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1
Sims, Kaitlyn M., Jeremy Foltz, and Marin Elisabeth Skidmore. "Prisons and COVID-19 Spread in the United States." American Journal of Public Health 111, no. 8 (August 2021): 1534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2021.306352.
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Objectives. To empirically evaluate the relationship between presence of a state or federal prison and COVID-19 case and death counts. Methods. We merged data on locations of federal and state prisons and of local and county jails with daily case and death counts in the United States. We used a selection-on-observables design to estimate the correlation between prisons and COVID-19 spread, controlling for known correlates of COVID-19. Results. We found empirical evidence that the presence and capacities of prisons are strong correlates of county-level COVID-19 case counts. The presence of a state or federal prison in a county corresponded with a 9% increase in the COVID-19 case count during the first wave of the pandemic, ending July 1, 2020. Conclusions. Our results suggest that the public health implications of these facilities extend beyond the health of employees and incarcerated individuals, and policymakers should explicitly consider the public health concerns posed by these facilities when developing pandemic-response policy.
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Beebe, Craig, and Stephen M. Wheeler. "Gold Country: the politics of landscape in exurban El Dorado County, California." Journal of Political Ecology 19, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v19i1.21710.
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Low-density exurban landscapes threaten ecosystems and pose challenges for urban and regional planning, especially in nations with relatively weak rural land use regulation like the United States. Growth management efforts in such areas have generally been difficult due to strong pro-development forces and cultures of landowner rights. This article explores the political ecology of planning in one such exurban place, El Dorado County in the Sierra Nevada foothills east of Sacramento, California. Through review of historical documents, news articles, over a dozen interviews with knowledgeable local actors, and GIS analysis of growth patterns, we discuss how a demobilization of local planning develops through dynamics of power, fear, distrust, and antagonism. We explore some possible strategies for developing stronger local planning mechanisms, including more collaborative planning, better articulation of alternative growth models, and strengthened state and regional planning frameworks.Keywords: Exurbia, political ecology, urban planning, landscape, cultural geography, California.
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Marlow, Christopher, Christine Powell, and Randel Cox. "Aeromagnetic Interpretations of the Crittenden County Fault Zone." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 1 (December 2, 2020): 494–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200209.
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Abstract The Crittenden County fault zone (CCFZ) is a potentially active fault zone located within 25 km of Memphis, Tennessee, and poses a significant seismic hazard to the region. Previous research has associated the fault zone with basement faults of the eastern Reelfoot rift margin (ERRM) and described it as a northeast-striking, northwest-dipping reverse fault. However, we suggest that there is an incomplete understanding of the fault geometry of the CCFZ and the ERRM in this region due to significant gaps in seismic reflection profiles used to interpret the fault systems. To improve our understanding of the structure of both fault systems in this region, we apply two processing techniques to gridded aeromagnetic data. We use the horizontal gradient method on reduction-to-pole magnetic data to detect magnetic contacts associated with faults as this technique produces shaper gradients at magnetic contacts than other edge detection methods. For depth to basement estimations, we use the analytic signal as the method does not require knowledge of the remnant magnetization of the source body. We suggest that the CCFZ extends approximately 16 km farther to the southwest than previously mapped and may be composed of three independent faults as opposed to a continuous structure. To the northeast, we interpreted two possible faults associated with the ERRM that intersect the CCFZ, one of which has been previously mapped as the Meeman–Shelby fault. If the CCFZ and the eastern rift margin are composed of isolated fault segments, the maximum magnitude earthquake that each fault segment may generate is reduced, thereby, lowering the existing seismic hazard both fault systems pose to Memphis, Tennessee.
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Jia, Wenjian, Zhiqiu Jiang, T. Donna Chen, and Rajesh Paleti. "Evaluating Fuel Tax Revenue Impacts of Electric Vehicle Adoption in Virginia Counties: Application of a Bivariate Linear Mixed Count Model." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 9 (May 9, 2019): 548–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119844973.
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Increasing electric vehicle (EV) shares and fuel economy pose challenges to a fuel tax-based transportation funding scheme. This paper evaluates such fuel tax revenue impacts using Virginia as a case study. First, a bivariate count model is developed using vehicle registration data in 132 counties from 2012 to 2016. Model results indicate strong correlation between presence of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) on a county basis. Counties with higher percent of males are associated with higher BEV (but not PHEV) counts. In contrast, higher average commute time is predicted to increase the number of PHEVs in each county, but not BEVs. Greater population density, population over 65, population with graduate degrees, and household size are found to increase PHEV and BEV counts, whereas more households with children is associated with fewer EVs. The analysis forecasts 0.6–10% statewide EV adoption by 2025, with an adoption rate of 2.4% in the most likely scenario. Nine scenarios, combining different predictions of EV adoption and fuel economy improvement, project 2025 statewide fuel tax revenue to decrease by 5–19%, relative to 2016 receipts. Furthermore, model results suggest that, on average, a light-duty vehicle in a rural area will pay 28% more in fuel taxes than its urban counterpart by 2025. The framework proposed here provides a reference for other regions to conduct similar analysis using public agency data in the vehicle electrification era.
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Vella, Daniel. "The Ludic Muse: The Form of Games as Art." CounterText 2, no. 1 (April 2016): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/count.2016.0040.
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Taking as its basis Nancy's essay ‘Why Are There Several Arts And Not Just One?’, this paper makes a case for understanding games as constituting art works bearing a specifically ludic form. It draws on aesthetic theory and philosophy – particularly Kant, Heidegger, Gadamer, and Nancy – in order to theorise the particular aesthetic potential inherent to this form, and the challenges it poses to existing concepts of art and aesthetic engagement. The paper will argue that the player's relation to a game, in contrast to the aesthetic relation as theorised in post-Kantian aesthetics, invokes an active, purposive disposition – and, moreover, that it is this active, purposive disposition itself that is brought forth into presentation by the ludic work. The conclusion reached is that the ludic aesthetic work establishes a gameworld as a sphere of existential praxis for the player, within which she lives a being-in-the-gameworld, which, in being inscribed into the unity of the game as an object distinct from the player, is itself externalised as an object of her aesthetic contemplation.
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Sawhney, Simona. "Boatmen, Wastrels, and Demons: Figures of Literature." CounterText 4, no. 1 (April 2018): 30–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/count.2018.0115.
