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Journal articles on the topic 'Pos traumatic stress disorder'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Kröger, Christoph, and Sören Kliem. "Screening for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 30, no. 2 (January 1, 2014): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000174.

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Symptom-based self-rating measures were established to detect individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after specific traumatic events. The aim of the present study was to compare the diagnostic efficiency of the German version of the Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ), the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS), and an 8-item subset of the PDS. Receiver-operating-characteristic analyses are determined in a treatment-seeking outpatient sample (N = 208) with mixed trauma type. The areas under the curve (AUC) for all measures were found to be moderate (AUC = 0.77–0.81); hence, measures did not differ in terms of their discriminatory abilities. Using the favored cutoff points, sensitivity (53–81%) and specificity (71–84%) values were at a level that was only moderate. Considering the high economic burden due to PTSD and the moderate specificity values, a two-stage screening approach might result in only moderate cost-efficiency for treatment-seeking outpatients. In addition, our results support the notion that discriminatory abilities and operating characteristics based on samples with a specific trauma type have to be cross-validated.

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Smith, Ashley. "Cervical Radiofrequency Neurotomy Reduces Psychological Features in Individuals with Chronic Whiplash Symptoms." Pain Physician 3;17, no. 3;5 (May 14, 2014): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2014/17/264.

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Background: Individuals with chronic whiplash associated disorder (WAD) demonstrate various psychological features. It has previously been demonstrated that cervical radiofrequency neurotomy (cRFN) resolves psychological distress and anxiety. It is unknown if cRFN also improves or reduces a broader spectrum of psychological substrates now commonly identified in chronic whiplash, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and pain catastrophizing. Objectives: To determine if reducing pain in the cervical spine (following cRFN) significantly reduces psychological features (distress, pain catastrophizing and post-traumatic stress symptoms) in individuals with chronic WAD. Setting: Tertiary spinal intervention centre in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Study Design: Prospective observational study of consecutive patients. Methods: Patients: Fifty-three individuals with chronic whiplash associated disorder symptoms (Grade 2). Intervention: Cervical RFN following successful response to cervical facet joint blockade. Measures were made at 4 time points: 2 prior to RFN, and 1-month and 3-months post-RFN. Psychological measures included the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28); Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and the Post Traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS). Self-reported pain (VAS) and disability (NDI) measures were also collected. Results: Pain, disability, psychological distress and pain catastrophization significantly decreased at both 1-month and 3 months following cervical RFN. There was no significant change in post-traumatic stress symptom severity (P = 0.39). Reducing pain via cRFN was associated with significant improvement in psychological distress and pain catastrophizing, but not posttraumatic stress symptoms. Limitations: Individual administering questionnaires was not blinded to aim(s) of the study. Other psychological features possibly present in WAD were not measured. Conclusion: Effective pain relief would seem a crucial element in the management of psychological features associated with chronic WAD. IRB Approval: University of Calgary Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board ID#: E-22082. Key words: Whiplash, radiofrequency neurotomy, cervical facet joints, psychology, psychological distress, pain catastrophizing, post traumatic stress disorder

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Attias, Joseph, Avi Bleich, and Shlomo Gilat. "Classification of Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Using Visual Brain Evoked P3s to Traumatic Stimuli." British Journal of Psychiatry 168, no. 1 (January 1996): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.168.1.110.

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BackgroundPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) typically involves a re-experiencing of traumatic events. In a previous P3 study it was found that PTSD patients react both selectively and involuntarily to combat-related pictures, exhibiting augmented P3 event-related potentials and thus providing a brain activity measure. The clinical application of these findings in differentiating PTSD patients from controls was tested.MethodTwenty Israeli combat veterans suffering from PTSD and 20 age-matched veterans without PTSD were evaluated. P3 potentials were recorded at Pz and Cz in response to visual motor-task target stimuli (pictures of domestic animals), non-target probe stimuli (combat-related pictures), and non-target irrelevant stimuli (pictures of furnishings and flowers).ResultsUsing the Fisher Linear Discrimination Method the P3 measures correctly classified 90% of the PTSD patients and 85% of the controls.ConclusionsVisual P3s recorded in response to combat-related pictorial stimuli may introduce an efficient tool for studying higher brain activity in PTSD, complementing other behavioural and psychophysiological measurements.

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Campillo-Cruz, Manuel, José Luís González-Gutiérrez, and Juan Ardoy-Cuadros. "Relevance of Traumatic Events and Routine Stressors at Work and PTSD Symptoms on Emergency Nurses." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 6050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116050.

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Emergency nurses are exposed daily to numerous stressful situations that can lead to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. This study examined the relationship between traumatic events, routine stressors linked to trauma, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in emergency nurses. For this purpose, a sample of 147 emergency nurses completed the Traumatic and Routine Stressors Scale on Emergency Nurses (TRSS-EN) and the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS-5). Results of correlations and moderate multiple regression analyses showed that the emotional impact of routine stressors was associated with a greater number of PTSD symptoms, and, apparently, to greater severity, in comparison to the emotional impact of traumatic events. Furthermore, the emotional impact of traumatic events acts as a moderator, changing the relationship between the emotional impact of routine stressors and PTSD symptoms, in the sense that the bigger the emotional impact of traumatic events, the bigger the relationship between the emotional impact of routine stressors and PTSD symptoms. These results suggest that the exposure to routine work-related stressors, in a context characterized by the presence of traumatic events may make emergency nurses particularly vulnerable to post-traumatic stress reactions. Some prevention measures are suggested according to the results of the study.

