Journal articles: 'Portable electronic platform'

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Zubir Suboh, Mohd, Muhyi Yaakop, Mohd Azlan Abu, et al. "Portable heart valve disease screening device using electronic stethoscope." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 15, no. 1 (2019): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v15.i1.pp122-132.

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<p><em>Heart sound analysis has been a popular topic of studies since a few decades ago. Most of the studies are done in PC platform since embedding the complex algorithm into a simple small device such as microcontroller board seems to be very difficult due to limited processing speed and memory. This study classifies normal and abnormal heart sound signal from four categories of Heart Valve Disease. An automated system that consists of segmentation, feature extraction and classification of the heart sound signal is developed in PC and hardware platforms. A multimedia board completed with a single board computer, audio codec and graphic LCD is used to make a portable heart valve disease screening device with electronic stethoscope as the input for the system. Both system recorded 96.3% specificity. However, the portable device has only 77.78% sensitivity and 87.04% accuracy compared to PC platform that have sensitivity and accuracy of more than 90%.</em></p>

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Murru, Fabio, Francisco J. Romero, Roberto Sánchez-Mudarra, et al. "Portable Instrument for Hemoglobin Determination Using Room-Temperature Phosphorescent Carbon Dots." Nanomaterials 10, no. 5 (2020): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10050825.

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A portable reconfigurable platform for hemoglobin determination based on inner filter quenching of room-temperature phosphorescent carbon dots (CDs) in the presence of H2O2 is described. The electronic setup consists of a light-emitting diode (LED) as the carbon dot optical exciter and a photodiode as a light-to-current converter integrated in the same instrument. The reconfigurable feature provides adaptability to use the platform as an analytical probe for CDs coming from different batches with some variations in luminescence characteristics. The variables of the reaction were optimized, such as pH, concentration of reagents, and response time; as well as the variables of the portable device, such as LED voltage, photodiode sensitivity, and adjustment of the measuring range by a reconfigurable electronic system. The portable device allowed the determination of hemoglobin with good sensitivity, with a detection limit of 6.2 nM and range up to 125 nM.

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Montes-Cebrián, Yaiza, Albert Álvarez-Carulla, Jordi Colomer-Farrarons, Manel Puig-Vidal, and Pere Ll Miribel-Català. "Self-Powered Portable Electronic Reader for Point-of-Care Amperometric Measurements." Sensors 19, no. 17 (2019): 3715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173715.

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In this work, we present a self-powered electronic reader (e-reader) for point-of-care diagnostics based on the use of a fuel cell (FC) which works as a power source and as a sensor. The self-powered e-reader extracts the energy from the FC to supply the electronic components concomitantly, while performing the detection of the fuel concentration. The designed electronics rely on straightforward standards for low power consumption, resulting in a robust and low power device without needing an external power source. Besides, the custom electronic instrumentation platform can process and display fuel concentration without requiring any type of laboratory equipment. In this study, we present the electronics system in detail and describe all modules that make up the system. Furthermore, we validate the device’s operation with different emulated FCs and sensors presented in the literature. The e-reader can be adjusted to numerous current ranges up to 3 mA, with a 13 nA resolution and an uncertainty of 1.8%. Besides, it only consumes 900 µW in the low power mode of operation, and it can operate with a minimum voltage of 330 mV. This concept can be extended to a wide range of fields, from biomedical to environmental applications.

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García, Antonio, M. M. Erenas, Eugenio D. Marinetto, et al. "Mobile phone platform as portable chemical analyzer." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 156, no. 1 (2011): 350–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.04.045.

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Aracil, Carmen, Francisco Perdigones, José Miguel Moreno, Antonio Luque, and José Manuel Quero. "Portable Lab-on-PCB platform for autonomous micromixing." Microelectronic Engineering 131 (January 2015): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2014.10.018.

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López-Luna, Ángel, Patricia Arroyo, Daniel Matatagui, Carlos Sánchez-Vicente, and Jesús Lozano. "A Versatile SAW Sensor-Based Modular and Portable Platform for a Multi-Sensor Device." Micromachines 16, no. 2 (2025): 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16020170.

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This study presents the development and characterization of a novel electronic nose system based on customized surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors. The system includes four sensors, customized with different custom polymer coatings, in order to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The main innovation lies in the design of a robust and versatile switching electronics system that allows for the integration of the SAW sensors into portable systems, as well as interoperability with other gas sensor technologies. The system includes a modular architecture that allows multiple sensor arrays to be combined to improve the selectivity and discrimination of complex gas mixtures. To verify the proper performance of the system and the detection capability of the manufactured sensors, experimental laboratory tests have been carried out. Specifically, ethanol and acetone measurements up to a 2000 ppm concentration have been performed. These preliminary experimental results demonstrate the capability of the SAW sensors with different response patterns across the sensor array. In particular, the sensor made with the polyvinyl acetate polymer exhibits high sensitivity to both VOCs.

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Dudala, Sohan, Satish Kumar Dubey, Arshad Javed, Anasuya Ganguly, Suman Kapur, and Sanket Goel. "Portable Chemiluminescence Detection Platform and Its Application in Creatinine Detection." IEEE Sensors Journal 22, no. 7 (2022): 7177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2022.3151694.

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Hui, S. Y. R., and W. W. C. Ho. "A New Generation of Universal Contactless Battery Charging Platform for Portable Consumer Electronic Equipment." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 20, no. 3 (2005): 620–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2005.846550.

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Wen-Chung Kao, Wei-Hsin Chen, Chun-Kuo Yu, Chin-Ming Hong, and Sheng-Yuan Lin. "Portable real-time homecare system design with digital camera platform." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 51, no. 4 (2005): 1035–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tce.2005.1561822.

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Tomizawa, Tetsuo, Masato Shibuya, Ryodo Tanaka, and Takeshi Nishida. "Developing a Remotely Operated Portable Mobile Robot." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 30, no. 4 (2018): 584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2018.p0584.