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Engaging some of the questions opened by Ranjan Ghosh's and J. Hillis Miller's book Thinking Literature Across Continents (2016), this essay begins by returning to Aijaz Ahmad's earlier invocation of World Literature as a project that, like the proletariat itself, must stand in an antithetical relation to the capitalism that produced it. It asks: is there an essential link between a certain idea of literature and a figure of the world? If we try to broach this link through Derrida's enigmatic and repeated reflections on the secret – a secret ‘shared’ by both literature and democracy – how would we grasp Derrida's insistence on the ‘Latinity’ of literature? The groundlessness of reading that we confront most vividly in our encounter with fictional texts is both intensified, and in a way, clarified, by new readings and questions posed by the emergence of new reading publics. The essay contends that rather than being taught as representatives of national literatures, literary texts in ‘World Literature’ courses should be read as sites where serious historical and political debates are staged – debates which, while being local, are the bearers of universal significance. Such readings can only take place if World Literature strengthens its connections with the disciplines Miller calls, in the book, Social Studies. Paying particular attention to the Hindi writer Premchand's last story ‘Kafan’, and a brief section from the Sanskrit text the Natyashastra, it argues that struggles over representation, over the staging of minoritised figures, are integral to fiction and precede the thinking of modern democracy.
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TA, YEN T., TRUNG THANH NGUYEN, PHUONG BICH TO, DA XUAN PHAM, HAO THI HONG LE, GIANG NGUYEN THI, WALID Q. ALALI, ISABEL WALLS, and MICHAEL P. DOYLE. "Quantification, Serovars, and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Isolated from Retail Raw Chicken Meat in Vietnam." Journal of Food Protection 77, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-221.
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The objectives of this study were to quantify Salmonella counts on retail raw poultry meat in Vietnam and to phenotypically characterize (serovars and antibiotic resistance) the isolates. A total of 300 chicken carcasses were collected from two cities and two provinces in Vietnam. Salmonella counts on the samples were determined according to the most-probable-number (MPN) method of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS). A total of 457 isolates were serotyped and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Overall, 48.7% of chicken samples were Salmonella positive with a count of 2.0 log MPN per carcass. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in log MPN per carcass by the study variables (market type, storage condition, and chicken production system). There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in Salmonella-positive prevalence by chicken production system. Among the 22 Salmonella serovars identified, Albany was the most frequent (34.1%), followed by Agona (15.5%) and Dabou (8.8%). Resistance to at least one antibiotic was common (i.e., 73.3%), with high resistance to tetracycline (59.1%) and ampicillin (41.6%). Resistance to three antibiotics was the most frequently found multidrug resistance profile (17.7%, n = 81); the profile that was resistant to the highest number of drugs was resistant to nine antibiotics (0.7%, n = 3). Only Salmonella Albany posed phenotypic resistance to ceftriaxone (a drug of choice to treat severe cases of salmonellosis). The data revealed that, whereas Salmonella prevalence on raw poultry was high (48.7%), counts were low, which suggests that the exposure risk to Salmonella is low. However, improper storage of raw chicken meat and cross-contamination may increase Salmonella cell counts and pose a greater risk for infection. These data may be helpful in developing risk assessment models and preventing the transmission of foodborne Salmonella from poultry to humans in Vietnam.
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Mapel, David R. "Innocent Attackers and Rights of Self-Defense." Ethics & International Affairs 18, no. 1 (March 2004): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2004.tb00454.x.
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Imagine that a neighboring state drafts an army of ignorant soldiers, makes them falsely believe that your state poses an imminent threat to their survival or political independence, and then launches them across your border. As a soldier, would you have a right to kill such attackers in self-defense or in defense of your country? In this brief comment, I will focus primarily on the question of whether one may kill “innocent attackers,” that is, individuals who pose a lethal threat through no moral fault of their own, but because they are acting under a combination of duress and nonculpable ignorance.
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Qunyang, Lai. "Township Baogan Poses Many Problems; County Management of Educational Funds Is an Imperative." Chinese Education & Society 30, no. 2 (March 1997): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/ced1061-1932300220.
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Chambers, David L., and Arthur C. Hulse. "Salmonella Serovars in the Herpetofauna of Indiana County, Pennsylvania." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 5 (May 2006): 3771–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.5.3771-3773.2006.
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ABSTRACT Herpetofaunal Salmonella enterica serovars have not been fully examined in any U.S. region. Thirty-three Salmonella serovars were isolated from 156 samples from 34 species, all within Indiana County, Pennsylvania. Results suggest that herpetofaunas could potentially pose a threat to humans. Further understanding of Salmonella in herpetofaunas may prevent future human cases.
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Boström, Inger, Margarita Callander, John F. Kurtzke, and Anne-Marie Landtblom. "High prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the Swedish county of Värmland." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 15, no. 11 (October 5, 2009): 1253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458509345909.
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Previous epidemiological studies have indicated that the county of Värmland in western Sweden may be a high-risk zone for multiple sclerosis (MS). The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence in the area. Hospital and general practice medical files were scrutinized. The diagnostic criteria of Poser were used, with 31 December 2002 as prevalence day. The prevalence was 170.07 per 100,000 inhabitants. The average annual incidence was 6.39 to 6.46 per 100,000 (1991—1995, 1996—2000). Multiple sclerosis was 2.3 times more common among women than men. There was a variation in prevalence among the 16 municipalities, however it was not statistically significant. The rates seemed highest in the southwestern part of the county, roughly similar in location to findings some 70 years earlier. When the prevalence ratios by geographical units for the county in 1933 were applied to the current prevalence, the distribution from these estimated cases differed from homogeneity with very high significance (p < 0.00001 ). In conclusion, this study supports previous reports indicating that Värmland continues to be a high-risk zone for MS and shares in the diffusion of the disease at the county level which we had presented for the country as a whole.
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Dahl, Julie A., and Gary Ritchison. "Responses of Blue Jays (Cyanocitta Cristata) to Raptors that Differ in Predatory Threat." Avian Biology Research 11, no. 3 (August 2018): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815618x15263796305056.
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Some species of birds use their vocalisations to communicate predator presence and the level of threat they pose, including two species of corvids (Corvidae), American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and Siberian Jays (Perisoreus infaustus). Our objective was to determine if Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata), another corvid, also use specific calls or vary the characteristics of certain calls to convey information about the level of threat posed by aerial predators. During the non-breeding seasons of 2014 and 2015, we recorded and analysed the vocal responses of Blue Jays to study skins of six species of raptors that varied in size and the level of threat they pose to Blue Jays. Experiments were conducted at seven locations in Madison County, Kentucky. The mean number of Blue Jays present during trials was 2.6, and Blue Jays uttered five different vocalisations during trials, with ditonal and monotonal jeers given most frequently. The rate at which Blue Jays uttered ditonal jeers differed among trials, with rates highest during trials with an Eastern Screech-Owl (Megascops asio) and a Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus). However, the characteristics of ditonal and monotonal jeers (duration, low frequency, high frequency, and peak frequency) did not differ among trials. These results suggest that Blue Jays may either perceive Eastern Screech-Owls and Sharp-shinned Hawks as the greatest threats or, alternatively, as potential, but less threatening predators, and, therefore, they were willing to take greater risks when mobbing them. In contrast, Blue Jays mobbed the other raptors, i.e. American Kestrels (Falco sparverius), Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), and Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus), with much less intensity, likely because they posed less of a threat or, in the case of Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) that are known predators of Blue Jays, perhaps because mobbing with greater intensity, e.g. approaching more closely, posed too great a risk. Blue Jays in our study used the same calls with the same characteristics when responding to potential predators, only calling rates differed. However, such variation in calling rates when mobbing would likely provide useful information about the presence of, and possibly the threat posed by, potential predators for conspecifics and, perhaps, heterospecifics.
