasse pas 0,5% par rapport à une situation sans mesure. Le modèle montre cependant que trois secteurs sont particulièrement touchés par la mesure, leur bénéfice étant considérablement réduit. Cela indique le compromis à réaliser entre les objectifs écologiques à long terme et les objectifs économiques sectoriels à court terme. La quantification des compromis par le modèle constitue un atout utile aux processus de décision participatifs multicritère / The regional green input-output model developed in Mateo Cordier's PhD shows that it seems possible to restore 25% of the natural areas of fish nurseries destroyed in the Seine estuary between 1834 and 2004. The model suggests that the restoration measure could increase between 15% and 23% the biomass of sole generated by the estuary compared to a situation without measure. Regarding the impact of restoration costs on macro-economic indicators (GDP, employment, etc.), it generates a decrease that does not exceed 0,5% compared to a situation without measure. However, the model shows that three sectors are particularly impacted by the measure. Their benefits are considerably reduced. This shows the trade-off that occurs between ecological targets on the long run and economic targets on the short run. The quantification of such trade-offs in the model is particularly useful to public participation in decision-making.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Kieser-Muller, Christel. "Needle stick injury and the personal experience of health care workers." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01302006-144425.

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22

Baude, Amandine. "Développement socio-affectif des enfants en résidence alternée : une approche écosystémique : conduites intériorisées et exteriorisées et qualité de vie des enfants de 4 à 12 ans en résidence alternée." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU20017.

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L’objectif de cette étude est d’appréhender comment les enfants en résidence alternée se construisent sur le plan de leur adaptation socio-affective et de leur qualité de vie et d’analyser quels sont les facteurs susceptibles d’influencer leur développement socio-affectif. L’approche écosystémique (Bronfenbrenner, 2005) et, plus spécifiquement, le modèle opérationnel « Processus-Personne-Contexte-Temps » (Bronfenbrenner, 1996) sur lequel nous prenons appui, nous a permis, de manière originale, de procéder à l’analyse de la contribution de facteurs d’ordre individuel, familial et contextuel au développement de ces enfants.Dans cette perspective, 38 familles et leurs 56 enfants âgés de 4 à 12 ans en résidence alternée ont participé à notre étude au moyen d'une série de questionnaires. Le développement socio-affectif de l’enfant a été appréhendé à l’aide de « l’Autoquestionnaire Qualité de vie-Enfant-Imagé » (A.U.Q.U.E.I. ; Manificat & Dazord, 1997) et du « Child Behavior Checklist » (C.B.C.L. ; Achenbach, 1991). Les mères et/ou les pères ont renseigné plusieurs outils évaluant leur relation coparentale : « l’échelle d’Interaction Coparentale » (Ahrons & Wallisch, 1987), « l’Inventaire de l’Alliance Parentale » (Abidin & Brunner, 1995) et « l’échelle de Conflits Post-Séparation » (Sonnenblick & Scharwz, 1992). La relation post-conjugale a été analysée à travers « l’échelle d’Interaction Non Parentale » (Ahrons & Wallisch, 1987) et « l’échelle d’Attachement entre les ex-conjoints » (Kitson, 1982).Nos principaux résultats indiquent que les enfants en résidence alternée témoignent d’une qualité de vie globalement satisfaisante, notamment dans la sphère familiale. De plus, trois quart des enfants environ se situent dans la zone non-pathologique aux échelles d’adaptation intériorisée et d’adaptation extériorisée. Parmi les facteurs pris en compte, nous constatons, dans un premier temps, un effet significatif du sexe et de l’âge des enfants : les filles sont plus nombreuses à se situer dans la zone pathologique à l’échelle d’adaptation extériorisée et les enfants de 4 à 6 ans tendent à présenter moins de troubles intériorisés. Dans un deuxième temps, les résultats révèlent que la relation coparentale influence le développement socio-affectif des enfants et que l’hostilité indirecte constitue le facteur de risque le plus marqué. Cet effet est toutefois modulé par l’âge des enfants. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence l’influence des caractéristiques du contexte, à savoir la relation post-conjugale, le degré d’hostilité pré-séparation et le type d’accord formulé par les parents sur leur développement. Toutefois, il s’avère que cette influence n’est pas directe mais médiatisée par la relation coparentale.L’ensemble des résultats obtenus nous permet de proposer des perspectives de recherche et des pistes d’intervention.Mots
This thesis aims to comprehend how children in joint physical custody evolve themselves in terms of socio-emotional adaptation and quality of life and analyzing the factors that could have an impact on their socio-emotional development. This study is based on a theoretical eco-systemic approach (Bronfenbrenner, 2005). Considering person, family and context to be the scales of comparision for the development of these children. The operational model of« the Process–Person–Context–Time » (Bronfenbrenner, 1996), allowed us to analyze the contribution of the aforementioned factors on these children.According to this perspective, 38 families having 56 children between the ages 4-12 years old in joint physical custody participated in this study through a questionary. The socio-emotional development was analyzed by taking into account the « Autoquestionnaire Qualité de vie-Enfant-Imagé » (A.U.Q.U.E.I. ; Manificat & Dazord, 1997) and the « Child Behavior Checklist » (C.B.C.L. ; Achenbach, 1991). The mothers and/or the fathers were also queried to evaluate their parenting abilities by using several tools as follows the « Coparental Interaction Scale » (Ahrons & Wallisch, 1987), the « Parenting Alliance Inventory » (Abidin & Brunner, 1995) and the « Post-Divorce Conflict Scale » (Sonnenblick & Scharwz, 1992). The post-conjugal relationship was analyzed by the following « Coparental Interaction Scale, nonparental dimension » (Ahrons & Wallisch, 1987) and « Attachment Scale » (Kitson, 1982).Our principal results indicate that children in joint custody testify globally a satisfactory quality of life particularly in the sphere of family upbringing. Also approximately three quarters of the total children can be placed in the non- pathological zone on the internalized adaptation and the externalized adaptation scale. Amongst the factors taken into consideration, we note that first of all there is a significant effect of the sex and age of the children between 4 to 6 years tend to show less personal internalizing problems. While the girls can be placed on the pathological scale of externalizing adaptation in a larger number compared to the boys. Secondly, the results reveals that the co-parental relationship influences the socio-emotional development of children and that the covert hostility constitutes the most raddled risk factor. However, this result varies according to the age of children. Finally, the impact of the characteristics of the context is highlighted, namely the post-conjugal relationship, the degree of hostility before the separation and the type of agreement that the parents express of their children’s development. Nevertheless, it is proved that this influence is indirect but moderated by the co-parental relationship.The total of the obtained results allows us to propose new perspectives and leads for intervention

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23

Pereira, Angela Ceni Davoglio. "Novo código florestal brasileiro e as cotas de reserva ambiental sob a ótica da pequena propriedade rural: um estudo de caso." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2277.

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A Lei Federal n. 12.651/2012 dispõe sobre a proteção da vegetação nativa sendo denominada pela doutrina especializada como Novo Código Florestal Brasileiro. Entre as principais alterações encontra-se um novo mecanismo de compensação de Área de Reserva Legal denominado de Cotas de Reserva Ambiental. A nova legislação permite que o proprietário rural transforme a área excedente de sua Reserva Legal em Cotas de Reserva Ambiental correspondentes a cada hectare de vegetação nativa. Contudo, a pequena propriedade rural, isto é, aquela que possui até4 (quatro) módulos fiscais, pode instituir as Cotas de Reserva Ambiental sobre todo o tamanho de sua área de reserva legal, não somente sobre o excedente. Ademais, a pequena propriedade está desobrigada a manter o percentual mínimo de área de reserva legal, desde que a área estivesse consolidada em 22 de julho de 2008, sendo proibidos novos desmatamentos. Em virtude de tantas peculiaridades e diante da complexidade das questões que envolvem o meio ambiente e o desenvolvimento sustentável, para a presente pesquisa, optou-se por um estudo de caso na Comunidade da Linha Damaceno, zona rural do município de Pato Branco, localizada no Bioma Mata Atlântica, de formação vegetal Floresta Ombrófila Mista Montana. A Comunidade está inserida na macrozona de manancial agrícola, eis que banhada pelo Rio Pato Branco e seus afluentes (Rio Pinheiro, Rio da Divisa), e de onde a SANEPAR faz a captação de água que abastece o município. Para compreender como esta comunidade percebe as questões ambientais, utilizou-se de uma pesquisa semiestruturada, contendo um formulário e uma entrevista, além de métodos como a análise dialógica do discurso e da percepção ambiental. Os resultados obtidos fizeram uma correlação entre o desenvolvimento sustentável, o pagamento de serviços ambientais e compensação de área de reserva legal por cotas de reserva ambiental, pelo viés da interdisciplinaridade. Outrossim, em razão dos métodos utilizados, foi feito um resgate histórico quanto ao surgimento da compensação de área de reserva legal no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, e sobre a própria formação da Comunidade Linha Damaceno, que demonstrou possuir também grande riqueza histórica para o município de Pato Branco. Quanto ao tema principal da pesquisa, a possibilidade de comercialização de Cotas de Reserva Ambiental pelos pequenos proprietários rurais da Linha Damaceno, chegou-se à conclusão que existem propriedades que atendem a todos os requisitos atualmente formulados pelo Novo Código Florestal, contudo poucos agricultores demonstraram interesse, principalmente devido às limitações que a propriedade passaria a ter após a instituição das Cotas de Reserva Ambiental. Outro fator de destaque foi à percepção ambiental quanto ao favorecimento dos agricultores que desmataram suas áreas de reserva legal e hoje podem se utilizar do mecanismo de compensação sem a necessidade de restituir os percentuais mínimos da Área de Reserva legal.
The Federal Law n. 12.651 / 2012 refers to the native vegetation protection named by the specialized doctrine as New Brazilian Forest Code. Among the main changes in it, there is a new compensation mechanism of Legal Reserve Area called Environmental Reserve Quotas. The new legislation allows the rural landowner to transform the surplus area of his Legal Reserve into Environmental Reserve Quotas corresponding to each hectare of native vegetation. However, small rural property, that is, the one which has up to four (4) fiscal modules, can institute the Environmental Reserve Quotas over the entire size of its legal reserve area, not only over the surplus area. In addition, the small property is free to maintain the minimum percentage of legal reserve area, since the area had been consolidated on July 22, 2008, and new deforestation is prohibited. Because of the many peculiarities and the complexity of issues involving the environment and sustainable development, to the present piece of research a case study was chosen in the Community of the Damaceno Line, a rural area in the municipality of PatoBranco, located in the Atlantic Forest Biome, of plant formation Mixed Ombrophylous Forest Montana. The community is inserted in the macro-area of agricultural stock, bathed by the Pato Branco River and its tributaries (Rio Pinheiro, Rio da Divisa), and from where SANEPAR collects the water to supply the municipality. To understand how this community perceives environmental issues, a semi-structured research was used, containing a form and an interview, as well as methods such as the dialogical analysis of discourse and environmental perception. The obtained results made a correlation between the sustainable development, the payment of environmental services and compensation of the legal reserve area for quotas of environmental reserve, by means of interdisciplinary orientation. In addition, due to the methods used, a historical rescue was made regarding on the emergence of legal reserve area compensation in the Brazilian legal system, and on the formation of the Linha Damaceno Community, which has also demonstrated great historical wealth for the municipality of PatoBranco. In relation to the main theme of the research, the possibility of commercialization of Environmental Reserve Quotas by the small landowners of the Damaceno Line, it was concluded that there are properties that match all requirements currently formulated by the New Forest Code, however few farmers have shown interest on it, mainly due to the limitations that the property would have after the institution of the Environmental Reserve Quotas. Another important factor was the environmental perception regarding the farmers’ favoring who deforested their legal reserve areas and today can use the compensation mechanism without the need to restore the minimum percentages of the Legal Reserve Area.

