To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Positional and environmental externalities.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Positional and environmental externalities'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Positional and environmental externalities.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Fei, Ao. "Optimal Commodity Taxation under International Positional and Environmental Externalities." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138441.
Full textAbstract:
The facts that relative consumption concerns may give rise both to positional and environmental externalities, and that these two externalities are increasingly transboundary require us to derive an optimal commodity tax in an international framework. The corrective tax policy decided at a national level is found to fail to internalize all positional and environmental externalities. The optimal tax policy under an international cooperative framework reflects correction for both global positional and environmental externalities. In this broader framework, we also characterize the provision of pollution abatement as an additional policy instrument. The results show that relative concerns for one of the private goods do not lead to any modification of the policy rule for public abatement.
2
Mourato, Susana Maria De Freitas Barbosa. "Essays on the measurement of environmental externalities." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406840.
Full text
3
Carlsson, Fredrik. "Essays on externalities and transport." Göteborg : Nationalekonomiska institutionen, Handelshögsk, 1999. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=008600324&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
Full text
4
Howard, Gregory E. "Three Essays on Intergenerational Externalities." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343142443.
Full text
5
Sundqvist, Thomas. "Power generation choice in the presence of environmental externalities /." Luleå, 2002. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2002/26/index.html.
Full text
6
Antonini, Carla. "An empirical analysis of environmental externalities incidence on financial performance." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/386554.
Full textAbstract:
An increasing body of scientific evidence continues to fuel concerns regarding the effects of economic human activity on the environment. In this call, environmental accounting attempts to increase accounting transparency in order to facilitate environmentally sound decision-making. The main objective of this dissertation is to actively engage in the design and implementation of new ways of integrating environmental and accounting information. To this end, it examines the potential of environmental indicators as a tool for this integration. The use of indicators to estimate variables that cannot be measured precisely has been well documented through the history of environmental sciences and is considered appropriate in accounting where variables cannot be directly observed.
This dissertation is made up of three independent articles exploring different aspects of the topic. The first article addresses boundaries setting of environmental indicators for sustainability reporting. The contribution of this study is twofold: (a) it inquires into the methodological foundations of boundary setting for improved sustainability reporting and (b) it explores current corporate practice in this area. This article adopts a survey methodology and performs content analysis on a a sample of 92 sustainability reports from companies included in the 2012 Financial Times Global 500 list. Results show that in our sample reporting boundaries are financially restricted and therefore they do not allow to disclose a complete and inclusive view on entities environmental performance. The second article is related with the use of proxy indicators. Most environmental impact have no available market valuation. A way of assessing the value of environmental impact is the use of something that approaches the measurement of immeasurable variables. The study performs a panel data analysis of environmental costs on a farm accounting database across European regions over the 1989-2009 period. It uses farm output per hectare as an indicator of productivity and expenditures on energy, pesticides and fertilisers per hectare as proxies of environmental costs. Results show decreasing productivity and a significant steady increase in environmental costs across time.
The third article uses weighting and aggregation to allow aggregate group of materials with common characteristics. It performs an empirical analysis on the relationship between environmental and economic performance using own collected data from 9 rice farms located in Spain. It uses yields, revenues and incomes as indicators of economic performance. It considers greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption as indicators of environmental performance. It applies the AgriClimateChange Tool software that allows the calculation of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Results show that in the farms under study, the achievement of higher yields is attributable to the greater use of chemical inputs and fossil fuels.
The contribution of this thesis is to find empirical evidence suggesting that environmental indicators can be a good way to integrate environmental and accounting information. Overall, results in three chapters included in this thesis suggest that although it is undoubted that companies will not survive without natural resources, unfortunately, there is still a disjunctive perspective between corporation and environmental perspective. The integration of environmental indicators into the accounting framework could help to optimize natural resource usage and, as a consequence, to improve the economy as a whole and, more importantly, ecosystems sustainability.
7
Van, Egteren Henry John Bernard. "The control of non-localized externalities with asymmetric information." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31372.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents a model in which there is a single agent and two principals. The agent is a monopoly firm, while the two principals are regulators who may cooperate when selecting their optimal policies or act as rivals. The specific regulatory problem in which all are involved is the control of acid rain. An environmental regulator chooses a design standard and a public utility regulator chooses a two-part pricing scheme. These choices are made within an environment of limited and asymmetric information. Specifically, we assume the firm knows more about its fixed abatement costs than does either regulator. The firm is able to act strategically when revealing this information.
Within the context of this regulation problem, we characterize the equilibrium solutions when the regulators cooperate and when they act as rivals. The non-cooperative game endows the environmental regulator with the status of leader. We also give characterizations for two different kinds of rivalry, extreme rivalry and mild rivalry. In addition, this thesis presents some different results on the bunching properties of these models.Arts, Faculty of
Vancouver School of Economics
Graduate
8
Persson, Lars. "Environmental policy and transboundary externalities : coordination and commitment in open economies." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Economics, Umeå University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1917.