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Garcia, Katelyn, Brian Moore, Grace Kim, John Dsurney, and Leighton Chan. "The Impact of Affective States on Postconcussive Symptoms in a TBI Population." Military Medicine 184, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2019): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy333.

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AbstractThe occurrence of persistent postconcussive symptoms (PCS) associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an increasing cause of disability and lost productivity. The reasons for these persistent symptoms in a percentage of even mild TBI are poorly understood. The existence of comorbid conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder or other traumatic injuries may be factors that impact the presence of PCS. We expect that greater levels of affective symptoms will be associated with increases in PCS assessed on the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI). TBI subjects (N = 69) who were seen 1 year post-injury were recruited from a larger cohort study of TBI. Subjects were administered the NSI, Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) and the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL). Data were analyzed using Spearman’s rho correlations and analysis of variances. We found significant correlations between the four NSI factors and the three BSI factors and the PCL total score. Mild TBI subjects were found to have the highest correlations between affective and somatic symptoms. These findings support our hypothesis that affective states are associated with higher PCS reporting and that early identification and treatment may decrease PCS.

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Nietlisbach, Gabriela, Andreas Maercker, Wulf Rösler, and Helene Haker. "Are Empathic Abilities Impaired in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?" Psychological Reports 106, no. 3 (June 2010): 832–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.106.3.832-844.

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Trauma survivors with PTSD show social interaction and relationship impairments. It is hypothesized that traumatic experiences lead to known PTSD symptoms, empathic ability impairment, and difficulties in sharing affective, emotional, or cognitive states. A PTSD group ( N = 16) and a nontraumatized Control group ( N = 16) were compared on empathic abilities, namely the Empathic Resonance Test, Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, and Faux Pas Test. The Interpersonal Reactivity Index as a self-report measure of empathy and measures of nonsocial cognitive functions, namely the Verbal Fluency Test, the Five-Point Test, and the Stroop Test, were also administered. The PTSD group showed lower empathic resonance. No clear indications of other impairments in social cognitive functions were found. The PTSD group had significantly higher personal distress. Empathic resonance impairments did not correlate with subjective severity of PTSD symptomatology. This article discusses whether impaired empathic resonance in PTSD trauma survivors is a consequence of trauma itself or a protective coping strategy.

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Ansell, E. B., A. Pinto, M. O. Edelen, J. C. Markowitz, C. A. Sanislow, S. Yen, M. Zanarini, et al. "The association of personality disorders with the prospective 7-year course of anxiety disorders." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 5 (September 14, 2010): 1019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710001777.

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BackgroundThis study prospectively examined the natural clinical course of six anxiety disorders over 7 years of follow-up in individuals with personality disorders (PDs) and/or major depressive disorder. Rates of remission, relapse, new episode onset and chronicity of anxiety disorders were examined for specific associations with PDs.MethodParticipants were 499 patients with anxiety disorders in the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study, who were assessed with structured interviews for psychiatric disorders at yearly intervals throughout 7 years of follow-up. These data were used to determine probabilities of changes in disorder status for social phobia (SP), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia.ResultsEstimated remission rates for anxiety disorders in this study group ranged from 73% to 94%. For those patients who remitted from an anxiety disorder, relapse rates ranged from 34% to 67%. Rates for new episode onsets of anxiety disorders ranged from 3% to 17%. Specific PDs demonstrated associations with remission, relapse, new episode onsets and chronicity of anxiety disorders. Associations were identified between schizotypal PD with course of SP, PTSD and GAD; avoidant PD with course of SP and OCD; obsessive-compulsive PD with course of GAD, OCD, and agoraphobia; and borderline PD with course of OCD, GAD and panic with agoraphobia.ConclusionsFindings suggest that specific PD diagnoses have negative prognostic significance for the course of anxiety disorders underscoring the importance of assessing and considering PD diagnoses in patients with anxiety disorders.

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Hovens, J. E., I. Bramsen, and H. M. Van Der Ploeg. "Self-Rating Inventory for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Review of the Psychometric Properties of a New Brief Dutch Screening Instrument." Perceptual and Motor Skills 94, no. 3 (June 2002): 996–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.94.3.996.

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The Self-rating Inventory for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder of 22 items was developed for use with populations without identified traumatic experiences. The inventory has been used extensively in survey research in The Netherlands. This paper examines the psychometric properties. In four different groups (trauma and psychiatric patients, elderly Dutch subjects, former peacekeepers, and medical students) internal consistency, test-retest reliability, concurrent and discriminant validity, and sensitivity and specificity are analyzed. The inventory showed good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, concurrent and discriminant validity, and high sensitivity and specificity. It appears to be valuable for survey research on posttraumatic stress in nonselected populations. As a screening device, high sensitivity for PTSD symptoms is evident even when the traumatic event has not been defined.