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The Tsukuba Challenge is one of the few technical events where it is permitted to conduct demonstrations of autonomous mobile robots on a public road in a city. Thus, when limited trial runs are available several times per year, domestic and foreign teams must bring robots to the venue and conduct experiments using robots and observation instruments. For a team located far away from the venue, the cost of transporting equipment and staff each time becomes prohibitive. In this research, to reduce the cost of transporting robots and personnel, we design and develop a mobile robot platform that is easy to transport and deploy. Additionally, to allow remote experts to generate maps and routes without visiting the site, we construct a remote operating system that operates over the internet. In this paper, we describe the portable mobile robot platform and the software configuration needed for remote operation. Then, we report the results of our verification test.

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Joshi, Kushal, Vanessa Velasco, and Rahim Esfandyarpour. "A Low-Cost, Disposable and Portable Inkjet-Printed Biochip for the Developing World." Sensors 20, no. 12 (2020): 3593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123593.

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Electrowetting on dielectric-based digital microfluidic platforms (EWOD-DMF) have a potential to impact point-of-care diagnostics. Conventionally, EWOD-DMF platforms are manufactured in cleanrooms by expert technicians using costly and time consuming micro-nanofabrication processes such as optical lithography, depositions and etching. However, such high-end microfabrication facilities are extremely challenging to establish in resource-poor and low-income countries, due to their high capital investment and operating costs. This makes the fabrication of EWOD-DMF platforms extremely challenging in low-income countries, where such platforms are most needed for many applications such as point-of-care testing applications. To address this challenge, we present a low-cost and simple fabrication procedure for EWOD-DMF electrode arrays, which can be performed anywhere with a commercial office inkjet printer without the need of expensive cleanroom facilities. We demonstrate the utility of our platform to move and mix droplets of different reagents and physiologically conductive buffers, thereby showing its capability to potentially perform a variety of biochemical assays. By combining our low-cost, inkjet-printed EWOD-DMF platform with smartphone imaging technology and a compact control system for droplet manipulation, we also demonstrate a portable and hand-held device which can be programmed to potentially perform a variety of biochemical assays.

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Germano, José, Verónica Martins, Filipe Cardoso, et al. "A Portable and Autonomous Magnetic Detection Platform for Biosensing." Sensors 9, no. 6 (2009): 4119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s90604119.

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Oluwasanya, Pelumi W., Abdullah Alzahrani, Varindra Kumar, Yarjan Abdul Samad, and Luigi G. Occhipinti. "Portable multi-sensor air quality monitoring platform for personal exposure studies." IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 22, no. 5 (2019): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imm.2019.8868275.

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Yu, Chengzhuang, Shanshan Li, Chunyang Wei, Shijie Dai, Xinyi Liang, and Junwei Li. "A Cost-Effective Nucleic Acid Detection System Using a Portable Microscopic Device." Micromachines 13, no. 6 (2022): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13060869.

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A fluorescence microscope is one of the most important tools for biomedical research and laboratory diagnosis. However, its high cost and bulky size hinder the application of laboratory microscopes in space-limited and low-resource applications. Here, in this work, we proposed a portable and cost-effective fluorescence microscope. Assembled from a set of 3D print components and a webcam, it consists of a three-degree-of-freedom sliding platform and a microscopic imaging system. The microscope is capable of bright-field and fluorescence imaging with micron-level resolution. The resolution and field of view of the microscope were evaluated. Compared with a laboratory-grade inverted fluorescence microscope, the portable microscope shows satisfactory performance, both in the bright-field and fluorescence mode. From the configurations of local resources, the microscope costs around USD 100 to assemble. To demonstrate the capability of the portable fluorescence microscope, we proposed a quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiment for meat product authenticating applications. The portable and low-cost microscope platform demonstrates the benefits in space-constrained environments and shows high potential in telemedicine, point-of-care testing, and more.

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Li and Bhethanabotla. "Design of a Portable Orthogonal Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor System for Simultaneous Sensing and Removal of Nonspecifically Bound Proteins." Sensors 19, no. 18 (2019): 3876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183876.

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One challenge for current surface acoustic wave (SAW) biosensors is reducing nonspecific adsorption. A device propagating Rayleigh and shear horizontal surface acoustic waves in orthogonal directions fabricated in ST quartz has the capability of achieving simultaneous detection and nonspecific binding (NSB) protein removal. Current measurement methods for a SAW sensor system based on this device require large-size and expensive equipment such as a vector network analyzer (VNA), signal generator, and frequency counter, which are not suitable for portable, especially point-of-care, applications. In this work, a portable platform based on a direct digital synthesizer (DDS) is investigated for the orthogonal SAW sensor, integrating signal synthesis, gain control, phase/amplitude measurement, and data processing in a small, portable electronic system. This prototype was verified for both stability and repeatability, and the results matched very well with VNA measurements. Finally, system performance in real-time sensing and NSB removal was evaluated.

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Liu, Bowen, Bingjian Sun, Pengle Cheng, and Ying Huang. "An Embedded Portable Lightweight Platform for Real-Time Early Smoke Detection." Sensors 22, no. 12 (2022): 4655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22124655.

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The advances in developing more accurate and fast smoke detection algorithms increase the need for computation in smoke detection, which demands the involvement of personal computers or workstations. Better detection results require a more complex network structure of the smoke detection algorithms and higher hardware configuration, which disqualify them as lightweight portable smoke detection for high detection efficiency. To solve this challenge, this paper designs a lightweight portable remote smoke front-end perception platform based on the Raspberry Pi under Linux operating system. The platform has four modules including a source video input module, a target detection module, a display module, and an alarm module. The training images from the public data sets will be used to train a cascade classifier characterized by Local Binary Pattern (LBP) using the Adaboost algorithm in OpenCV. Then the classifier will be used to detect the smoke target in the following video stream and the detected results will be dynamically displayed in the display module in real-time. If smoke is detected, warning messages will be sent to users by the alarm module in the platform for real-time monitoring and warning on the scene. Case studies showed that the developed system platform has strong robustness under the test datasets with high detection accuracy. As the designed platform is portable without the involvement of a personal computer and can efficiently detect smoke in real-time, it provides a potential affordable lightweight smoke detection option for forest fire monitoring in practice.