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Corcoll, i. Cornet Natàlia. "The use of pulse amplitude modulated fluorescence techniques for metal toxicity assessment in fluvial biofilms." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/78995.

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Metal pollution in rivers is in great concern with human activities in the fluvial watershed. This thesis aims to investigate the potential use of chl-a fluorescence parameters as biomarkers of metal toxicity, and to find cause-effect relationships between metal exposures, other environmental factor (i.e. light), and functional and structural biofilm responses. This thesis demonstrates that the use of chl-a fluorescence parameters allows detect early effects on biofilms caused by zinc toxicity, both in the laboratory as in polluted rivers. In microcosm experiments, the use of chl-a fluorescence parameters allows evaluates structural changes on photosynthetic apparatus and in algal groups’ composition of biofilms long-term exposed to zinc. In order to evaluate the effects of chronic metal pollution in rivers, it is recommended the use of biofilm translocation experiments and the use of a multi-biomarker approach.
La contaminació per metalls en els rius està principalment lligada a l’activitat humana que té lloc a la conca fluvial. Aquesta tesi té per objectiu principal avaluar l'ús potencial dels paràmetres de fluorescència de la chl-a com a biomarcadors de toxicitat per metalls, i trobar relacions causa-efecte entre l’exposició dels metalls, altres factors ambientals (ex. la llum), i les respostes funcionals i estructurals del biofilms. Aquesta tesi demostra que els paràmetres de fluorescència de la chl-a permeten detectar alteracions ràpides del biofilm causades per la toxicitat del zinc, tan al laboratori com en rius contaminats. En microcosmos, els paràmetres de fluorescència de la chl-a permeten avaluar canvis estructurals en l’aparell fotosintètic i en la composició dels grups algals dels biofilms exposats crònicament al zinc. Per avaluar els efectes de la contaminació crònica per metalls en rius es recomana fer experiments de translocació de biofilms i utilitzar una aproximació de multi-biomarcador.

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Grilli, Natalia de Miranda. "Ciência integrada para gestão costeira: potencialidades e desafios." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21134/tde-14032018-143730/.

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A complexidade dos problemas socioambientais atuais enfrentados pela humanidade tem demandado abordagens mais participativas de produção científica, como a Ciência Pós-Normal, e de gestão, como a Gestão Baseada em Ecossistemas e a Gestão Costeira Integrada. Todas essas abordagens têm como um de seus princípios a Interdisciplinaridade, reconhecendo que o desenvolvimento de pesquisas científicas que busquem integrar diversas disciplinas, múltiplos sistemas de conhecimento e aproximar ciência e gestão são de fundamental importância em prover soluções às complexas questões postas pela sociedade. Apesar disso, a prática da interdisciplinaridade ainda encontra resistência no meio político-acadêmico onde se insere. Assim, o presente trabalho buscou abordar os desafios e as potencialidades de se desenvolver esse tipo de ciência, com foco em ecossistemas marinhos e costeiros, a partir de duas escalas de planejamento e execução científicas (top-down e bottom-up, respectivamente): i) da perspectiva de agências de fomento à pesquisa no Brasil; e ii) da análise de um projeto de pesquisa oceanográfico que objetivou ter uma abordagem interdisciplinar, como estudo de caso. A partir de entrevistas e análises documentais, buscou-se ainda fornecer subsídios ao desenvolvimento de futuros projetos científicos interdisciplinares e aprimoramento da interface ciência-gestão costeira.
The complexity of current socioenvironmental problems faced by humanity has pushed scientific endeavors towards more participative approaches, such as Post-Normal Science, and management, such as Ecosystem Based Management and Integrated Coastal Management. Interdisciplinarity is understood as one of the key elements of these approaches. Thus developing scientific researches that intend to integrate different disciplines, multiple knowledge systems and bring together policy and science is essential to provide answers to the complexities of societal issues. Nevertheless, the development of interdisciplinary research still faces many political and academic obstacles. Therefore, this study presents the challenges and potential of developing integrated science, focusing on coastal and marine ecosystems. We did that from two different planning and execution scales (top-down and bottom-up, respectively): i) from the perspective of research funding agencies; and ii) from the perspective of researchers of an oceanographic research project that intended to work in an interdisciplinarity manner as a study case. From interviews and document analyses, we provide contributions to the development of future interdisciplinary scientific research projects and to the improvement of science-policy interfaces in coastal zones.

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Hatsumura, Paula Mariko. "Subsídios para elaboração de projeto de pagamento por serviços ambientais na bacia hidrográfica do manancial do alto curso do Rio Santo Anastácio - UGRHI Pontal do Paranapanema - Estado de São Paulo - Brasil." Ilha Solteira, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/157494.