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Kleiman, Valery, Hance Clarke, and Joel Katz. "Sensitivity to Pain Traumatization: A Higher-Order Factor Underlying Pain-Related Anxiety, Pain Catastrophizing and Anxiety Sensitivity among Patients Scheduled for Major Surgery." Pain Research and Management 16, no. 3 (2011): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/932590.

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BACKGROUND: The present article addresses two related developments in the psychology of pain, and integrates them into a coherent framework to better understand the relationship between pain and trauma. The first is an emerging conceptualization regarding the nature of the hierarchical organization of major pain-related anxiety constructs. The second is the theoretical rationale and empirical evidence linking pain and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.OBJECTIVES: To explore the underlying hierarchical factor structure of commonly used pain-related anxiety measures including the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS-20), the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI); and to relate this structure to post-traumatic stress disorder in patients scheduled for major surgery.METHODS: Measures were completed by 444 patients scheduled to undergo major surgery. Exploratory factor analysis and subsequent higher-order analysis using the Schmid-Leiman transformation were conducted to investigate the underlying factor structure of the ASI, the PCS and the PASS-20.RESULTS: Twenty items from the ASI, the PASS-20 and the PCS loaded exclusively on one higher-order factor. The authors suggest the term ‘sensitivity to pain traumatization’ (SPT) for the underlying construct based in part on the strong, significant positive correlation between SPT scores and scores on the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist – Civilian Version. Finally, the total SPT score was significantly higher for patients with a history of pain than for those without a history of pain, both before surgery and one year after surgery. SPT describes the propensity to develop anxiety-related somatic, cognitive, emotional and behavioural responses to pain that resemble features of a traumatic stress reaction. Together, the results of the present study provide preliminary evidence for the construct validity of SPT.

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Lagos, Leah. "Distinguishing Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Stress Responses: Implications for Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Training." Biofeedback 43, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5298/1081-5937-43.1.04.

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Recent research has noted a significant overlap between symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and postconcussion syndrome (PCS). In this article, an argument is made for providing a specialized form of heart rate variability biofeedback that allows for the physiological discharge of trauma among patients who present with comorbid symptoms of PTSD and PCS. Recommendations for clinicians who encounter the manifestation of trauma during their work with PCS patients are provided. Future areas of heart rate variability biofeedback research among PCS and PTSD populations are further delineated.

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Abbey, Gareth, Simon B. N. Thompson, Tamas Hickish, and David Heathcote. "A meta‐analysis of prevalence rates and moderating factors for cancer‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder." Psycho-Oncology 24, no. 4 (August 22, 2014): 371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.3654.

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Barker-Collo, Suzanne, Alice Theadom, Shanthi Ameratunga, Kelly Jones, Amy Jones, Nicola Starkey, and Valery L. Feigin. "Prevalence and Predictors of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Adults One Year Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Population-based Study." Brain Impairment 14, no. 3 (November 13, 2013): 425–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/brimp.2013.27.

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Objective: Experiencing a traumatic brain injury (TBI) may increase the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, this has not been examined in a population-based context. This study examined prevalence and predictors (demographic and injury related) of PTSD 1 year after TBI in a population-based sample.Method: A population-based TBI incidence and outcomes study was conducted in Hamilton and Waikato Districts of New Zealand over 12 months (February 2011–March 2012) with follow-up at 1 year. The relationship of baseline demographic and TBI characteristics to PTSD (Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale; PDS) was examined in 431 adults (>15 years old) 1 year post-TBI.Results: On average, participants reported three PTSD symptoms, with heightened arousal being the most commonly reported. Nearly 18% of participants met criteria for PTSD. These participants were significantly more likely to report pre-TBI history of depression/anxiety, and to have drugs implicated in the injury. Regression indicated that female gender, increased loss of consciousness (LOC) and intentional injury predicted PTSD severity (R2 = .109, F[6, 294] = 6.007, p < .001) and number of symptoms (R2 = .098, F[3, 297] = 4.562, p < .001).Conclusion: PTSD occurred as a long-term sequela in 18% of participants after TBI, with increased PTSD severity and greater number of symptoms associated with female gender, longer LOC and intentional injury. These findings have implications for identification and targeting of assessment and intervention resources towards those at greatest risk of PTSD following TBI.

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Adellund Holt, K., P. T. Jensen, D. Gilså Hansen, A. Elklit, and O. Mogensen. "Rehabilitation of women with gynaecological cancer: the association between adult attachment, post‐traumatic stress disorder and depression." Psycho-Oncology 25, no. 6 (October 9, 2015): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.3996.

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Goral, Aviva, Paula Feder-Bubis, Mooli Lahad, Sandro Galea, Norm O’Rourke, and Limor Aharonson-Daniel. "Development and validation of the Continuous Traumatic Stress Response scale (CTSR) among adults exposed to ongoing security threats." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): e0251724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251724.