Full text
9
Gosnell, Greer. "Experiments and externalities : understanding cause and effect in environmental decision making." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3518/.
Full textAbstract:
The field of behavioral economics enhances the ability of social science research to effectively inform socially efficient climate policy at the microeconomic level, in part due to the dependence of climate outcomes upon present and future human consumption patterns. Since the behavioral field is relatively new, environmental and resource economists still have scarce evidence as to why people make particular decisions. For this thesis, I have conducted both field and laboratory experiments to address market failures highly relevant to environmental outcomes, namely international public goods problems and externalities from fuel and resource consumption. My methodology capitalizes upon the benefits of each experimental methodology—laboratory, artefactual, framed, and natural—to capture the effects of particular informational and contextual elements on subsequent behavior. While each methodology has its potential advantages and shortcomings, I contend that the complete toolkit is necessary to study a broad range of relevant environmental contexts. For instance, while natural field experiments are generally considered the “gold standard” in terms of exogeneity and generalizability, many settings in which field experimentation may provide tremendous insight preclude randomization across unknowing subjects. Similarly, researchers may not have access to populations of interest, though lab experimentation may still provide insights into the behavior of these populations or reveal motivations not yet captured in neoclassical utility functions. In this thesis, I will detail results from one of each experimental type, each suited to the context of interest. The natural field experiment in Chapter 2 aims to discern whether there is a role for environmental preferences and cognitive dissonance to play in encouraging individuals to engage in resource-conserving behaviors, and suggests that the latter may be effective in changing the behavior of green consumers. Chapter 3 presents the results of a large-scale framed field experiment comprising all eligible captains in Virgin Atlantic Airways, which tested the impacts of personalized information, tailored targets, and prosocial incentives on captains’ performance of fuel-efficient behaviors. In addition to documenting a substantial Hawthorne effect, we provide intent-to-treat estimates of the three types of feedback to show that tailored targets are the most (cost) effective strategy of those implemented. I introduce a complementary artefactual field experiment in Chapter 4, which allows for detailed scrutiny of captains’ fuel efficiency based on their social preferences as well as preferences and attitudes toward risk and uncertainty. I find that more risk-averse captains are more prone to over-fuel, that prosocial incentives increase captains’ well-being, and that revealed altruism increases responsiveness to prosocial incentives. Finally, Chapter 5 aims to provide insight into the effects of “side deals” in facilitating cooperation on international climate agreements. Using a lab experiment, we find that side deals alter the composition of group contribution to climate change mitigation, eliciting increased effort on the part of players with higher wealth.
10
Lo-Quiroz, Wai-chi Yany, and 勞慧慈. "The economic externalities of solid waste treatment facilities." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4501341X.
Full text
11
Cheramakara, Narudh. "Valuation of aviation externalities : a case study in Bangkok, Thailand." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14733.
Full textAbstract:
Aircraft noise, for the first time in Thailand, has gained public attention as a significant environmental issue since Bangkok s Suvarnabhumi Airport opened in 2006. Residential areas around the airport are expanding rapidly while local residents are protesting about the noise from the new airport which suggests a tension between economic benefits and environmental problems at the airport. This thesis sets out to obtain valuation of aviation externalities at Suvarnabhumi airport using the stated choice method. It is the first study to obtain and compare valuations from perspectives of the polluters (Thai air passengers) and the polluted (residents) at the same airport. Furthermore, this is the first study to obtain a valuation of local impacts from aircraft operations and from air passengers. It starts by investigating perceptions and awareness of the benefits and costs of aviation activities among Suvarnabhumi s residents and passengers using focus groups and questionnaires. It then employs the stated choice method to elicit willingness-to-pay (WTP) and willingness-to-accept (WTA) values of aviation externalities. The results found that the perceived environmental problems at Suvarnabhumi airport are in line with the literature mainly involving aircraft noise and its effects. This study also found that the development of the airport and surrounding area, while creating business and employment opportunities, has also created traffic and flooding problems. In terms of air pollution from aircraft, residents concerns are confined to local impacts from aircraft. Thai air passengers were found to be more concerned with engine pollution than noise. These findings were reflected in the values obtained. Two stated choice designs were used to elicit values. The first rerouted the aircraft flight path away from residents homes thus reducing aircraft noise and pollution in the area. This design also included travel time to place of work or to the shops. The rerouting attribute was not statistically significant. However, the travel time attribute reveals that residents were willing to accept 14.23 baht a month to have their travel time to work or shopping increased by 1%. The second design was used to obtain and compare values between Suvarnabhumi s residents and air passengers. In this design, attributes for aircraft noise, local air pollution and carbon emissions were included. Residents willingness to pay to reduce aircraft noise by 1% is 104.76 baht/year whereas passengers are willing to pay less, at 70.63 baht per year. Air passengers place a higher value on local air pollution than the residents. Passengers are willing to pay 97.72 baht to reduce local pollution by 1% per year, whereas residents willingness to pay is 45.36 baht. Lastly, passengers WTP to offset carbon is 473.26 baht per flight, whereas residents carbon offset coefficient is not statistically significant. The obtained values are well within the range of existing studies on aircraft noise and carbon emission valuations. Findings from this study suggest that current mitigation measures at Suvarnabhumi airport are still inadequate. There are areas where the situation is likely to get worse given the rapid growth in aviation activities and urban development at the airport. The values from this study may be used to help form the basis of fairer and more transparent compensation system alongside an operational mitigation policy to address aviation impacts. On the passenger side, the stated willingness-to-pay to reduce the impact gives an opportunity for the Thai aviation industry to promote an environmentally friendly behaviour among the travelling public.
