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Journal articles on the topic 'Portuguese in Kerala'

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1

Adabiya, H. "Maritime relations between Kollam and the portuguese – A review." ADVANCE RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 11, no. 2 (2020): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/arjss/11.2/64-68.

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India has an ancient and glorious maritime history and tradition in which the Kerala Coast occupied a position of pride from very early days. The coast of Kerala has a rich and long maritime heritage. The geographical situations and economic resources made this country a great trading and maritime power. Kollam is an important trading town with a well set up Port. It had trading relation with Chinese, Arabs and other oriental world. Kollam is an old sea Port town on the Arabian coast had a sustained commercial reputation from the days of Phoenicians and the Romans. The place was famous for tra
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2

Mundadan, A. Mathias. "The Impact of the Portuguese on the Church in Kerala." Jnanadeepa: Pune Journal of Religious Studies June 1998, no. 1/2 (1998): 42–60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4255180.

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The encounter between the Christian West, represented by the Portuguese, and India was phenomenal. The Portuguese achieved the realization of their protracted hopes and dreams, not only in discovering India with its rich commercial resources but also in coming into contact with the Christians of In­ dia. The ‘discovery’ was the opening of a vast field for Christian expansion. It also marked the beginning of a new stage of existence for the Christians of India. They came to know more about the shape and form of the Christian world. The present article will concentrate more on th
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3

Dalvin, Nevin. "Elements of Colonisation and Indigenisation: Changing Lucifer into Kali." ARCHIVO PAPERS 3, no. 2 (2023): 51–67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10038099.

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This article discusses the nature of indigenisation seen on the murals of Syrian Christian churches in Kerala, focussing on St. Mary's Jacobite church in Angamaly, Ernakulam. Kerala has several churches with elaborate murals, which have not received sufficient attention, and quite a few questions remain unexplored. These church murals were formed out of interactions between the Portuguese, the church of the East and the local religion. In the 16th century, the Portuguese exerted control over Kerala churches that had formerly been affiliated with the Church of the East. Some of the questions ad
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4

Sunil Edward. "A Prelude to the Study of Indigenous, Pre-European, Church Architecture of Kerala." Creative Space 1, no. 2 (2014): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/cs.2014.12003.

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Christianity is believed to have been first introduced to Kerala in 52 CE through St. Thomas, the Apostle. This paper introduces the traditional indigenous Church architecture of Kerala that existed before the arrival of Portuguese in 1498 CE. The paper mainly looks into the circumstances under which it got destroyed and also analyses the reasons for its disappearance. The paper concludes that after the arrival of the Europeans and, in their initiative to bring the Kerala church closer to the Western church, they constituted a conscious attempt to alter the religious architecture of traditiona
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5

Dr.Shylaja, S. "Scope of Sanskrit Studies in the Kerala Context." Kiraṇāvalī 16, no. 1-4 (2024): 55–66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14633713.

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This paper explores the scope of Sanskrit research within the Kerala context, highlighting its profound influence on Malayalam and the Dravidian linguistic environment. Kerala’s rich cultural tapestry, shaped by Aryan, Arabian, Portuguese, Jewish, Dutch, and British influences, has integrated Sanskrit deeply into its literary and linguistic fabric. Sanskrit’s impact is visible in Malayalam phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics, as well as in the literary traditions of Kerala, including classical poetry and drama. The study examines challenges in teaching Sanskrit as a second
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6

Muhammed Ashique PP, Muhammed Ashique PP, and Farida Siddiqui Farida Siddiqui. "The Economic Evolution of Kerala Muslims: From Pre-Colonial Trade to the Ulema Movement." International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention 14, no. 5 (2025): 153–56. https://doi.org/10.35629/7722-1405153156.