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Mei, Fan, Gavin McMeeking, Mikhail Pekour, et al. "Performance Assessment of Portable Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS)." Sensors 20, no. 21 (2020): 6294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216294.

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Accurate representation of atmospheric aerosol properties is a long-standing problem in atmospheric research. Modern pilotless aerial systems provide a new platform for atmospheric in situ measurement. However, small airborne platforms require miniaturized instrumentation due to apparent size, power, and weight limitations. A Portable Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS) is an emerged instrument to measure ambient aerosol size distribution with high time and size resolution, designed for deployment on a small unmanned aerial system (UAS) or tethered balloon system (TBS) platforms. This study evaluates the performance of a POPS with an upgraded laser heater and additional temperature sensors in the aerosol pathway. POPS maintains its performance under different environmental conditions as long as the laser temperature remains above 25 °C and the aerosol flow temperature inside the optical chamber is 15 °C higher than the ambient temperature. The comparison between POPS and an Ultra-High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer (UHSAS) suggests that the coincidence error is less than 25% when the number concentration is less than 4000 cm−3. The size distributions measured by both of them remained unaffected up to 15,000 cm−3. While both instruments’ sizing accuracy is affected by the aerosol chemical composition and morphology, the influence is more profound on the POPS.

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de Campos da Costa, Joao Paulo, Wagner Benicio Bastos, Paulo Inacio da Costa, Maria Aparecida Zaghete, Elson Longo, and Joao Paulo Carmo. "Portable Laboratory Platform With Electrochemical Biosensors for Immunodiagnostic of Hepatitis C Virus." IEEE Sensors Journal 19, no. 22 (2019): 10701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2019.2930957.

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Kishore, Kaushal, and S. A. Akbar. "Evolution of Lock-In Amplifier as Portable Sensor Interface Platform: A Review." IEEE Sensors Journal 20, no. 18 (2020): 10345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2020.2993309.

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Hernandez, Julio, Jose de Jesus Rangel-Magdaleno, and Roberto Morales-Caporal. "A High-Performance and Cost-Effective Field Programmable Gate Array-Based Motor Drive Emulator." Micromachines 14, no. 10 (2023): 1864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14101864.

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This work presents a hardware-based digital emulator capable of digitally driving a permanent magnet synchronous machine electronic setup. The aim of this work is to present a high-performance, cost-effective, and portable complementary solution when new paradigms of electronic drive design are generated, such as machine early failure detection, fault-tolerant drive, and high-performance control strategy implementations. In order to achieve the high performance required by the digital emulator, the electronic drive models (permanent-magnet synchronous machine, voltage-source inverter, motor-control strategy) are digitally described in Verilog hardware description language and implemented on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) digital platform using two approaches: parallel and sequential methods. The results obtained show the effectiveness of the digital emulator design, and the resources used by the solution presented can be implemented on a low-cost digital platform that reveals a cost-effective operation of the solution presented.

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Seymour, Ian, Tarun Narayan, Niamh Creedon, et al. "Advanced Solid State Nano-Electrochemical Sensors and System for Agri 4.0 Applications." Sensors 21, no. 9 (2021): 3149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093149.

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Global food production needs to increase in order to meet the demands of an ever growing global population. As resources are finite, the most feasible way to meet this demand is to minimize losses and improve efficiency. Regular monitoring of factors like animal health, soil and water quality for example, can ensure that the resources are being used to their maximum efficiency. Existing monitoring techniques however have limitations, such as portability, turnaround time and requirement for additional reagents. In this work, we explore the use of micro- and nano-scale electrode devices, for the development of an electrochemical sensing platform to digitalize a wide range of applications within the agri-food sector. With this platform, we demonstrate the direct electrochemical detection of pesticides, specifically clothianidin and imidacloprid, with detection limits of 0.22 ng/mL and 2.14 ng/mL respectively, and nitrates with a detection limit of 0.2 µM. In addition, interdigitated electrode structures also enable an in-situ pH control technique to mitigate pH as an interference and modify analyte response. This technique is applied to the analysis of monochloramine, a common water disinfectant. Concerning biosensing, the sensors are modified with bio-molecular probes for the detection of both bovine viral diarrhea virus species and antibodies, over a range of 1 ng/mL to 10 µg/mL. Finally, a portable analogue front end electronic reader is developed to allow portable sensing, with control and readout undertaken using a smart phone application. Finally, the sensor chip platform is integrated with these electronics to provide a fully functional end-to-end smart sensor system compatible with emerging Agri-Food digital decision support tools.

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Meng, Jiyu, Shanshan Li, Chengzhuang Yu, et al. "Portable Dielectrophoresis Microfluidic Chip Integrated With Microscopic Platform for Water Blooms Monitoring." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 30, no. 3 (2021): 419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2021.3065328.

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Zou, Chunbo, Jianfeng Yang, Dengshan Wu, et al. "Design and Test of Portable Hyperspectral Imaging Spectrometer." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7692491.

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We design and implement a portable hyperspectral imaging spectrometer, which has high spectral resolution, high spatial resolution, small volume, and low weight. The flight test has been conducted, and the hyperspectral images are acquired successfully. To achieve high performance, small volume, and regular appearance, an improved Dyson structure is designed and used in the hyperspectral imaging spectrometer. The hyperspectral imaging spectrometer is suitable for the small platform such as CubeSat and UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle), and it is also convenient to use for hyperspectral imaging acquiring in the laboratory and the field.