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Orientador: Antonio Cezar Leal
Resumo: Neste projeto técnico tem-se como objetivo a elaboração de uma proposta que subsidie o projeto básico de Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais do Programa Produtor de Água na bacia hidrográfica do manancial do alto curso do Rio Santo Anastácio. Esta bacia hidrográfica está localizada no extremo oeste do Estado de São Paulo, na Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos do Pontal do Paranapanema - UGRHI 22 e possui uma área de, aproximadamente, 198 km², englobando partes dos municípios de Álvares Machado, Anhumas, Pirapozinho, Presidente Prudente e Regente Feijó. A proposta foi realizada com base no Manual Operativo do Programa Produtor de Água – 2ª Edição, que compõe as orientações às pessoas e instituições que pretendam participar deste programa. O conteúdo principal dessa pesquisa consiste na elaboração do Roteiro Mínimo de Apresentação do Projeto, a qual contou com a participação de diversas entidades, definidas como instituições parceiras, cada qual com suas especialidades. Foi elaborada a caracterização da bacia hidrográfica, com base em estudos já realizados; as metodologias que serão utilizadas como estratégias de PSA, de educação ambiental, estratégias para as ações de restauração ecológica, conservação de água e solo, bem como para o monitoramento da bacia hidrográfica do manancial do alto curso do Rio Santo Anastácio. Dessa forma, espera-se que este estudo gere subsídios para que, futuramente, na área em estudo possa se implantar efetivamente o Programa Produtor de Á... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In this technical project the objective is the preparation of a proposal that subsidizes the basic project of Payment for Environmental Services of the Water Producer Program in the watershed of the wellspring of the high current of Santo Anastácio River. This watershed is located in the extreme west of the State of São Paulo, in the Water Resources Management Unit of Pontal do Paranapanema - UGRHI 22 and has an area of approximately 198 km², encompassing parts of the cities of Álvares Machado, Anhumas, Pirapozinho, Presidente Prudente and Regente Feijó. The proposal was based on the Operational Manual of the Water Producer Program – 2nd Edition, which makes up the guidelines persons and institutions wishing to participate in this program. The main content of this research is the elaboration of the Minimal Presentation of the Project, which was attended by several entities, defined as partner institutions each with its own specialties. It was elaborated the characterization of watershed based on studies already made; the methodologies that will be used as PSA strategies, environmental education, strategies for ecological restoration actions, water and soil conservation, as well as for the monitoring of watershed of the wellspring of the high current of Santo Anastácio River. Thus, it is expected that this study will generate subsidies so that, in the future, in the study área the Water Producer Program, thus benefiting the environment, with the protection and production of wa... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Teixeira, Moara Almeida Canova [UNESP]. "Construção de mecanismos de pagamento por serviços ambientais no cinturão de cana-de-açúcar do interior paulista através de métodos participativos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150979.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O Brasil encontra-se na posição de grande produtor e exportador de commodities agrícolas, ao passo que é uma potência mundial em termos de biodiversidade e recursos hídricos. Com o uso e ocupação do solo em franca intensificação, torna-se cada vez mais importante direcionar atenções para potenciais sinergias entre a exploração agrícola e a proteção ambiental através do conceito de Serviços Ambientais (SA). Logo, instrumentos econômicos como o Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais (PSA) configuram-se como uma alternativa de assegurar a manutenção de processos ecológicos concomitante à atividade agropecuária. Desta forma, a nova versão do Código Florestal Brasileiro (CFB nº 12651/2012) da Legislação Ambiental Brasileira (LAB), prevê pagamento ou incentivos à conservação dos ecossistemas que forneçam serviços, entretanto, o texto desta nova lei deixa lacunas quanto aos mecanismos de implementação. Com base nestes aspectos, esse trabalho aborda em três capítulos questões sobre SA e PSA, cujo primeiro é uma apresentação geral do tema e da metodologia base utilizada nos capítulos seguintes. O capítulo 2 inicia a investigação dos serviços de maior relevância fornecidos nas áreas de produção de cana-de-açúcar e de alimentos (dentro do Cinturão de cana-de-açúcar), pela perspectiva dos agricultores destes dois grupos. Como resultado, evidencia-se que ambos os grupos apresentam perspectivas de sinergia, mas também distinções significativas quanto à percepção sobre os serviços ambientais fornecidos nas diferentes paisagens. Os serviços de regulação climática local e manutenção da água são importantes para o desenvolvimento agrícola, bem-estar da população urbana e dos agricultores de modo geral. Enquanto a polinização, dispersão de sementes e controle de pragas foram reconhecidos apenas pelos produtores das unidades rurais de alimentos. Posto isto, a visão política dos produtores e tomadores de decisão do município de Rio Claro-SP, referente à operacionalização dos SA, convergiu em pagamentos destinados à preservação de remanescentes florestais de custódia obrigatória (i.e Área de Preservação Permanente-APP e Reserva Legal-RL), a fim de proteger os mananciais. No entanto, houve conflito de opiniões entre os atores em caso de o poder público decidir implementar esquemas de PSA que contemplem apenas produtores com déficits de APP e RL em detrimento daqueles que sempre estiveram de acordo com a LAB, o que caracterizaria futuras externalidades sociais e econômicas negativas no contexto de política pública. Por fim no capítulo 3, a comparação de experiência de PSA entre Brasil e Escócia, mostrou que a integração dos objetivos das políticas públicas agrícolas, ambientais e de desenvolvimento econômico, com um fundo de financiamento comum e claro, ajuda atenuar processos burocráticos de gestão orçamentária e conflito entre pagadores e beneficiários em projetos de PSA locais. Diante de toda a avaliação da pesquisa, conclui-se que a abordagem participatória de estudo, ou seja, que envolve diversos atores sociais dentre eles o corpo científico, possibilitou compreender as diferentes perspectivas dos atores em nível local, seja de produção agrícola em grande escala (cana-de-açúcar) quanto na escala familiar de alimentos e de tomada de decisão para as exigências de SA nacionais. Dessa forma, evidenciou-se a necessidade de várias e complexas etapas para operacionalização de SA e sua possibilidade na gestão dos recursos naturais, diante da situação de expansão de commodities agrícolas e acelerada perda de serviços ambientais. Portanto, o estudo se faz relevante para elaboração de políticas públicas voltadas a implementação de PSA, no contexto de desenvolvimento agrícola e paisagens degradadas.
Brazil is a major producer and exporter of agricultural commodities and a world power in terms of biodiversity and water resources. With the ongoing process of land-use intensification, it becomes increasingly important to investigate and promote potential synergies between agriculture and natural resources conservation, mostly represented through the concept of Ecosystem Services (ES). Therefore, economic instruments such as Payment for Environmental Services (PSA) are an alternative to ensure the maintenance of ecological processes concomitant to agricultural activity. The new version of the Brazilian Forest Code (BFC nº 12651/2012) of the Brazilian Environmental Legislation (BEL) predicts payment or incentives for the conservation of ecosystems that provide services. However, the text of this law leaves gaps regarding implementation mechanisms. Based on these aspects, this dissertation addresses three chapters on ES and PES, the first of which is a general presentation of the theme and the methodology used in the following chapters. The chapter 2 begins the investigation of the services the most relevance provided in the areas of sugarcane and food production in Rio Claro (inside sugarcane belt in São Paulo state), according farmers’ perspective of these two groups. As results, both groups show perspectives of synergy, but also significant distinctions regarding the perception on the ES provided in the different landscapes. The services relative to local climate regulation and water maintenance are important for agricultural development, farmers and urban population well-being, overall. While pollination, seed dispersal and pest control were services recognized only by food farmers. Therefore, political point of view of farmers and decision-makers from Rio Claro municipality, referring to the operationalization of the SA, converged in payments destined to the preservation of forest remnants of compulsory custody (i.e. Permanent Preservation Area-PPA and Legal Reserve- LR) in order to protect the water springs. Therefore, political point of view of farmers and decision-makers from Rio Claro municipality, referring to the operationalization of the ES converged in payments destined to the preservation of forest remnants of compulsory custody (i.e. Permanent Preservation Area-PPA and Legal Reserve- LR) in order to protect the water springs. Nevertheless, there were opinion conflicts among the actors, supposing that public authorities decide to implement PES schemes that only contemplate producers with PPA and LR deficits, in detriment of those who have always been in agreement with LAB. This, in turn, cam characterize social and economic externalities in the context of public policy. Finally, in chapter 3, the comparison of PES experiences between Brazil and Scotland showed us that, the integration of agricultural, environmental and economic public policy with a common and clear financing fund helps to attenuate bureaucratic processes of budgetary management and reduces the conflicts between payers and beneficiaries in local PES projects. In additional, it was concluded which, the study participatory approach, involving several social actors, among them the scientific body, made possible to comprehension of the different actor’s perspective at the local level either agricultural of large-scale (sugarcane) or familiar scale (food production), as well as, of decision making for national ES requirements. Thus, the study demonstrates need of various and complexes steps to ES operationalization and its possibility in the management of natural resources, in reason of the expansion of agricultural commodities, as well as, in local where there is accelerated loss of ES. Therefore, the study is relevant for the elaboration of public policies aimed at the implementation of PES in the context of agricultural development and degraded landscapes.
FAPESP: 2014/08345-5

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Pinto, Arley de Castro. "A política de pagamentos por serviços ecossistêmicos (PSE): o caso do programa bolsa verde em Minas Gerais (2010-2011)." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2012. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/13550.

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The Bolsa Verde program was established as a recent initiative of environmental policy of the Minas Gerais state, which provides financial incentives to farmers who practice conservation activities and/or restoration of native vegetation within their farms. In late 2010 and early 2011 registrations were made by farmers to participate in the program. Due to its innovative character Minas Gerais is one of the first Brazilian states to create such a state law and its importance as a policy to reverse the degradation process of native vegetation, it is imperative the monitoring of its implementation. In this sense, this thesis aims to analyze the participation of farmers in the state of Minas Gerais in the first phase of Bolsa Verde, and the data analyzed came from the Instituto Estadual de Florestas (IEF), responsible for the operationalization of the program. During the first stage of registration to the program modality of maintenance of existing native vegetation 980 farms were awarded of 2.587 inscriptions, with a total area of 860.835.19 hectares and a total value of R$6.467 million. This means that Bolsa Verde program will provide that amount of financial resources to benefit farmers during five years as a way to reward them for the preservation of native vegetation and, in return, farmers are committed to protect it, thus ensuring the protection of biodiversity and ecosystem services. It is believed the results can be used as initial indications on the first implementation phase of the program, and another contribution that can be pointed out is the support in the policy dissemination, whose knowledge from the audience (farmers) side is still not adequate.
O programa Bolsa Verde constitui-se como uma iniciativa recente de política ambiental do estado de Minas Gerais, o qual prevê a concessão de incentivos financeiros aos produtores rurais do estado (proprietários e posseiros) que pratiquem atividades de conservação e/ou restauração da vegetação nativa dentro de suas propriedades. No fim de 2010 e início de 2011 foram feitos cadastramentos dos produtores rurais mineiros para participação no programa. Em função de seu caráter inovador Minas Gerais é um dos primeiros estados brasileiros a criar uma lei estadual dessa natureza e de sua importância enquanto política de contenção/reversão do processo de degradação da vegetação nativa, torna-se premente o acompanhamento de sua implementação. É nesse sentido que esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a adesão dos produtores rurais do estado de Minas Gerais ao Bolsa Verde, sendo que os dados analisados são provenientes do Instituto Estadual de Florestas (IEF), responsável pela operacionalização do Bolsa Verde. Durante a primeira etapa de inscrição ao programa modalidade de manutenção da vegetação nativa existente foram contempladas 980 propriedades mineiras, de 2.587 propostas, perfazendo uma área total de propriedade de 860.835,19 ha, com um volume total de R$6,467 milhões, isto é, durante cinco anos, o programa Bolsa Verde disponibilizará esse montante de recursos aos produtores beneficiados como forma de recompensá-los pela preservação de sua vegetação nativa e, em contrapartida, os produtores assumem o compromisso de protegê-la, garantindo assim a proteção da biodiversidade e dos serviços ecossistêmicos. Espera-se que os resultados sirvam como indicativos iniciais sobre a primeira fase de implementação do programa, e outra contribuição que se pode apontar é o suporte na divulgação da política, cujo conhecimento, por parte do público-alvo, ainda não se encontra num patamar desejável.
Mestre em Economia