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The economic history of Kerala’s Muslim community reflects a remarkable journey of resilience, adaptation, and transformation across centuries. This study examines their socio-economic trajectory from the pre-colonial era marked by maritime trade dominance to the modern-day Ulema-led movements that revitalized their economic standing. During the pre-colonial period, Kerala Muslims, particularly the Mappilas, emerged as key intermediaries in the Indian Ocean spice trade, fostering robust commercial ties with Arab, Persian, and later European merchants. Their influence extended beyond trade, as
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7

Varghese, Baby. "Renewal in the Malankara Orthodox Church, India." Studies in World Christianity 16, no. 3 (2010): 226–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2010.0102.

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The Malanakra Orthodox Syrian Church, which belongs to the family of the Oriental Orthodox Churches, proudly claims to be founded by the Apostle St Thomas. Its history before the fifteenth century is very poorly documented. However, this ancient Christian community was in intermittent relationship with the East Syrian Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, which was discontinued with the arrival of the Portuguese, who forcefully converted it to Roman Catholicism. After a union of fifty-five years, the St Thomas Christians were able to contact the Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch, thanks to
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8

Cohen, Simona. "Hybridity in the Colonial Arts of South India, 16th–18th Centuries." Religions 12, no. 9 (2021): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12090684.

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This study examines the multiplicity of styles and heterogeneity of the arts created on the southern coasts of India during the period of colonial rule. Diverging from the trajectory of numerous studies that underline biased and distorted conceptions of India promoted in European and Indian literary sources, I examine ways in which Indian cultural traditions and religious beliefs found substantial expression in visual arts that were ostensibly geared to reinforce Christian worship and colonial ideology. This investigation is divided into two parts. Following a brief overview, my initial focus
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9

Malekandathil, Pius. "Winds of Change and Links of Continuity: A Study on the Merchant Groups of Kerala and the Channels of their Trade, 1000-1800." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 50, no. 2-3 (2007): 259–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852007781787422.

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AbstractThe diverse merchant groups that participated in maritime trade emanating from the various exchange centers of Kerala during this period acted within the framework of certain socioeconomic conditions that ensured a remarkable degree of continuity as far as their organizational arrangements and distribution networks were concerned.Familiarization with frequent socio-political changes in the maritime exchange centers of Kerala, which were then exposed to frequent expansionist moves of inland rulers in the initial phase and of European commercial powers in the later periods, gave a great
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10

SCAMMELL, G. V. "After Da Gama: Europe and Asia since 1498." Modern Asian Studies 34, no. 3 (2000): 513–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00003577.

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The years 1997–1998 witnessed Britain's return of Hong Kong to China; the fiftieth anniversary of the independence of India and Pakistan; and the much less publicized 500th anniversary of the arrival of the Portuguese in Asia. So were marked the beginnings and end of European empire in the East, and so, too, a new global distribution of power was recognized. The appearance on 20 May 1498 of a Portuguese fleet commanded by Vasco da Gama at Calicut (Kerala, S. India), combined with the penetration of the Caribbean six years earlier by a Spanish flotilla under Christopher Columbus were, it has of
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11

NAHON, PETER. "Two Judeo-Spanish ‘Marrano’ hymns in the liturgy of the Jews of Cochin." Journal of Jewish Studies 75, no. 1 (2024): 116–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jjs.2024.75.1.116.

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The liturgy of the Jews of Cochin, Kerala, is extant in several manuscripts, the oldest dating back to the end of the seventeenth century. Among the Hebrew pieces, we find two compositions in Old Spanish written in Hebrew characters, Alto dio de Abraham and Todos kiriados . Here we provide for the first time an edition of these texts (from MS. Roth 33 of the Brotherton Library, University of Leeds and MS. Or. 2242 of the Cambridge University Library). A philological analysis reveals that these two texts – a supplication paraphrasing Psalm 121 and a translation of a medieval Hebrew pizmon, Kol
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12

Vozchikov, Dmitrii V. "“THE BAREFOOT NOBLEMEN”: THE NAYARS AS SEEN BY THE VENETIANS OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 16TH CENTURY." Studia Religiosa Rossica: Russian Journal of Religion, no. 4 (2023): 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-4158-2023-4-38-54.