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Segantini, Matteo, Matteo Parmeggiani, Alberto Ballesio, et al. "Design of a Portable Microfluidic Platform for EGOT-Based in Liquid Biosensing." Sensors 22, no. 3 (2022): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030969.

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In biosensing applications, the exploitation of organic transistors gated via a liquid electrolyte has increased in the last years thanks to their enormous advantages in terms of sensitivity, low cost and power consumption. However, a practical aspect limiting the use of these devices in real applications is the contamination of the organic material, which represents an obstacle for the realization of a portable sensing platform based on electrolyte-gated organic transistors (EGOTs). In this work, a novel contamination-free microfluidic platform allowing differential measurements is presented and validated through finite element modeling simulations. The proposed design allows the exposure of the sensing electrode without contaminating the EGOT device during the whole sensing tests protocol. Furthermore, the platform is exploited to perform the detection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a validation test for the introduced differential protocol, demonstrating the capability to detect BSA at 1 pM concentration. The lack of contamination and the differential measurements provided in this work can be the first steps towards the realization of a reliable EGOT-based portable sensing instrument.

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Dai, Zhenqing, Lingling Yang, Yahang Li, et al. "A portable dual-mode sensor based on a TiO2 nanotube membrane for the evaluation of telomerase activity." Chemical Communications 55, no. 71 (2019): 10571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc05332h.

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Geng, Zhaoxin, Qiang Kan, Jun Yuan, and Hongda Chen. "A route to low-cost nanoplasmonic biosensor integrated with optofluidic-portable platform." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 195 (May 2014): 682–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.01.110.

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Liyew, Chalachew Muluken, Sertse Abebe Ayalew, and Yibeltal Tafere Bayih. "The Impact of Technology Platform Change on the Information Seeking Behavior of Academicians in Amhara." International Journal of Library and Information Services 8, no. 2 (2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijlis.2019070105.

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This study empirically measures the information seeking behavior of academician on the rapid technology platform change environment in the technology institutes found in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. The questionnaire was prepared and distributed to the academicians of technology institutes to collect information about the medium which was used for seeking information. The questions were how devices helped to seek information, the purpose of the information, and challenges faced while seeking information and measure of satisfaction level for the digital library in the institutes. Hence, the study reveals that users used portable devices to seek information from the internet and the digital library rather than using printed copies of information for their academic, research and community service activities. The results show that the information dissemination medium should be changed to electronic information due to the rapid growth of information and communication technology that impacts the information seeking behavior of users, and provide continuous support and training to use the electronic resources.

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Novkovic, Teodora, Zeljko Lukac, Petar Jovanovic, and Ivan Kastelan. "Graphic Library Optimization for MIPS Architecture." Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika 26, no. 2 (2020): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eie.26.2.25871.

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The aim of this paper and research was to analyse the efficiency of the compiler-generated code for the graphics library and to present results obtained by optimization for the MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second) architecture. Libpng is the official Portable Network Graphics reference library for use in applications that read, create, and manipulate PNG (Portable Network Graphics) raster image files. Given the data structure in the PNG files, as well as the capabilities of the MIPS instruction set, it was expected that significant improvements could be made. Graphic library libpng is optimized by using MIPS instruction set extension and tested on MIPS Malta 74K platform. Test results show, that by using MIPS optimization test, execution times are substantially improved. Our libpng optimization have achieved performance increase of 10 %–78 % depending on optimized routine.

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Aashiq, M. N. M., W. T. C. C. Kurera, M. G. S. P. Thilekaratne, et al. "An IoT-based handheld environmental and air quality monitoring station." Acta IMEKO 12, no. 3 (2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/actaimeko.v12i3.1487.

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Weather and air quality play an important role in determining environmental pollution. Fluctuation of these parameters not only causes environmental pollution but also causes severe injuries to human health. With the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), sensor-based weather devices with easy observation facilities started to develop. In this regard, this study focused on developing an IoT-based portable weather monitoring gadget that can measure weather and air parameters which are more often required in our day-to-day life. The proposed system is capable to measure temperature, pressure, humidity, altitude, PM2.5, PM10 level, VOC, and CO level. It consists of a portable display and a mobile app with a thing speak cloud platform. Further, the system has a Wi-Fi and GSM connection to communicate data. A mobile application was developed to monitor the readings in real-time which are stored in the cloud platform. The developed hardware was carefully calibrated in the national meteorological department to make sure our system is practically usable. Compared to existing models, our prototype is very handholdable, easily installable which does not require trained technicians, and is easily maintainable. Also, it is possible to access the data from anywhere in the world through Wi-Fi connectivity, and possible to make data visualization and analysis. On the other hand, it is very difficult to find a single, portable size, and low-cost device to collect all these parameters together. Nonetheless, our prototype has the potential of connecting with multiple similar devices to create a larger IoT network grid. Overall, our proposed product has a combination of weather and air quality parameters in a portable and handholdable size with low-cost and low power consumption which other devices do not have according to the latest literature.

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Khitrov, M. Y., L. Chen, A. Blood, et al. "Development and Validation of a Portable Platform for Deploying Decision-Support Algorithms in Prehospital Settings." Applied Clinical Informatics 04, no. 03 (2013): 392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/aci-2013-04-ra-0023.

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SummaryBackground: Advanced decision-support capabilities for prehospital trauma care may prove effective at improving patient care. Such functionality would be possible if an analysis platform were connected to a transport vital-signs monitor. In practice, there are technical challenges to implementing such a system. Not only must each individual component be reliable, but, in addition, the connectivity between components must be reliable.Objective: We describe the development, validation, and deployment of the Automated Processing of Physiologic Registry for Assessment of Injury Severity (APPRAISE) platform, intended to serve as a test bed to help evaluate the performance of decision-support algorithms in a prehospital environment.Methods: We describe the hardware selected and the software implemented, and the procedures used for laboratory and field testing.Results: The APPRAISE platform met performance goals in both laboratory testing (using a vital-sign data simulator) and initial field testing. After its field testing, the platform has been in use on Boston MedFlight air ambulances since February of 2010.Conclusion: These experiences may prove informative to other technology developers and to healthcare stakeholders seeking to invest in connected electronic systems for prehospital as well as in-hospital use. Our experiences illustrate two sets of important questions: are the individual components reliable (e.g., physical integrity, power, core functionality, and end-user interaction) and is the connectivity between components reliable (e.g., communication protocols and the metadata necessary for data interpretation)? While all potential operational issues cannot be fully anticipated and eliminated during development, thoughtful design and phased testing steps can reduce, if not eliminate, technical surprises.