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Corrêa, Carina Júlia Pensa. "Viabilidade da implantação de um programa de pagamentos por serviços ambientais: uma análise na sub-bacia do Pirajibu, Sorocaba-SP." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8948.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Public policy incentives are essential to the effectiveness of environmental law and the preservation of services provided by ecosystems. In this context, Payments for Ecosystem Services –PSE programs remunerate environmental services providers through funds built from the user/polluter pays logic. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of implementing a PSA program in Pirajibu watershed, Sorocaba -SP, and suggest suitable alternatives for the conservation of water resources in the region. To this end, secondary data were collected on public agencies. In addition, were analyzed pictures from the RapidEye satellite (Ministry of Environment-ME), and with the help of satellite images from Google Earth, processed in Quantum GIS 1.6 software- Open Source Information Systems Finally, field trips were made to verify the information found. The results indicate that there is difficulty identifying possible providers and calculate the opportunity cost of the land, since agriculture is a rare activity in the region. Regarding environmental services, there was a great potential of the Pirajibu –Mirim River for water supply. This watershed has been studied in more detail, its water sources were mapped and some of them diagnosed in macroscopic analysis in the field. The water sources are, for the most part, in particular areas, with water having satisfactory aspects. However, there is the presence of garbage, lack of identification, proximity roads and the lack of environmental compliance expected by the Brazilian Forest Code (Lei nº. 12.651/ 2012). This scenario shows the importance that public policy in Sorocaba-SP considers the recovery and protection of water sources, however, not directly compensating the owner. It is suggested that the model has the forecast works for soil conversation on dirt roads, in addition to a donation of inputs and technical assistance to owners interested in recovery. Also considering the characteristics of relief and zoning of the master plan, it is proposed to establish a Private Reserve of National Heritage - PRNP at the head region of Pirajibu -Mirim River. Finally, it is suggested the implementation of other tax incentive policies in the region, such as property tax reduction in suitable properties with economic and social use.
As políticas públicas de incentivo são imprescindíveis para a efetividade das legislações ambientais e para a conservação dos serviços providos pelos ecossistemas. Nesse contexto, programas de Pagamentos por Serviços Ambientais-PSA remuneram provedores de serviços ambientais por meio de fundos construídos a partir da lógica do usuário/poluidor-pagador. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a possibilidade da implantação de um programa de PSA na sub-bacia do Pirajibu, no município de Sorocaba-SP, bem como sugerir alternativas adequadas para a conservação dos recursos hídricos na região. Para tanto, foram realizadas coletas de dados secundários em órgãos públicos. Além disso, foram analisadas imagens do satélite Rapideye (Ministério do Meio Ambiente-MMA), e, com o auxílio de imagens de satélite do programa Google Earth, processadas no programa Quantum GIS 1.6. Por fim, saídas de campo foram realizadas para verificação das informações encontradas. A análise dos resultados encontrados indica a dificuldade na identificação de possíveis provedores e nos cálculos do custo de oportunidade da terra, já que a agricultura é uma atividade rara na região. Em relação aos serviços ambientais, a microbacia do rio Pirajibu-Mirim apresentou grande potencial para abastecimento hídrico. Adotada como área prioritária, suas nascentes foram mapeadas e algumas delas diagnosticadas em análise macroscópica em campo. As nascentes estão, em sua grande maioria, localizadas em áreas particulares, com água apresentando aspectos satisfatórios. No entanto, observa-se a presença de lixo, ausência de identificação, proximidade de estradas de terra e a ausência de adequação ambiental prevista pelo Código Florestal brasileiro (Lei nº 12.651/2012). Esse cenário mostra a importância de que uma política pública de conservação em Sorocaba considere a recuperação e proteção de nascentes, entretanto, não remunerando diretamente o proprietário. Sugere-se que o modelo tenha como previsão obras para conservação do solo em estradas de terra, além da doação de insumos e assistência técnica aos proprietários interessados na recuperação. Considerando também as características do relevo e o zoneamento do plano diretor, propõe-se a instituição de uma Unidade de Conservação que incorpore a região de cabeceira do rio Pirajibu-Mirim. Por fim, sugere-se a implantação de outras políticas de incentivos fiscais na região, como redução de IPTU em propriedades adequadas ambientalmente e que apresentem uso econômico e social.

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Bonet, Sánchez Berta. "Antioxidant enzyme activities in fluvial biofilms as biomakers of metal pollution." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/110519.

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The present thesis aims to evaluate the use of antioxidant enzyme activities (AEA) of biofilm communities as biomarkers of metal pollution (mainly Zn) in fluvial ecosystems. In order to test AEA as biomarkers of metal pollution as well as their responses to environmental variables, several ecotoxicological experiments have been performed. A zoom from field studies (with high ecological realism) to microcosm experiments (under controlled conditions) has been done to fill the gap between both approaches and understand AEA responses under a multiple-stress (environmental and metallic) scenario. The field studies were carried out in the Riera d’Osor, a tributary of the Ter, located in the region of La Selva (Girona province)
L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi és avaluar l’ús de les activitats enzimàtiques antioxidants (AEA) dels biofilms com a biomarcadors de contaminació metàl·lica (principalment per zinc (Zn)) en els ecosistemes fluvials. Per tal d’estudiar la resposta de les AEA a la contaminació metàl•lica, així com també la resposta a altres canvis ambientals (situacions d’estrès múltiple), s’han realitzat diversos experiments ecotoxicològics fent un zoom des d’estudis de camp (amb un elevat realisme ecològic) fins a un estudi de laboratori utilitzant microcosmos (amb condicions controlades). Els estudis de camp s’han dut a terme a la riera d’Osor, afluent del Ter, situada a la comarca de la Selva (província de Girona)

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Saraiva, Vanessa Kelly. "Critérios para avaliação da qualidade de sedimentos - Estudo de caso: Sub-bacia do Ribeirão Espírito Santo, afluente do Rio São Francisco." CNEN - Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte, 2007. http://www.bdtd.cdtn.br//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=69.

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Nenhuma
Valores-guia de qualidade de sedimentos (VGQS) têm sido usados para avaliar o risco ecológico associado à contaminação de sedimentos para organismos bentônicos. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de metodologias e levantamento de dados que permitissem a aplicação de VGQS para os metais Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni e Zn. O local escolhido foi a sub-bacia do ribeirão Espírito Santo, que integra a Unidade de Planejamento e Gestão de Recursos Hídricos UPGRH SF4 da bacia do rio São Francisco, localizada junto ao núcleo urbano da cidade de Três Marias. A vida na sub-bacia é afetada, principalmente, pela instalação de uma barragem de rejeitos oriundos do beneficiamento do minério de zinco na região. Os estudos foram direcionados à caracterização biogeoquímica dos sedimentos por meio da determinação das concentrações de sulfetos volatilizáveis por acidificação (SVA), da determinação da fração de metais associada aos SVA nos sedimentos totais, denominada metais extraídos simultaneamente (MES) e do estudo da partição de metais entre os sedimentos totais e águas intersticiais. Os dados levantados foram interpretados em associação aos resultados da estrutura da comunidade bentônica e testes de ecotoxicidade. Os estudos incluíram ainda, a realização de análises das variáveis físico-químicas e da concentração de metais nas amostras de águas superficiais; análises mineralógicas, granulométricas, teor de matéria orgânica e concentração de contaminantes inorgânicos em amostras de sedimentos. Elevados valores de condutividade elétrica e sólidos totais dissolvidos foram obtidos em apenas uma estação de amostragem de água superficial. Os resultados das análises por ativação neutrônica mostraram que os elementos químicos predominantes nas amostras de sedimentos são o Ti, Al, V, Mn, e Fe. Os resultados das análises de metais totais nas amostras de sedimentos demonstraram que apenas o ponto localizado no córrego Lavagem, a montante de sua foz no ribeirão Espírito Santo, apresentou valores de concentração dos metais avaliados (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni e Zn) acima dos valores obtidos no ponto de background. Os limites de TEL (Threshold Effect Level) e PEL (Probable Effect Level) não foram ultrapassados em nenhuma das campanhas de coleta. O Valor-Guia de Unidades Tóxicas de Águas Intersticiais (VGUTAI), preconizado pela USEPA, aplicado aos sedimentos foi violado em todos os pontos de amostragem. A aplicação do VGQS, baseado na teoria do equilíbrio de partição, mostrou que os metais são controlados pela fase sulfídrica presente nos sedimentos, indicando que os metais presentes nos sedimentos não estão biodisponíveis. Os resultados de avaliação da estrutura da comunidade bentônica indicaram uma possível influência da barragem de rejeitos sobre a estrutura da comunidade bentônica nos trechos avaliados do córrego Lavagem e no ribeirão Espírito Santo, a jusante da confluência com o córrego Lavagem. Os resultados dos testes de ecotoxicidade demonstraram a ocorrência apenas de efeitos tóxicos crônicos.
Sediment Quality Values Guidelines (SQVG) have been used for evaluating ecological risk associated with the sediment contamination for benthonic organisms. The main objective of this work was to develop methodologies and to collect data that allowed the application of SQVG for the following metals: Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn. The location chosen for the case study was the sub-watershed of the Espírito Santo Stream, which is part of the Unit Planning and Hydrologic Resources Management UPGRH SF4, of the São Francisco river watershed, located in the area of the city of Três Marias. The life in the sub-watershed is significantly affected by the installation of a waste dam that controls effluents coming from the zinc-ore beneficiation plant. Our studies addressed the biogeochemical characterization of the sediments of those environments through the determination of the concentrations of acid volatile sulfide (AVS), the study of the partitioning of metals among the total sediments and interstitial waters, and the determination of the fraction of metals associated with AVS in the total sediments. The data obtained were analyzed in association with those related to the analysis of the structure of the benthonic community and eco-toxicity tests. The studies also included analysis of the physico-chemical variables and concentration of metals in the samples of the surface water; mineralogical and granulometric analyses, quantity of organic matter and concentration of inorganic contaminants in the samples of sediments. High levels of electrical conductivity and total solids diluted were found in one surface water sample site. The results of a Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) showed that the chemical elements predominant in the samples were Ti, Al, V, Mn and Fe. The results of the total metal analysis in sediment samples showed that only one point located in the Lavagem stream, situated immediately downstream the dam and before flowing into the Espirito Santo stream, presented concentration values of the evaluated metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn) above those of the background value. The TEL limits (Threshold Effect Level) and PEL (Probable Effect Level) were not exceeded in any of the sampling campaigns. The Guidelines Interstitial Water Toxic Units (IWTU), established by the USEPA, was violated for all samples. The application of SQVG, based on the equilibrium partition theory, showed that metals are controlled by the sulfide-phase present in sediments. This indicates that the metals presented in the sediments may have low bio-availability. The results of the evaluation of the benthonic community structure indicated a possible influence of the waste dam in the Lavagem stream and in the Espírito Santo stream, downstream the confluence with the Lavagem stream. The results of eco-toxicity tests showed that contaminated sediment can cause only chronic effects.

