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Parnell, Anthony Peter. "An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Therapists' perspectives of predisposing factors of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-interpretative-phenomenological-analysis-of-therapists-perspectives-of-predisposing-factors-of-post-traumatic-stress-disorder(0a6df02a-c765-4d86-8cec-8050c6da5ad4).html.
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Background: The aim of this study was to explore the experience and sense making oftherapists working with clients who present with a PTSD diagnosis. The study engaged with therapists experience and understanding of predisposing factors to PTSD and how they incorporate this understanding into the therapy process. Further to this the experience of the therapists understanding of the influence of predisposing factors on the expression of PTSD was explored. Literature Review: A literature review is presented identifying core research relating to PTSD, predisposing factors to the development of PTSD and the treatments used when working with PTSD as a presenting issue. Methodology: To address the aims of the study 9 therapist participants were interviewed. Semi-structured, one to one, in-depth interviews were utilised to elicit participant’s experience of the issues outlined within the aims. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to identify re-current themes across the interviews and analyse the data, which emerged. Findings: The main findings present thirteen sub-ordinate themes that reflect the essence of the participant’s experience of the phenomenon under investigation. These were based around eight Super-ordinate (master) themes of Previous history, Therapy relationship, Psychoeducation and Normalisation, Identity, Culture, Attachment, Presenting Therapy Themes, and Support Systems. Discussion and Conclusion: The study identified the participant’s experience of predisposing factors on the expression of PTSD. There was consensus from the participant’s in relation to the significant impact of client’s previous life experience on their expression of PTSD. The participants further identified that the client’s previous life experience influenced their formulation and treatment of PTSD. Significant issues that were described by all of the participants regardless of their theoretical or therapeutic perspective were (1) the central importance of the therapeutic relationship, (without a strong, trusting and safe relationship the participants would not engage the therapy work), (2) the importance of in-depth history taking (identification of previous life experience and its impact on the current response to the trauma), (3) the impact of previous trauma(s), and (4) the impact of support systems, environment and identity. These issues are discussed alongside the existing literature around this topic. Additionally, suggestions for future directions of research and recommendations for practice are presented.
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Hallett, Georgina. "An exploration of how veterans diagnosed with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder experience therapy." Thesis, University of Roehampton, 2012. https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/an-exploration-of-how-veterans-diagnosed-with-combat-related-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-experience-therapy(583ad99a-07f9-48d9-b93d-9e8c07bbc613).html.
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In 1980, the various symptoms of combat stress were formally classified as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), now an established condition with supporting research on its prevalence, possible causes and treatment options. As a diagnosis, however, it is marked by persistent questions about its validity as a conceptualisation of this group of symptoms. This kind of questioning stance is characteristic of counselling psychology as a discipline, which attempts to straddle both the scientific and therapeutic worlds of psychology. This latter, more subjective and interpretative world is currently absent from PTSD research and there is a consequent lack of understanding as to the perspective of those who have a PTSD diagnosis and who have undergone treatment for it. This research aims to fill this gap in the literature by asking veterans diagnosed with combat-related PTSD to describe and explore their experience of therapy. Six male participants were recruited on a voluntary basis from Combat Stress, the UK’s leading charity specialising in the care of veterans’ mental health. All participants served on a full time basis for the Armed Forces in a combat role and have since been diagnosed with combat-related PTSD by a Combat Stress psychiatrist. The data was collected using semi-structured interviews lasting around one hour. Analysis of the data was conducted using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), an inductive method which aims to explore and understand how a phenomenon is experienced from the perspective of those involved. Two master themes emerged, ‘being misunderstood’ and ‘developing understanding’, each with three subthemes. These themes explore these participants’ accounts of the internal confusion caused by PTSD symptoms and the external struggle to be understood by others and receive necessary help. These themes also engage with how the participants report a growing commitment to therapy, their developing relationships with themselves and their therapists, and the value of normative experiences in a safe environment. Together these themes form an interpretative answer to the research question: how do veterans diagnosed with combat-related PTSD experience therapy? The themes are explored in depth and links are drawn between them and the wider literature. The implications of this for counselling psychology practice are discussed, and suggestions for further research are made.
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Santos, Aparecida Araujo dos. "A avaliatividade e o pós-guerra em Home, de Toni Morrison uma abordagem sistêmico-funcional." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/18902.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Appraisal is a system to map the resources used to evaluate the social experience, carried out through several lexical-grammatical structures. The aim of this master thesis is to investigate the role of Appraisal on the narrative of suffering of a black Korean War veteran in two chapters of Home by Toni Morrison (2012), a Nobel Prize Laureate in 1993. If peace means the absence of war, this is a state the protagonist of Home - Frank - is unable to experience because he is followed by post-traumatic stress disorder, caused by the war and racial conflicts memories from childhood, during the 1950s segregation, caused by Jim Crow laws and McCarthyism. The narrative discourse analysis from the viewpoint of writer/reader relations reveals some mechanisms by which the narrative "works" on readers, enabling them to "feel with" a certain character and ethically judge his behavior. The survey runs through this literary universe in the light of discourse analysis, which, being trodden by scholars and researchers from socioideological and historical issues, was generally done obscurely, without the understanding support of their linguistic materiality. This study is based on the theoretical and methodological model of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), focusing on the Appraisal, an extension of Interpersonal metafunction of this theory. By the process of metarelation, redundant qualifiers and amplifiers or restrictive components, that is functionally a single assessment, are spread through the sentence or even long parts of a text. The research should answer the following questions: (a) What role does the Appraisal play in Frank‟s character composition? (b) What is the function of metarelation in this process? The novel analysis shows that the resources of Appraisal, running through the text by the metarelation process, contributes to the axiological creation of narration. The research shows some implications for the analysis of the evaluation in the text considering the contextual constraints to the development of relations between writer and reader
A Avaliatividade (Appraisal) é um sistema que mapeia os recursos usados para avaliar a experiência social, realizados por meio de várias estruturas léxico-gramaticais. O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é o exame do papel da Avaliatividade no relato do sofrimento de um rapaz afro-americano e ex-combatente de guerra da Coreia, em dois capítulos do romance Home, de Toni Morrison (2012), ganhadora do prêmio Nobel em 1993. Se a paz significa ausência de guerra, esse é um estado que o protagonista de Home – Frank – é incapaz de experienciar, já que sofre de transtorno de estresse pós-traumático causado pela guerra. Além disso, sofre com as recordações dos conflitos raciais sofridos na infância, no cenário de segregação dos anos 1950, causados pela lei Jim Crow e perseguições anticomunistas: o macartismo. A análise do discurso narrativo, do ponto de vista da relação escritor/leitor, revela alguns mecanismos pelos quais a narrativa “trabalha” sobre os leitores – capacitando-os a “sentir com” um determinado personagem e a julgar eticamente seu comportamento. A pesquisa percorre esse universo literário à luz da análise do discurso crítica, que – embora já tenha sido trilhado por estudiosos e pesquisadores para discutir questões sócioideológicas e históricas – tem sido realizada, muitas vezes, de forma obscura, sem o apoio da compreensão da sua materialidade linguística. O presente estudo tem o apoio teórico-metodológico da Linguística sistêmico-funcional (LSF), com enfoque no sistema da Avaliatividade (Appraisal), uma ampliação da metafunção Interpessoal dessa teoria. Pelo processo da metarrelação, os componentes redundantes, qualificadores e amplificadores ou restritivos, daquilo que é funcionalmente uma única avaliação, espalham-se através da oração ou, mesmo, de longos trechos de um texto. A pesquisa deve responder às seguintes perguntas: (a) Que papel exerce a Avaliatividade na composição do personagem Frank? (b) Qual é a função da metarrelação nesse processo? A análise do romance mostra que os recursos da Avaliatividade, que percorrem o texto pelo processo da metarrelação, contribuem para a criação axiológica da narração. A pesquisa mostra algumas implicações para a análise da avaliação no texto, se considerarmos os condicionamentos contextuais para o desenvolvimento das relações entre escritor e leitor
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Mauro, Mônica Rahal. "O fim do silêncio: As dinâmicas relacionais e a reconstrução das famílias com vítimas de seqüestro." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/15579.