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Background Current diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) do not include symptoms resulting from exposure to continuous or ongoing traumatic stress. Thus existing assessment tools do not fully capture stress symptoms associated with exposure to threats that extend over months or years. To address this void, we enumerated the symptoms associate with ongoing exposure to stress including those that are distinct from existing PTSD diagnostic criteria. Objectives To develop the Continuous Traumatic Stress Response Scale (CTSR) and assess its psychometric properties. Method We sampled 313 adults exposed and unexposed to ongoing security threat between December 2016 and February 2017. Respondents lived in communities bordering the Gaza Strip in southern Israel where they are exposed to frequent rocket attacks, requiring they locate and find shelter in 30 seconds or less. We assessed the concurrent validity of CTSR relative to the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS). Results On the basis of exploratory factor analysis (EFA), we retained 11 of 25 items measuring three distinct factors: exhaustion/detachment, rage/betrayal, and fear/helplessness. We found moderate concurrence between the scales; that is, the CTSR appears to measure a construct related to, but distinct from PTSD. This conclusion is supported by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicating that each factor significantly contributes to measurement of a higher-order, continuous traumatic stress latent construct. Conclusions These results support the psychometric properties of CTSR. Future research is required to confirm these findings in other countries and cultures and among individuals exposed to other forms of continuous traumatic stress.

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Mehnert, Anja, and Uwe Koch. "Prevalence of acute and post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid mental disorders in breast cancer patients during primary cancer care: a prospective study." Psycho-Oncology 16, no. 3 (2007): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.1057.

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Pollack, Amie Alley, Bahr Weiss, and Lam Tu Trung. "Mental health, life functioning and risk factors among people exposed to frequent natural disasters and chronic poverty in Vietnam." BJPsych Open 2, no. 3 (May 2016): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.002170.

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BackgroundPeople living in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are at increased risk for exposure to major natural disasters, which places them at increased risk for mental health problems. Evidence is less clear, however, regarding the effects of less severe but more frequent natural disasters, which are likely to increase due to global climate change.AimsTo examine the mental health and life functioning, and their predictors, of people living in central coastal Vietnam – an area characterised by high risk for natural disasters and poverty.MethodOne thousand individuals were randomly selected from five provinces in central coastal Vietnam. Individuals were assessed cross-sectionally for exposure to major storms and other traumatic events (Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale, or PDS), financial stress (Chronic Financial Stress Scale), depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (PDS), somatic syndrome (SCL-90-R), alcohol dependence (ICD-10), self-perceived general physical health (SF-36), and functional impairment (PDS life functioning section); caseness was determined using the various measures' algorithms.Results22.7% of the sample (n=227) met caseness criteria in one or more mental health domains, and 22.1% (n=221) reported moderate to severe functional impairment. Lifetime exposure to typhoons and other major storms was 99% (n=978), with 77% (n=742) reporting traumatic major storm exposure. Moderate to high levels of financial stress were reported by 30% (n=297). Frequency of exposure to major storms was not associated with increased risk for mental health problems but traumatic exposure to a major storm was. Overall, the strongest predictor of mental health problems was financial stress. Number of traumatic typhoons and other major storms in turn were significant predictors (r2=0.03) of financial stress. The primary predictor of alcohol dependence was male gender, highlighting the importance of gender roles in development of alcohol abuse in countries like Vietnam.ConclusionsIndividuals living in central coastal Vietnam have elevated rates of PTSD, somatic syndrome, and functional impairment but not depression or anxiety. Financial stress was the strongest predictor of mental health problems. Results suggest the importance of conducting broad assessments when providing mental health support for disaster-impacted communities. Study results suggest that one indirect consequence of predicted global climate change may be increased prevalence of mental health problems in communities such as that assessed in the present study, due to increased risk for traumatic storm-related exposure and through indirect effects on financial stress, but not through a general increased risk for major storms. Such results also indicate that when supporting LMIC communities that have experienced natural disasters, it will be important to consider the broader community context including poverty, in addition to the direct effects of the disaster.

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Jia, Mutian, Jie Li, Chunyan Chen, and Fenglin Cao. "Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in family caregivers of adult patients with acute leukemia from a dyadic perspective." Psycho-Oncology 24, no. 12 (May 27, 2015): 1754–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.3851.

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Li, Jie, Lixiang Yu, Zhouting Long, Yang Li, and Fenglin Cao. "Perceived cognitive impairment in Chinese patients with breast cancer and its relationship with post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and fatigue." Psycho-Oncology 24, no. 6 (October 23, 2014): 676–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.3710.

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Eichhorn, S., N. Stammel, H. Glaesmer, T. Klauer, H. J. Freyberger, C. Knaevelsrud, and P. Kuwert. "Readiness to reconcile and post-traumatic distress in German survivors of wartime rapes in 1945." International Psychogeriatrics 27, no. 5 (January 8, 2015): 857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610214002695.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Sexual violence and wartime rapes are prevalent crimes in violent conflicts all over the world. Processes of reconciliation are growing challenges in post-conflict settings. Despite this, so far few studies have examined the psychological consequences and their mediating factors. Our study aimed at investigating the degree of longtime readiness to reconcile and its associations with post-traumatic distress within a sample of German women who experienced wartime rapes in 1945.Methods:A total of 23 wartime rape survivors were compared to age- and gender-matched controls with WWII-related non-sexual traumatic experiences. Readiness to reconcile was assessed with the Readiness to Reconcile Inventory (RRI-13). The German version of the Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) was used to assess post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology.Results:Readiness to reconcile in wartime rape survivors was higher in those women who reported less post-traumatic distress, whereas the subscale “openness to interaction” showed the strongest association with post-traumatic symptomatology. Moreover, wartime rape survivors reported fewer feelings of revenge than women who experienced other traumatization in WWII.Conclusions:Our results are in line with previous research, indicating that readiness to reconcile impacts healing processes in the context of conflict-related traumatic experiences. Based on the long-lasting post-traumatic symptomatology we observed that our findings highlight the need for psychological treatment of wartime rape survivors worldwide, whereas future research should continue focusing on reconciliation within the therapeutic process.