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Pacha, Vicente Esteban. "Propuesta de designación de la Zona Marina Especialmente Sensible del Estrecho de Gibraltar y Golfo de Cádiz." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/277379.

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In recent years, society has begun to take a new view of its relations with the surrounding environment, and in particular has become aware of the need to ensure the sustainability of the oceans and their biodiversity. This concerns have also moved the scientific community to include aspects of environmental science and engineering in their curricula. This thesis links both the causes and effects of maritime transport with the necessary protection of marine resources aiming to justify a specific proposal that would allow the right balance between the needs of maritime transportation and the desired environmental protection of the Strait of Gibraltar and the Gulf of Cadiz. Recent studies show that the model of human activity in this area is hardly sustainable in the terms in which has occurred to date and conclude that continuing with the current rate of growth of these activities would result in environmental problems leading to decreased levels of quality of life and a weakness of the productive sectors. It has also been demonstrated that the effects of chronic discharges in areas adjacent to the Strait of Gibraltar are more damaging than large spills even though limited in time, as occurred in the aftermath of the Prestige accident. Shipping is one of those human activities that have an ongoing impact on the marine environment and is capable of generating acute risks of serious environmental and economic consequences to the region. For these reasons, other Spanish waters enjoy some degree of protection against threats arising from shipping: the Mediterranean Sea is a Special Area under MARPOL Convention; the Cantabrian Sea and the north-western Atlantic waters are part of the Western European PSSA; and the Canary Islands were also designated as PSSA were several protective measures have been implemented. The designation of a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) represents a major advance in environmental protection that complements other existing conservation strategies. It is striking to note that despite the fact that the area subject to study supports one of the largest maritime traffic intensities of the planet and includes important spaces of environmental conservation - including UNESCO's Biosphere Reserves-, lacks an adequate level of protection to minimize the risks of marine pollution. In summary, this thesis studies the characteristics of the maritime area of the Strait of Gibraltar and the Gulf of Cadiz, as well as the levels of protection against the risks arising from shipping. A thorough analysis of the different options offered by international regulations to improve the aforementioned levels of protection leads to the conclusion that it would be appropriate to formally designate the area as a PSSA. Consequently, the dissertation postulates a detailed and definitive proposal for the designation of the PSSA STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR AND GULF OF CADIZ including various associated protective measures that could be implemented to improve safety of navigation, thus reducing the impact that maritime activities pose on the marine environment. The proposals put forward may also constitute a case study on how to combine science and engineering to achieve an environmental objective. In particular, Chapter 5 forms the basis for an eventual formulation of the proposed PSSA to the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Finally, the thesis provides lines of future research on further protection of the proposed PSSA. As a result, in addition to its value in the academic context, the work undertaken could materialize into concrete proposals that would contribute to the transfer of knowledge to the advantage of economic and social development through implementation of the academic research. This indeed contributes to the achievement of the UPC's own driven general strategies, as well as the enacted goals of the Campus of International Excellence of the Sea in the territorial context of the area covered by this thesis.
Esta tesis estudia las características del litoral y de las aguas marítimas de la zona del Estrecho de Gibraltar y Golfo de Cádiz, así como los niveles de protección frente a los riesgos derivados de la navegación y otras actividades marítimas en esa zona. Tras analizar detalladamente las diferentes opciones que ofrece la normativa internacional para mejorar los referidos niveles de protección, se concluye que resultaría adecuada la designación por parte de la Organización Marítima Internacional de esas aguas como Zona Marina Especialmente Sensible (ZMES) de acuerdo con las disposiciones del Convenio MARPOL. Consecuentemente, el trabajo personal de planteamiento de la tesis aporta una propuesta concreta para la designación de la ZMES del ESTRECHO DE GIBRALTAR Y GOLFO DE CÁDIZ que constituye el objeto principal de la tesis. Finalmente, a través de metodologías de selección de criterios, se diseña un sistema de ordenación de tráfico marítimo para la zona designada, que incluye distintas Medidas de Protección Asociadas que podrían implantarse para mejorar la eficiencia y los niveles de seguridad de la navegación reduciendo por tanto el impacto de las actividades marítimas sobre el medio marino

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Pisinthpunth, C. "A Guideline for Environmental Games (GEG) and a randomized controlled evaluation of a game to increase environmental knowledge related to human population growth." Thesis, Coventry University, 2015. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/ab227155-e0c9-4389-a76c-33b9f8283fcf/1.

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People often have very little knowledge about the impact of unsustainable human population growth on the environment and social well-being especially in developing countries. Therefore, an efficient method should be explored in order to educate, and if possible, to convince the members of the public to realize the environmental and social problems caused by the unsustainable population growth. Digital Game-Based Learning (DGBL) has been highlighted by some studies as an innovative tool for learning enhancement. While only a handful of studies have scientifically evaluated the impact of DGBL on knowledge outcomes, the approach is an attractive tool to increase knowledge and motivate engagement with environmental issues surrounding population growth because of its potential to improve learners’ motivation and engagement thereby compared to traditional learning approaches. Therefore, the three primary research questions for this study are: 1) "Can a single-player digital game be an appropriate and attractive learning application for the players to gain insight about the relationship between the growing human population and the environmental issues?" 2) "How can we design environmental games for the players to gain insights about the relationship between the growing human population and the environmental issues via playing a game?" and 3) "What are the obstacles preventing the players from adapting environmental knowledge obtained from the learning mediums into the real-life?" To inform the development of an efficacious DGBL game to impact learning outcomes, critical reviews of environmental issues related to population growth as well as critical reviews of commercial and serious environmental games in terms of their educational and motivational values were undertaken in this study. The results of these critical reviews informed the development of a Guideline for Environmental Games (or GEG). The GEG was developed by combining the engaging game technology with environmental learning and persuasion theories. The GEG was then used to inform the development of a prototype game called THE GROWTH; a single-player, quiz-based, city-management game targeting young adolescents and adults. Multiple evaluation methods of the game were used to answer the three key research questions mentioned earlier. These methods included: 1) The Randomized Controlled Trial approach (RCT) where the participants were systematically divided into the experimental and the control group respectively and their knowledge scores (quantitative data) compared and analyzed, 2) The participants’ abilities to recall and describe the environmental and well-being issues were collected and analyzed qualitatively using The Content Analysis method (CA) and, 3) The participants’ overall feedback on the learning mediums was collected and analyzed to evaluate the motivational values of THE GROWTH itself. To this end, THE GROWTH was evaluated with 82 Thai-nationality participants (70 males and 12 females). The results showed that participants assigned to play THE GROWTH demonstrated greater environmental and social-well-being knowledge related to population growth (F(1,40) = 43.86, p = .006) compared to the control group participants assigned to a non-interactive reading activity (consistent with material presented in THE GROWTH). Furthermore, participants who played THE GROWTH recalled on average more content presented in the game when compared to participants who were presented with similar content in the reading material (t (59) = 3.35, p = .001). In terms of level of engagement, the study suggested that participants assigned to the game were more engaging with their learning medium on average when compared to participants assigned to the non-interactive reading activity. This is evidenced by the longer time participants spent on the task, the activity observed from participants’ recorded gameplay, and their positive responses in the survey. The semi-structured interviews used in this study highlighted the participants’ attitudes towards the environmental, social, and technological issues. Although the participants’ perceived behavioural intention towards the environmental commitments were not statistically differed between the two study group, their responses still provide some evidences that leaps may occur from the learning mediums to the real-world context. Furthermore, these responses can be valuable evidences for the policy makers and for the future development of environmental serious games. Overall, the results suggested that digital environmental games such as THE GROWTH might be an effective and motivational tool in promote the learning about sustainable population size, the environment, and the social well-being. The game’s ability to convince the participants to change towards sustainable lifestyles, however, might be subjected to the future research and other real-world circumstances such as the governmental and public supports. In summary, the research in this thesis makes the following contributions to knowledge: • The Guideline for Environmental Games (GEG) contributes to knowledge about making theoretically-based environmental games. It has particular significance because the guideline was validated by demonstrating learning improvements in a systematic randomized controlled trial. • The use of Multi-Strategy Study Design where multiple systematic evaluation methods were used in conjunction to provide conclusive findings about the efficacy of DGBL to impact outcomes. • THE GROWTH itself is a contribution to applied research as an example of an effective DGBL learning tool.