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Previous issue date: 2007-05-14This report has its fundamental goal by understanding relationship dynamics on kidnapped victims and their families reconstruction. Get deeper on either practical or theoretical view giving a whole understanding of families process who had suffered a traumatic event, the kidnap. Discuss theoretically view of family relationship, their frontiers, the ambiguous loss, and trauma in all its dimensions, social, psychological and political. Base on literature and clinical background, developing a therapeutic action. Person and their families, who had suffered violence situations of any kind, especially kidnapping victims, might lead to isolation by feeling insecure and fearful created by the situation and the troubled unknown. Normality and tranquility disappears, breaking the family balance. All the problems that families had before the kidnap get worse after the event, rising conflicts. The after kidnapping experience from families (brief kidnapping or captivity) has shown that traumatic situation never ends. Some families return to their previous life, but the majority gets into a reconstruction process that normally takes time and creates pain (PSTD). Inside their living group, being silent about the theme in majority of time can be imposed by inability to find a solution, or to avoid suffer reviving. The consequence is more silence avoiding talking about the subject or anything that might remind them. The moment they accept that all of them are suffering from kidnap effects and the family system must be reconstructed to focusing and developing new schemes for family function, then it was possible to find the key that helped to untangle the fear feeling mess, sadness, guilty and anger. The followed road was the ¨grief¨ process for everything they had lost and were express by the end of silence, resulting to a new restructured family system. The spot of this investigation were selected by the study of Systemic Familiar Sociodrama that encloses Systematic Psychodrama Therapy. Psychodrama allows a correlated function to the internal world (intra-psychic) and external world (reality), seeking to regain spontaneity, lowering tensions, textual zing contents and talking about feelings. The systemic approach takes human systems out of individual focus, in another word from the intra-psychic to the inter-relatio
Este trabalho tem como objetivo fundamental compreender as dinâmicas relacionais e a reconstrução das famílias com vítimas de seqüestro. Aprofundar através da descrição teórica e prática a compreensão do processo de vivência das famílias que sofreram um evento traumático, o seqüestro. Discutir teoricamente as relações familiares, suas fronteiras, a perda ambígua, o trauma nas dimensões social, psíquico e político. Com base na literatura e na experiência clínica desenvolver uma ação terapêutica. As pessoas e seus familiares que vivem situações de violência, de qualquer espécie, em especial o seqüestro, tendem ao isolamento, pelo sentimento de medo e insegurança que a situação gera e pelo desconhecimento da problemática. A normalidade e a tranqüilidade rompem e o equilíbrio da família desaparece. Os problemas familiares que existiam antes do seqüestro, a partir deste evento, tornam-se piores e, por conseguinte, os atritos aumentam. A experiência que se tem com famílias após o seqüestro (com cativeiro ou relâmpago) vem demonstrando que esta vivência traumática não termina. Algumas famílias retornam à vida que levavam, mas a grande maioria entra em um processo de reconstrução, que normalmente leva tempo e gera dor (TEPT). No grupo em que vivem, o silêncio sobre o tema na maioria das vezes, se impõe, pela impossibilidade de acharem uma solução ou para evitarem reviver o sofrimento. A conseqüência é mais silêncio, pois não se pode tocar no assunto, nem em outros que possam lembrá-lo e assim, sucessivamente. No momento que se aceita que todos estão sofrendo os efeitos do seqüestro e que o sistema familiar deve reestruturar-se para canalizar e desenvolver novos esquemas de funcionamento foi possível achar a chave que ajudou a desemaranhar a confusão dos sentimentos de medo, tristeza, culpa e de raiva. O caminho percorrido foi o processo da elaboração deste luto por tudo o que foi perdido e que pôde ser expresso com o fim do silêncio, resultando em uma reestruturação dos sistemas familiares. O enfoque de investigação selecionado para este estudo foi o Sociodrama Familiar Sistêmico que engloba a terapia psicodramática e sistêmica. O psicodrama possibilita uma correlação do mundo interno (intrapsiquico) e o mundo externo (realidade), procurando recuperar a espontaneidade, diminuir as tensões, contextualizar o conteúdo e falar de sentimentos. A abordagem sistêmica tira o foco do indivíduo para os sistemas humanos, portanto do intrapsiquico para o inter-relacional
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Prado, Maria Angelica Pereira. "Estudo do impacto psicológico na intercorrência cirúrgica: trauma e seus efeitos pós-traumáticos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47133/tde-22082012-110823/.
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O proposito deste estudo e avaliar o impacto psicologico da vivencia hospitalar de individuos que sofrem complicacoes pos-operatoria, partindo do pressuposto de que a intercorrencia agrava o quadro clinico com repercussoes na esfera psiquica destes pacientes. Teoricamente enfoca a evolucao do conceito de trauma na teoria freudiana, partindo do desamparo primordial (hilflosigkeit) ate a nova concepcao de angustia, levando em consideracao o fator economico, a nocao de a posteriori (nachträglichkeit) e a compulsao a repeticao. Com o intuito de ampliar a compreensao do fenomeno, o estudo percorre a etiologia do trauma para outros teoricos: Sandor Ferenczi, sobre o narcisismo da doenca; Donald W. Winnicott, que correlaciona o trauma a vivencia do fracasso do ambiente, a imprevisibilidade, ao excesso de tempo de exposicao a situacao desorganizadora, e a elevacao do nivel de dependencia. A constancia desta situacao leva ao que Maksud Khan nomeou de trauma cumulativo. A hipotese e a de que esta experiencia hospitalar pode promover um trauma psiquico, na medida em que o individuo se ve diante de uma situacao imprevisivel, que pode lhe causar transbordamento emocional pelo estado de desamparo, impotencia e risco da perda de sua integridade fisica -, que inibe uma elaboracao psiquica. Apos a alta hospitalar tais fatores podem, ainda, desencadear efeitos pos-traumaticos, acarretando-lhe, assim, uma dificuldade adaptativa. Para Moty Benyakar isto significa que o evento disruptivo pode promover um vivenciar traumatico dado a magnitude do impacto no psiquismo. Metodologicamente, para melhor compreensao do processo psiquico, faz-se um estudo longitudinal, de seis sujeitos, iniciando enquanto estes se encontram hospitalizados (situacao potencialmente traumatica), tres e seis meses apos a alta hospitalar. Na aplicacao do metodo qualitativo o estudo baseia-se na coleta de dados com entrevistas e na aplicacao reduzida da tecnica projetiva do TAT (Thematic Apperception Test). Pelo metodo quantitativo os pacientes sao submetidos a aplicacao da escala de avaliacao do transtorno de estresse pos-traumatico (CAPS Clinician Administred PTDS Scale). Esta pesquisa foi realizada em Hospital Escola de Universidade Publica, apos a aprovacao do Comite de Etica desta instituicao e do Comite de Etica para Seres Humanos do Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo. Atraves dos resultados obtidos na pesquisa pode-se constatar que ha uma relacao direta entre o evento e os seus efeitos no psiquismo. Pelo proprio carater disruptivo da instituicao hospitalar, dos encargos dos problemas de saude e do entorno (familiar, socioeconomico) o individuo vivencia uma vulnerabilidade fisica e psiquica. Contudo constatou-se que a dimensao da repercussao psiquica esta diretamente associada ao quadro clinico dos pesquisados, e ao tempo que ficam expostos a situacao potencialmente traumatica. Sendo este um fator fundamental na incidencia dos sintomas do Transtorno de Estresse Pos-traumatico. Com base neste estudo psicologico das complicacoes pos-operatorias, espera-se possibilitar aos profissionais de saude um novo olhar ao promover sua conscientizacao sobre problemas advindos desta experiencia, nao so aos individuos como, tambem, aos familiares, levantando a possibilidade de, se necessario, recorrerem a uma assistencia psicologica e/ou psiquiatricaThe objective of this study is to assess the psychological impact in subjects who stay in hospital after suffering from post-operative complications, on the assumption that the clinical picture gets worse causing troubles in the psychic area of these patients. Theoretically it focuses the evolution of the concept of trauma according to Freudian theory, since the primordial abandonment (hilflosigkeit) up to the new concept of distress, considering the economical situation, the concept of a posteriori (nachtraglichkeit) and the repetition compulsion. Aiming to offer a deeper understanding of the phenomenon, the study works with the etiology of trauma by other theorists: Sandor Ferenczi, about the narcissism of the disorder; Donald W. Winnicott, who relates the trauma to the experience of the environment failure, the unpredictability, the length of time facing a disordering situation, and the raising in dependence level. The constancy of this situation leads to what Maksud Khan called as cumulative trauma. The hypothesis is that in-hospital experience might provide a psychic trauma in so far as the subject has faced an unpredictable situation that might cause an overflow of emotions feeling abandoned, powerless and at the risk of losing physical integrity -, inhibiting a psychic elaboration. After having been discharged from hospital, such factors might also trigger post traumatic effects, implying into an adapting difficulty. According to Moty Benyakar, the disruptive event might provide a traumatic experience due to the great impact in the psychism. Methodologically for a better understanding of the psychic process, a longitudinal study has been made, with a number x of subjects, starting while they are in hospital (a potentially traumatic situation), from three to six months after they had been discharged from hospital. Applying the qualitative method the study has been based on the data collected through interviews and in the reduced application of the projective technique of TAT ( Thematic Apperception Test). Through the quantitative method the patients have been submitted to the application of the evaluation scale on the post-traumatic stress disorder (CAPS - Clinician Administered PTDS Scale). This research was carried out at the Hospital Escola da Universidade Publica, after the approval of the Comite de Etica ( Ethics Committee) of this institution and the Comite de Etica para Seres Humanos ( Ethics Committee for Human Beings) of the Instituto de Psicologia (Psychology Institute) of Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP). Through the results provided by the research, it was observed that there is a direct relation between the event and the effects in the psychism. For the own disruptive aspect in hospital, the burdens of health disorders and other surroundings ( familiar, socio- economic problems), the subject lives in a physical and psychic vulnerability. However it was pointed out that the dimension of the psychic repercussion is directly linked to the clinical picture of the six subjects who are studied, and the length of time that they have been exposed to the potentially traumatic situation. And this factor is extremely important in the incidence of the symptoms of the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. This psychological study of the post- traumatic surgery complications is meant to bring to health professionals much more awareness about the problems that come after this experience, not only for the subjects as well as to the relatives, who should be allowed to require, whenever necessary, some psychological and/or psychiatric treatment
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Fagelson, Marc A. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1635.