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Verfaellie, Mieke, Ginette Lafleche, Avron Spiro, Carlos Tun, and Kathryn Bousquet. "Chronic Postconcussion Symptoms and Functional Outcomes in OEF/OIF Veterans with Self-Report of Blast Exposure." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 19, no. 1 (October 25, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617712000902.

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AbstractPostconcussion symptoms (PCS) and functional outcomes were evaluated in 91 OEF/OIF outpatient veterans with reported histories of blast-exposure, with the goal of evaluating (1) the association between these outcomes and a clinical diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) with or without loss of consciousness (LOC); and (2) the influence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression on PCS reporting and perceived functional limitations. Individuals who reported mTBI with LOC had greater PCS complaints than individuals who reported mTBI without LOC or individuals without mTBI. However, after adjusting for severity of PTSD and depression symptoms, this group difference disappeared. Functional limitations were particularly prominent in the psychosocial domain. Again, PTSD was significantly associated with functional outcomes, but the mTBI with LOC group had greater psychosocial limitations than the other two groups, even when PTSD and depression symptoms were taken into account. These findings highlight the role of mental health in both outcomes, but additionally point to the impact of mTBI with LOC on long-term psychosocial adjustment. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–10)

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Buckwalter, Karen Doyle, Danielle Maxon, and Kristi Moody. "Prevention of Medical Trauma in Children With Early Onset Scoliosis and the Use of Mehta Casting." Creative Nursing 25, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1078-4535.25.2.103.

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Despite recent emergence of information about treatment of medical trauma in children, the literature remains sparse regarding prevention of medical trauma. Health-care professionals are in an ideal position to educate about and advocate for ways to prevent the far-reaching consequences of medical trauma, yet policies remain which at times contribute to the problem. This article presents practical approaches intended to reduce the likelihood of medical trauma in children receiving serial casting for treatment of progressive infantile scoliosis (PIS). The majority of the suggestions apply not only to children being treated for PIS, but to children receiving medical treatment for many conditions. The article also provides suggestions for parents who are enduring the stress of their child undergoing repeated surgeries and hospital stays. The authors interviewed a variety of experts in the field and draw on their own experiences as clinical social workers specializing in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and developmental trauma in children.

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Fear, N. T., E. Jones, M. Groom, N. Greenberg, L. Hull, T. J. Hodgetts, and S. Wessely. "Symptoms of post-concussional syndrome are non-specifically related to mild traumatic brain injury in UK Armed Forces personnel on return from deployment in Iraq: an analysis of self-reported data." Psychological Medicine 39, no. 8 (October 23, 2008): 1379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708004595.

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BackgroundMild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is being claimed as the ‘signature’ injury of the Iraq war, and is believed to be the cause of long-term symptomatic ill health (post-concussional syndrome; PCS) in an unknown proportion of military personnel.MethodWe analysed cross-sectional data from a large, randomly selected cohort of UK military personnel deployed to Iraq (n=5869). Two markers of PCS were generated: ‘PCS symptoms’ (indicating the presence of mTBI-related symptoms: none, 1–2, 3+) and ‘PCS symptom severity’ (indicating the presence of mTBI-related symptoms at either a moderate or severe level of severity: none, 1–2, 3+).ResultsPCS symptoms and PCS symptom severity were associated with self-reported exposure to blast whilst in a combat zone. However, the same symptoms were also associated with other in-theatre exposures such as potential exposure to depleted uranium and aiding the wounded. Strong associations were apparent between having PCS symptoms and other health outcomes, in particular being a post-traumatic stress disorder or General Health Questionnaire case.ConclusionsPCS symptoms are common and some are related to exposures such as blast injury. However, this association is not specific, and the same symptom complex is also related to numerous other risk factors and exposures. Post-deployment screening for PCS and/or mTBI in the absence of contemporaneous recording of exposure is likely to be fraught with hazards.

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Oldenburg, Christian, Anders Lundin, Gunnar Edman, Catharina Nygren Deboussard, and Aniko Bartfai. "Emotional reserve and prolonged post-concussive symptoms and disability: a Swedish prospective 1-year mild traumatic brain injury cohort study." BMJ Open 8, no. 7 (July 2018): e020884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020884.