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Valerio, Francesco. "Landscape functional connectivity and animal movement: application of remote sensing for increasing efficiency of road mitigation measures." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/31356.

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Roads are a major threat to wildlife due to induced mortality and restrictions to animal movement. A central issue in conservation biology is the accurate site identification for the implementation of multispecies mitigation measures, on roads. Those measures entail high costs and methodological challenges and their efficiency highly depend on the right location. The aim of this PhD is to inform, through remote sensing and connectivity modelling, how to increase the efficiency of planning mitigation measures to reduce roadkill and promote connectivity; and demonstrate the usefulness of remote sensing in defining suitable areas for the conservation of an endangered species that often occurs in the vicinity of roads. To do so, we first assessed whether occurrence-based strategies were able to infer functional connectivity, compared to those more complex and financially demanding based on telemetry, with respect to daily and dispersal movements. Secondly, we assessed whether remote sensing data were sufficiently informative to identify key habitats for a threatened species around road verges. Thirdly, we assessed the predictive and prioritisation ability of road mitigation units intercepting multispecies corridors to prevent vulnerability to roadkill. Findings revealed that simple models are suitable as complex ones for both daily and dispersal movements, allowing for costly-effective connectivity assessments. Results demonstrated the ability of free remote sensing data to identify microhabitat conditions in verges and surrounding landscape, for a threatened rodent, allowing for the delimitation of refugee areas and definition of monitoring strategies for the species. Undemanding data (occurrence and remote sensing) were able to describe species-specific ecological requirements for birds, bats and non-flying mammals as well as roadkill patterns, possibly due to similar overlapping corridors and habitats, despite some mismatches that occurred for highly mobile species. This framework ensured high efficiency in prioritisation of multispecies roadkill mitigation planning, resilient to long-term landscape dynamics; Conectividade funcional da paisagem e movimento animal: aplicação da detecção remota para aumentar a eficiência de medidas de mitigação em estradas. Resumo: As estradas constituem uma enorme ameaça para a vida selvagem devido à mortalidade. Uma questão central é a identificação dos locais para implementar medidas de mitigação multiespécies, em estradas. Essas medidas envolvem custos elevados e desafios metodológicos e sua eficiência depende muito da localização correcta. O objetivo deste doutoramento é informar, através de detecção remota e conectividade, como aumentar a eficiência do planeamento de medidas de mitigação para reduzir atropelamentos e promover a conectividade; e demonstrar a utilidade da detecção remota na definição de áreas adequadas para a conservação de espécies ameaçadas que podem ocorrer nas proximidades de estradas. Portanto, primeiro avaliamos se os dados resultantes de amostragens simples eram capazes de inferir conectividade funcional, em comparação com estratégias complexas, respeito aos movimentos diários e de dispersão. Segundo, avaliamos se os dados de detecção remota eram suficientemente informativos para identificar habitats-chave para uma espécie ameaçada em torno das margens das estradas. Terceiro, avaliamos a capacidade preditiva e de prioritização das unidades de mitigação de estradas que cruzam corredores multi-espécies para reduzir o risco de atropelamentos. Os resultados revelaram que os modelos simples são adequados quanto os complexos para os movimentos diários e de dispersão. Os resultados demonstraram a capacidade dos dados de detecção remota gratuitos em identificar condições de microhabitats nos habitats de berma e na paisagem circundante, para um roedor ameaçado, permitindo a delimitação de áreas de refúgio. Dados pouco exigentes (ocorrência e detecção remota) foram capazes de descrever os requisitos ecológicos específicos de aves, morcegos e mamíferos não voadores, bem como padrões de atropelamentos, possivelmente devido a corredores e habitats semelhantes, apesar de haver algumas incompatibilidades para espécies de maior mobilidade. Essa estrutura foi capaz de garantir uma elevada eficiência na prioritização de planeamento de mitigação de atropelamentos para multi-espécies, resiliente à dinâmica da paisagem de longo prazo.

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Meiss, Helmut. "Diversifying crop rotations with temporary grasslands : potentials for weed mangement and farmland biodiversity." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00575607.

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Crop rotation may be used to prevent the continuous selection of particular weed species adapted to one crop type. This might be useful for weed management, economy in herbicide applications and promoting biodiversity. Common simple crop sequences might be diversified by introducing perennial forage crops. Impacts of such perennial crops on weeds were studied with four approaches : 1) Large-scale weed surveys in 632 fields in western France showed that weed species composition differed most strongly between perennial alfalfa crops and annual crops. Comparisons of fields before, during and after perennial alfalfa suggested that community composition varies in a cyclic way during such crop rotations. Several weed species problematic in annual crops were suppressed during and after perennial crops, but the appearance of other species led to equal or even higher plant diversities. 2) A 3-year field experiment with contrasting crop management options allowed an investigation of the underlying mechanisms for this: The absence of soil tillage reduced weed emergence but increased the survival of established plants. The permanent vegetation cover and frequent hay cuttings reduced weed growth, plant survival and seed production. 3) Greenhouse experiments testing the regrowth ability of individual plants after cutting showed strong differences between species and functional groups. An two-factorial experiment suggested that the negative impacts of cutting and competition on weed growth were mainly additive. 4) Special measurements of weed seed predation in the field experiment showed positive correlations with vegetation cover, indicating that this ecosystem service may be particularly fostered by perennial crops. Consistent preferences of seed predators for certain weed species indicates that seed predation may be another cause of the observed weed community shifts.

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Penteado, Luis Fernando de Freitas. "Os créditos de emissões atmosféricas reduzidas e a responsabilidade civil ambiental." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7731.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:26:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Fernando de Freitas Penteado.pdf: 691795 bytes, checksum: 803fd93930323302ac5d26921cf12a66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-08
Although the problem related to the weather change has been widespread only in the last decades, it is not recent the concern of the international community in the adoption of measures for the mitigation of this change in the ecosystem balance. The Kyoto Protocol, however, comes as the concrete awareness of the need of acting towards the reduction of the greenhouse effect, which causes such changes in our weather, noticed, mainly, through the global warming. The main means designed by that international treaty is the possibility of compensating the emissions of the gases accountable for the greenhouse effect (GEG Greenhouse Effect Gases), which is possible only through the transaction of the Credits of Emission Reduction - CERs, commonly known as Carbon Credits. Its example was followed, individually, by several other countries, being its idea adopted, even by Brazil, most accurately by São Paulo Estate, which improved its concept in the reduction of the concentration in the atmosphere of some polluting gases and of particulated material. However, a lot is asked about the compatibility of the above mentioned Protocol inside the principles and main regulations of our Environmental Law, and also, about what would be the environmental civil responsibility of the people engaged in the projects, related to a possible not fulfilling of the reduction of the emissions, as declared in each case. In this paper, we will demonstrate the perfect compatibility among the projects that give rise to the getting of the Credits of Reduced Atmospheric Emissions and our main laws related to the environment protection, as well as to the Environmental Law Principles. Finally, we will also, as an important part of this paper, analyses the environmental civil responsibility of the people in charge of keeping the commitments made when a project is implemented, aiming at obtaining the Credits of the Reduced Atmospheric Emissions
Apesar de somente nas últimas décadas o problema relativo às mudanças climáticas ter ganhado a repercussão que lhe é devida, não é de agora a preocupação da Comunidade Internacional na adoção de medidas para mitigação dessa alteração ao equilíbrio ecossistêmico. O Protocolo de Quioto representa a concretização da necessidade de se agir de modo a reduzir o chamado efeito estufa, causador de tais mudanças em nosso clima, sentidas, principalmente, com o aquecimento global. O principal instrumento idealizado por este Tratado Internacional encontra-se na possibilidade de se compensar as emissões dos gases responsáveis pelo efeito estufa (GEE Gases de Efeito Estufa), ato que é possível apenas via transação das Certidões de Redução de Emissões - RCEs, popularmente conhecidas como Créditos de Carbono. Seu exemplo foi seguido ainda individualmente, por outros diversos países, chegando sua idéia a ser adotada inclusive pelo Brasil, mais precisamente pelo Estado de São Paulo, que aprimorou seu conceito na redução da concentração na atmosfera de alguns gases poluentes e de material particulado. Entretanto, muito se questiona doutrinariamente acerca da compatibilidade do referido instrumento com nosso Direito Ambiental, princípios e principais normas, e ainda sobre qual seria a responsabilidade civil ambiental daqueles envolvidos nos projetos, frente a um eventual não cumprimento da redução das emissões, conforme declarado em cada caso. Demonstrar-se-á, ao longo do texto, a perfeita compatibilidade entre os projetos que dão ensejo à obtenção dos Créditos de Emissões Atmosféricas Reduzidas e as nossas principais leis relativas à proteção do meio ambiente, bem como aos princípios de Direito Ambiental. Por fim, sendo ainda o foco principal do presente estudo, será analisada a responsabilidade civil ambiental dos responsáveis pela manutenção dos compromissos acordados quando da implementação de um projeto visando à obtenção dos Créditos de Emissões Atmosféricas Reduzidas

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Hongjiang, Li. "Enterprise business ecological strategic capabilities and enterprise group ecosystem health: an analysis based on the Sichuan Port and Channel Development Enterprise Group." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/17752.