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Silva, Flávia Cristina Amaro da. "Ameaças à Infância: do Trauma Psíquico ao Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2006. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/15492.
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Previous issue date: 2006-06-02This research is the result of the master s degree dissertation in Clinical Psychology in the Psychosomatic Department and Hospital Psychology of PUC-SP, with theorical reference to the psychoanalitic theory. The study had, as a first objective, the literature revision of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children; as second, the literature revision in the psychodinamic of the trauma experience in the psychoanalitic clinic, and as the third objective, the apprehension of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) clinical presentation with the psychodinamic of the trauma experience. For the first revision, the data bases Pubmed, Medline, Lilacs and Pilots were used. For the second, it was used database entailed Psique to the library of the São Paulo s Institute of the Brazilian Psychoanalysis Society. The study includes the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) aspects in children with an illness or a potentially serious, acute or chronic, medical condition and studies about the trauma subjective experience in the psychoanalitic theory involving the sick children. The studies with children excluded those who were victims of automobile trauma. The apprehension of the PTSD from the psychodinamic theory was based on elements of S. Freud, S. Ferenczi and D. W. Winnicott s theories. The results, as well as the discussion, had demonstrated a Brazilian publication scarcity in the area. They had evidenced the joint and apprehension of the PTSD with the trauma psychoanalitic psychodinamic. It was possible to verify the serious disease traumatic potential in infancy and the damages that it can cause in the biological, psychic and social development, when the child cannot give a meaning to her experiences in her representation system. Steady care and social support can act as protection factors, favoring a growth posttraumatic stress situation. Finally, it has been considered that the health professionals whom directly deal with these children have an important paper to brighten up the stressing effects of these experiences, as well as the psychoanalitic psycotherapy can offer a accompaniment for the child in the confrontation with the irrepresentable.
Esta pesquisa é resultado da dissertação de mestrado em Psicologia Clínica no Núcleo de Psicossomática e Psicologia Hospitalar da PUC-SP, com referencial na teoria psicanalítica. O estudo teve como um primeiro objetivo a revisão de literatura do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TETP) na criança; como segundo, a revisão de literatura sobre a psicodinâmica da experiência do trauma na clínica psicanalítica e como terceiro objetivo, a compreensão da apresentação clínica do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TETP) com a psicodinâmica da experiência do trauma. Para primeira revisão utilizou-se os bancos de dados Pubmed, Medline, Lilacs e Pilots. Para a segunda, utilizou-se a base de dados Psique vinculada à biblioteca do Instituto da Sociedade Brasileira de Psicanálise de São Paulo. Foram incluídos no estudo os aspectos do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) na criança portadora de uma doença ou condição médica potencialmente grave, aguda ou crônica e estudos sobre a experiência subjetiva do trauma dentro da teoria psicanalítica envolvendo a criança doente. Foram excluídos estudos sobre crianças vítimas de trauma automobilístico. A compreensão do TEPT a partir da teoria psicodinâmica foi fundamentada em elementos da teoria de S. Freud, S. Ferenczi e D. W. Winnicott. Os resultados, bem como a discussão, demonstraram uma escassez de publicações brasileiras na área. Evidenciaram a fatível articulação e compreensão do TEPT com a psicodinâmica psicanalítica do trauma. Foi possível verificar o potencial traumático da enfermidade grave na infância e os prejuízos que pode causar no desenvolvimento biopsicossocial quando a experiência deixa de ser significada no sistema de representações da criança. Cuidados estáveis e suporte social podem atuar como fatores de proteção favorecendo um crescimento pós-situação traumática. Finalmente, consideramos que os profissionais de saúde que lidam diretamente com essas crianças têm importante papel no sentido de amenizar os efeitos estressógenos dessas vivências, assim como a psicoterapia psicanalítica pode oferecer um acompanhamento para a criança no confronto com o irrepresentável.
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Holeva, Vassiliki. "Predicting post traumatic stress disorder." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488185.
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Ayers, Susan. "Post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth." Thesis, St George's, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.481529.
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Newell, Tracey. "Neurocognition in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/162759/.
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The negative behavioural and emotional symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) have been extensively reported in the literature. However, much less is known about the neuropsychological and neurobiological characteristics of the disorder. This thesis consists of two papers, the first being a review which highlights the emerging picture of literature in the field of neuropsychology in PTSD, with particular reference to findings in those cognitive domains of general intellectual functioning, memory, attention and executive function. Given that the findings associated within these domains are mixed, the second paper reports the outcome from a neuropsychological study of cognitive differences that was conducted to contribute to current knowledge in the area of neurocognition and visual memory in PTSD in particular. Trauma exposure, current PTSD, depressive and anxiety symptoms and performance on a range of neuropsychological tests were examined in tertiary care outpatients with PTSD (n=26), individuals who had been exposed to severe trauma but without current PTSD (n=26), and healthy controls (n=26). In addition to previously reported deficits in verbal learning and fluency in PTSD, deficits in visual spatial memory were also found. These observable deficits in visual memory may reflect characteristic features of PTSD, such as reported difficulties in remembering certain aspects of traumatic events and the presence of visual flashbacks. It is uncertain whether these deficits represent a risk factor for PTSD, or a consequence of trauma, as suggested by research in animal models.
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Holcroft, Leanne. "Post-traumatic stress disorder after stroke." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436730.
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Brown, Kristine L. "The Connection between Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Suicide Behavior: What Links Post-traumatic Stress Disorder to Suicide?" University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1372598026.
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Astorga, Delia Marie. "Educating veterans on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1571852.
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The purpose of this project was to create program to identify funding sources, and write a grant to fund a support group for veterans who suffer from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) at the Department of Veterans Affairs of, Long Beach. The literature allowed this write to find the main causes of PTSD in this case being exposed to combat, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBO), and the consequences to PTSD (substance abuse, commit suicide, experience family conflicts). This writer also found Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), Prolonged Exposure Therapy (PET), and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) to be effective intervention in treating veterans with PTSD. The proposed program is aimed at providing psychoeducation to veterans and to help improve the lives of our service men and women who suffer from PTSD. The program includes group counseling, and individual counseling for veterans, family counseling. Providing the proper training will help social worker better assess and serve our veterans who return from combat with PTSD. Actual submission and/or funding of the grant were not required for the completion of this project.
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Isaac, Claire L. "Cognitive function in post-traumatic stress disorder." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2002. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2358/.
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Complaints of poor memory by individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have engendered research into attention and memory functioning in this disorder. Due to numerous methodological difficulties encountered in research with this group, results have been inconclusive. In Chapter 1 of this thesis the existing literature is reviewed to ascertain whether there is any evidence of a specific pattern of memory disorder associated with PTSD. Studies are reviewed for evidence of cognitive deficits relating to the structures of the limbic system. dysfunction in which has been implicated in PTSD. It is concluded that there is relatively good evidence of deficits related to probable frontal lobe functions. However, there is very little evidence of hippocampal related disorders and no studies have investigated memory functions relating to hypothesised roles of the amygdala in this group. In chapters 2 and 3 experiments are described that aim to investigate cognitive abilities related to amygdala functioning in PTSD. Chapter 2 investigates an hypothesised role of the amygdala in the consolidation of memory for emotional material. The results confirm the possibility of amygdala dysfunction in PTSD by showing that on a test of free recall participants with PTSD forgot emotional word stimuli at a faster rate than control participants, whereas non-emotional stimuli were forgotten at a more normal rate. Chapter 3 investigated a second hypothesised role for the amygdala in the recognition of facial expressions of fear and anger. Results showed that PTSD participants were somewhat impaired in their recognition of these expressions, which contrasted with an enhanced ability, associated with symptoms of hyperarousal, in identifying other negative facial expressions. In Chapter 4, the relevance of neuropsychological research to Clinical Psychology is discussed. It is argued that such research is vital if we are to fully understand the difficulties clients could face on a day-to-day basis.