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Williams, Samual T., Wendy Collinson, Claire Patterson-Abrolat, David G. Marneweck, and Lourens H. Swanepoel. "Using road patrol data to identify factors associated with carnivore roadkill counts." PeerJ 7 (March 29, 2019): e6650. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6650.
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As the global road network expands, roads pose an emerging threat to wildlife populations. One way in which roads can affect wildlife is wildlife-vehicle collisions, which can be a significant cause of mortality through roadkill. In order to successfully mitigate these problems, it is vital to understand the factors that can explain the distribution of roadkill. Collecting the data required to enable this can be expensive and time consuming, but there is significant potential in partnering with organisations that conduct existing road patrols to obtain the necessary data. We assessed the feasibility of using roadkill data collected daily between 2014 and 2017 by road patrol staff from a private road agency on a 410 km length of the N3 road in South Africa. We modelled the relationship between a set of environmental and anthropogenic variables on the number of roadkill carcasses, using serval (Leptailurus serval) as a model species. We recorded 5.24 serval roadkill carcasses/100 km/year. The number of carcasses was related to season, the amount of wetland, and NDVI, but was not related to any of the anthropogenic variables we included. This suggests that roadkill patterns may differ greatly depending on the ecology of species of interest, but targeting mitigation measures where roads pass through wetlands may help to reduce serval roadkill. Partnering with road agencies for data collection offers powerful opportunities to identify factors related to roadkill distribution and reduce the threats posed by roads to wildlife.
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Christie, B. "Visits to the country pose biggest risk of E coli infection." BMJ 323, no. 7304 (July 14, 2001): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7304.70/f.
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Bagcchi, Sanjeet. "Country in Focus: diabetes epidemic poses challenge for health care in India." Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 4, no. 2 (February 2016): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(16)00008-5.
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Eilers, Paul HC. "Ill-posed problems with counts, the composite link model and penalized likelihood." Statistical Modelling: An International Journal 7, no. 3 (October 2007): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1471082x0700700302.
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Emran,, Shahrizal, K. Rodney Fernando,, and And Miroslav Radojevic Radojevic. "Concentrations of lead (pb) in road dust in bandar seri begawan, brunei darussalam." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 18, no. 1 (November 15, 2017): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.203.
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A first-ever survey oflead (Pb) in road dust in Bandar Seri Begawan (B.S.B.), the capital of Brunei Darussalam, was carried out in 1996, three years after the introduction of unleaded petrol. The concentration of Pb at 114 sites varied between 12 and 544 µg/g (mean: 125 µg/g; standard deviation: 103 µg/g). There was a significant correlation (r=0.546) between lead in road dust and traffic volume at 17 sites for which traffic counts were available. An assessment of the potential hazard posed to children was made. It is concluded that concentration levels of Pb in road dust in B.S.B. are considerably lower than levels found in London and Hong Kong, and they do not pose a major public health hazard.
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Guo, Guanghui, Bo Song, Deshang Xia, Zijie Yang, and Fopeng Wang. "Metals and metalloids in PM10 in Nandan County, Guangxi, China, and the health risks posed." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 40, no. 5 (March 16, 2018): 2071–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0083-2.
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Kamble, Shanmukh, Sangeetha P. Mane, Charlotte Petitfils, Maria Teresa Muñoz Sastre, and Paul Clay Sorum. "Mapping Young Indians’ Views Regarding the Acceptability of Surrogate Motherhood: A Pilot Survey." Universitas Psychologica 18, no. 3 (October 16, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy18-3.myiv.
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The objective was to map young Indians’ views regarding the acceptability of surrogacy, and to delineate the circumstances under which surrogacy is considered as especially problematic. In India, the number of fertility clinics currently operating in the whole country is estimated at over 3,000, making India the international leader in surrogacy. Very recently, however, surrogacy has become controversial. Participants (N = 430) were presented with scenarios depicting the circumstances in which a couple has contracted with a surrogate mother, and they were asked to indicate the extent to which such a contract may pose a moral problem. The scenarios involved four factors: the type of surrogacy (traditional or gestational), the mother’s level of autonomy, the family context, and whether surrogacy was of the commercial or the altruistic kind. Four different personal positions were found: a group for which (a) surrogacy always posed a moral problem (22%), (b) traditional surrogacy but not gestational surrogacy always posed a moral problem (15%), (c) surrogacy did not pose a problem each time the husband agrees with the procedure (40%), and (d) a group that chose not to express any position (23%). Although surrogacy is legal and big business, young people’s opinion seems to be divided on this issue. Even those who consider that surrogacy is not within itself an unacceptable procedure disagree regarding the conditions of its acceptability. This complex set of diverging attitudes, if replicated on large, representative samples, may explain the current government wavering on this issue and its recent decision that surrogacy services are forbidden for foreigners.
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Moodley, M., and J. Moodley. "Successful use of anti-retroviral therapy in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy for persistent molar pregnancy: A case report." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 13, no. 2 (February 2003): 246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200303000-00026.
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Due to the HIV pandemic, the chances of finding gynecological malignancies in HIV-infected women are increased. This poses management and ethical dilemmas as the treatment for such malignancies are likely to further decrease their immunity. Gestational trophoblastic disease occurs predominantly among young women and has excellent response to chemotherapy. However, such therapy is not possible if their immunity (CD4 counts) is markedly depressed. The patient described presented with persistent molar pregnancy and had low CD4 count. She was given antiretroviral therapy and once the CD4 count had risen to acceptable levels cytotoxic chemotherapy was administered. She received a total of 13 cycles of chemotherapy with no significant untoward effects. After a 6-month follow-up period the patient was well with a negative serum βHCG level and CD4 count above 200. We conclude that HIV-infected women with gestational trophoblastic disease may be safely treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy provided anti-retroviral therapy is concurrently administered to boost immunity.
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Anca, Ionce, and Ionce Ruxandra. "The Interference of Abandoned Mining Sites with the Surrounding Human Communities." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 12, no. 2 (October 1, 2018): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pesd-2018-0031.