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The article deals with the imagery of the Nayar (Nair) warrior caste group in two famous 16th century Venetian travelogues. These accounts were written by the merchants Cesare Federici (traveled in the Middle East and Asia in 1563–1581) and Gasparo Balbi (traveled in 1576–1588). Their descriptive particularities are compared with the ones of some Portuguese accounts of South Asia. Federici and Babli both linked their Nayar accounts to Cochin (Kochi), an ancient city, which thrived of maritime commerce. For the merchants, the Nayars seemed analogous to the European nobility, these recklessly br
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13

Michael, Dr Cynthia Catherine. "S K Pottekkatt’s In the Land of the Kappiris: A Journey into the Heart of Africa." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, no. 10 (2020): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i10.10800.

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Exploration and mapping of Africa began around 1850 and continued intothe nineteenth century.S. K Pottekkatt, the Indian travel writer from Kerala State in India, set out to Africa. This study focusses on S. K Pottekkat as a travel writer who made Malayalis aware of the geography, life and culture of Africa. The Kappiri had no place in the land of his birth. Beira was a source of great relief for Indians travelling from other countries because Portuguese Africa was fairly free from racial discrimination. The Gujarati businessman was prominent. They had mastered the language of the natives and
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14

Bonate, Liazzat J. K. "Islam and matriliny along the Indian Ocean rim: Revisiting the old ‘paradox’ by comparing the Minangkabau, Kerala and coastal northern Mozambique." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 48, no. 3 (2017): 436–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463417000571.

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The coexistence of Islam and matriliny has been viewed as a ‘paradox’ because of strict patriliny that Islam prescribes. This article attempts to disentangle this enigma by comparing the Minangkabau, Kerala and coastal northern Mozambique that represent the most well-known cases of simultaneous practice of Islam and matrilineal kinship, which initially was a result of peaceful Islamisation through Indian Ocean networks. In the nineteenth century, the Dutch and British colonial regimes helped matriliny to survive, despite all the efforts of the Islamists to the contrary, by codifying local juri
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15

Fernandes, Gonçalo. "The first list of Malayalam words at the end of 15th century by a Portuguese seaman." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas 11, no. 3 (2016): 793–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981.81222016000300014.

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Abstract MS-804 from the Municipal Library of Porto, Portugal, is a unique copy of the journal of the first voyage to India under Vasco da Gama’s (ca. 1460–1524) command. It describes the voyage subsequent to the departure from the Tagus River, Portugal, on 8 July 1497 until the return up the shallows of the Grande River de Buba, Guinea, on 25 April 1499. The author of the original of this account is probably Álvaro Velho (fl. 1497/1507), born in Barreiro, but the arguments are still weak, being only achieved by deduction. The copyist is also probably John Theotonius, CRSA. The great merit of
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16

Tukaram Gaonkar, Palia, and Andre Rafael Fernandes. "Digitization of Konkani Texts, and their Transliteration." Digital Humanities in the Nordic and Baltic Countries Publications 2, no. 1 (2019): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/dhnbpub.11089.

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Konkani is the official language of the state of Goa, located on the western coast of India. This language has faced many political threats such as four hundred and fifty years of Portuguese colonization and contention with Marathi in order to be recognised as the official language, post-Liberation in 1961. It finally entered the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India in 1992. These hardships have diversified the nature of Konkani. It is spoken in several dialects in the state of Goa and elsewhere, and is written in five different scripts, owing to the migration of Konkani people from Go
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17

Županov, Ines G. "Antiquissima Christianità: Indian Religion or Idolatry?" Journal of Early Modern History 24, no. 6 (2020): 471–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342653.

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Abstract The Jesuit mission among the “ancient Christians” on the Malabar coast in today’s Kerala was one of the watershed moments—as I argued a decade ago—in their global expansion in Asia in the sixteenth century, and a prelude to the method of accommodation as it had been theorized and practiced in Asia. In this article I want to emphasize the invocation of comparisons with and the use of Mediterranean antiquity in crafting the identities, memory, and history of Indian Christianity. Jesuit ethnographic descriptions concerning the liturgy, rites, and customs of māppila nasrānikkal, also know
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18

Bes, Lennart. "Hundreds of Rosetta Stones and Other Patient Papers: The Dutch Records at the Tamil Nadu Archives, Chennai (Madras)." Itinerario 27, no. 1 (2003): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300020313.