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Fagelson, Marc A. "Tinnitus, Hyperacusis, & Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2003. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1610.
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Gerdes, S. "Post traumatic stress disorder and psychological therapies." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/35103.
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Literature Review: The current review presents a recent review of the effectiveness of psychological therapies to treat sleep difficulties (such as insomnia and nightmares) in sufferers of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The review also aimed to investigate whether there are differences in the effectiveness of specific psychological therapies to treat sleep disturbances in PTSD, such as between the different types of psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT). Eleven studies were included in the review that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results are presented in tables and a descriptive account is included. The review demonstrates that psychological therapies are effective for the treatment of insomnia and other sleep difficulties such as nightmares. However, firm conclusions cannot be drawn about the effectiveness of different types of psychological therapies as studies predominantly used CBT and only one non-CBT study was included in the review. Comparisons between the effectiveness of different CBT approaches is also not possible as there was a large range of diversity in the study characteristics and also there were only a small number of studies for each intervention, which therefore limits the generalisability of results in the current review. It may be that different CBT interventions such as CBT-I or EERT and IRT may be better suited to treat insomnia and nightmares respectively, but further research needs to be conducted into which of these approaches are beneficial for different PTSD specific sleep difficulties. Empirical Paper: Initial studies demonstrate that self-compassion reduces symptoms of PTSD in Armed Forces Veterans (AFV), however the use of self-compassion approaches in AFV is under-researched. The current study utilised self-report and psychophysiological measures to investigate whether a single self-compassion experimental induction reduced hyperarousal symptoms (PTSD Cluster E symptoms) and increased feelings of social connectedness in AFV. The study hypothesised that there would be a decrease in hyperarousal symptoms and an increase in social connectedness, which would be associated with PTSD severity. Fifty-three AFV who had been deployed to a combat zone took part in the study, of which n = 15 (28.3%) currently met criteria for PTSD and n = 4 (7.5%) met criteria for Subsyndromal PTSD on the PCL-5. Participants listened to a recording of a Loving Kindness Meditation for self-compassion (LKM-S) and psychophysiological recordings were taken throughout. Participants completed state measures of hyperarousal and social connectedness before and after the LKM-S. Findings partially demonstrated that self-compassion can be elicited in an AFV population. However, changes on the self-report measures were largely not supported by psychophysiological measures, apart from skin conductance levels (SCL). The longevity of the effects observed in the study were not measured and should be investigated in future studies. Although this study has demonstrated that self-compassion can be elicited within the AFV population, further research is needed including to test a longer self-compassion intervention.
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Kramer, Kathleen. "Optimal treatment for post traumatic stress disorder." Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12139.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Boston UniversityThough recognized previously as “shell shock” or “combat neurosis” Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that was first introduced in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) in 1980. Diagnosis of PTSD requires the experience of a traumatic event followed by symptoms including avoidance, hyperarousal, re-experiencing, numbing and intense fear. The current treatment options include psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Brain stimulation is also emerging as an effective treatment option. The most widely studied and successful treatment is termed Prolonged Exposure therapy (PE). This involves the therapeutic repetition of the traumatic experience in order for the patient to understand that they are no longer in danger. Despite the effectiveness of PE, many individuals continue to suffer from PTSD. There are several obstacles between research and practice, as well as barriers to care for those suffering from PTSD. Even when evidence based practice is applied to those in need, there is still a high rate of treatment failures. Further research must be done to determine the best course of treatment for the increasing number of individuals suffering from PTSD.
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Panagioti, Maria. "Suicidal behaviour in post-traumatic stress disorder." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/suicidal-behaviour-in-posttraumatic-stress-disorder(0aa2d261-53de-41af-b3e6-e18316fb7806).html.
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A growing body of research has indicated that the levels of suicidal behaviour are particularly heightened among individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Two theoretical models of suicide, the Cry of Pain Model of suicide (CoP; Williams, 1997) and the Schematic Appraisals Model of Suicide (SAMS; Johnson, Gooding & Tarrier, 2008) have proposed that perceptions of defeat and entrapment are key components of the psychological mechanisms which drive suicidal behaviour. The SAMS has also emphasized the importance of psychological resilience factors for preventing suicide risk. Resilience to suicide has been recently defined as a set of appraisals which buffer the impact of risk factors on suicidal behaviour. The first aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of perceptions of defeat and entrapment in suicidal behaviour in those with full or subthreshold PTSD. The second aim of this thesis was to obtain empirical evidence for the presence of resilience factors to suicidal behaviour in PTSD. Initially, a comprehensive narrative review and a meta-analysis were conducted to examine the magnitude of the association between various forms of suicidal behaviour and a PTSD diagnosis and the role of comorbid depression in this association. Both, the narrative review and the meta-analysis demonstrated a strong positive association between suicidal behaviour and PTSD, and supported the mediating impact of comorbid depression in this association. A re-analysis of a previous dataset of individuals with PTSD was also pursued to establish the relevance of negative perceptions/appraisals to suicidal behaviour in those with PTSD. Next, three empirical studies were designed to investigate the utility of perceptions of defeat and entrapment in explaining suicidal behaviour in those with full or subthreshold PTSD. The outcomes across the three studies supported the hypothesis that defeat and entrapment represent the proximal psychological drivers of suicidal behaviour in PTSD and fully account for the suicidogenic effects of negative self-appraisals and PTSD symptoms. Two additional empirical studies were conducted to examine resilience factors to suicidal behaviour among individuals with full or subthreshold PTSD. The first of these studies provided evidence that high levels of perceived social support buffered the impact of PTSD symptoms on suicidal behaviour. The last study supported the efficacy of a resilience-boosting technique, the Broad-Minded Affective Coping procedure (BMAC), to enhance the experience of positive emotions and improve mood amongst individuals diagnosed with PTSD. Together, the current results support the SAMS' postulation concerning the role of perceptions of defeat and entrapment in the emergence of suicidal behaviour in PTSD and highlight the importance of boosting resilience as a means of targeting suicidal behaviour in those with PTSD. Clinical implications of these findings are outlined throughout the thesis.
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Becker, Kathryn Anne. "Attention and traumatic stress in children /." view abstract or download file of text, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3055667.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-113). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Reid, Louise Marie. "Traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder symptom reporting and attentional bias : unravelling the misidentification of post-traumatic stress disorder in people with a traumatic brain injury." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2009. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1221/.
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Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can occur following a traumatic event that has led to moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) even when there is little or no memory for the event. The incidence of PTSD is higher when diagnosed by self-report questionnaires compared to structured clinical interview. Previous studies suggest PTSD can be misdiagnosed in a significant proportion of cases and the incidence is in fact low. To explore this issue further there is a need to not only understand whether there are differences between cases that do and do not fulfill symptom criteria for PTSD, but also whether some cases have ‘partial PTSD’; that is to say they have PTSD symptoms but do not fulfill the DSM-IV symptom criteria exactly. Aims: The study aims to establish whether an attentional bias to trauma related words exists in people with TBI who report PTSD symptoms and to investigate the relationship between physiological arousal and attentional bias in people with a TBI reporting PTSD symptoms. Method: Forty-one participants with severe-extremely severe TBI were recruited from the community and completed measures of cognitive functioning. Attentional bias was measured using a Stroop task in which trauma, negative, neutral and positive words were administered randomly. Physiological reactivity (heart rate) was recorded and PTSD ‘caseness’ was established using a self-report questionnaire and a clinician-administered structured interview. Results: No significant relationship between PTSD symptom severities and attentional bias to trauma stimuli was apparent. Those with ‘PTSD’ demonstrated significantly slower reaction times to negative words however; this bias was associated with self-report of depression rather than PTSD symptomatology. Heart rate decreased throughout the interview and was not associated with PTSD symptom severities. Conclusions: Greater PTSD symptom reporting was not associated with an attentional bias to trauma words. Heart rate decreased over the course of the interview, independent of PTSD severity and diagnosis. This suggests that ‘partial’ PTSD was not present, and instead those who reported PTSD symptoms were curious about the gap in memory caused by amnesia without the associated fear response.
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Kenny, Lucy Margaret. "Memory processes in posttraumatic stress disorder." [New South Wales : University of New South Wales], 2006. http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/uploads/approved/adt-NUN20061110.142022/public/02whole.pdf.
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Garlick, Amanda Louise. "Post traumatic stress disorder : a portfolio of research." Title page, portfolio overview and portfolio structure only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09DNS/09dnsg2336.pdf.