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Abstract The social, economic and environmental effects of the mining activities on the surrounding human communities, specifically after the cessation of such profile units without undertaking the necessary safety and greening measures, are rarely analysed in our country. The modifications in quality and capacity of economic use of the abandoned mining perimeters after the cessation of activity, corroborated with the pressure exercised by the citizens to re-establish the ownership rights, with the impact on the general state of health and security of the local population, are only some of the forms of social impact these areas have. In the Suceava County there are over 15 abandoned mining sites in populated areas. The present paper will address these issues in critical areas in the Suceava County and will present the forms of risk these areas pose on the health and safety of the surrounding human communities, most of which are due to the lack of measures meant to reduce the ecological impact of the mining sites after their abandonment.
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Walter, Essendi Miding'a, Muleke Charles, Otachi Elick, Miheso Manfred, and Kyule Domitila. "EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ZOONOTIC Cryptosporidium spp. ISOLATES IN NJORO SUB_COUNTY NAKURU COUNTY, KENYA." African Journal of Infectious Diseases 15, no. 2 (March 18, 2021): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21010/ajid.v15i2.2.
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Background: There is no information on human and animal Cryptosporidium spp. in Njoro sub- county. The risk posed to humans and animals within the sub-county is therefore unknown. Materials and Methods: A total of 1476 animal and 378 human fecal samples were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate association between infection status and the predisposing factors. Results were expressed as odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval. Chi-square and Maentel–Haenszel tests were used to quantify relationships among variables. Results: Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 9.8% in humans, 10.8% in cows, 19.6% in sheep and 4.5% in goats. Prevalence in humans was significantly higher in females 12/37. Infection was highest in the elderly (27.27%), and significantly lower in adolescents and adults at 8.66% and 9.59%, respectively. Goats had lowest overall parasitization at all levels, while sheep had the highest parasitization at levels (+1 and +2). Relatively, humans had the highest parasite counts +3 cases (1.5%). Conclusion: Cryptosporidium spp. is prevalent in Njoro sub-county and domestic animals are important reservoirs and a potential source of zoonosis in humans. Children, elderly and females are at increased risk of infection, especially during rainy season. The study recommends maintenance of proper sanitation when handling domestic animals, treatment of drinking water and use of alternative safer sources of water in order to reduce infection.
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Filip, Hana, and Peter Sutton. "Singular count NPs in measure constructions." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 27 (December 9, 2017): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v27i0.4277.
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Count Ns like fence, wall or twig notoriously pose problems for the semantic analysis of the mass/count distinction, given that they exhibit grammatical count behavior, thus patterning with bona fide count Ns like cat, but unlike the latter, fail to denote quantized predicates (in Krifka’s (1989) original sense); at the same time, they do not denote cumulative predicates, unlike mass Ns, such as mud or water. This puzzling class of count Ns has another intriguing property, so far largely neglected in contemporary mass/count debates in formal semantics: most of its members felicitously occur in pseudo-partitive (measure) NP constructions. Take, for instance, wall, as in Thick woolen drapes of red and gold covered every inch of wall (COCA). We argue that count Ns like fence, wall or twig fail to denote quantized predicates, because they admit of multiple overlapping individuation schemas with respect to what counts as ‘one’. In a nutshell, (i) fence, like cat, but unlike mud is quantized at specific counting contexts (and so grammatically count), (ii) fence, like mud, but unlike cat is non-quantized at the null counting context (the union of interpretations across all specific counting contexts), which make them felicitous in pseudo-partitive (measure) NPs.
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Piecková, Elena, Marta Hurbánková, Silvia Černá, Aurélia Lišková, Zuzana Kováčiková, Zuzana Kolláriková, and Soňa Wimmerová. "Inflammatory and Haematotoxic Potential of Indoor Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) Hughes Metabolites." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-60-2009-1971.
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Inflammatory and Haematotoxic Potential of Indoor Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) Hughes MetabolitesMould Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) Hughes is known to pose a health risk in indoor environments. Most of its strains can produce several intra- and extracellular trichothecene mycotoxins. Complex secondary metabolites of stachybotrys isolates from mouldy dwellings/public buildings in Slovakia were intratracheally instilled in Wistar male rats (4 μg in 0.2 mL of 0.2 % dimethylsulphoxide; diacetoxyscirpenol as the positive control). After three days, haematological parameters were measured in peripheral blood and inflammatory response biomarkers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and the results were statistically analysed. Exometabolites proved to suppress red blood cell (RBC), decreasing the total RBC count, haemoglobin, and haematocrit. The exposed rats showed significantly higher total BALF cell count, indicating inflammation, lower alveolar macrophage counts, and increased granulocyte count related to the BALF cells. Due to haematotoxic and inflammation-inducing properties, metabolites of S. chartarum can cause damage to the airways and haematological disorders in occupants of mouldy buildings.
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Yang, Hui, Ming Hua Huang, Yang Wang, and Yang Yu. "A Primary Probe on the County Cultural Facility’s Suitability Indicator System in Eastern Northwest China — Case Analysis on Chengcheng County, Shaaxi Province." Applied Mechanics and Materials 137 (October 2011): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.137.387.
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In relation to comprehensive living standard and public interests, urban cultural facility poses major influence on urban life. Compared with urban cultural facility, county cultural facility is the vinculum linking the cultural undertakings between urban and regional area, which requires rational guidance to break through the gap between urban and rural development. This thesis observed the current situation of cultural facility in Chengcheng County of Shaanxi Province, finding that the particularity of county cultural facility development and the inconsistency between supply and demand have exceeded the capacity of present development criterion. The in-depth analysis on Chengcheng County’s cultural facility is based on the influential observation of indicator system, standing on a wider perspective in consideration with resident’s demand, probing the suitable indicator system of cultural facility in Chengcheng County in consistency with the developing feature and trend combing with national standard and developing situation.
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Dadashova, Bahar, Greg P. Griffin, Subasish Das, Shawn Turner, and Bonnie Sherman. "Estimation of Average Annual Daily Bicycle Counts using Crowdsourced Strava Data." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 11 (September 4, 2020): 390–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120946016.
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Traffic volumes are fundamental for evaluating transportation systems, regardless of travel mode. A lack of counts for non-motorized modes poses a challenge for practitioners developing and managing multimodal transportation facilities, whether they want to evaluate transportation safety or the potential need for infrastructure changes, or to answer other questions about how and where people bicycle and walk. In recent years, researchers and practitioners alike have been using crowdsourced data to supplement the non-motorized counts. As such, several methods and tools have been developed. The objective of this paper is to take advantage of new data sources that provide a limited and biased sample of trips and combine them with traditional counts to develop a practical tool for estimating annual average daily bicycle (AADB) counts. This study developed a direct-demand model for estimating AADB in Texas. Data from 100 stations, installed in 12 cities across the state, was used together with the crowdsourced Strava, roadway inventory, and American Community Survey data to develop the count model for estimating AADB. The results indicate that crowdsourced Strava data is an acceptable predictor of bicycle counts, and when used with the roadway functional class and number of high-income households in a block group, can provide quite an accurate AADB estimate (29% prediction error).