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ObjectiveProlonged post-concussive symptoms (PCS) affect a significant minority of patients withmild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The aetiology is multifactorial depending on preinjury as well as peri-injury and postinjury factors. In this study, we examine outcome from an emotional reserve perspective.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingPatients were recruited from three emergency departments in major university hospitals in Stockholm, Sweden. Follow-up data were collected in an outpatient setting at one of the recruiting hospitals.Participants122 patients with a history of blunt head trauma (aged 15–65 years; admitted for mTBI within 24 hours after trauma (Glasgow Coma Scale score of 14–15, loss of consciousness <30 min and/or post-traumatic amnesia <24 hours). Exclusion criteria were other significant physical injury and other major neurological disorder, including previous significant head injury.ProcedureRecruitment in three emergency departments. Initial assessments were made within 1 week after the injury. Patients were mailed the follow-up questionnaires 1 year postinjury.Outcome measuresA psychiatric assessment was performed at 1 week post injury. The participants also completed a personality inventory, measures of psychological resilience, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic symptoms. One-year outcome was measured by the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms and the Rivermead Head Injury Follow-Up questionnaires.ResultsThe psychiatric assessment revealed more symptoms of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic symptoms in the acute stage for patients who later developed PCS.After 1 year, 94 participants were still in the programme (male/female 57/37) and 12% matched the extended criteria for PCS (≥3 symptoms and ≥2 disabilities). PCS patients reported more preinjury and concurrent psychiatric problems, lower level of functioning before the injury and experienced more stress. They showed higher somatic trait anxiety, embitterment, mistrust and lower level of psychological resilience than recovered participants.ConclusionIntrapersonal emotional reserve shape the emergence and persistence of PCS after mTBI.

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Davison, Karen, Christina Hyland, Shen (Lamson) Lin, Hongmei Tong, Karen M. Kobayashi, Jose G. Mora-Almanza, and Esme Fuller-Thomson. "Nutrition Factors Are Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Immigrant and Canadian-Born Adults: Findings from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa040_018.

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Abstract Objectives To examine associations between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and nutrition factors among Canadian-born and immigrant adults. Methods The sample included participants of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) (n = 27,211; 45–85 years) categorized by ethnicity (native white, native minority, immigrant white, and immigrant minority). PTSD was measured using the Primary Care PTSD tool. Nutrition factors included nutrition status indicators (anthropometrics, body fat %, handgrip strength, nutrition risk, sarcopenia, bone mineral density, and iron deficiency anemia) and dietary intakes (fiber, pulses and nuts, fat, omega-3 fatty acids, fruits and vegetables, fruit juice, calcium/vitamin D, salty snacks, pastries, and chocolate bars). Covariates included socioeconomic and health-related variables. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results Compared to white Canadians born in Canada, immigrant minority groups had a higher likelihood of PTSD (OR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.14–1.90, P < 0.001). Nutrition factors associated with PTSD included high nutrition risk (OR = 1.60, CI 1.41–1.80, P < 0.001), intakes of pulses and nuts (≥ one source; ORs 1.50–1.16, P's-< 0.05), pastries or chocolate (≥ 2/3 of a standard bar) (ORs = 1.35–1.37, P's < 0.05), and fiber (2–3 sources daily; OR = 0.83, CI 0.69–1.00, P < 0.05), as well as high waist-to-height ratio (OR = 0.91, CI 0.69–0.97, P < 0.05). Other factors included income (<C$100,000/yr; ORs 1.39–2.58, P's < 0.001), being widowed, divorced, or separated (OR = 1.35, CI 1.10–1.65, P < 0.05), having multiple chronic conditions (ORs = 1.76–3.34, P's < 0.001), experiencing chronic pain (OR = 1.64, P < 0.001), and smoking (OR = 1.22, P < 0.001). Conclusions Many nutrition-related factors contribute to PTSD in mid-age and older adults suggesting that targeted nutrition interventions within comprehensive programming will likely help prevent or manage PTSD. Funding Sources MITACS and Fulbright Canada.

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Renner, Anna, David Jäckle, Michaela Nagl, Anna Plexnies, Susanne Röhr, Margrit Löbner, Thomas Grochtdreis, et al. "Traumatized Syrian Refugees with Ambiguous Loss: Predictors of Mental Distress." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 3865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083865.

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Refugees from war zones often have missing significant others. A loss without confirmation is described as an ambiguous loss. This physical absence with simultaneous mental persistence can be accompanied by economic, social or legal problems, boundary ambiguity (i.e., uncertainty about who belongs to the family system), and can have a negative impact on mental health. The aim of this study was to identify sociodemographic and loss-related predictors for prolonged grief, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and somatization in treatment-seeking Syrian refugees with post-traumatic stress symptoms in Germany experiencing ambiguous loss. For the present study, data were based on the treatment-seeking baseline sample of the “Sanadak” randomized-controlled trial, analyzing a subsample of 47 Syrian refugees with post-traumatic stress symptoms in Germany experiencing ambiguous loss. Sociodemographic and loss-related questions were applied, along with standardized instruments for symptoms of prolonged grief (ICG), anxiety (GAD-7), depression (PHQ-9), PTSD (PDS-5) and somatization (PHQ-15). Linear regression models were used to predict mental health outcomes. Having lost a close family member and higher boundary ambiguity showed a statistically significant association with higher severity in prolonged grief. The overall model for somatization reached statistical significance, while no predictor independently did. Boundary ambiguity showed a statistically significant positive association with depression, while the overall model showed no statistically significant associations. Boundary ambiguity and missing family members seemed to be important predictors for prolonged grief. These findings support the importance of reunification programs and suggest an inclusion of the topic into psychosocial support structures, e.g., including psychoeducational elements on boundary ambiguity in support groups for traumatized individuals and families experiencing ambiguous loss. Further research is needed for a more detailed understanding of the impact of ambiguous loss on refugee populations.