12
Armstrong, Robert James 1970. "Evaluation of the accessibility effects and proximity related externalities of commuter rail service." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43520.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1997.Includes bibliographical references (p. 254-275).
by Robert James Armstrong, Jr.
M.S.
13
Andreoni, Valeria <1981>. "Economy and environment: Issues on transport externalities, CO2 responsibility and environmental Kuznets curve." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2351/.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis some of the most important issues presently debated on international sustainability are analysed. The thesis is composed of five independent studies that tackle organically the following issues: the maritime transport externalities, the environmental Kuznets curve, the responsibilities in the carbon dioxide emissions and the integrated approach that have to be used to translate the principles of sustainability into policy. The analysis will be instrumental to demonstrating that sustainability, being a matter of economy, society and environment, requires to be analysed in a transdisciplinary perspective. Using an integrated approach to analyse the relationships between economy and environment, this thesis highlight that sustainability management requires joint economic instruments, integrated analysis, societal behavioural changes as well as responsibilities shifting.
14
Warziniack, Travis W. "Trade-related externalities and spatial public goods in computable general equilibrium." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1806724721&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full text
15
Li, Wan-kam. "The threats of aging private buildings in Hong Kong : assessing social, environmental and physical externalities /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4098848X.
Full text
16
Arsenio, Elisabete M. M. "The valuation of environmental externalities : a stated preference case study on traffic noise in Lisbon." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2002. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3877/.
Full textAbstract:
This research study was motivated by the need to valuing environmental externalities from road transport. The main objective was to develop a methodology centered on the Stated Preference-choice (SP-choice) method for valuing traffic noise when individuals are in their homes. The aim was to assess the nature and extent of households’ heterogeneity of preferences for quiet. For this purpose, two different metrics of the noise variable were used to estimate the marginal values of quiet, ratings based on household’s perceptions and the physical noise measures in Leq dB(A). An innovative computer survey model was developed and administered to more than 400 households in a residential area in Lisbon with high-rise residential buildings in the vicinity of mam roads. The experimental design explored respondents’ familiarity and experience with perceived noise levels indoors in various apartment situations and at different floors of the block (lot). Lower and upper floors and their exposure to road traffic (fronting the main road or located at the back façade) played a central role in the experimental design. A range of situational, socio-economic, behavioral and attitudinal variables relating to each household were collected. Physical noise measurements were taken at each apartment (indoors and at the exterior façade) and related to respondents’ perceptions. Complementary methods such as the revealed preference (RP) data on apartment purchases and the openended contingent valuation method (CVM) were also included. The issue of convergent validity of noise value estimates for the same sample of respondents was explored. Multinomial Logit models including additional effects (MNL-INT) of a wide range of variables were explored, as well as combined MNL-INT with additional variables with random parameters’ logit specifications (Mixed Logit, ML). In brief, the study found that models based on respondent’s perceptions outperformed those based on physical noise measures. A range of other influential variables were found to interact with householders’ preferences such as adjusted household income per person, sign of noise changes (improvements or deterioration in the levels), floor number, base noise level experienced, and others. The ML specifications gave a better fit with the data. The income elasticity of marginal values of quiet was of similar magnitude in the SP-choice and RP methods, but a weak income effect was detected when using the CVM data. Nevertheless, the strategic bias may have affected both the SP-choice and CVM experimental markets. The noise value estimates were in the range of estimates found in other studies.
17
Dorner, Wolfgang. "Environmental economic aspects of river basins and their catchment. Identification and quantification of flood related land use externalities." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, 2009. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00006189/.