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Burns, James. "Excessive Americanisms: Hollywood in the British Empire, 1918–1930." Britain and the World 7, no. 2 (September 2014): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2014.0148.
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This article analyses debates about American movies in the British Empire during the inter-war era. These had a different tone than similar public discussions within Britain, where critics emphasised the dangers cinema posed to ‘white prestige’ and public order. In the colonies, movies were widely perceived to pose a threat to the cultural bonds that linked the periphery to the metropole. As the post-war empire struggled to redefine the relationship between ruler and ruled, critics of Hollywood – many of them British expatriates – feared American movies would attenuate their connection to the mother country. Movies popularized American history, American institutions and American slang among imperial subjects, thereby diminishing their enthusiasm for the British alternative. The advent of sound films after 1928 injected a further sense of urgency into this debate. The colonial reaction to Hollywood reveals the particularly fragile state of imperial identity formation during the inter-war era.
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Pritchett, Lant. "A Review of Edward Luce's In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India." Journal of Economic Literature 47, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 771–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.47.3.771.
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India poses a development puzzle on a grand scale. Sixty years of electoral democracy, thirty years of rapid growth, and a number of world class institutions (such as the Institutes of Technology or Election Commission) have led to talk of India as a superpower in a league with the United States and China. Yet, on many fronts, India's indicators of human well-being (e.g., malnutrition, immunization) are at, or below, those of much poorer sub-Saharan African countries. Measures of the administrative capacity of the state on basics like attendance, performance, and corruption reveal a potentially “flailing state” whose brilliantly formulated policies are disconnected from realities on the ground. This review essay of Ed Luce's In Spite of the Gods attempts to articulate the puzzle that is modern India and pose questions about the development trajectory of a country whose fortunes will shape our century.
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Pieper, Kelsey J., Victoria E. Nystrom, Jeffrey Parks, Kyle Jennings, Harold Faircloth, Jane B. Morgan, Jim Bruckner, and Marc A. Edwards. "Elevated Lead in Water of Private Wells Poses Health Risks: Case Study in Macon County, North Carolina." Environmental Science & Technology 52, no. 7 (March 14, 2018): 4350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05812.
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Makhova, N. "Foresight: Country Specifics and General Patterns." World Economy and International Relations, no. 8 (2014): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-8-34-44.
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Foresight has become a widely employed method in the last decades, however only few of the foresight programmes proved to be successful and long lasting. This poses a controversy taking into account that the concept and the methodology of foresight have been exhaustively studied, and the achieved level of information, consultative and organizational support at hand is sufficient to carry out projects of different scale and subject. The author presumes that the reasons lie in the predominant attention of foresight actors to its material outcomes and methodology instead of mechanisms that form the very basis of the system, whose future is subject to analysis by means of foresight. The hypothesis is further justified with analysis of foresight programmes in the Great Britain and Brazil, which enables to propose a revised definition of the foresight concept.
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Kabir, Ahmedul, Md Robed Amin, Pratyay Hasan, Shegufta Mishket Mukerrama, Muhammad Nurul Farhad, Sudip Ranjan Deb, and Anwar Hossain. "Chronic Eosinophilic Leukaemia Presenting With A Cardiac Mass: A Case Report." Bangladesh Journal of Medicine 25, no. 1 (September 20, 2015): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmed.v25i1.25075.
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Chronic eosinophilic leukaemia is a rare disorder. It can cause irreversible target organ damage which can be life threatening,so early diagnosis of the disease is a necessity.It may pose as a diagnostic dilemma. Active consideration of the possibility of the disease is necessary. We intend to report a case of a boy of 13 years who presented with hepato-splenomegaly, generalized lymphadenopathy, a cardiac mass and a very high eosinophil count. He was ultimately diagnosed with chronic eosinophilic leukaemia.Though rare, this disease can occur in our country, too. Unavailability of confirmatory tests warrants more vigilance and awareness among physicians.Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2014; 25 (1) : 25-28
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Hwang, Howard H. M., Huijie Lin, and Jun-Rong Huo. "Seismic Performance Evaluation of Fire Stations in Shelby County, Tennessee." Earthquake Spectra 13, no. 4 (November 1997): 759–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585979.
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This paper presents an evaluation of the seismic performance of fire stations in Shelby County, Tennessee. Data relevant to 71 fire stations were collected and implemented as a database using Professional MapInfo. The peak ground accelerations resulting from two scenario earthquakes with moment magnitudes of 6.5 and 7.0 at Marked Tree, Arkansas, were estimated at these fire stations. Furthermore, the fragility curves for various types of buildings in the Memphis area were established based on the fragility data available in the literature. Using these fragility curves, the expected damage to all the fire stations caused by both scenario earthquakes was determined. The results indicate that most of the fire stations will suffer moderate to heavy damage and are expected to be out of operation after the earthquakes. Thus, the authorities need to take appropriate action to mitigate the risks posed by the loss of fire stations.
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Bailey, Michael, Rachel Cao, Theresa Kuchler, Johannes Stroebel, and Arlene Wong. "Social Connectedness: Measurement, Determinants, and Effects." Journal of Economic Perspectives 32, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 259–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.32.3.259.
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Social networks can shape many aspects of social and economic activity: migration and trade, job-seeking, innovation, consumer preferences and sentiment, public health, social mobility, and more. In turn, social networks themselves are associated with geographic proximity, historical ties, political boundaries, and other factors. Traditionally, the unavailability of large-scale and representative data on social connectedness between individuals or geographic regions has posed a challenge for empirical research on social networks. More recently, a body of such research has begun to emerge using data on social connectedness from online social networking services such as Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter. To date, most of these research projects have been built on anonymized administrative microdata from Facebook, typically by working with coauthor teams that include Facebook employees. However, there is an inherent limit to the number of researchers that will be able to work with social network data through such collaborations. In this paper, we therefore introduce a new measure of social connectedness at the US county level. Our Social Connectedness Index is based on friendship links on Facebook, the global online social networking service. Specifically, the Social Connectedness Index corresponds to the relative frequency of Facebook friendship links between every county-pair in the United States, and between every US county and every foreign country. Given Facebook’s scale as well as the relative representativeness of Facebook’s user body, these data provide the first comprehensive measure of friendship networks at a national level.