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Reynolds, Kellin, Danny Barnhill, Jamie Sias, Amy Young, and Florencia Greer Polite. "Use of the QR Reader to Provide Real-Time Evaluation of Residents' Skills Following Surgical Procedures." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 6, no. 4 (2014): 738–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-13-00349.1.

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Abstract Background A portable electronic method of providing instructional feedback and recording an evaluation of resident competency immediately following surgical procedures has not previously been documented in obstetrics and gynecology. Objective This report presents a unique electronic format that documents resident competency and encourages verbal communication between faculty and residents immediately following operative procedures. Methods The Microsoft Tag system and SurveyMonkey platform were linked by a 2-D QR code using Microsoft QR code generator. Each resident was given a unique code (TAG) embedded onto an ID card. An evaluation form was attached to each resident's file in SurveyMonkey. Postoperatively, supervising faculty scanned the resident's TAG with a smartphone and completed the brief evaluation using the phone's screen. The evaluation was reviewed with the resident and automatically submitted to the resident's educational file. Results The evaluation system was quickly accepted by residents and faculty. Of 43 residents and faculty in the study, 38 (88%) responded to a survey 8 weeks after institution of the electronic evaluation system. Thirty (79%) of the 38 indicated it was superior to the previously used handwritten format. The electronic system demonstrated improved utilization compared with paper evaluations, with a mean of 23 electronic evaluations submitted per resident during a 6-month period versus 14 paper assessments per resident during an earlier period of 6 months. Conclusions This streamlined portable electronic evaluation is an effective tool for direct, formative feedback for residents, and it creates a longitudinal record of resident progress. Satisfaction with, and use of, this evaluation system was high.

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Zahner, Marco, Jürg Fröhlich, and Juerg Leuthold. "Exposure measurement platform for electromagnetic field monitoring and epidemiological research." tm - Technisches Messen 85, no. 5 (2018): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2017-0111.

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Abstract Exposimetry of electromagnetic fields refers to a measurement technology aiming to quantify the immission or absorption of fields and/or energy in specific ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. Portable, small and accurate measurement instruments were developed to provide tools for epidemiological research and environmental monitoring. The target measurement quantity was the average amount of RMS field strength that an average individual will experience in everyday environments. This quantity can be used to classify different groups of the population or to track changes in exposure conditions within defined regions or along specified tracks. Methods and tools for the assessment of the personal exposure to low-frequency magnetic fields (LF-MF), radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) and pulsed RF emissions from radar installations have been developed, characterized, and tested. The result is a measurement platform enabling a large variety of measurement procedures and study protocols.

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Cardoso, F. A., J. Germano, R. Ferreira, et al. "Detection of 130nm magnetic particles by a portable electronic platform using spin valve and magnetic tunnel junction sensors." Journal of Applied Physics 103, no. 7 (2008): 07A310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2836713.

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Yoon, Inug, Gayoung Eom, Sungwoo Lee, Bo Kyeong Kim, Sang Kyung Kim, and Hyunjoo J. Lee. "A Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer-Based Resonant Sensor Array for Portable Volatile Organic Compound Detection with Wireless Systems." Sensors 19, no. 6 (2019): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061401.

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The development of portable volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors is essential for home healthcare and workplace safety because VOCs are environmental pollutants that may critically affect human health. Here, we report a compact and portable sensor platform based on a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array offering multiplex detection of various VOCs (toluene, acetone, ethanol, and methanol) using a single read-out system. Three CMUT resonant devices were functionalized with three different layers: (1) phenyl-selective peptide, (2) colloids of single-walled nanotubes and peptide, and (3) poly(styrene-co-allyl alcohol). As each device exhibited different sensitivities to the four VOCs, we performed principal component analysis to achieve selective detection of all four gases. For the simultaneous detection of VOCs using CMUT sensors, the changes in the resonant frequencies of three devices were monitored in real time, but using only a single oscillator through an electrically controlled relay to achieve compactness. In addition, by devising a wireless system, measurement results were transmitted to a smartphone to monitor the concentration of VOCs. We used multiple sensors to obtain a larger number of fingerprints for pattern recognition to enhance selectivity but interfaced these sensors with a single read-out circuit to minimize the footprint of the overall system. The compact CMUT-based sensor array based on a multiplex detection scheme is a promising sensor platform for portable VOC monitoring.

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Gounella, Rodrigo Henrique, Ilaiali Souza Leite, Natalia Mayumi Inada, and Joao Paulo P. do Carmo. "Wireless Portable Evaluation Platform for Photodynamic Therapy: In vitro Assays on Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells." IEEE Sensors Journal 20, no. 23 (2020): 13950–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2020.2971444.

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García, Juan Carlos, Marta Marrón-Romera, Alessandro Melino, Cristina Losada-Gutiérrez, José Manuel Rodríguez, and Albert Fazakas. "Filling the Gap between Research and Market: Portable Architecture for an Intelligent Autonomous Wheelchair." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (2023): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021243.