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Plans of eighteenth-century Indian houses, papers concerning the Dutch hospital at Cochin, Tamil texts inscribed on palm leaves, documents of Dutch institutions in India functioning under British rule, and numerous proclamations each drawn up in Dutch, Portuguese as well as Malayalam, reminding one of hundreds of Rosetta Stones, these are just a few examples of the largely unique documents that are referred to as the Dutch Records and are kept at the Tamil Nadu Archives in the South Indian city of Chennai (formerly known as Madras). These materials seem to comprise virtually all that remains o
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19

Kunnumpuram, Kurien. "Jnanadeepa: Pune Journal of Religious Studies 21.2 July-Dec 1998: Beyond the Colonial Past." Jnanadeepa: Pune Journal of Religious Studies June 1998, no. 1/2 (1998): 1–160. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4257892.

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Jnanadeepa:  July 1998 (Vol 1/2): Beyond the Colonial Past Editorial: Beyond the Colonial Past  │ (pp. 3-4)  │  DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4249729 │  Read  Colonialism: Origin, Development and Consequences Isaac Padinjarekuttu  │ (pp. 5-22)  │  DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4249741 │  Read  Beyond the Colonial Past: A New Story-ing Kuruvilla Pandikattu, SJ │  (pp. 23-33)  │  DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4249763  │  Read Christian Life in Goa During Colonial Times Charles J. Borges, SJ │  (pp. 34-41)  │ DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4249852&
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20

Myazin, Nikolay. "Christianity in India: From the Apostle Thomas to the Present." Asia and Africa Today, no. 1 (2023): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750020551-8.

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The first Christians appeared in southwestern India during Antiquity; they belonged to Nestorianism and were fully incorporated into Indian society. The descendants of the Christian settlers and the descendants of the converts formed different castes. In the mid-16th century a Catholic diocese was established in the Portuguese possession of Goa, and most of the local Christians were converted to Catholicism. Protestantism began to spread in the early 18th century in the Danish colony of Trakenbar on the southeast coast. The East India Company did not permit missionary activity on its lands. Th
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21

Шарма Сушіл Кумар. "Why Desist Hyphenated Identities? Reading Syed Amanuddin's Don't Call Me Indo-Anglian." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 5, no. 2 (2018): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2018.5.2.sha.

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The paper analyses Syed Amanuddin’s “Don’t Call Me Indo-Anglian” from the perspective of a cultural materialist. In an effort to understand Amanuddin’s contempt for the term, the matrix of identity, language and cultural ideology has been explored. The politics of the representation of the self and the other that creates a chasm among human beings has also been discussed. The impact of the British colonialism on the language and psyche of people has been taken into account. This is best visible in the seemingly innocent introduction of English in India as medium of instruction which has subseq
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22

Madaleno, Isabel Maria. "Plantas medicinais consumidas em Cochim, no século XVI e na atualidade." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas 10, no. 1 (2015): 109–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-81222015000100006.

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O objetivo primacial desta pesquisa é investigar como solucionam os habitantes de Cochim, na Índia, seus problemas de saúde, quando não podem aceder aos sistemas convencionais ou quando optam por aceder a sistemas alternativos, na modernidade. O objetivo específico da pesquisa é compilar as espécies vegetais de uso terapêutico no século XVI e compará-las com as atuais. A flora indiana, em particular as especiarias, tem fascinado a humanidade desde o início dos tempos. Em 1498, os portugueses descobriram o caminho marítimo para a Índia e, durante os dois séculos seguintes, o pequeno país europe
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23

Abdullah, M. Adli, and Azmi Arifin. "The History of "Tuan Seberang" (Tun Seri Lanang) Based on Aceh and Dutch Sources." Malay Literature 30, no. 2 (2017): 204–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37052/ml.30(2)no2.