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"November 2003" Bibliography: leaves 168-170 This thesis comprises three reports on research into post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The research seeks to explore issues surrounding PTSD including treatment options, the nurses' role in providing this treatment and the perceptions of those who have undergone treatment for PTSD. Whilst one of the reports specifically looks at combat-related PTSD, the other two are more broadly based. It was noted, however, that within Australia, most PTSD treated in accredited programmes is combat related.
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Sermpezis, Christos. "Patterns of construing and post-traumatic stress disorder." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/14360.
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Four studies were conducted in order to investigate the way people construe their most stressful and traumatic experiences. Personal constl1,lct theory was the main theoretical approach used in all studies but the thesis also drew upon social const~ctionist perspectives. In study one, a clinical sample of people diagnosed with PTSD (n = 36) was tested using repertory grids and questionnaires. The study tested the viability of the personal construct model of PTSD (Sewell et aI, 1996). Results did not support the model and a new personal construct model was proposed. In study two, an investigation into a number of methodological issues relating to the hierarchical-classes analysis (HICbAS), as applied to PTSD conceptualizations within the personal construct model, was conducted. Results revealed that its use in the analysis of repertory grid data was based on flawed assumptions. Corrective suggestions were proposed and the TUCKER-HICLAS software was introduced in order to improve the analysis of repertory grid data. In study three, a student sample (n = 114) was divided into groups according to some personality traits (high/low anxiety, repression, dissociatIon, thought suppression). The students completed repertory grids using as elements life events, including the most stressful event of their lives, and consequently their patterns of construing these events were compared between them as well as with the patterns found among the PTSD ' , patients from Study One. Results were counterintuitive in the sense that it was found that the low anxious group was the most similar to the PTSD group. A model based on the concepts of anticipation and epistemic control was proposed to account for the findings. In study four, an asylum seeker and refugee sample (n = 5) diagnosed with PTSD was interviewed and asked to complete repertory grids. Results showed that this population tends to construe their traumas in terms of constructs expressing social relations rather than psychological states, as commonly found among non-refugee people. Central to their construing of trauma was found to be the concept of 'limbo'. The psychosocial effects of limbo were explored through the anthropological concept of liminality. It was propose'd that issues of functionality should be incorporated into the diagnosis and treatment of trauma among asylum seekers and refugees as well as the general population.
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Banks, Kirsty. "Mindfulness, self-compassion and post-traumatic stress disorder." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22085.
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Background: Post-traumatic stress and exposure to early traumatic events are often characterised by negative self-cognitions and experiences of shame, guilt or blame. These symptoms are theoretically linked to the concept of self-compassion which is an important factor in affect regulation, and is predictive of mental wellbeing and psychological distress. Interventions aimed at increasing acceptance, non-judgement and self-compassion such as mindfulness may be useful in the treatment of post-traumatic stress symptoms. Methods: The first part of this portfolio presents a systematic review which aimed to collate and evaluate the existing research for the use of mindfulness based interventions to treat post-traumatic stress symptoms. The search process involved a systematic search of relevant research databases, hand search of relevant journals, and relevant authors were contacted. The second part of this portfolio presents a quantitative research study which explored the relationship between the experience of childhood trauma and self-compassion; and whether self-compassion was predictive of post-traumatic stress and growth in an adult clinical sample. Data were collected through postal survey and analysed using correlation and hierarchical regression analysis. Systematic Review Results: The systematic review resulted in 12 studies which met eligibility criteria, the majority of studies indicated positive outcomes with improvements in post-traumatic stress symptoms, particularly in reducing avoidance. Many of these studies lacked methodological rigour and further studies with more robust research design are required. Research Study Results: The quantitative study showed that greater experience of childhood emotional abuse, neglect, punishment and sexual abuse were significantly correlated with lower self-compassion in adulthood. Hierarchical regression showed that self-compassion was predictive of total post-traumatic stress symptoms, post-traumatic avoidance and intrusion when age, gender, exposure to traumatic events and childhood trauma were controlled. The experience of post-traumatic growth showed no significant relationship with self-compassion. Conclusions: Studies indicate that mindfulness interventions show promise for the treatment of PTSD symptoms, although further research with more robust methodology is needed. Greater experience of childhood abuse is related to lower self-compassion in adulthood and lower self-compassion is predictive of higher PTSD avoidance and intrusion symptoms. This suggests that future research investigating self-compassion interventions may be beneficial in treating PTSD.
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McKinnon, Aimee. "Assessing physiological sensitivity in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/110198/.
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People who have endured horrific events often bear predictable psychological harm. The symptoms of this harm can persist to produce a recognised clinical syndrome, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The lived reality of PTSD is a condition in which sufferers experience unbearable emotional reactions to traumatic reminders and exist in a persistent state of fear. Although the psychiatric and psychological construct of PTSD has been hotly contested, research and clinical opinion seem to converge around a state of enhanced sensitivity to threat, underpinned by chronic physiological hyper-arousal. This thesis has been concerned with the development of assessment measures that are sensitive to physiological hyper-arousal, including pupillometry and visual contrast sensitivity. In three experiments, a sample of 73 participants recruited from military, addiction and homelessness charity services were assessed for PTSD symptomology with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-V, and the self-report Impact of Event Scale-Revised. During passive viewing of emotive images, individuals with PTSD showed pupil responses that were influenced more by emotive stimuli than controls, and showed a reduced constriction of the pupil to light; revealing altered states of arousal. Due to methodological differences, a task assessing pupil responses to emotive sound clips failed to replicate this result. The assessment of visual contrast sensitivity revealed the heterogeneous nature of PTSD. Multi-dimensional assessment of symptom subscales showed that higher levels of re-experiencing symptoms were related to heightened visual sensitivity, but avoidant symptoms were related to lower sensitivity. Overall, the assessment of psychophysiological responses in PTSD demonstrated the utility of pupillometry for the assessment of PTSD, contributed to the literature on the regulation of the autonomic nervous system in PTSD, and highlighted the diversity of the clinical construct due to opposing effects of the symptom subscales.
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Jones, R. C. "Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Chronic Cardiopulmonary Disease." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485448.
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This work aims to examine the prevalence and impact of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in people with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Post-traumatic stress disorder is widely underdiagnosed and may be associated with negative effects on health-related behaviour, including smoking, diet, exercise, seeking appropriate treatment and compliance with prescribed medication. Depression after myocardial infarction (MI) is known to be associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, butless is known about PTSD after MI. This thesis consists of the following: A systematic review of the prevalence and impacts of PTSD after MI, which found 15 studies that presented original research data involving 974 participants. The prevalence of PTSD ranged from 0% to 25%; the pooled prevalence was 14.7%. Inadequate information was available to confirm an association between PTSD and adverse cardiovascular outcomes after MI. A study of 112 patients with a previous diagnosis of MI recruited from primary was carried out. Overall, 32% of patients had PTSD related to their MI, and that PTSD was associated with significant psychological morbidity. No evidence, however, suggested that people with PTSD after MI were more likely to have risk factors for future cardiovascular events. A study of the prevalence of PTSD in 100 patients with COPD referred to a pulmonary rehabilitation programme found that 8% had PTSD~ Post-traumatic stress disorder was associated with impaired health status. Symptoms of PTSD did not improve after pulmonary rehabilitation despite improvements in other aspects of health,.status. In neither patients with COPD nor patients with IHD was PTSO associated with smoking. In conclusion, PTSO is not uncommon in patients with IHD and COPO and is largely undetected. PTSD is associated with both psychological symptoms and increased symptom burden related to the chronic illness. In patients with IHO, Iwas unable to confirm previous findings that PTSO is associated with poor 3 compliance, unhealthy behavioural patterns and increased risk factors for progression of IHO. Insufficient evidence was found to conclude that PTSO is a cause of adverse outcomes in patients with COPD. The relation between psychological factors and the development, progression and risk of acute events in patient with IHD and COPD merits further research.
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Smith, Kirsten V. "Post-traumatic stress disorder and allocentric spatial memory." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604302.
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A recent Dual Representation Model of intrusive memory proposes that intrusions reflect involuntary reactivation of egocentric/hippocampally dependent representations in the absence of a corresponding allocentric/hippocampally independent representation (Brewin, Gergory, Lipton, & Burgess, 20 I 0). We investigated allocentric processing, following trauma, and examined whether PTSD sufferers have impaired performance indicative of reduced hippocampal functioning. Trauma-exposed individuals with (N=29) and without a diagnosis of PTSD (N=29) completed two tests of allocentric spatial processing. The first, a topographical recognition task comprising perception and memory components. The second, a virtual environment in which objects are presented and recognition memory is tested from either the same viewpoint as presentation (tapping egocentric memory) or a different viewpoint (tapping alloeentric memory). Participants in the PTSD group performed significantly worse on both tests of allocentric spatial processing than trauma-exposed controls. Groups performed comparably on egocentric memory and a non-spatial memory task of object list learning. These results show an unambiguous impairment in hippocampally dependent cognitive processes. As predicted by the Dual Representation Theory-Revised those with PTSD display impaired allocentric processing indicative of reduced hippocampal function . The clinical and research implications of this result will be discussed.