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Islam, AHM Waliul, Shams Munwar, AQM Reza, Shahab Uddin Talukder, Azfar H. Bhuiyan, Tamzeed Ahmed, Md Atahar Ali, Kazi Atikur Rahman, and Md Shamsul Alam. "COVID-19 and Acute Cardiovascular Diseases in Bangladesh- A Time Tested Medical Emergency to deal with." Cardiovascular Journal 13, no. 1 (December 7, 2020): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v13i1.50568.
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Covid-19 pandemic has affected millions of patients, killed more than half a million, and poses major health threat globally. There is high demand for clinical resources and bed space for COVID- 19 patients. Admission of patient of any cardiac emergency in a common block of hospital, country like Bangladesh, may exposes the risk of infection among non-COVID patient. Patient with COVID- 19 and pre-existing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have increased risk of further aggravation and death. COVID-19 infection is usually associated with multiple direct and indirect cardiovascular complications, such as acute myocardial injury, myocarditis, arrhythmias, heart failure and venous thromboembolism. Health care worker may pose themselves in vulnerability as they become host or vectors of virus transmission. Defeating COVID-19 and managing acute cardiovascular emergencies in COVID-19 era exposes non-COVID-19 patient, may need dramatic reshaping of care delivery, novel approaches to patient’s management and large-scale reallocation of resources.
Cardiovasc. j. 2020; 13(1): 75-80
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Karoki, W. H., D. N. Karanja, L. C. Bebora, and L. W. Njagi. "Isolation, Characterization, and Quantification of Bacteria from African Sausages Sold in Nairobi County, Kenya." International Journal of Food Science 2018 (October 23, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3861265.
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African sausages are local popular delicacies in Kenya. Demand for these sausages has resulted in this delicacy’s vendors being on the increase. However, health risk posed to unsuspecting consumers of African sausages sold in informal, unhygienic make shift road-side kiosks in major cities of Kenya is largely unknown. A descriptive study was designed to isolate, characterize and quantify bacteria from African sausages sold in Nairobi County. A total of hundred (100) African sausages (62 roasted and 38 nonroasted) were conveniently collected from three meat eatery points of Westlands, Kangemi slum, and Pangani estates. Five genera of bacteria, namely, Staphylococcus spp. at 50.4%, Bacillus spp. at 19.5%, Streptococcus spp. 9.8%, Proteus spp. 2.4%, and E. coli spp. at 1.6%, were isolated from 80 African sausage samples. The total aerobic bacterial count range was between 1.0-9.9x101 and 1.0-9.9x107 log cfu/g with 37 samples having total aerobic bacterial count of between 1.0-9.9 x104 and 1.0-9.9 x107 log cfu/g. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in distribution of isolates and total aerobic bacterial count across geographical sites studied among the roasted and nonroasted African sausages. This study has demonstrated presence of bacteria in African sausages which are potentially zoonotic to humans. Comprehensive study is needed to sample more eatery meat points in Nairobi and other areas in order to demonstrate pathogenic attributes of these isolates and establish the respective total aerobic bacterial count. There is also need to establish the sources of bacteria due to high total aerobic bacterial count determined in the current study.
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Schmidt, Dennis. "Who Counts? On Democracy, Power, and the Incalculable." Research in Phenomenology 38, no. 2 (2008): 228–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156916408x286987.
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AbstractThe intention of this paper is to discuss the notion and word "democracy" as a Greek legacy and then to pose the question of the specific challenges to that conception of democracy presented by this historical present, which Heidegger characterizes as the Gestell. Questions concerning the sources of power, the relation of power to peoples and individuals, as well as the shift from power to violence are addressed. Plato, Aristotle, Pericles, Lincoln, Derrida, and Heidegger are the key figures in this discussion.
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Onwuchekwa, Elendu, C., Anaele, C. C., Emeonye, O. P., Felix C. J., Ikechukwu-Okoroezi, J., Kanu, S. A. J., Ubaji, U., and Maduagwu Queen Chinyere. "Microbial load of healthcare wastes in Aba Metropolis, Abia State." International Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing Practice 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijhmnp.557.
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Introduction: Healthcare waste is the total waste both solid and liquid from healthcare establishment and laboratories. A hospital produces waste by giving their services to the patients. Purpose: This study examined the microbial load of waste from selected healthcare facilities in Aba metropolis, Abia State.
Methodology: Tenfold serial dilution was used for processing of all the samples. After the dilutions, exactly 0.5ml of each the sample was planted on the media using the spread plate method and evaluated using the standard microbiological techniques.
Results: The viable count (TVC) ranged from 1.0×103cfu/g to 0.3×108cfu/g, coliform count (TCC) ranged from 0.4×102 cfu/g to 4.2×104 cfu/g, staphylococcal count (TSC) ranged from 1.0×101 cfu/g to 1.4×102 and fungal counts ranged from 2.0×102 cfu/g to 0.8×103cfu/g in the microbial count of various waste samples within the Aba metropolis, Abia State. The laboratory waste had the highest microbial counts, followed by the Out-patient department waste and the least was the pharmaceutical waste. The microorganisms isolated from the hospital wastes were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, A. Fumigatus, Candida albicans and among others.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: This research has revealed that healthcare waste contained pathogens with high microbial load densities, suggesting that the hospital wastes may pose a major health and environmental threat, if not properly managed. The study recommends that, the government should ensure that there is a policy on hospital waste management in line with recommended international best practices, which should be monitored and enforced.
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Peluffo, Adriana. "A Look at a Small Southern Country: Uruguay." Wieś i Rolnictwo, no. 4 (189) (February 22, 2021): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.53098/wir042020/06.
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In this work we take a look at a small southern country in Latin America: Uruguay, located between two large neighbors: Argentina and Brazil. In the paper some socio-economic features and historical facts about Uruguay were presented. Historically, the agricultural sector and export specialisation have been quite important for the country’s economic growth. Recently, services have become important too. The second part of the paper is entirely dedicated to the present situation, namely from March 2019, in which it was described how the COVID-19 pandemic has been dealt with in terms of the health and economic measures. Finally, some questions about the future of the pandemic and the country’s economy were posed.
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Dick, A. A., and C. Wekhe. "Microbial Indoor Air Quality in a Secondary School in Port Harcourt City, Rivers State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 7 (August 9, 2020): 1289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i7.24.