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Under the umbrella of assistive technologies research, a lot of different platforms have appeared since the 1980s, trying to improve the independence of people with severe mobility problems. Those works followed the same path coming from the field of robotics trying to reach users’ needs. Nevertheless, those approaches rarely arrived on the market, due to their specificity and price. This paper presents a new prototype of an intelligent wheelchair (IW) that tries to fill the gap between research labs and market. In order to achieve such a goal, the proposed solution balances the criteria of performance and cost by using low-cost hardware and open software standards in mobile robots combined together within a modular architecture, which can be easily adapted to different profiles of a wide range of potential users. The basic building block consists of a mechanical chassis with two electric motors and a low-level electronic control system; driven by a joystick, this platform behaves similar to a standard electrical wheelchair. However, the underlying structure of the system includes several independent but connected nodes that form a distributed and scalable architecture that allows its adaptability, by adding new modules, to tackle autonomous navigation. The communication among the system nodes is based on the controller area network (CAN) specification, an extended standard in industrial fields that have a wide range of low-cost devices and tools. The system was tested and evaluated in indoor environments and by final users in order to ensure its usability, robustness, and reliability; it also demonstrated its functionality when navigating through buildings, corridors, and offices. The portability of the solution proposed is also shown by presenting the results on two different platforms: one for kids and another one for adults, based on different commercial mechanical platforms.

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Leone, Alessandro, Gabriele Rescio, Andrea Caroppo, Pietro Siciliano, and Andrea Manni. "Human Postures Recognition by Accelerometer Sensor and ML Architecture Integrated in Embedded Platforms: Benchmarking and Performance Evaluation." Sensors 23, no. 2 (2023): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23021039.

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Embedded hardware systems, such as wearable devices, are widely used for health status monitoring of ageing people to improve their well-being. In this context, it becomes increasingly important to develop portable, easy-to-use, compact, and energy-efficient hardware-software platforms, to enhance the level of usability and promote their deployment. With this purpose an automatic tri-axial accelerometer-based system for postural recognition has been developed, useful in detecting potential inappropriate behavioral habits for the elderly. Systems in the literature and on the market for this type of analysis mostly use personal computers with high computing resources, which are not easily portable and have high power consumption. To overcome these limitations, a real-time posture recognition Machine Learning algorithm was developed and optimized that could perform highly on platforms with low computational capacity and power consumption. The software was integrated and tested on two low-cost embedded platform (Raspberry Pi 4 and Odroid N2+). The experimentation stage was performed on various Machine Learning pre-trained classifiers using data of seven elderly users. The preliminary results showed an activity classification accuracy of about 98% for the four analyzed postures (Standing, Sitting, Bending, and Lying down), with similar accuracy and a computational load as the state-of-the-art classifiers running on personal computers.

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Carvalho, Denise A. M., Vânia C. Pinto, Paulo J. Sousa, et al. "Methodology for Phytoplankton Taxonomic Group Identification towards the Development of a Lab-on-a-Chip." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (2022): 5376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115376.

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This paper presents the absorbance and fluorescence optical properties of various phytoplankton species, looking to achieve an accurate method to detect and identify a number of phytoplankton taxonomic groups. The methodology to select the excitation and detection wavelengths that results in superior identification of phytoplankton is reported. The macroscopic analyses and the implemented methodology are the base for designing a lab-on-a-chip device for a phytoplankton group identification, based on cell analysis with multi-wavelength lighting excitation, aiming for a cheap and portable platform. With such methodology in a lab-on-a-chip device, the analysis of the phytoplankton cells’ optical properties, e.g., fluorescence, diffraction, absorption and reflection, will be possible. This device will offer, in the future, a platform for continuous, autonomous and in situ underwater measurements, in opposition to the conventional methodology. A proof-of-concept device with LED light excitation at 450 nm and a detection photodiode at 680 nm was fabricated. This device was able to quantify the concentration of the phytoplankton chlorophyll a. A lock-in amplifier electronic circuit was developed and integrated in a portable and low-cost sensor, featuring continuous, autonomous and in situ underwater measurements. This device has a detection limit of 0.01 µ/L of chlorophyll a, in a range up to 300 µg/L, with a linear voltage output with chlorophyll concentration.

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Cornelius C., Eze, Obe Chinedu T., Ugbe Oluchi C., Madueme Victory, and Oti Stephen Ejiofor. "Evaluation of DC-DC Converters Using MATLAB Simulink." Ci-STEM Journal of Digital Technologies and Expert Systems 02, no. 01 (2025): 25–40. https://doi.org/10.55306/cjdtes.2025.020103.

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This study explores the design, modeling, and simulation of three important DC-DC converter topologies—buck-boost, Ćuk, and SEPIC— employing MATLAB Simulink as a robust simulation environment. Each converter is thoroughly modeled to assess its voltage regulation performance under varying operational conditions. MATLAB Simulink serves as an advanced platform for analyzing dynamic system behaviors and optimizing critical design parameters, including duty cycle, switching frequency, and passive filter components. The comparative analysis focuses on output voltage stability, conversion efficiency, and transient response characteristics. The simulation parameters, while not exhaustive, are carefully selected to exhibit the operational principles and performance trade-offs inherent to each topology. The findings elucidate the different advantages and limitations of the buck-boost, Ćuk, and SEPIC converters, providing valuable insights for selecting the optimal topology tailored to specific power electronic applications, such as renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and portable electronics. This research contributes to the broader understanding of DC-DC converter design and its practical implications in modern power management systems.

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Lee, Yongkuk, Connor Howe, Saswat Mishra, et al. "Wireless, intraoral hybrid electronics for real-time quantification of sodium intake toward hypertension management." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 21 (2018): 5377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719573115.

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Recent wearable devices offer portable monitoring of biopotentials, heart rate, or physical activity, allowing for active management of human health and wellness. Such systems can be inserted in the oral cavity for measuring food intake in regard to controlling eating behavior, directly related to diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. However, existing devices using plastic circuit boards and rigid sensors are not ideal for oral insertion. A user-comfortable system for the oral cavity requires an ultrathin, low-profile, and soft electronic platform along with miniaturized sensors. Here, we introduce a stretchable hybrid electronic system that has an exceptionally small form factor, enabling a long-range wireless monitoring of sodium intake. Computational study of flexible mechanics and soft materials provides fundamental aspects of key design factors for a tissue-friendly configuration, incorporating a stretchable circuit and sensor. Analytical calculation and experimental study enables reliable wireless circuitry that accommodates dynamic mechanical stress. Systematic in vitro modeling characterizes the functionality of a sodium sensor in the electronics. In vivo demonstration with human subjects captures the device feasibility for real-time quantification of sodium intake, which can be used to manage hypertension.