Full textAbstract:
[Abstract]This thesis investigates a common problem of land use impacts on flood damage costs on a catchment scale. It does this through a particular case study, to quantify the technical upstream-downstream dependencies and highlights the externalities through hydroeconomicanalysis of flood damages and mitigation costs. The substantive content of the project is cross disciplinary.Peak and volume of river flows are functions of the catchment surface characteristics. This means that any impacts to the run-off regime (for example surface sealing or river training) could affect people and land users in the lower catchment. Thus, upstream activities cancause higher flood peaks, and also entail higher damages downstream. These damages are either borne by the affected parties or they are mitigated by state financed flood defence works or offset with financial compensation. These costs are usually not included in the economic considerations of the upstream land user who is partially causing them. In economic terms, these effects are referred to as unidirectional externalities. This means that a producer can export parts of his production costs to third parties and these are not included in the price of the product.The Herzogbach is a small tributary of the Danube River in Lower Bavaria. It is located in a rural area, dominated by intensive farming practices. Two villages (Bachling and Buchhofen) in the headwaters and middle section of the catchment and one city (Osterhofen) in the lowercatchment were analysed to determine the impact of upstream land use practices on the flood situation.A combination of hydrological and hydraulic modelling provided the core data to allow the interpretation of economic data, using methods of cost damage estimation. A hydrological model of the catchment provided hydrograph simulations based on (a) a regionalisation approach,(b) hydrologic flood routing and (c) hydrologic reservoir routing. A two dimensional stream flow model was then used to convert the hydrographs into flood levels, to simulatethe run-off in settled areas and determine the flood affected areas, flood levels and flow velocities. Estimates for flood damages or mitigation costs resulting from different hydrological scenarios were compared. The scenarios are based on different land uses and alloweconomic externalities to be estimated.It was found that intensive farming and river training increase the peaks, shape and volume of flood waves in comparison to extensive land use, grassland or forest. In the study area, especially river training reduced the detention effect of the river bed and the natural floodplain. These significant changes to the natural run-off regime directly affect land use in the lower catchment through flood damages and increased flood risk, and by reducing the effectiveness of planned or existing flood protection works.The thesis concludes with linked technical and economic findings which indicate a rich potential new area for research - “hydroeconomics”. The published literature shows few people have worked in this cross disciplinary area. The technical finding is that changes to land use, especially in agriculture, can increase the flood damages in downstream settlements or increase the cost of flood mitigation works significantly. From an economic point ofview, this is a unidirectional externality which should be considered in catchment and flood management. Possible solutions could include the control of land use and instruments such as separate waste water fees for rainwater and sewage or run-off certificates.
18
Menzel, Francine. "Cálculo de custo ambiental das usinas nucleares de Angra 1, 2 e 3 utilizando o programa SIMPACTS." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85133/tde-24032014-162345/.
Full textAbstract:
Cálculo de custo ambiental é um conceito que surgiu a partir da crescente atenção dada às questões ambientais. Um impacto ambiental, convertido em termos econômicos, é um custo ambiental. Para esse cálculo, são utilizados programas computacionais, como o Simplified Approach of Estimating Impacts of Electricity Generation (SIMPACTS), que é um código que estima e quantifica os custos dos danos ambientais e danos à saúde ocasionados por diferentes tecnologias de geração de eletricidade. O objetivo desse trabalho é realizar o cálculo de custo ambiental das usinas nucleares de Angra 1, 2 e 3. Os resultados foram comparados com os dados do reator de Balakovo, da hidrelétrica Serra da Mesa e de uma usina a carvão genérica na França, contidos no próprio programa. O SIMPACTS possui três módulos: AIRPACTS, para quantificar os impactos e custos dos danos causados pelas emissões atmosféricas; NUKPACTS, para avaliar as doses coletivas e os efeitos na saúde latentes da operação de rotina de instalações nucleares e usinas a carvão; HYDROPACTS, para calcular os custos dos danos das barragens de hidrelétricas decorrentes da reinstalação de pessoas em virtude de inundações e perda de uso da terra. Nesse trabalho, foram utilizados os módulos NUKPACTS e HYDROPACTS para a realização dos cálculos. Os resultados indicam que um reator nuclear, quando comparado a uma hidrelétrica e termoelétrica de potência similar, causa menores impactos associados e, portanto, um menor custo ambiental. Por essa razão, do ponto de vista dos seus impactos ambientais, os reatores nucleares se tornam uma fonte de geração de energia atrativa.Calculating the environmental cost is a concept that emerged from the increased attention given to environmental issues. Environmental impact, converted into economic terms, is an environmental cost. For this calculation computational programs, such as Simplified Approach of Estimating Impacts of Electricity Generation (SIMPACTS) are used. SIMPACTS is a code that estimates and quantifies the costs of both, environmental and health damage, caused by different electricity generation technologies. The aim of this work is the calculation of the environmental cost of the nuclear power plants Angra 1, 2 and 3. The results were compared with data provided in the program of the following power plants: the reactor Balakovo, the Serra da Mesa hydroelectric dam and a generic coal plant in France. The SIMPACTS has three modules: AIRPACTS to quantify the impacts and costs of the damage caused by atmospheric emissions; NUKPACTS to assess collective doses and latent health effects of routine operation of nuclear power plants and coal power plants; HYDROPACTS to calculate the damage costs of hydroelectric dams resulting from the relocation of people due to flooding and loss of land use. For this research, NUKPACTS and HYDROPACTS modules were used for calculations. The results indicate that a nuclear reactor, compared with a hydropower plant with similar capacity, causes lower impacts associated and, consequently, lower environmental cost. For this reason, nuclear reactors are an attractive source of power generation from the point of view of the environmental impacts.