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The microbial air quality of a Secondary School in Port Harcourt was investigated between 9- 9:30am and 2-2:30am employing plate exposure and count method for bacteria and fungi estimation. Results obtained from the study showed that bacteria counts from the school for morning session ranged from 4.8 x 103 cfu/m3 (Library) to 4.07 x 104 cfu/m3 (Staffroom) and for the afternoon 9.8 x 103 cfu/m3 (Library) to 4.66 x 104 cfu/m3(SS1A Classroom). Fungal counts ranged from 5.68 x 103 cfu/m3 (Library) to 2.07 x 104 cfu/m3 (SS3B Classroom) for the morning sessions and 6.56 x 103 cfu/m3 (Library) to 2.59 x 104 cfu/m3 (SS3B Classroom) for the afternoon session. Seven bacterial species, Bacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Micrococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp. Staphylococcus aureus and Serratia spp and six fungal species, Alternaria spp., Aspergillus niger, Candida spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., and Rhizopus spp were isolated. The bioaerosol concentrations were higher than recommended limit regardless of the sampling sessions. The high microbial counts and identified bacterial and fungal species may pose a serious problem to learning.
Keywords: Microbial Air Quality, Classroom, Bacteria, Fungi, Niger Delta
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Rex, Lesley, Judith Green, Carol Dixon, and Santa Barbara. "Critical Issues: What Counts When Context Counts?: The Uncommon “Common” Language of Literacy Research." Journal of Literacy Research 30, no. 3 (September 1998): 405–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10862969809548006.
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Research into literacy published in journals such as the Journal of Literacy Research spans a range of disciplines and areas of study (e.g., reading, English education, composition). Even individual studies frequently take up interdisciplinary perspectives (e.g., anthropological, sociological, linguistic, educational, textual). The results are journals far ranging in their reach and rich in the knowledge they bring to literacy issues. However, such diversity of theoretical perspectives, research methods, and analytical methodologies also contributes to a confounding effect. In this article, we explore one such effect that occurs when a common term is used with different meanings. Although this may appear on the surface to be a problem easily remedied or even a rather trivial issue, in this article, we show just how consequential this practice can be when the goal is building knowledge from research that can inform practice, policy, and theory. This critical issue can be posed as a set of interrelated questions: Are we all talking about the same thing when we use words like literacy, reading, and even seemingly less resonant ones like context, the one addressed in this commentary? If we are, how do we know? And if we are not, what price are we paying for not considering the issue?
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Simiyu, Carolyne Nabwoba. "TEACHERS’ PREPAREDNESS TOWARDS IMPLEMENTATION OF FREE PRIMARY EDUCATION IN BUNGOMA COUNTY, KENYA." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss2.1341.
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The launch of the Free Primary Education (FPE) in 2003 by the Kenyan government lead to an increase in enrolment of learners in primary schools which posed a challenge to the teacher preparation of handling large number of learners. This paper therefore discusses teacher preparedness with reference to FPE in Bungoma East District in Kenya. A descriptive survey design was used in this study. The target population was head teachers, teachers and the school management committee chair persons. Since there are rural and urban schools, stratified sampling was done to get a more representative sample. Instruments for data collection were questionnaires, interview schedule, and document analysis and observation schedules. Most teachers feel inadequate in handling challenges of FPE on resource utilization due to inadequate in-service programmes. The findings will inform the policy makers in making informed decisions towards proper teacher preparation for FPE implementation.
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Donno, Daniela, and Nita Rudra. "David and Goliath? Small Developing Countries, Large Emerging Markets, and South-South Preferential Trade Agreements." International Studies Quarterly 63, no. 3 (July 17, 2019): 574–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqz041.
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Abstract Has the rise of large emerging economies influenced the foreign economic policies of smaller nations? Many of the BRICS' (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) dominance in export markets for low-skilled goods pose a particular challenge for “surplus-labor” countries characterized by large populations of unskilled and underemployed labor. We theorize the incentives of firms and governments in surplus-labor countries to form South-South preferential trade agreements (SSPTAs) as a means of diversifying and expanding trade relationships in the face of this challenge. Of all the BRICS, our findings show that China poses the greatest challenge; the countries forming the most South-South agreements are those whose exports have been most displaced by China. We verify this pattern using both systemic and country-specific measures of the China “shock.” Imports from China, in contrast, have no significant effect on SSPTA formation. Our account, which helps resolve the dual puzzle of declining trade with rich countries and the proliferation of SSPTAs in recent decades, underlines the implications of China's rise on the developing world.
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Abebe, Firew Bekele. "Invasive Lantana camara L. Shrub in Ethiopia: Ecology, Threat, and Suggested Management Strategies." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 7 (June 8, 2018): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n7p184.
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Lantana camara L. is one of the worst invasive alien species that are categorized worldwide. The objective of this review paper was to review the dispersal and threats posed by Lantana camara L. in Ethiopia and based on review results, to suggest management strategies that can bring solutions to the threats posed by the weed. Both biological characteristics of Lantana camara L. and its dispersal agents have contributed to the success of its dispersal. Even though Lantana camara L. is dispersed in other places within Ethiopia, Debrezeit, Dire Dawa, Harar and Somali are the hotspot areas for the weed. Biodiversity and potential agricultural loss, human and animal health problems and infestation in national parks are the identified threats that Lantana camara L. posed within the country. Utilization of Lantana camara L. for various purposes, prevention of its further dispersal into non-infected areas, use of fire, mechanical and biological control and awareness creation are the suggested management strategies that can bring solutions to the threats posed by the weed within the country.
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Zamir, Rausan, Anowar Hosen, M. Obayed Ullah, and Nilufar Nahar. "Microbial and Heavy Metal Contaminant of Antidiabetic Herbal Preparations Formulated in Bangladesh." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/243593.
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The aim of the current study was to evaluate microbial contamination in terms of microbial load (total aerobic count and total coliform count) and specific pathogenic bacteria (Salmonellaspp.,Escherichia coli,particularly Escherichia coli0157) in thirteen antidiabetic herbal preparations (ADHPs) from Dhaka City. All the thirteen ADHPs had been found contaminated with fungi and different pathogenic bacteria. From the data, it is found that only two of these preparations (ADHP-1 and ADHP-12) complied with the safety limit (as stated in different Pharmacopoeias and WHO guidelines) evaluated by all different microbial counts. None of these herbal preparations could assure the safety as all of them were contaminated by fungi. The overall safety regarding heavy metal content (Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd, and Pb) was assured as none of them exceeded the safety limit of the daily intake. Microbial contaminants in these herbal preparations pose a potential risk for human health and care should be taken in every step involved in the preparation of these herbal preparations to assure safety.
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Martin, Craig D., Keith D. Johnson, and Gerald A. Moshiri. "Performance of a Constructed Wetland Leachate Treatment System at the Chunchula Landfill, Mobile County, Alabama." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0139.
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Leachate poses a number of environmental problems. This is due primarily to the extreme variability of sources of this material, and, therefore, the heterogeneity of its composition. Operating and closed landfills generate leachate whose quality and quantity depend on how the landfill was constructed, operated and ultimately closed. Currently, a number of options exist for the containment and treatment of this type of wastewater. The methodology presented here utilizes surface-flow constructed wetlands for treatment and disposal of leachate and leachate-contaminated groundwater at the Chunchula, Alabama closed landfill. The final goal was to provide effluent water quality standards to conform to Federal National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) guidelines.