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Cook, A. J., G. D. Gargiulo, T. Lehmann, and T. J. Hamilton. "Open platform, eight‐channel, portable bio‐potential and activity data logger for wearable medical device development." Electronics Letters 51, no. 21 (2015): 1641–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2015.2764.

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García-Villena, Jaime, Jose Emilio Torres, Carlos Aguilar, et al. "3D-Printed Portable Robotic Mobile Microscope for Remote Diagnosis of Global Health Diseases." Electronics 10, no. 19 (2021): 2408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10192408.

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Microscopy plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of numerous diseases. However, the need for trained microscopists and pathologists, the complexity of pathology, and the accessibility and affordability of the technology can hinder the provision of rapid and high-quality diagnoses and healthcare. In this work, we present an affordable, 3D-printed, portable, robotic, mobile-based slide scanning microscope. The proposed device is composed of electronic, mechanical, and optical modules operated via smartphone with a control app. The device is connected and fully integrated with a telemedicine web platform, where digitized microscopy images can be remotely visualized and analyzed. The robotic scanner, which has approximately 1-µm resolution, has been evaluated in two clinical scenarios with histology and stool samples. The results showed sufficient image quality for performing a proper diagnosis in all cases under study.

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Li, Nan, Minjie Shen, and Youchun Xu. "A Portable Microfluidic System for Point-of-Care Detection of Multiple Protein Biomarkers." Micromachines 12, no. 4 (2021): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040347.

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Protein biomarkers are indicators of many diseases and are commonly used for disease diagnosis and prognosis prediction in the clinic. The urgent need for point-of-care (POC) detection of protein biomarkers has promoted the development of automated and fully sealed immunoassay platforms. In this study, a portable microfluidic system was established for the POC detection of multiple protein biomarkers by combining a protein microarray for a multiplex immunoassay and a microfluidic cassette for reagent storage and liquid manipulation. The entire procedure for the immunoassay was automatically conducted, which included the antibody–antigen reaction, washing and detection. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carcinoma antigen 125 (CA125) were simultaneously detected in this system within 40 min with limits of detection of 0.303 ng/mL, 1.870 ng/mL, and 18.617 U/mL, respectively. Five clinical samples were collected and tested, and the results show good correlations compared to those measured by the commercial instrument in the hospital. The immunoassay cassette system can function as a versatile platform for the rapid and sensitive multiplexed detection of biomarkers; therefore, it has great potential for POC diagnostics.

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González-Fuentes, Fanny J., Gustavo A. Molina, Rodolfo Silva, et al. "Developing a CNT-SPE Sensing Platform Based on Green Synthesized AuNPs, Using Sargassum sp." Sensors 20, no. 21 (2020): 6108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216108.

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Detection and quantification of diverse analytes such as molecules, cells receptor and even particles and nanoparticles, play an important role in biomedical research, particularly in electrochemical sensing platform technologies. In this study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) prepared by green synthesis from Sargassum sp. were characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential (ζ) obtaining organic capped face-centered cubic 80–100 nm AuNPs with an excellent stability in a wide range of pH. The AuNPs were used to modify a carbon nanotubes-screen printed electrode (CNT-SPE), through the drop-casting method, to assemble a novel portable electrochemical sensing platform for glucose, using a novel combination of components, which together have not been employed. The ability to sense and measure glucose was demonstrated, and its electrochemical fundamentals was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) to glucose were 50 μM and 98 μM, respectively, and these were compared to those of other sensing platforms.

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LUPU, ŞTEFAN-ANDREI, and DAN FLORICAU. "THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AT CHARGING AND DISCHARGING THE LI-ION BATTERY." REVUE ROUMAINE DES SCIENCES TECHNIQUES — SÉRIE ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE ET ÉNERGÉTIQUE 70, no. 1 (2025): 91–96. https://doi.org/10.59277/rrst-ee.2025.1.16.

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Li-Ion batteries are used as an energy storage element for various applications, from portable electronic devices to electric cars. The present study aims to explore how temperature variations affect the charging and discharging process of Li-Ion batteries, both theoretically and experimentally. For the experimental part, we made a data acquisition platform where we tested the behavior of a Li-Ion battery at different temperatures, starting from ambient temperature (22oC) and going in both directions, down to -20oC and up to +40oC. Both high and low temperatures can have more or less reversible adverse effects on battery capacity, charge rate, and overall performance. The subject is particularly important in optimising battery performance under different temperature conditions.

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Gargiulo, G. D., P. Bifulco, M. Cesarelli, A. McEwan, and A. Wabnitz. "Open platform, 32‐channel, portable, data‐logger with 32 PGA control lines for wearable medical device development." Electronics Letters 50, no. 16 (2014): 1127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2014.1791.

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Cheng, Yu-Hsuan, Zhenglong Li, Sreerag Kaaliveetil, Ayca Tatli, Charmi Chande, and Sagnik Basuray. "Modular, Portable, Automatically, Rapidly, Sensitive, and Selectively Essence Sensor System." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 61 (2022): 2238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02612238mtgabs.