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This study discusses the position of Tuan Seberang, a prominent figure of the Malay Peninsula, who was immensely influential in shaping the kingdom of Aceh Darussalam in the 17th century. His prominence was evident when the book of Aceh’s historiography, Ma Bain-as-Salatin , clearly showed the position of and role played by Tuan Seberang in the administration of this kingdom. However, to date, there are rarely historians who have actually examines the position and prominence of Tuan Seberang, either when he was in Aceh or in the Peninsula. To be sure, Tuan Seberang was a prominent figure who w
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24

-, Tresa Jackson. "Architectural Transformation of Syrian Christian Churches in Kerala Since the Inception of Portuguese to India : An Insight to St Mary’s Forane Church Kanjoor." International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 5, no. 3 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i03.3996.

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The Portuguese were the first colonists to arrive in Kerala in 1498 and they were surprised to find a well thriving Christian community in the Malabar Coast. The Portuguese being Catholics under the Pope tried every possible means to Latinize the Syrian Christians. This they did by forcefully converting the Syrian Christians to Catholics. They introduced Catholic rituals, altered the Syrian churches, and introduced Portuguese elements in the churches. This led to the formation of a hybrid architecture for the Syrian churches of Kerala. Kanjoor is one such church in Kerala which had some Portug
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25

Reghunath, Keerthi, and Dr J. Muthukumar. "Slavery as a Social Institution Gleaned from Tarisappalli Copper Plates." South Eastern European Journal of Public Health, November 15, 2024, 1887–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.70135/seejph.vi.2241.

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Slavery as a universal social evil had its origins in time immemorial. Slavery was a part of the social life of Kerala society until the second half of the nineteenth century. According to the mythical story embodied in Keralolpathi, Parasurama reclaimed Kerala from the Ocean by throwing his axe. On this divine gift of the Arabian Sea, Parasurama settled the Brahmins as the lords and brought the indigenous people as cultivators and enslaved people. The story is indicative of the origin of agrestic slavery in the land. Several documents discovered from various parts of Kerala throw light on the
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26

Davis, Ann Rose. "Savoring traditions: culinary memory, familial identity, and authenticity of meen curry in Kerala." Journal of Ethnic Foods 11, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42779-024-00256-0.

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AbstractFood has been invented, consumed, modified, and evolved through the ages based on social conditions. This influence can be seen in Kerala, a South Indian state along the Arabian Sea, which has been part of the colonial expedition. The culinary heritage of Kerala is a unique blend of foreign influences from Arabs, Chinese, Portuguese, Dutch, and British who arrived on its shores. In this context, the aim of the study is to focus on the authenticity of Kerala’s traditional dish, meen curry, in relation to culinary nostalgia and familial identity. The research paper will provide a compreh
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27

Perczel, István, and Saranya Chandran. "New Evidence on the Sixteenth-Century East Syriac Missions in the Malabar Coast: The Muttuchira Inscription (1581 CE) in Context." Entangled Religions 11, no. 5 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/er.11.2024.11764.

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The present study deals with an inscription on a granite stele in the township of Muttuchira, Kottayam District, Kerala, India. The inscription was written in Malayalam, in the ancient Dravidian vaṭṭeḻuttu script, in 1581. It commemorates the erection of a series of open-air crosses, as well as the placement of a Persian Cross, called the Bleeding Cross. The first cross was erected in 1528 and the last one in 1581. The inscription was first published in 1930 and, ever since, several concurrent interpretations thereof have been proposed. However, all the previous transcriptions and interpretati
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28

Purayil, Manikkuttan Meethale. "COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF COLONIAL THALASSERY." ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 3, no. 2 (2022). https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v3.i2.2022.3362.