19
Mlangeni, Nkosana Samuel. "An evaluation of environmental costs of agricultural inputs : a survey on selected farms, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2582.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MBA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016The objective of this study was to determine the environmental impact of agricultural inputs, to know if the environmental impacts of agricultural inputs have environmental costs, and to know who bears the environmental costs of agricultural inputs. Using a purposive sampling method, the researcher studied six farms from Chief Albert Luthuli Municipal area, Mpumalanga. The research design for the study was a mix of qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Data collection was from primary and secondary sources. Data was collected from the six farmers in Albert Lithulu, in addition secondary data was collected from the archives of Index Mundi, the University of Pretoria, the US EPA and the World Bank. Using a mix of correlation and regression analysis, findings from the study provided an answer to the three research objectives. Findings from the analysis of correlation and regression indicated that agricultural input (fertilizer, used in this study) does affect the environment; it causes an agricultural induced emission of greenhouse gases (nitrous oxide and methane). Furthermore, findings from analysis of potential environmental costs of environmental impacts (methane and nitrous oxide) showed that agricultural inputs have social costs for South Africa. Furthermore, the final findings in this study showed that the environmental costs from agricultural inputs are born by the victims. Consequently the study recommends additional environmental regulation to enable farmers internalise some of the environmental costs of agricultural inputs that are born by victims. Further research is suggested to determine the model that may be used to internalise environmental costs of agricultural inputs back to the farms. Key Words: farms, environmental costs, agricultural inputs, externalities
20
Myatt, Julia Patricia. "Applying an ecomorphological framework to the study of orangutan positional behaviour and the morphological variation within non-human apes." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1769/.
Full textAbstract:
Establishing relationships between morphology and behaviour in response to environmental selection pressures are crucial to understand the evolution of diversity within groups such as the hominoids. Muscle architecture (fascicle length and physiological cross-sectional area) from the fore and hindlimbs in the non-human apes were compared, with the result that it did not differ substantially, likely reflecting their characteristic use of orthograde behaviours. At the micro-architecture level, significant differences in the proportions of fast and slow muscle fibres of the triceps surae were found between orangutans and chimpanzees, reflecting subtle differences in locomotion and habitat use. As the largest, predominantly arboreal ape, orangutans were expected to have specific behavioural adaptations to the complex arboreal habitat. A new method was developed, Sutton Movement Writing and was successfully applied to record the subtle variations in positional behaviour and compliant support use in orangutans under field conditions. Finally, postural specialisations used during feeding in the terminal branch niche were identified. Overall, this thesis shows that although the non-human apes appear to share overall behaviours and morphology, more subtle variations in micro-architecture and behaviour are present in orangutans in response to their habitat, and reflects key adaptations since their split from the last common-ape ancestor.
21
Dabrowska, Kornelia Anna. "LINKING PROFITABILITY, RENEWABLE ENERGY, AND EXTERNALITIES: A SPATIAL ECONOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF OHIO DAIRIES." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1269360484.
Full text
22
Li, Wan-kam, and 李韻琴. "The threats of aging private buildings in Hong Kong: assessing social, environmental and physicalexternalities." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45009351.
Full text
23
Eidelwein, Fabrício. "Desenvolvimento de um método para elaboração da demonstração do resultado econômico-ambiental: aplicação em uma empresa do setor petroquímico." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2016. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/5180.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-04-12T16:45:17Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Fabrício Eidelwein_.pdf: 3923548 bytes, checksum: 36d9c55f73c9e8e15962e851d07db5c4 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-12T16:45:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabrício Eidelwein_.pdf: 3923548 bytes, checksum: 36d9c55f73c9e8e15962e851d07db5c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26
CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares
Os negócios e a natureza estão intimamente conectados e o desenvolvimento humano depende de uma relação harmoniosa entre ambos. Enquanto a disponibilidade de recursos naturais é pressionada pelo crescimento populacional, por níveis crescentes de poluição e por padrões de consumo inadequados, as organizações procuram referências para crescer de modo sustentável. Tendo em vista a dependência que os negócios têm da natureza, a busca por soluções de menor impacto ambiental é, além de uma boa prática, uma condição sine qua non para a manutenção da competitividade. O atual formato de avaliação dos resultados econômicos nas empresas é incompatível com a mensuração do real valor gerado. Além de estimular ações de curto prazo que, muitas vezes, geram impactos ambientais no longo prazo, a Demonstração de Resultado do Exercício (DRE) desconsidera uma série de efeitos ambientais externos gerados pelas organizações, os quais impactam a sociedade sem que ela seja recompensada. Estes impactos são conhecidos como externalidades ambientais, as quais podem ser positivas, embora sejam, majoritariamente, negativas. No Brasil, a indústria petroquímica é rigidamente controlada pela legislação ambiental e pela ação das comunidades com as quais se relaciona. Ainda assim, é um ramo industrial sujeito à geração de externalidades. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um método para a elaboração da Demonstração do Resultado Econômico-Ambiental (DREA), a qual internaliza as externalidades ambientais, bem como a aplicação em uma empresa do setor petroquímico. Para tanto, o método de pesquisa utilizado foi o Design Science Research (DSR). Os resultados desta pesquisa indicam que as externalidades ambientais presentes planta fabril avaliada são predominantemente negativas. A internalização destes custos externos impactaria o resultado econômico consolidado da empresa em valor correspondente a 12,5% do Lucro Líquido do exercício considerado. Além disso, é possível concluir que o método desenvolvido é adequado para a elaboração da DREA e configura-se em um passo importante no avanço da contabilidade.