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Bauer, Mark S., Austin Lee, Mingfei Li, Laura Bajor, Ann Rasmusson, and Lewis E. Kazis. "Off-label use of second generation antipsychotics for post-traumatic stress disorder in the Department of Veterans Affairs: time trends and sociodemographic, comorbidity, and regional correlates." Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 23, no. 1 (August 31, 2013): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.3507.

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Brackbill, Robert, Howard Alper, Patricia Frazier, Lisa Gargano, Melanie Jacobson, and Adrienne Solomon. "An Assessment of Long-Term Physical and Emotional Quality of Life of Persons Injured on 9/11/2001." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6 (March 23, 2019): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061054.

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Fifteen years after the disaster, the World Trade Center Health Registry (Registry) conducted The Health and Quality of Life Survey (HQoL) assessing physical and mental health status among those who reported sustaining an injury on 11 September 2001 compared with non-injured persons. Summary scores derived from the Short Form-12 served as study outcomes. United States (US) population estimates on the Physical Component Score (PCS-12) and Mental Component Score (MCS-12) were compared with scores from the HQoL and were stratified by Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and injury status. Linear regression models were used to estimate the association between both injury severity and PTSD and PCS-12 and MCS-12 scores. Level of injury severity and PTSD history significantly predicted poorer physical health (mean PCS-12). There was no significant difference between injury severity level and mental health (mean MCS-12). Controlling for other factors, having PTSD symptoms after 9/11 predicted a nearly 10-point difference in mean MCS-12 compared with never having PTSD. Injury severity and PTSD showed additive effects on physical and mental health status. Injury on 9/11 and a PTSD history were each associated with long-term decrements in physical health status. Injury did not predict long-term decrements in one’s mental health status. Although it is unknown whether physical wounds of the injury healed, our results suggest that traumatic injuries appear to have a lasting negative effect on perceived physical functioning.

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Guedes, Vivian A., Kimbra Kenney, Pashtun Shahim, Bao-Xi Qu, Chen Lai, Christina Devoto, William C. Walker, Tracy Nolen, Ramon Diaz-Arrastia, and Jessica M. Gill. "Exosomal neurofilament light." Neurology 94, no. 23 (May 27, 2020): e2412-e2423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000009577.

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ObjectiveTo measure exosomal and plasma levels of candidate blood biomarkers in veterans with history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and test their relationship with chronic symptoms.MethodsExosomal and plasma levels of neurofilament light (NfL) chain, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–α, interleukin (IL)–6, IL-10, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured using an ultrasensitive assay in a cohort of 195 veterans, enrolled in the Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium Longitudinal Study. We examined relationships between candidate biomarkers and symptoms of postconcussive syndrome (PCS), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression. Biomarker levels were compared among those with no traumatic brain injury (TBI) (controls), 1–2 mTBIs, and repetitive (3 or more) mTBIs.ResultsElevated exosomal and plasma levels of NfL were associated with repetitive mTBIs and with chronic PCS, PTSD, and depression symptoms. Plasma TNF-α levels correlated with PCS and PTSD symptoms. The total number of mTBIs correlated with exosomal and plasma NfL levels and plasma IL-6. Increased number of years since the most recent TBI correlated with higher exosomal NfL and lower plasma IL-6 levels, while increased number of years since first TBI correlated with higher levels of exosomal and plasma NfL, as well as plasma TNF-α and VEGF.ConclusionRepetitive mTBIs are associated with elevated exosomal and plasma levels of NfL, even years following these injuries, with the greatest elevations in those with chronic PCS, PTSD, and depression symptoms. Our results suggest a possible neuroinflammatory and axonal disruptive basis for symptoms that persist years after mTBI, especially repetitive.

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Patel, Sneh, Elizabeth R. Felix, Roy C. Levitt, Constantine D. Sarantopoulos, and Anat Galor. "Dysfunctional Coping Mechanisms Contribute to Dry Eye Symptoms." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 6 (June 24, 2019): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060901.