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An enterprise group is a complex group of independent enterprises that are linked by a number of formal or informal relationships. Regarding enterprise group as a kind of business ecosystem, this dissertation explores the relationship between enterprise’s business ecological strategic capabilities and enterprise group’s ecosystem health based on Sichuan Port and Channel Development Enterprise Group, adopting business ecological perspective, enterprise capability theory and social network analysis theory. From ecological perspective, enterprises within a business ecosystem will be playing different roles. Therefore each of them will be having different basic strategic capabilities corresponding to its specific role, which will not only be influencing the enterprise’s own performance, but also stimulate the system’s ecosystem health. This dissertation used role-capabilities matching model to measure enterprise’s business ecological strategic capabilities, and construct a regression model of the enterprise’s role-capabilities matching rate and performance. We demonstrated and clarified enterprises business ecological strategic capabilities’ influence to the enterprise group’s ecosystem health. We proposed relevant theoretical hypotheses of the relationship between enterprise’s rolecapabilities matching rate and enterprise group’s ecosystem health, the every dimension of business ecological strategic capabilities of niche player and enterprise group’s ecosystem health, and verify our hypotheses using data from questionnaires responded by the top management in Sichuan Port and Channel Development Enterprise Group’ s enterprises. Main conclusions drawn were that 1) the higher the enterprise’s role-capabilities matching rate was, the better the enterprise group’s ecosystem health would be; 2) The niche player’s business ecological strategic capabilities of every dimensions have a positive impact on the enterprise group’s ecosystem health, yet different dimensions of business ecological strategic capabilities have different mechanisms in impacting such performance. Our findings have practical significance in enterprise group governance.
Um grupo empresarial é um grupo complexo de empresas independentes ligadas por várias relações formais e informais. Considerando o grupo empresarial como um tipo de ecossistema empresarial, com base no Grupo Empresarial do Desenvolvimento do Canal e do Porto de Sichuan, esta dissertação explora a relação entre capacidades estratégicas ecológicas de negócios da empresa e a saúde do ecossistema do grupo empresarial, adotando a perspetiva ecológica de negócios, teoria de capacidade empresarial e teoria de análise de redes sociais. Do ponto de vista ecológico, as empresas num ecossistema de negócios desempenharão papéis diferentes. Por isso, cada um deles terá diferentes capacidades estratégias básicas, correspondentes ao seu papel específico, que não apenas influenciarão o desempenho da própria empresa, mas também estimularão a saúde do ecossistema. Esta dissertação usa o modelo de função-capacidade para medir as capacidades estratégicas ecológicas de negócios da empresa e constrói um modelo de regressão sobre a taxa de correspondência de função-capacidade da empresa e o seu desempenho. Demonstrámos e esclarecemos a influência das capacidades estratégicas ecológicas de negócio da empresa na saúde do ecossistema do grupo empresarial. Baseado na revisão extensiva de literatura na área de perspetiva ecológica de negócios, de teoria de capacidade empresarial e de teoria de análise de redes sociais, propomos hipóteses relevantes à relação entre a taxa de correspondência de função-capacidade da empresa e a saúde do ecossistema do grupo empresarial, entre cada dimensão das capacidades estratégias ecológicas do jogador de nicho e a saúde do ecossistema do grupo empresarial. Pesquisamos na relação entre empresas no ecossistema do grupo empresarial, as capacidades estratégicas ecológicas de empresa, a saúde do ecossistema do grupo empresarial, com base nos questionários feitos pela administração sénior das empresas do Grupo Empresarial do Desenvolvimento do Canal e do Porto de Sichuan e verificamos as nossas hipóteses através dos dados obtidos a partir dos questionários. As conclusões são: 1) mais alta a taxa de correspondência de função-capacidade da empresa, melhor saúde do ecossistema do grupo empresarial; 2) as capacidades estratégicas ecológicas de negócios de cada um dos participantes de cada dimensão têm um impacto positivo na saúde do ecossistema do grupo empresarial, mas diferentes dimensões das capacidades estratégicas ecológicas de negócios têm mecanismos diferentes para influenciar esse desempenho. Os nossos resultados não apenas contribuem para a construção do ecossistema de negócios dentro do grupo empresarial, mas também têm significado teórico para estudos quantitativos sobre micro-questões relacionadas ao ecossistema de negócios.

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Almeida, João Nuno Barreiros. "Porto’s startup ecosystem : how are tech startups shaping the development & growth of Porto’s ecosystem?" Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/26370.

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The area of entrepreneurship and innovation has been increasingly debated during the last years. Major cities across the world have been focused on creating ecosystems capable of supporting its startups, aiming to bring innovation and socio-economic improvements to their citizens. The city of Porto is not an exception, and over the last few years has been assuming its position, focused on foster entrepreneurship and innovation. The process is slow and complex, and as suggested by the literature, the creation of an ecosystem is only possible when a set of different factors and elements align together and form interconnections that allow mutual development. The problem is that there are no two equal ecosystems, each one has its own characteristics and limitations that constitute a unique case study that can lead to the ecosystem’s growth, or to its destruction. Therefore, the objective of this investigation was to study the unique case of Porto’s startup ecosystem, resorting to different types of documentary analysis and conducting interviews with experts and professionals inserted in the context of Porto’s entrepreneurial ecosystem, to explore the impact of startups activity in the city, and to understand the connections, relations, and major limitations of the different elements of study. Through the analysis of Porto’s policies, support, human capital, finance and culture, it was possible to understand the efforts being made towards the success of its entrepreneurial activity, as well as the major limitations that are holding entrepreneurs and getting in the way of startups growth. Because the only way to overcome limitations is to become aware of them, although the praiseworthy increasing number of cooperation initiatives and talented people in technological and scientific areas, Porto is an early-stage ecosystem with room for improvements in different areas of knowledge, as talent management, financial supports, entrepreneurial incentives, and startup’s programs, all addressed during this investigation and with great relevance to the ecosystem sustainable growth.

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Graça, Marisa da Silva. "Performance of Urban Green Areas in Ecosystem Services Proficiency: A case study in Porto, Portugal." Doctoral thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/112026.

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Graça, Marisa da Silva. "Performance of Urban Green Areas in Ecosystem Services Proficiency: A case study in Porto, Portugal." Tese, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/112026.

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Mendes, Sara Patrícia Ferreira. "Remote sensing and GIS combination to evaluate the ecosystems' conditions in "Serras do Porto"." Master's thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/118701.

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Mendes, Sara Patrícia Ferreira. "Remote sensing and GIS combination to evaluate the ecosystems' conditions in "Serras do Porto"." Dissertação, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/118701.

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Ulumuddin, Yaya. "Pore-water methane dynamics as an indicator of ecosystem functioning following Ecological Mangrove Rehabilitation (EMR) in South Sulawesi, Indonesia." Phd thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/173111.

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Increasing carbon sequestration in mangrove ecosystems has several benefits, including a potential role in climate change mitigation. However, mangroves are also known to emit methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, and the net climate change benefit of planting mangroves is not yet fully understood. In this research, I investigated pore-water CH4, a proxy for CH4 production and export, in a mangrove rehabilitation area on an Indonesian tropical island. Initially, I established a new pore-water extraction method that is simple, cheap and reliable. This sampler was used to measure pore-water CH4 in several mangrove rehabilitation sites on a tropical island in Indonesia. The pore-water CH4 concentrations were very high (20 to 30,000 times the saturated value). However, my estimates of the CH4 fluxes at the soil surface were very low, which agreed with previous studies. Therefore, I surmised that the exceptionally high levels of CH4 in the pore-water would be exported not only through the sediment-air interface, but also by lateral tidal flow and especially via mangrove stem (sediment-root-stem-lenticel pathways). Temperature and pore-water chemistry were found to be ideal for CH4 production, thereby implying that the major constraint was substrate supply. This was confirmed by the finding that the pore-water CH4 concentration was associated with the stage of the mangrove regrowth, and roughly followed mangrove forest productivity, with the highest pore-water CH4 concentration at intermediate stand ages. This was also confirmed by the dominant pathway of CH4 production that was through the degradation of methylated compounds (supplied by mangrove vegetation), rather than via acetate or CO2/H2. Thus, this study indicates that mangrove vegetation plays a critical role in CH4 production.

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Carruthers, Angeline. "Psychotherapeutic effectiveness and social discourse : an ecosystemic exploration." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2016.

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Extensive questions have been asked regarding the factors that influence psychotherapeutic effectiveness. Past research has addressed the methods, techniques, as well as the client and therapist variables which potentially influence psychotherapeutic effectiveness. The majority of the research indicates that the therapeutic relationship and other contextual variables exert the greatest influence on psychotherapy successes. This implicates the broader social context in psychotherapy processes. Language appears to be one of the primary contextual factors influencing psychotherapeutic processes and is also embedded in social discourse. Society dominant discourses appear to be based on deficit beliefs toward psychotherapy and emotional functioning. The more relevant issue concerning psychotherapeutic effectiveness therefore appears to be society's dominant discourses affecting the profession. Collaborative social discourses embracing psychology are seldom integrated into mainstream public discourse. A post-modern, ecosystemic perspective is applied to these concerns, proposing a collaborative approach to social discourse, psychotherapy and research. This utilizes reflective, multi-dimensional, respectful and nonjudgmental values, reflecting the shift in social paradigms from the Industrial Age to the Knowledge Age. This shift recognizes that cultural, social and language variables appear to have a greater impact on psychotherapeutic effectiveness than most therapeutic techniques or interventions. These discourses are explored and recommendations are made in an attempt to align psychotherapy with a shifting social paradigm. This alignment could enhance psychotherapeutic effectiveness and the general understanding of psychotherapy.
Psychology
D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

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Van, Rooyen Matthys Johannes. "Experiences of child psychiatric nurses : an ecosystemic study." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3783.