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Ferguson, Sandra. "'Complex' post traumatic stress disorder in battered women." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28008.
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It is argued that the diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) fails to capture the range of psychological consequences found in populations who have been chronically traumatised (Herman 1992). 'Complex' Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has been postulated, which includes many of the commonly reported additional difficulties, in an attempt to overcome this weakness. The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which the symptoms of Complex PTSD are found in battered women (n=25), a chronically traumatised group. A sample of women in the community who have not experienced violence at the hands of a partner are used as controls (n=25). The relationship between Complex PTSD and PTSD is examined, as are the relative effects of hypothesised risk factors including; a history of childhood physical or sexual abuse, length of violent relationship, severity of violence experienced, concurrent stress and other traumatic experiences.
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Lind, Ellen Walker. "Secondary traumatic stress predictors in psychologists /." Full text available online (restricted access), 2000. http://images.lib.monash.edu.au/ts/theses/lind.pdf.
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Taha, Ai Yun. "Exploring functional connectivity across borderline personality disorder, post traumatic stress disorder and dissociative disorder." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1471093/.
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The overall focus of this thesis relates to resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the default mode network (DMN) in borderline personality disorder (BPD), post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dissociative disorders. Part one of the thesis systematically reviewed 19 studies investigating RSFC of the DMN in PTSD, BPD and dissociative disorders to establish the value of DMN in understanding the three psychopathology. Current research suggests that RSFC of the DMN is distinct when comparing participants with PTSD, participants with PTSD co-morbid with MDD, and healthy controls. In addition, studies also showed that RSFC of the DMN was associated with PTSD severity and trauma experiences. In terms of BPD, findings seem to indicate the presence of aberrant RSFC of the DMN when compared to healthy controls and bipolar disorder. However, in order to interpret these results, it is essential to consider the potential influence of co-morbid MDD. As there was only one research investigating dissociative disorder, it is premature to conclude if RSFC of the DMN is atypical in this disorder. Overall, the reviewed studies seems to indicate that the value of the DMN in understanding psychopathology is strongest in PTSD but lacking in BPD and dissociative disorder. Part one concludes by addressing current limitations and implications for future research. Part two presents an empirical study investigating RSFC of the DMN in participants with BPD and healthy controls. In order to further elucidate the associations with indices of core symptomatology, self-reports measures pertaining to dissociation, trauma, emotional dysregulation, general clinical symptomatology and personality psychopathology were also administered. The findings suggest that BPD participants display higher RSFC between core brain regions. However, as only one of the obtained finding remained significant after correcting for multiple comparisons, the results should be interpreted cautiously. Additionally, higher RSFC in BPD participants were also associated with higher self-reported trauma experiences, dissociation and general clinical symptomatology. Similarly, these results did not survive correction for multiple comparisons and hence should be further investigated in future studies. This section concluded by discussing implications of these findings and limitations of the current study. Part three provided a critical appraisal of the entire research process. Firstly, it considers the implications of the current study, namely the influence on therapeutic approaches, our understanding of BPD, PTSD and dissociation, reflections on the wider issues in neuroimaging studies and in BPD research. This is then followed by a discussion of the challenges and opportunities in research investigating multiple constructs. Lastly, whilst acknowledging the limitations of neuroimaging, the critical appraisal also put forth suggestions aimed at maximizing clinical utility of neuroimaging findings.
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Combs, Hannah L. "The Effects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, and Combined Posttraumatic Stress Disorder/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury on Returning Veterans." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/29.
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Veterans of the Iraqi and Afghanistan conflicts have frequently returned with injuries such as mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). More recently, concern has been raised about the large number of returning soldiers who are diagnosed with both. Literature exists on the neuropsychological factors associated with either alone, however far less research has explored the effects when combined (PTSD+mTBI). With a sample of 206 OEF/OIF veterans, the current study employed neuropsychological and psychological measures to determine whether participants with PTSD+mTBI have poorer cognitive and psychological outcomes than participants with PTSD-o, mTBI-o, or veteran controls (VC), when groups are matched on IQ, education, and age. The PTSD+mTBI and mTBI-o groups exhibited very similar neuropsychology profiles, and both PTSD+mTBI and mTBI-o performed significantly (α=.01) worse than VC on executive functioning and processing speed measures. There were no significant differences between VC and PTSD-o on any notable neuropsychology measures. In contrast, on the psychological measures, the PTSD+mTBI and PTSD-o groups were identical to each other and more distressed than either mTBI-o or VC. These findings suggest there are lasting cognitive impairments following mTBI that are unique to the condition and cannot be attributed to known impairments associated with distress.
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Sutherland, Kylie Anne Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Autobiographical memory in posttraumatic stress disorder." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Psychology, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/27273.
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This program of research investigated the nature and processes of autobiographical memory deficits in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Study 1 examined the proposition that difficulties in the retrieval of specific memories present a risk factor for posttraumatic psychopathology. A prospective study of fire-fighters found that a significant predictor of posttraumatic stress was a deficit in retrieving specific memories to positive cues before trauma. Study 2 investigated whether autobiographical retrieval deficits in PTSD can be modified by psychological treatment. Results found that as PTSD symptoms reduced following treatment, individuals with PTSD retrieved more specific memories to positive cues. Together, these results indicated that specific retrieval deficits to positive cues present a vulnerability factor for PTSD. However, this memory style appears to be receptive to modification following therapy. Study 3 investigated the association between autobiographical retrieval deficits and impaired problemsolving in PTSD. Participants with PTSD retrieved more overgeneral categoric memories and took longer to retrieve memories than non-PTSD trauma controls. This deficit was associated with impaired social problem-solving, suggesting that specific retrieval is related to successful problem solving. In an analogue design, Studies 4 and 5 investigated the proposition that resource limitations may underpin autobiographical retrieval deficits. Results generally supported the proposal that reduced cognitive resources may be a mechanism contributing to specific retrieval deficits. Studies 6 and 7 examined rumination as another possible mechanism responsible for these retrieval deficits. Study 6 found high anxious participants retrieved fewer specific memories to positive cues following rumination, compared to distraction. Study 7 found evidence that negative rumination in the high anxious group increased categoric retrieval, whereas positive rumination had no effect. Study 8 found retrieval of trauma-related self-defining memories was strongly associated with personal goals connected to the trauma. Study 9 found that discrepancies in one???s self construct were related to the retrieval of trauma memories to positive cues. This program of research extends current theories of autobiographical memory by identifying risk, maintenance, and recovery factors in the context of PTSD.
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Grant, Leonard Francis III. "Traumatic Formations and Psychiatric Codifications: A Rhetorical History of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86174.
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Since it was first included in the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1980, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has become a medical and cultural phenomenon. Moreover, it has led to the belief that PTSD is a universal aspect of human experience. Traumatic Formations and Psychiatric Codifications: A Rhetorical History of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder challenges this view by examining the rhetorical processes by which PTSD and its predecessor diagnoses were codified. Using critical techniques taken from rhetorical studies, Science and Technology in Society studies, and historiography, this dissertation examines the social, medical, and institutional formations that created the need for psychological trauma to be codified as an actionable psychiatric diagnosis at four specific historical moments, beginning in Victorian England and culminating with the offical codification of PTSD in 1980. By attending to the rhetorical processes of codifying unique post-traumatic illnesses over the course of 150 years, this dissertation argues that post-traumatic illnesses are better understood as dynamic entities that respond to specific social problems. Furthermore, it finds that the diagnoses themselves must conform to the constraints of their day as determined by the institutions (government, military, or disciplinary) that call upon psychiatric medicine to intervene in social problems.
Traumatic Formations presents four historical case studies: railway spine in Victorian England, shell shock in World War I, post-Vietnam syndrome in the 1970s, and PTSD in 1980. After introducing the project in the first chapter, Chapter 2 examines how British legal courts in the late ninteenth century called upon physicians to determine whether train accident survivors were entitled to monetary compensation for their psychological injuries. To make psychological trauma legible to legal courts, British physicians codified railway spine as a psychological effect of a physical injury, thus connecting victims' mental problems to the accidents they survived. Chapter 3 analyzes how the shell shock epidemic in World War I ushered in a shift in theoretical understandings of psychological trauma. When psychiatrists located near the frontlines of combat demonstrated that soldiers did not need to be exposed to exploding munitions to manifest the symptoms associated with shell shock, medical professionals and the British military came to understand shell shock as a psychological problem rather than a physical malady. Chapter 4 examines how a small group of antiwar psychiatrists advocated for military veterans who had trouble readjusting to civilian life after fighting in the Vietnam War. They persuaded the American public, the federal government, and mental health clinicians that the veterans' adjustment problems were the result of a new psychological illness called post-Vietnam syndrome. Chapter 5 analyzes how post-Vietnam syndrome become PTSD. In the process of convincing the APA to include PTSD in the 1980 edition of the DSM, many of the unique features of post-Vietnam syndrome were compromised so that the PTSD diagnosis could be applied to people who were traumatized by events other than war.Ph. D.