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Dysfunctional coping behaviors, such as catastrophizing, have been implicated in pain severity and chronicity across several pain disorders. However, the impact of dysfunctional coping has not been examined under the context of dry eye (DE). This study evaluates relationships between catastrophizing and measures of DE, including pain severity and pain-related daily interference. The population consisted of patients seen at Miami Veterans Affairs eye clinic between April 2016 and October 2017. Patients filled out standardized questionnaires assessing symptoms of DE and eye pain, non-ocular pain, mental health, coping behaviors (Pain Catastrophizing Scale, PCS), and pain-related daily interference as a perceived impact on quality of life (Multidimensional Pain Inventory, Interference Subscale, MPI-Interference), and all patients underwent an ocular surface examination. In total, 194 patients participated, with a mean age of 58.8 ± 9.6 years, the majority being male, non-Hispanic, and black. PCS (catastrophizing) was correlated with DE symptom severity, including Dry-Eye Questionnaire 5 (DEQ5; r = 0.41, p < 0.0005), Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI; r = 0.40, p < 0.0005), and neuropathic-like eye pain (Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory-Eye (NPSI-Eye; r = 0.48, p < 0.0005). Most tear metrics, on the other hand, did not correlate with PCS. Linear regressions showed that PCS, non-ocular pain intensity, and number of pain conditions were significant predictors of DEQ5 (overall DE symptoms), while PCS and non-ocular pain intensity were predictors of NPSI-Eye scores, as were insomnia scores and analgesic use. In a separate analysis, PCS and DE symptoms (OSDI) associated with pain-related interference (MPI-Interference) along with non-ocular pain intensity, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), number of pain conditions, and non-Hispanic ethnicity. These findings suggest that catastrophizing is not significantly related to signs of DE, but is strongly associated to pain-related symptoms of DE and daily interference due to pain.

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Wang, Yang, Yijun Bao, Li Liu, Aaron Ramos, Yunjie Wang, and Lie Wang. "The mediating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between social support and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among patients with central system tumors in China: a cross-sectional study." Psycho-Oncology 24, no. 12 (May 8, 2015): 1701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.3838.

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Ruff, R., R. Riechers, S. Ruff, X. f. Wang, and T. Piero. "Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Rather Than Presence of Neurological Deficits (NDs) Correlated with Improvement of Post-Concussive Symptoms (PCS) from Combat Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Incurred in Iraq or Afghanistan (S49.001)." Neurology 78, Meeting Abstracts 1 (April 22, 2012): S49.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.s49.001.

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Wright, Bob. "Post traumatic stress disorder and traumatic." Accident and Emergency Nursing 3, no. 1 (January 1995): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0965-2302(95)90072-1.

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Rosser, Rachel. "Stress, personality disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 8, no. 2 (March 1995): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199503000-00008.

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Resick, Patricia A., and Mark W. Miller. "Posttraumatic stress disorder: Anxiety or traumatic stress disorder?" Journal of Traumatic Stress 22, no. 5 (September 22, 2009): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20437.

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Rogers, Paul, Mid Glamorgan, and Sheena Liness. "Post-traumatic stress disorder." Nursing Standard 14, no. 22 (February 16, 2000): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2000.02.14.22.47.c2763.

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Spragg, Griffith S. "Post‐traumatic stress disorder." Medical Journal of Australia 156, no. 10 (May 1992): 731–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb121519.x.

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&NA;. "Post-traumatic stress disorder." Drugs & Therapy Perspectives 12, no. 3 (August 1998): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00042310-199812030-00003.

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Fichtner, Christopher G., Barbara E. Poddig, and Robert A. deVito. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." CNS Drugs 8, no. 4 (October 1997): 293–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00023210-199708040-00004.

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Wong, Cheryl M. "Post-traumatic stress disorder." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 25, no. 2 (June 2002): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(01)00006-5.

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Creamer, Mark, and Alexander McFarlane. "Post-traumatic stress disorder." Australian Prescriber 22, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.1999.034.

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Seedat, S. "Post-traumatic Stress Disorder." South African Journal of Psychiatry 19, no. 3 (August 30, 2013): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v19i3.952.

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<div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 324.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01119);" data-canvas-width="421.07550000000003">Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is among the most prevalent</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 344.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.979077);" data-canvas-width="419.514">anxiety disorders, both in terms of lifetime and 12-month prevalence</div>rates documented in epidemiological studies worldwide.

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Edwards, Mary. "Post-traumatic stress disorder." Journal of Air Medical Transport 11, no. 6 (June 1992): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1046-9095(05)80293-4.

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Newman, Martin. "Post-traumatic stress disorder." Bereavement Care 28, no. 1 (April 2009): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02682620902746250.

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Ursano, Robert J. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." New England Journal of Medicine 346, no. 2 (January 10, 2002): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm200201103460213.

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Creamer, Mark, and Meaghan OʼDonnell. "Post-traumatic stress disorder." Current Opinion in Internal Medicine 1, no. 3 (June 2002): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132980-200201030-00011.

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YULE, W. "Post-traumatic stress disorder." Archives of Disease in Childhood 80, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.80.2.107.

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Duffy, Paddy, Chris Fox, and Geoffrey Reid. "Post-traumatic stress disorder." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 92, no. 3 (March 1999): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689909200323.

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Freeman, Hugh, and I. P. Palmer. "Post-traumatic stress disorder." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 92, no. 4 (April 1999): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689909200424.

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Wentworth, Bailey A., Murray B. Stein, Laura S. Redwine, Yang Xue, Pam R. Taub, Paul Clopton, Keshav R. Nayak, and Alan S. Maisel. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Cardiology in Review 21, no. 1 (2013): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/crd.0b013e318265343b.

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Mendelson, George. "POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER." Lancet 326, no. 8452 (August 1985): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92776-x.

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