Business and nature are closely connected and human development depends on a harmonious relationship between them. While the availability of natural resources is pressed by population growth, by increasing levels of pollution and inadequate consumption patterns, organizations seek drivers to grow sustainably. Given the dependence that businesses have of nature, the search for lower environmental impact solutions is, besides a good practice, a sine qua non condition for maintaining competitiveness. The current format for evaluating economic results in companies is inconsistent with the measurement of the real value generated. Besides stimulating short-term actions, which often cause environmental impact in the long term, the traditional Income Statement disregards a series of external environmental effects generated by organizations, which affect the society without a compatible reward. These impacts are known as environmental externalities, which can be positive, although they are mostly negative. In Brazil, the petrochemical industry is tightly controlled by the environmental legislation and by the action of the communities with which it interacts. Even so, it is an industry subject to the generation of externalities. In this sense, this research aimed to develop a method for the preparation of the Economic and Environmental Income Statement (EEIS), which internalize environmental externalities, and test this method in a petrochemical company. To support this study, the research method used was the Design Science Research (DSR). The results of this research indicate that environmental externalities present in the assessed petrochemical plant are predominantly negative. The internalization of the relative external costs would impact the consolidated economic results of the company in an amount equal to 12.5% of net profit for the year considered. In addition, it can be concluded that the developed method is suitable for the preparation of EEIS and sets up an important step in advancing the accounting.
24
Schleich, Joachim. "Essays on the Political Economy of Domestic and Trade Policies in the Presence of Production and Consumption Externalities." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30736.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation extends the Grossman-Helpman models of endogenous trade policy formation to incorporate local and global production and consumption externalities, and to allow governments to choose domestic production or consumption policies together with trade interventions. The models presented are among the first to allow environmental quality and the structure of industry protection to be simultaneously evaluated in a political economy framework, when some industry groups lobby their governments for higher output prices.
The equilibrium tax and subsidy policies are implicitly expressed as the sum of distinct political support, terms-of-trade, and local and global environmental effects. Whether these effects reinforce or counterbalance each other depends on whether an industry is organized, whether the good is imported or exported, whether the externality is caused by production or consumption, and, in the large-country models, on whether governments set policies noncooperatively or cooperatively.
The model results imply a political economy version of Bhagwati's normative targeting principle: governments use the most efficient policy available to satisfy the lobbies, to address the externalities, and, in the noncooperative large-country model, to exploit international market power. All of the initial Grossman-Helpman results (for the small-country model and the noncooperative and cooperative large-country models) are shown to be special cases where governments have only trade policy available and there are no externalities.
In the small-country model and the cooperative large-country model, when there are production externalities, the lobbying of a polluting industry usually leads to lower environmental quality than socially optimal, but with terms-of-trade effects or for particular preferences cases the equilibrium policies may induce environmental quality higher than socially optimal. When there are consumption externalities, and the government has consumption (or production) as well as trade policy available, environmental quality will be socially optimal (again, unless governments exploit market power). Thus, depending on the policies available, a local or global consumption externality will be fully internalized, even though polluting industries lobby and production may be distorted. This dissertation also shows that--in contrast to standard economic theory--the use of trade policy alone can lead to higher environmental quality than a more direct domestic policy alone.Ph. D.
25
Asif, Ehsan Syed Mortuza. "Three Essays on the Economics of Hydraulic Fracturing." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/72130.
Full textAbstract:
Hydraulic fracturing has been increasingly used in the USA to economically extract natural
gas and oil from newly discovered shale plays. Despite new, more severe, and long term
impacts of hydraulic fracturing compared to conventional drilling, regulatory practices are
mostly implemented by states that regulate with older regulations that were were written
before the widespread use of hydraulic fracturing. This dissertation presents three essays on
the economics of hydraulic fracturing. A standard renewable lease in hydraulic fracturing
runs for a five-year primary term. The first essay examines the effect of initial contract length
on extraction behavior and social costs. It finds that the rate of extraction decreases over
time for both, the social planner and the private extractor. In addition, the social planner
has a more stable extraction path compared to the private extractor. Holding other things
equal, if the social planner seeks to induce a private extractor to leave a higher in situ stock
un-extracted, then the optimal contract duration is longer. Simulations illustrate the magnitude
of social costs inherent in hydraulic fracturing and non-optimal fixed contract lengths. The second essay investigates the impact of the significantly increased bonding requirements
for horizontal wells introduced in West Virginia in December, 2011, on the probability of
violation committed by those wells. Results suggest that the increased bonding requirement
has reduced the probability of violation by 2.6 to 3.2 percentage points. Moreover, it slightly
reduces the number of violations done by horizontal wells. Finally, the third essay explores
several aspects of Act-13, introduced on February 14, 2012, by Pennsylvania. This act imposes new fees that are assessed annually for fifteen years, on all unconventional gas wells in Pennsylvania. This chapter explores the impacts of Act-13 on the likelihood of an unconventional well's shut-down, rate of extraction, and probability of violation. Results suggest that wells incurring this increased fee schedule have a significantly higher likelihood (more than three times) of shut-down. Also, Act-13 have reduced the extraction rate, and the probability of violation committed by unconventional wells in Pennsylvania.Ph. D.