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Thalassery, or Tellicherry in colonial records, is a strategically located town on the western coast of Kannur district of Kerala state. It was a trading hub on the Malabar Coast where Chinese, Arab, Jewish, and many European traders had established considerable influence in the spice market. European trade contacts with the Malabar Coast played a significant role in shaping the political, economic, cultural, and intellectual configuration of the Malabar region, particularly Thalassery. The Portuguese, French, Dutch, and English competed to establish trading stations on the Malabar Coast. They
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29

"REASSIGNING THE ROUTES OF ANTI COLONIAL MOVEMENTS IN INDIA: REFLECTIONS ON THE STRUGGLES AGAINST THE PORTUGUESE IN KERALA." resmilitaris 12, no. 5 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.48047/resmil.v12i5.118.

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30

R., Rathiga, and (Dr).M.VIJI Major. "JESUITS IN MARAVA COUNTRY A GLANCE." September 24, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6891139.

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According to oral tradition among Tamil Christians also backed up by Christian missionary organizations, the earliest Tamil converts to Christianity can be traced to the 1<sup>st</sup> century when the apostle Saint Thomas visited South India. St .Thomas established a settlement of Christians baptized by him at Mylapore [the Portuguese meliapore] in modern Chennai which led to the place being known as Santhome. St .Thomas mount in Chennai, the place where St.Thomas, one of the disciples of Jesus Christ, was believed to have been martyred is an important pilgrimage site for Indian Christians.&n
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31

Babu C.T. Sunil. "WHEN MAPPILA MEN SING AND DANCE: AN ANALYTICAL DISCUSSION ON PERFORMING ARTS OF MAPPILA MEN." ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 5, no. 4 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i4.2024.2574.

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Muslims of Kerala state of the Indian republic are known as Mappilas. They have developed many unique cultural traits that are Indigenous in character, even though their culture has been influenced by Arabian tradition along with Malabar and Tamil culture. Mappilas were extraordinarily political and protested against Western powers like the Portuguese and British, which is why historians have extensively studied the Mappila community. They mostly looked at the aspects of the trade relationship with Mappilas, its impact on the community, and the protests of Mappilas against the colonial powers
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32

Mobin, John Thomas. "Leaving Home in Search of Home: Mapping India's Jewish Diaspora in Sophie Judah's "Dropped From Heaven" and Edna Fernandes' "The Last Jews of Kerala"." March 1, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3946710.

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Jews, down the ages, were victims of social ostracization. Prior to the solidification of Christendom, it was &lsquo;heathens&rsquo; who posed grave threat to Jewish identity and often forced them into exile. The hopes of inhabiting a &ldquo;land flowing with milk and honey&rdquo; after enduring the tribulations of Exodus remain, even today, as an unfulfilled dream. With the advent of Christianity and its gradual rise as the religion of Europe, anti-Semitic sentiments were high, the result of which, among other things, is manifested in literature and arts. Jewish presence in India predates Dut
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33

Paul, Dr M. S., and Dr Aishwarya Madhavan. "When the Novelist Writes History." International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, May 25, 2021, 216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.48175/ijarsct-1183.

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Sri Ravi Varma Thampuran is a writer who has established a reputation for himself in the field of Malayalam literature through his literary works on social, cultural and political issues. Mudippech is his fifteenth book and fifth novel published by Manorama Books. This novel is a continuation of Ravi Varma Thampuran's novel Bhayankaramudi written in 2014. In a nutshell, the theme of the novel is the history of the Kerala Renaissance. The book contains biographies of about sixty Renaissance heroes. The postmodern Malayalam novelists began to pursue a narrative style that transcends the boundari
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34

Hussiin, Hasnah, and Mardiana Nordin. "PERJANJIAN-PERJANJIAN ANTARA BRITISH DAN KERAJAAN PAHANG 1887-1948." International Journal of Humanities Technology and Civilization, May 13, 2024, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijhtc.v9i1.10615.

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Malaysian history is filled with various recordings of events. Among the biggest topics in talking about the country's history is the episode of British occupation in Malaya. Although this country has been invaded by foreign powers such as the Portuguese, the Dutch, the British and finally Japan, the British power is more dominant because it left more of an impact on Malaya from the past until now. Question that is still a question is about the status of the British occupation in this country whether they colonized or sheltered this country. However, many previous writings saw it as colonizati
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