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Mills, Katherine Public Health & Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Post traumatic stress disorder among people with heroin dependence." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Public Health and Community Medicine, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23339.
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Comorbidity between substance use disorders and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common. Despite evidence to suggest that people with heroin dependence are at particular risk of PTSD, there is a dearth of research focussing on the interrelationship between these disorders. The present thesis aims to identify the prevalence of PTSD among people with heroin dependence, the correlates of this comorbidity, and its impact on treatment outcomes, the utilisation of treatment services, and treatment costs. Study 1 examines the epidemiology of PTSD and heroin dependence among 10,641 Australian adults who participated in the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. The prevalence of PTSD was highest among people with heroin or other opioid use disorders compared with any other drug class (33.2%). Comorbid PTSD was associated with poorer occupational functioning, and poorer physical and mental health. While general population studies provide crucial population estimates they do not allow for a detailed examination of the relationship between highly disabling but low prevalence disorders. The remaining studies were undertaken using a sample of 615 treatment seeking and non-treatment seeking dependent heroin users. Study 2 examines the prevalence and correlates of this comorbidity. PTSD was common (lifetime 41%; current 31%) and was associated with a more severe clinical profile. Studies 3 and 4 were based on follow-up data on this large cohort. Study 3 is the first study to examine the impact of PTSD on 2 year treatment outcomes for heroin dependence. Across the 2 year period, those with current PTSD at baseline performed more poorly in terms of their occupational functioning, physical and mental health. Study 4 found that this did not equate to the greater use of treatment services or an increased cost to the health care system among those with PTSD. It is concluded that PTSD and heroin dependence are highly comorbid conditions, and that this comorbidity is associated with poorer functioning and poorer treatment outcomes. Individuals entering treatment for heroin dependence should be assessed for PTSD so that they may receive appropriate treatment and referral. Further research is also needed to determine how best to treat this comorbidity.
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Moran, Thomas A. "Canon 1095, 3,̊ and the post-traumatic stress disorder." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1986. http://www.tren.com.
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Rose, Victoria. "Empathy and self-compassion in post-traumatic stress disorder." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494904.
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The area of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has attracted a large amount of research interest. Research has attempted to explore both what may contribute towards an individual developing symptoms following exposure to traumatic stressor, and what may protect against severe symptoms. This thesis considers models of PTSD, together with research exploring potential risk or protective factors associated with the onset and maintenance of symptoms of PTSD. The relationship between empathy and PTSD has attracted little research; however, studies exploring vicarious or secondary traumatisation suggest that empathy may be a risk factor for developing symptoms. An exploration of empathy and its consistent parts, including the skills of emotion recognition required in order to interact successfully and respond appropriately to others is considered. This empirical study examined the role of empathy and self-compassion within primary PTSD. Measures of empathy were provided in the form of a self-report scale and ratings of pleasantness and arousal when viewing emotional facial expressions. An emotion recognition task (following the paradigm of Joorman & Gotlib, 2006) was also completed to explore the association between levels of empathy and the skills of emotion recognition. It was predicted that motor vehicle accident exposed participants with PTSD would have higher levels of empathy and lower self-compassion than accident exposed individuals with no PTSD and a non-accident exposed group. These predicted differences were not found; however, correlations revealed a positive relationship between symptom severity and some empathy subscales.
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Halliday, Sarah Ann. "Post-traumatic stress disorder in obstetrics : a literature review." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272300.
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This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctor of Clinical Psychology (Clin. Psy. D. ) at the University of Birmingham. It comprises clinical placement reports and a research project. Volume I contains the research component in two papers. The first is a review of the literature relating to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Obstetrics. This paper is prepared for submission to the British Journal of Health Psychology. It examines how the DSM-IV diagnostic system for PTSD has been applied to traumatic stress reactions to childbirth. Post-partum PTSD is then compared and contrasted with PTSD in other fields, such as combat, civilian and health-related settings. The second paper is an empirical study of the psychological adjustment to the Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD). It investigates the role of coping style and negative and positive affect in physical and psychological recovery. There is also an examination of whether ICD shock discharge is associated with poorer psychological and physical outcome and posttraumatic stress symptoms. This paper has been prepared for submission to the journal of Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. Instructions for submitting authors to the journals are included in the appendices to Volume I. The thesis follows APA required writing guidelines unless journal submission specifications are required. To facilitate ease of reading, tables and figures are included in the text, but will be included as appendices for journal submission. The appendices to Volume I also contain an executive summary of the empirical paper that is intended for submission to the public domain. Volume II comprises five reports of clinical practice that were submitted over the course of clinical training. These describe a range of issues pertinent to the clinical specialties of adult mental health, child and family, older adult and clinical health psychology. The reports are: a case of a woman with bulimia formulated from cognitive, psychodynamic and systemic perspectives; a short case study of a cognitive behavioural intervention with a woman experiencing phobic anxiety of public urinary incontinence; an evaluation of the quality of communication of a child and family mental health team to GP referrers; an extended single case study of the assessment and intervention with an older adult experiencing chronic grief and sleep disturbance, and; a written presentation describing the role of the clinical psychologist in the assessment of a patient requesting breast augmentation surgery. Relevant appendices are inserted after Clinical Practice Report Three.
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Fagelson, Marc A. "Clinical Findings Linking Tinnitus to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1626.
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Murkar, Anthony. "Exploring Novel Treatment Approaches for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40040.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder is a disorder characterized by an inability to extinguish traumatic memories and heightened reactivity to emotional stimuli. Due to the heightened resistance of traumatic memories to extinction, treatment for PTSD has been challenging and is limited to behavioral therapies targeted at reducing responsivity to threatening stimuli. Currently there are no standard pharmacological interventions that are specific to PTSD; rather, drugs used appear to target symptoms of some of the co-morbid conditions, such as anxiety (e.g. benzodiazepines) or depression (antidepressants) - which may also affect fear-memory. In this thesis, we explore the effects of natural health products (NHPs) including naturally occurring peptides and some medical botanicals on fear memory in order to explore the efficacy of natural products as potential pharmacological targets for fear-based disorders.
Fear-conditioning has been used effectively in both rodents and humans to study fear-learning. Fear-conditioning is a learning paradigm during which an unconditioned aversive stimulus (such as foot shock) is paired with a neutral stimulus (such as light or tone), such that the neutral stimulus becomes associated with aversion. Fear-learning has several well-characterized stages, including acquisition, consolidation, reconsolidation, expression, and extinction that can be manipulated in order to study the pharmacological action(s) on the attenuation of learned-fear. Blockade of reconsolidation, the state during which formed memories are briefly rendered susceptible to change following recall, may provide a window of opportunity to pharmacologically diminish learned fear. In Chapter 1 of the thesis, we discuss fear-conditioning as a pre-clinical model of PTSD to explore the effects of novel pharmacological treatments on the reconsolidation process in rodents. We ultimately hope to provide a framework for translational work in humans for attenuating conditioned responses to trauma-related stimuli among humans with PTSD.
In Chapter 2, we present evidence that systemic administration of gastrin-releasing peptide attenuates the reconsolidation of conditioned fear in rodents. Similarly, in chapter 3, we explore the effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) on the reconsolidation of learned-fear, and provide evidence that cannabinoid molecules may similarly prove effective at blocking the reconsolidation of conditioned fear memories. In chapter 4, we present evidence demonstrating that extracts of medical botanical Souroubea sympetala and its components may similarly block reconsolidation of conditioned fear-memory, and also exert more general anxiolytic-like activity in the elevated plus maze paradigm. Finally, in chapter 5 a general discussion considers the relative therapeutic potential for future human clinical trials of each of the three tested groups of compounds.
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Fairhurst, Anna. "Post-traumatic stress disorder in later life : psychosocial influences." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275294.
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Flynn, Elizabeth Carmel. "An investigation into post-traumatic stress disorder following stroke." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26510.