26
Willy, Daniel Kyalo [Verfasser]. "Institutional Analysis of Agri-Environmental Externalities : Issues on Collective Action and Technology Diffusion in the Lake Naivasha Basin, Kenya / Daniel Kyalo Willy." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1043064435/34.
Full text
27
Bitter, Christopher. "Geography, Housing Prices, and Interregional Migration." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194749.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation consists of three papers that explore the intersection between geography and housing markets. The research examines both how geographic context shapes housing prices and how house prices influence geography through household location decisions.The first paper explores the spatial structure of housing prices within Tucson, Arizona. Hedonic house-price studies typically assume that housing attribute prices are constant over space. The research tests this assumption and compares two methods of incorporating spatial-varying parameters into house-price models: geographically weighted regression and the spatial expansion method. The results provide evidence that housing attribute prices do indeed vary with geographic context and suggest that more reliable parameter estimates and better house-price estimation accuracy can be achieved through the use of these techniques.The second paper builds upon the first by examining how more realistic conceptions of housing market spatial structure influence the hedonic price estimates of location-specific externalities. The empirical analysis examines how two key spatial effects, spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity, impact the marginal price estimates for proximity to the Rillito River, within Tucson, Arizona. Both spatial effects are found to influence the resulting estimates, but spatial heterogeneity is of greater practical importance as the price estimates vary widely with geographic context. This research highlights the importance of considering both spatial effects in hedonic externality valuations.The final paper explores how housing prices influence interregional migration patterns, and more specifically, how their influence varies with both stage in the life course and educational attainment. The research models metropolitan migration within the United States during the period 1995 to 2000. The results indicate that housing prices play an important role in driving regional demographic change, as their influence varies with both demographic characteristics. High housing prices deter individuals in their late twenties and early thirties, but their influence wanes during middle age. House prices become more important as individuals near retirement. The results also provide evidence that college graduates respond more to house price differentials than do persons with lower levels of educational attainment.
28
Icyk, Bryan. "At What Cost? A comparative evaluation of the social costs of selected electricity generation alternatives in Ontario." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2899.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the private and external costs of electricity generated in Ontario by natural gas, wind, refurbished nuclear and new nuclear power. The purpose of the assessment is to determine a capacity expansion plan that meets the forecasted electricity supply gap in Ontario at the lowest social costs (i. e. the lowest aggregated private and external costs). A levelized unit electricity cost (LUEC) analysis is employed to evaluate private costs under both public and merchant perspectives. Computable external costs are monetized by adapting estimates from the literature that were previously developed using a primarily bottom-up damage cost method. The findings reveal that social cost estimates for nuclear refurbishment are the lowest of the generation alternatives studied regardless of the evaluation perspective. Therefore, if the capacity expansion decision were based solely on these estimates, nuclear refurbishment should be utilized until its capacity constraints are reached. The generation alternative with the second lowest social costs depends on the perspective from which private costs are evaluated: from a public perspective, the remainder of the supply gap should be filled by new nuclear generation and from a merchant perspective, which is assumed to be more reflective of the current Ontario electricity market, natural gas-fired generation should be used.
Due to inherent uncertainty and limitations associated with the estimation of social costs, the estimates obtained in this thesis are considered to be context and data specific. A sensitivity analysis, which is employed to attempt to mitigate some of the uncertainty, shows that changes to key variables alter the capacity expansion plan. This reinforces the observation that methods and assumptions significantly affect social cost estimates.
Despite the limitations of this kind of evaluation, it is argued that a social cost assessment that is consistent, transparent and comprehensive can be a useful tool to assess the trade-offs of electricity generation alternatives if used along with existing evaluation criteria. Such an assessment can increase the likelihood that actual social costs are minimized, which can steer electricity generation in Ontario towards a system that is more efficient and sustainable.