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This dissertation reports on the lived experiences of four child psychiatric nurses. The territory of child psychiatric nursing is explored in this investigation through the punctuation of many voices within this field of study. The methodology of the investigation is descriptive phenomenology and Colaizzis’ steps in descriptive phenomenology (map) are used to discover and describe the different template theories (the territory) that are unique to each of the four child psychiatric nurses who were interviewed. Following this, a story is punctuated, which is referred to as the structural synthesis. It is the heartbeat of the investigation. The dissertation concludes by reflecting on the paradox of how the invisibility of the child psychiatric nurses allowed for the visibility of the dissertation and encourages the reader to ask pivotal questions about the important role of the child psychiatric nurse, working as part of a multidisciplinary team, in order to improve patient care.
Psychology
M.A. (Clinical psychology)

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Kaplan, Roleen Sandra. "The influence of hypnosis in the context of sports-injuries : an ecosystemic perspective." Diss., 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17051.

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In this study an ecosystemic approach to self-hypnosis was utilised as a tool to explore and describe the healing of sport injuries. Four injured Subjects, from four different sporting activities participated in the study. Self-hypnosis/hypnosis was used as a linguistic means to perturb the problem-defining ideas within which the sport injury was embedded. Problem dis-solution involved a process of reframing each Subject's current reality through dialogue, and a new reality for each respective Subject was co-constructed through consequent linguistic differentiation. The hypnotist, participating in the linguistic domain as an equal participant, looked for intended meanings in each respective conversational exchange with the athletes, and synthesised information creatively. This process and the thinking behind each case study is described in detail in this dissertation.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)

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Nel, Juan Adriaan. "A contextual approach to post-shooting trauma in the South African Police Services." Diss., 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/15603.

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In this article post-shooting trauma is utilized as an arbitrary punctuation to indicate how police officers communicate their distress during this period of rapid transition in South Africa. It is argued that the medical model (with its attendant lineal causal explanations and descriptions) is inhibitively limited in describing what police officers are presently experiencing. The author motivates the advantages of perceiving and describing events from an ecosystemic perspective (which provides a contextual understanding and emphasizes relationships} . "Stress" is described as an aspect of the system as a whole and not singularly attributable to individuals alone. Among others new policing rules and roles, the turnover in personnel, and the rate of's'ocio-political changes are shown to contribute. It is argued that the Police, as society's guardians of "power" have become the "symptom bearers" for a society in the painful process of adapting to change. Recommendations regarding possible interventions are made.
Psychology
M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

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Coutinho, Maria Mirte. "Pagamento por serviços ambientais hídricos no contexto brasileiro." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/83939.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
Este trabalho objetiva ampliar a visibilidade do que os serviços ambientais/ecológicos nos oferecem, além de enfatizar a importância da valoração dos mesmos para a sociedade brasileira. Abordaremos o pagamento dos serviços ambientais como um instrumento econômico capaz de incentivar condutas positivas que assegurem a conservação, regeneração e restauração de áreas ecossistêmicas frágeis, especialmente a proteção dos mananciais hídricos inseridos em propriedades rurais e, ao mesmo tempo, produzir novas possibilidades para a geração de renda no campo, de forma diversificada e sustentável. Além de favorecer a proteção das espécies ameaçadas de extinção, também promove a educação e interpretação ambiental, para mais, também propicia condições para proteger paisagens naturais de notável beleza cênica, que favorecem o turismo ecológico, a recreação e o contato com a natureza. O pagamento por serviços ambientais tem em consideração os aspectos agroclimáticos, as áreas cobertas por vegetação nativa (inclusive as matas ciliares), o local apropriado para as pastagens, o uso correto do solo de acordo com sua aptidão, o manejo adequado unindo a técnica e a conscientização ambiental dos agricultores, a problemática da escassez e poluição da água, a conservação das nascentes e olhos d´água e da biodiversidade. Faz dessa forma a gestão integrada da terra, da água e dos recursos vivos, bem como sua harmonização com as necessidades humanas, fazendo uso das boas práticas agrícolas, eliminando padrões não sustentáveis, visando a manutenção, proteção, preservação e recuperação de áreas produtoras de água, para garantia do bem-estar físico, mental e inclusão social da população rural, como justiça social e contribuição na redução da pobreza. O pagamento por serviços ambientais tem em conta as externalidades positivas e contabiliza as externalidades negativas, mostrando ser um instrumento capaz de viabilizar as normas da política ambiental.
This work aims to enhance the visibility of what environmental/ecological services have to offer, in addition to emphasizing the importance of its valorisation for the Brazilian society. We will approach payment for environmental services as an economic instrument capable of encouraging positive actions, ensuring the conservation, regeneration and restoration of fragile ecosystem areas, particularly the protection of water sources inserted in rural properties and, at the same time, generating new possibilities for the production of income in the countryside, in a diversified and sustainable manner. Besides promoting the protection of endangered species, also promotes education and environmental interpretation. Moreover it also provides conditions to protect natural landscapes of remarkable scenic beauty, which favors ecological tourism, recreation and contact with nature. Payment for environmental services can be considered as a challenge, can produce new possibilities of income generation in rural areas, in a diversified and sustainable way. Payment for environmental services takes into account agroclimatic aspects, areas covered by native vegetation (including riparian forests), the appropriate place for pastures, correct use of the soil according with its suitability, proper management uniting technique and environmental awareness of farmers, the problem of scarcity and pollution of water, conservation of springs and biodiversity. Thereby, it accomplishes the integrated management of land, water and living resources, as well as its harmonization with human needs, making use of good agricultural practices, eliminating unsustainable patterns, aiming the maintenance, protection, preservation and recovery of water-producing areas, as a guarantee of physical, mental well-being and social inclusion of the rural population as social justice and contribution for poverty reduction. Payment for environmental services takes into account the positive externalities and accounts for negative externalities, presenting itself as an instrument capable of effectively enabling environmental policy standards.

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Fischer, Christina. "Einfluss von ökologischem Landbau und Landschaftskomplexität auf die Wirbeltierdiversität und Ökosystemfunktionen." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B054-C.

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Lima, Junior Nivaldo Souza. "Neutralização das emissões de gases de efeito de estufa através de ações de sequestro de carbono: uma metodologia para os municípios." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/132379.

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Nas últimas décadas observou-se o crescente esforço para combater as alterações climáticas no Planeta. Medidas de mitigação e adaptação foram propostas para as comunidades globais e centros urbanos a fim de se evitar uma elevação da temperatura média do Planeta superior a 1,5ºC e 2ºC, valores considerados através do referencial da temperatura média global pré-revolução industrial. O uso e ocupação do solo, devido à sua relevante contribuição para mitigação e adaptação frente as alterações climáticas, torna-se uma ferramenta importante para as administrações municipais que pretendem usar esse conhecimento de forma eficaz e eficiente ao explorar as suas características através de soluções baseadas na natureza. Dentre as principais medidas apresentadas neste documento, a captura e o armazenamento de carbono através das espécies vegetais de um ecossistema são destacados pelo potencial que essa ação traz ao promover múltiplos benefícios para as comunidades de entorno, além de apoiar as metas de neutralização carbónica do país. O sequestro de carbono através do florestamento, reflorestamento, manejos agroflorestais ou alguns tipos de culturas agrícolas, representa uma medida que pode ser integrada aos planos municipais para cumprir os objetivos climáticos locais e apoiar outros municípios que queiram pagar pelo serviço ambiental que essas práticas de remoção de carbono atmosférico representam. Ao propor uma relação de cooperação entre dois concelhos de Portugal, nomeadamente Almada e Ansião, verificou-se que há oportunidades para a colaboração de unidades subnacionais de Portugal visando, conjuntamente, atingirem as metas estabelecidas no Roteiro de neutralidade carbónica 2050 (RNC2050). Constatou-se que mecanismos de cooperação podem ser criados a nível nacional para estimular as potencialidades do uso e ocupação do solo em concelhos do interior de Portugal para compensarem aqueles concelhos que necessitam de apoio para neutralizar suas emissões. Para isso, políticas de pagamento por serviços ecossistémicos devem ser estimuladas, devido aos benefícios que as soluções baseadas na natureza apresentam a nível nacional, além de influenciar o desenvolvimento local de zonas que buscam ser economicamente atrativas para suas populações.
In recent decades, there has been a growing effort to combat climate change on the planet. Mitigation and adaptation measures were proposed for global communities and urban centers in order to avoid an increase in the planet's average temperature above 1.5ºC and 2ºC, values considered through the pre-industrial revolution global average temperature reference. The use and occupation of land, due to its relevant contribution to mitigation and adaptation to climate change, becomes an important tool for municipal administrations that intend to use this knowledge effectively and efficiently to explore its characteristics through solutions based on nature. Among the main measures presented in this document, the capture and storage of carbon through plant species in an ecosystem is highlighted by the potential that this action brings to promote multiple benefits for the surrounding communities, in addition to supporting the country's carbon neutralization goals. Carbon sequestration through afforestation, reforestation, agroforestry management or some types of agricultural crops, represents a measure that can be integrated into municipal plans to meet local climate objectives and support other municipalities that want to pay for the environmental service that these removal practices of atmospheric carbon represent. By proposing a cooperation relationship between two Portuguese councils, namely Almada and Ansião, it was found that there are opportunities for the collaboration of subnational units in Portugal, jointly aiming to achieve the goals established in the Carbon Neutrality Roadmap 2050 (RNC2050). It was found that cooperation mechanisms can be created at national level to stimulate the potential of land use and occupation in municipalities in the interior of Portugal to compensate those municipalities that need support to neutralize their emissions. For this, payment policies for ecosystem services should be encouraged, due to the benefits that nature-based solutions present at the national level, in addition to influencing the local development of areas that seek to be economically attractive to their populations.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Port ecosystem'

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