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There is now increased recognition that Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can occur after Traumatic Brain Injury (McMillan, 1996; Bryant & Harvey 1999). Recent literature highlights the occurrence of traumatic incidents which, although accompanied by brain injury, result in symptoms consistent with PTSD. Furthermore, this raises the question of whether PTSD can occur after non-traumatic brain injury, for example, stroke (Sembi et al. 1998). Memory for the event appears to be important in the development of PTSD symptoms particularly in relation to re-experiencing the event. The role of memory for the event in the development of PTSD following acquired brain injury remains unclear (Sbordone & Liter 1995). Following on from work by Berry (1998), this study aimed to confirm whether it is possible for PTSD to occur following both haemorrhagic and ischaemic stroke. The effect loss of consciousness might have on memory for the event, as well as the consequence of this on subsequent psychological distress is explored. The implications of a stressor which disrupts brain function is considered with particular emphasis on the frequency and type of symptoms reported. The thirty-two individuals who participated in this study had recently experienced either a haemorrhagic or an ischaemic stroke. All participants were screened to exclude those who had severe cognitive impairment. Participants completed self-report measures describing current psychological distress including symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to diagnose PTSD. Data was collected on type, location and severity of stroke as well as demographic details. The results are discussed with reference to previous research findings.
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Rothman, David J. "An Investigation of Neurological soft signs as a discriminating factor between Veterans with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, mild Traumatic Brain Injury, and co-occurring Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and mild Traumatic Brain Injury." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5915.
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While multiple Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn veterans suffer from mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and co-morbid mTBI and PTSD, there remains difficulty disentangling the specific symptoms associated with each disorder using self-report and neurocognitive assessments. We propose that neurological soft signs (NSS), which are tasks associated with general neurologic compromise, may prove useful in this regard. Based on our review of the literature we hypothesized that individuals with PTSD would present with a greater number of NSS than controls or individuals with mTBI. Further, we hypothesized a synergistic effect, such that individuals with mTBI + PTSD would present with the greatest number of NSS. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed a subset of individuals (N=238) taken from a larger study of neurocognitive functioning in veterans. Participants completed a battery of neuropsychological measures, which included the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale (BDS), the current study’s measure of NSS. A subset of other neuropsychological measures were also included to examine the utility of NSS over and above traditional neuropsychological measures. Individuals were removed from the study if they sustained a moderate/severe TBI or did not meet validity criteria on the Green’s Word Memory Test or the Negative Impression Management subscale of the Personality Assessment Inventory. Binomial logistic and multinomial logistic regression were used to examine the ability of NSS to discriminate between the study groups, first by themselves and then after the variance explained by the traditional neuropsychological measures was accounted for. Exploratory cluster analyses were performed on neuropsychological measures and NSS to identify profiles of cognitive performance in the data set. Results indicated that individuals in the mTBI and/or PTSD group had more NSS compared to controls. Of the individual NSS items only a go/no-go task of the BDS discriminated between groups, with worse performance among individuals in the mTBI, PTSD, and mTBI + PTSD group compared to controls. In contrast, the overall BDS score and individual NSS, in general, did not discriminate between the mTBI, PTSD, and mTBI + PTSD group. Overall, the current study suggests that, when eliminating participants who do not meet validity criteria, NSS do not aid in discriminating between individuals with mTBI, PTSD, and mTBI + PTSD.
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Guriel, Jennifer L. "Detection of coached malingering of posttraumatic stress disorder." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3324.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2004.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 71 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-32).
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Kenny, Lucy Margaret Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Memory processes in posttraumatic stress disorder." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Psychology, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25206.
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Current theories of PTSD propose that impaired retrieval of trauma memories may impede processing of these memories and subsequent trauma recovery. This thesis investigated memory retrieval processes in trauma survivors with and without symptoms of posttraumatic stress, and in non-traumatised individuals exposed to a highly arousing event. Study 1 examined deliberate avoidance of unwanted memories in recent trauma survivors. The results indicated that attempts to forget were associated with poorer recall of forgotten information, but the size of this effect did not depend on the presence or absence of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD). Study 2 investigated automatic retrieval inhibition in trauma survivors with or without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The results suggested that repeated retrieval of trauma-related information by individuals with PTSD can cause inhibition of related, but unpractised information. Studies 3 and 4 examined the relationship between the vantage point of trauma memories, avoidance and posttraumatic stress symptomatology. The findings indicated that recalling a traumatic event from an observer perspective is associated with post trauma avoidance. They also showed that an observer vantage point in the initial few weeks after trauma is associated with poorer long-term post trauma adjustment. Studies 5, 6 and 7 were analogue studies which analysed the impact of heightened arousal on memory retrieval in novice skydivers. The results suggested that elevated arousal can interfere with retrieval of information related to the arousal-inducing event. Study 7 also indicated that autobiographical memory for the event may be impaired. Finally, Study 8 examined the qualities of trauma memories that were accessed via different modes of retrieval. The results provided evidence that intrusive memories were experienced as more realistic and with more intense affect than memories for the same event that were deliberately retrieved. Together, the findings of this program of research extend current theories of PTSD by highlighting the mechanisms through which retrieval of trauma memories may be impaired. The results suggest that the quality of trauma memories is affected by avoidance processes, elevated arousal and level of conscious control the individual exerts over retrieval.
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Quinn, Robert Hart. "Posttraumatic stress disorder its theological significance and the church /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2000. http://www.tren.com.
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Thesis (M. Div. in Christian Care and Counseling)--Emmanuel School of Religion, Johnson City, Tennessee, 2000.Vita. Photocopy of computer printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-137).
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Graumann, Esther. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as a response to traumatic stress." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05072007-174733.
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Clark, Susanne Jane 1956. "Post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology in a traumatically injured population." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277990.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between non-combat traumatic injury and the occurrence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomatology. The animal model of inescapable shock (IS) provided a physiological rationale for the nursing interventions discussed relative to decreasing the negative impact of a traumatic injury. Traumatically injured subjects (n = 33) completed the Modified Late Effects of Accidental Injury Questionnaire, Part I (MLEAIQ-I) to assess any late negative effects subsequent to the traumatic injury, Part II (MLEAIQ-II) to measure the incidence of symptomatology associated with PTSD, and the Revised Impact of Event Scale (RIES) to measure PTSD symptomatology as defined by intrusion and avoidance experiences. No statistically significant relationships were found between PTSD symptomatology and subject injury severity, length of hospital stay, or subject reported late negative effects from a traumatic injury. However, the level of PTSD symptomatology among the subjects was moderate to high.
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Mak, Lai-ping Alison. "Post-traumatic stress disorder: risk factors in the Chinese context." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29726396.
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Fagelson, Marc A. "Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Affects Auditory Behavior of Tinnitus Patients." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1599.
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Hinkly, David James. "Post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use in military veterans." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4026/.
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The current literature review evaluated the effectiveness of published treatments for military veterans with co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD). The review begins with a summary of background issues pertinent to the treatment of military veterans with PTSD/SUD. These include: estimates of the prevalence of PTSD/SUD in this population; existing arguments regarding treatment delivery; and the rationale for the review. This is followed by a description of the methods used to select and methodologically evaluate the research literature. Fifteen studies were selected for inclusion in the review and were grouped as follows: psychosocial SUD-only treatment; pharmacological SUD-only treatment; ‘present-focussed’ joint PTSD/SUD treatment; and combined ‘past-’ and ‘present-focussed’ joint PTSD/SUD treatment. The best available evidence for SUD-only treatments was for the effectiveness of disulfiram and naltrexone on alcohol use outcomes, for disulfiram on PTSD outcomes, and for the use of opiate substitution therapy with heroin-dependent veterans. The strongest evidence for present-focussed joint PTSD/SUD treatment was for the effectiveness of the ‘Seeking Safety’ protocol in reducing drug use. Preliminary evidence was found for the effectiveness of combined past- and present-focussed joint PTSD/SUD treatment adopting CBT-orientated approaches. The implications of these findings for further research and treatment delivery are discussed. The current paper presents a qualitative study exploring military veterans’ perspectives on the relationship between their use of alcohol and their experiences of post-traumatic stress. It focuses on participants’ motives for using alcohol and their perceptions of the impact of their use on their subjective experiences of post-traumatic stress. Six male participants were recruited from a treatment centre specialising in the treatment of military veterans diagnosed with PTSD. Each participant was interviewed separately using a semi-structured interview schedule and the resulting transcripts were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The paper reports the findings of this analysis, and these are discussed in relation to relevant literature. The analysis suggested that participants had used alcohol to ‘self-medicate’ distressing post-traumatic stress symptoms. Participants’ accounts suggested that alcohol had been partially effective at blocking out, or reducing the intensity of symptoms in the short-term, but that longer-term use had led to an exacerbation in symptoms. Alcohol had also been used by some participants to facilitate dissociative states and to enable engagement in social and work activities. The study’s strengths and limitations, as well as implications for clinical practice and future research, are presented.