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Bhatia, Pooja, and Archana Chugh. "A multilevel governance framework for regulation of nanomedicine in India." Nanotechnology Reviews 6, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2016-0083.
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AbstractNanomedicine is a novel and challenging field in terms of its governance. It is gradually emerging that the existing regulatory regimes may not be able to accommodate the requirements of nanomedicine without amendments or supportive measures. Further, its multidisciplinary essence poses challenges and indicates a need for an adaptive regulatory framework for governance as well as promotion of innovation system. The best strategy to govern nanomedicine remains highly debatable across the globe. Although, major challenges posed by nanomedicine are universal, some of them are specific to each country, hence, making a jurisdiction-based framework essential to address unique needs of a nation. In India, a clear framework for the regulation of nanomedicine is lacking, as this governance gap has been realized through various studies. Keeping this in view, the authors propose a multi-level national governance system for regulation of nanomedicine in India based on four principles. The hierarchical governance model proposed involves regulatory space, policy regime, sites of governance and lifecycle of nanomedicine. The proposed system is inclusive of its various stakeholders. The system can play a significant role in sustainable growth of nanomedicine in India.
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Sheema, Khan, Ujjan Ikramdin, Naz Arshi, Naz Farah, and Sheikh Imran. "Role of Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy on Platelet Recovery in Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2017 (2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9529752.
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Background. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a bleeding disorder in which the immune system destroys native platelets. In this condition an autoantibody is generated against a platelet antigen. ITP affects women more often than men and is more common in children than adults. Objective. To assess the effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy (HPET) on platelet count in Helicobacter pylori associated chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (chronic ITP) in adult. Materials and Methods. It is an interventional prospective study conducted at Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, from 2014 to 2015. A set of 85 patients diagnosed with chronic ITP were included in the study via convenient sampling. Patients with platelets count < 100 × 109/L for >3 months were selected. They were posed to first-line investigations which comprised complete blood count (CBC) and peripheral blood smear examination followed by second-line tests including bone marrow examination and Helicobacter pylori stool specific antigen (HpSA-EIA). Standard H. pylori eradication therapy was offered and the patients were assessed at regular intervals for 6 months. Results. Of the 85 study patients, 32 (37.6%) were male and 53 (62.3%) were female. Mean ages of H. pylori positive and negative subjects were 43.89 ± 7.06 and 44.75 ± 7.91 years, respectively. Bone marrow examination confirmed the diagnosis and excluded other related BM disorders. H. pylori stool antigen (HpSA) was detected in 34 (40%) patients and hence regarded as H. pylori positive; the rest were negative. Treatment with eradication therapy significantly improved the mean platelet counts from 48.56±21.7 × 109/l to 94.2±26.8 × 109/l. Conclusion. We concluded that the anti-H. pylori eradication therapy improves blood platelet counts in chronic immune thrombocytopenia.
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Odonkor, Stephen T., and Tahiru Mahami. "Escherichia coli as a Tool for Disease Risk Assessment of Drinking Water Sources." International Journal of Microbiology 2020 (June 15, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2534130.
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Many diseases have been associated with poor drinking water quality including diseases caused by diarrheagenic pathogens, especially in developing countries where access to a consistent water supply is a problem. The objective of the study was to evaluate the health risks associated with the sources of drinking water in the Dangme West District of Ghana using E. coli as a measurement tool, aiming at ascertaining the paths leading to contamination of the water sources. A total of 464 water samples were obtained for analysis. Sampling covered a year across the dry and wet seasons in Ghana. Water samples were obtained from groundwater and surface water sources. E. coli counts were determined using the most probable number method (MPN). Disease risk assessment was carried out using the WHO drinking water risk assessment guidelines. Generally, the study revealed significantly higher E. coli counts in the wet season than in the dry season. Among the water samples analyzed, surface water, especially from the dams, was found to pose the highest disease risk as compared to the other water sources. Samples from groundwater sources, especially boreholes, posed the lowest disease risk. In conclusion, observations from the study implied that most water sources in the study district are highly polluted with bacteria pathogens beyond recommended safety guidelines. The main causes of faecal contamination in these water sources were purported to be anthropogenic. Therefore, there is a need to formulate a policy aimed at managing and improving rural water sources.
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Starkov, Vyacheslav. "Regularization methods for ill-posed problems of general physics." Physico-mathematical modelling and informational technologies, no. 33 (September 5, 2021): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fmmit2021.33.148.
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On the example of a specific physical problem of noise reduction associated with losses, dark counts, and background radiation, a summary of methods for regularizing ill-posed problems is given in the statistics of photocounts of quantum light. The mathematical formulation of the problem is presented by an operator equation of the first kind. The operator is generated by a matrix with countable elements. In the sense of Hadamard, the problem of reconstructing the number of photons of quantum light is due to the compactness of the operator of the mathematical model. A rigorous definition of a regularizing operator (regularizer) is given. The problem of stable approximation to the exact solution of the operator equation with inaccurately given initial data can be overcome by one of the most well-known regularization methods, the theoretical foundations of which were laid in the works of A.N. Tikhonov. The selection of an important class of regularizing algorithms is based on the construction of a parametric family of functions that are Borel measurable on the semiaxis and satisfy some additional conditions. The set of regularizers in this family includes most of the known regularization methods. The main ones are given in the work.
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Winiarska, Małgorzata, and Dariusz Matosiuk. "Knowledge of women living in Otwock county about breast cancer." Polish Journal of Public Health 126, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjph-2016-0012.
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Abstract Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women. In 2012 alone, some 17000 women developed breast cancer and the condition accounted for 5574 deaths. Breast tumor poses a huge threat for women aged 46-65 (working age) and other age groups are at an only slightly lower risk. An early diagnosis of breast cancer would increase chances of survival, which means that it is essential to educate women about breast tumors, risk factors, symptoms and diagnosis. The authors of this work aimed at assessing the knowledge of women residents of Otwock County about breast tumors. The study included a questionnaire including 31 questions, containing queries looking at women’s knowledge of breast tumors and it was distributed to residents of Otwock County between September and October 2014. An analysis of the questionnaire responses suggests what follows: (i) women of all ages are not knowledgeable enough about cancer; (ii) medical professionals, like general practitioners, gynecologists, pharmacists and even nurses should encourage women to learn more about tumors, (iii) women still do not know how to perform breast self-exams, (iv) women are aware of the fact that routine checkups are essential but they do not have them and also mistake the names of preventive programs for names of institutions and organizations that deal with fighting cancer, (v) women still do not know that mammogram tests are free of charge and in order to have them done, they do not need to have a referral.