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The ESSENCE platform is an electrochemical sensor system that utilizes non-planar porous microelectrode microfluidic chips with a fully programmable fluidic/sample system to be a “portable, automatic, rapid, sensitive, and selective” for different emerging contaminants and liquid biopsy. The system is designed with non-planar porous microelectrode interfaces, containing different functional capturing probes for specific sensing tasks. From our previous report, this 3D non-planar structure has advantages such as increased flow’s convective fluxes and disrupts diffusive processes like the electric double layer (EDL). The porous electrode structure utilized the packing material’s higher Zeta potential than the bare glass surface, resulting in the EDL length will be significantly smaller than the clear channel. Due to a smaller EDL length, the relaxation frequency will increase, which shifts the EIS signal to a higher frequency range (1kHz to 100MHz) and results in a fast response with a higher signal-to-noise ratio in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. From the perspective of electric field penetration, the top-down electric direction covers all the packing sensing areas, providing a generally higher electronic signal response than the traditional planar electrode system, leading to a higher signal-to-noise ratio. A second feature from the perspective of microfluidics is the significant fluidic shear force generated due to flow through the porous electrode surface. This higher shear force on the surface can unbind most false-positive signals generated by non-specific binding, such as physical adhesive or biofouling. These unique benefits provide physical enhancements of sensitivity and selectivity without manipulating the chemical material in the system. Earlier we showed that our detection of the biomolecules like DNA (fM sensitivity, which can distinguish against a mismatched DNA), proteins (breast cancer biomarker p53, fM sensitivity, which can distinguish it against another breast cancer biomarker HER2), PFOS (Perfluorooctanesulfonate, 0.5 ng) under the traditional desktop Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analyzer in the total process of hourly. In this talk, we have further developed our previous ESSENCE platform to a modular, automatic, and portable, one-stop instrument for clinicians to screen for infectious diseases, liquid biopsy, and toxin detection to detect emerging pathogens while significantly reducing false positives and false negatives, but also decreasing our detecting process to 15 mins in much more hazard background conditions to meet the criteria of POC. Second, A small (15 cm x 17cm) USB programable fluidic/oscilloscope base with a 15 minutes total detecting protocol is applied to our ESSENCE system for a fast Point-of-care (POC) diagnostic. This portable ESSENCE platform can respond to the measurable EIS signals from the oscilloscope with 25 ul samples size (DNA and HER2 proteins in undiluted artificial Urine) with a fully automatic process at the uM to pM regions in 15 minutes. Each ESSENCE chip is also significantly cheaper than the ELISA; the chip costs about $20 (for an academic lab) and can be reused. Figure 1

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Celecia, Alimed, Karla Figueiredo, Marley Vellasco, and René González. "A Portable Fuzzy Driver Drowsiness Estimation System." Sensors 20, no. 15 (2020): 4093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154093.

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The adequate automatic detection of driver fatigue is a very valuable approach for the prevention of traffic accidents. Devices that can determine drowsiness conditions accurately must inherently be portable, adaptable to different vehicles and drivers, and robust to conditions such as illumination changes or visual occlusion. With the advent of a new generation of computationally powerful embedded systems such as the Raspberry Pi, a new category of real-time and low-cost portable drowsiness detection systems could become standard tools. Usually, the proposed solutions using this platform are limited to the definition of thresholds for some defined drowsiness indicator or the application of computationally expensive classification models that limits their use in real-time. In this research, we propose the development of a new portable, low-cost, accurate, and robust drowsiness recognition device. The proposed device combines complementary drowsiness measures derived from a temporal window of eyes (PERCLOS, ECD) and mouth (AOT) states through a fuzzy inference system deployed in a Raspberry Pi with the capability of real-time response. The system provides three degrees of drowsiness (Low-Normal State, Medium-Drowsy State, and High-Severe Drowsiness State), and was assessed in terms of its computational performance and efficiency, resulting in a significant accuracy of 95.5% in state recognition that demonstrates the feasibility of the approach.

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Tamarin, Ollivier, Maxence Rube, Jean Luc Lachaud, Vincent Raimbault, Dominique Rebière, and Corinne Dejous. "Mobile acoustic wave platform deployment in the Amazon River: Impact of the water sample on the Love wave sensor response." Sensors 20, no. 1 (2019): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010072.

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This paper presents an experimental platform allowing in situ measurement in aqueous medium using an acoustic Love wave sensor. The aim of this platform, which includes the sensor, a test cell for electrical connections, a microfluidic chip, and a readout electronic circuit, is to realize a first estimation of water quality without transportation of water samples from the field to the laboratory as a medium-term objective. In the first step, to validate the ability of such a platform to operate in the field and in Amazonian water, an isolated and difficult-to-access location, namely, the floodplain Logo Do Curuaï in the Brazilian Amazon, was chosen. The ability of such a platform to be transported, installed on site, and used is discussed in terms of user friendliness and versatility. The response of the Love wave sensor to in situ water samples is estimated according to the physical parameters of Amazonian water. Finally, the very good quality of the acoustic response is established, potential further improvements are discussed, and the paper is concluded.

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Wang, Fang, Jiaomeng Zhu, Longfei Chen, Yunfeng Zuo, Xuejia Hu, and Yi Yang. "Autonomous and In Situ Ocean Environmental Monitoring on Optofluidic Platform." Micromachines 11, no. 1 (2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11010069.

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Determining the distributions and variations of chemical elements in oceans has significant meanings for understanding the biogeochemical cycles, evaluating seawater pollution, and forecasting the occurrence of marine disasters. The primary chemical parameters of ocean monitoring include nutrients, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and heavy metals. At present, ocean monitoring mainly relies on laboratory analysis, which is hindered in applications due to its large size, high power consumption, and low representative and time-sensitive detection results. By integrating photonics and microfluidics into one chip, optofluidics brings new opportunities to develop portable microsystems for ocean monitoring. Optofluidic platforms have advantages in respect of size, cost, timeliness, and parallel processing of samples compared with traditional instruments. This review describes the applications of optofluidic platforms on autonomous and in situ ocean environmental monitoring, with an emphasis on their principles, sensing properties, advantages, and disadvantages. Predictably, autonomous and in situ systems based on optofluidic platforms will have important applications in ocean environmental monitoring.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Portable electronic platform'

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