29
Collatto, Dalila Cisco. "Método para Mensuração e Evidenciação do Environmental Debt em Sistemas Produtivos." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2017. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/6809.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-12-04T13:09:23Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Dalila Cisco Collatto_.pdf: 5590707 bytes, checksum: 80ad4ef5277f300bbbc14a3d8fb3e27c (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-04T13:09:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dalila Cisco Collatto_.pdf: 5590707 bytes, checksum: 80ad4ef5277f300bbbc14a3d8fb3e27c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-25
IFSUL - Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense
A demanda por maior transparência e responsabilidade no tocante às questões ambientais provém do crescimento da consciência social acerca dos danos causados pela poluição e do debate sobre o desenvolvimento sustentável. O uso responsável dos recursos naturais é uma importante questão social e política, e como tal, representa fator essencial na tomada de decisões de negócios. Nesse panorama, as práticas contábeis precisam incluir a valoração e a análise de custos externos e de dívidas ambientais como parte da informação disponibilizada aos tomadores de decisão. Nessa direção, o objetivo desta pesquisa se concentra na proposição de um método para mensurar e evidenciar o Environmental Debt (ED) de um sistema produtivo. Para tanto, emprega-se a Design Science Research para conduzir a pesquisa, cujo resultado principal viabiliza a proposição do Método de Mensuração e Evidenciação do Environmental Debt (MEED). O método é desenvolvido a partir da combinação de recursos identificados na literatura, de proposições de grupos de pesquisa, de métodos do mercado de consultoria e de organismos internacionais envolvidos com o reconhecimento do preço dos recursos naturais. O resultado da aplicação do MEED revela a valoração e a evidenciação dos custos externos e das obrigações ambientais a partir da internalização das externalidades ambientais, conectada ao objetivo primordial da contabilidade, a saber, a avaliação do patrimônio. O método é testado no setor de avicultura, especificamente, na produção de frangos griller, e avaliado por especialistas de áreas multidisciplinares. Verifica-se que externalidades ambientais estão presentes no sistema avaliado, afetando negativamente o patrimônio. Por fim, apresenta-se o Relato Integrado como uma ferramenta de comunicação que visa a gerar informações para subsidiar a gestão dos negócios, incentivando os sistemas produtivos a buscarem soluções que impactem menos o meio ambiente e que proporcionem maior qualidade de vida à sociedade.
The demand for greater transparency and accountability for environmental issues stems from growing social awareness of pollution damage and the debate on sustainable development. Responsible use of natural resources is an important social and political issue, and as such it is an essential factor in business decision making. In this scenario, accounting practices need to include valuation and analysis of external costs and Environmental Debts as part of the information made available to decision makers. Therefore, this study is focused on proposing a method to measure and evidence the Environmental Debt (ED) of a productive system. For this purpose, Design Science Research is used to conduct the research, whose main result makes possible to propose the Environmental Debt Measurement and Evidence Method (MEED). The method is developed from a combination of resources identified in the literature, from propositions from research groups, from consulting market methods and from international organizations involved in the recognition of the price of natural resources. The result of applying MEED reveals the valuation and disclosure of external costs and environmental obligations from the internalization of environmental externalities, linked to the primary objective of accounting, namely, valuation of equity. The method is tested in the poultry sector, specifically in the production of griller chickens, and evaluated by experts from multidisciplinary areas. Environmental externalities are present in the evaluated system, negatively affecting the equity. Finally, the Integrated Report is presented as communication tool aiming at generating information to subsidize business management, encouraging production systems to seek solutions that impact less the environment and providing better quality of life for society.
30
Vásquez, Paniagua José Alfredo, and Isaza Diana Patricia Gonzales. "Metodología para implementar un modelo de responsabilidad social empresarial (RSE) en la industria de la curtiembre en Colombia." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/114894.
Full textAbstract:
Tannery industry is a big water resources pollutant in Colombia. By this, a bigger environmental responsibility has onwaters resources pollution in the country. This paper presents a methodological proposal to implement a CorporateSocial Responsibility methodology for Colombian Tannery Industry. In this case, Donna Wood’s theory, environmentalimpact, economic valuation of environmental quality, and citizen participation are used.La preocupación por el deterioro del medio ambiente es uno de los elementos implícitos en la responsabilidad socialempresarial. La industria de la curtiembre en Colombia tiene una responsabilidad importante en la calidad ambientaldel país, puesto que es una de las mayores generadoras de contaminación del medio ambiente y, en particular, de losrecursos hídricos. Este artículo presenta una propuesta metodológica para la implementación de un modelo de responsabilidadsocial para el sector de la curtiembre en Colombia. Para ello, considera como base el modelo teórico deresponsabilidad social de Donna Wood, la evaluación de impacto ambiental, la normatividad ambiental colombiana, lavaloración económica del deterioro ambiental y la participación ciudadana.
31
Neta, Maria EnÃsia da Silva. "Piscicultura no AÃude CastanhÃo em Jaguaribara CearÃ: Uma AvaliaÃÃo EconÃmica, Social e Ambiental." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=17250.
Full textAbstract:
A DissertaÃÃo avalia os efeitos da atividade pesqueira associativa em tanques redes em comunidades selecionadas e localizadas no municÃpio de Jaguaribara, no AÃude CastanhÃo e a sua capacidade em promover desenvolvimento sustentÃvel para as comunidades envolvidas na atividade no aÃude CastanhÃo. Para alcanÃar os objetivos desse trabalho, foi feito um estudo de caso sobre os projetos de piscicultura em tanques-rede do AÃude CastanhÃo - CE, tendo por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da atividade aquÃcola e sua capacidade em promover desenvolvimento sustentÃvel para as comunidades envolvidas na produÃÃo. Daà a importÃncia das pesquisas em mecanismos que resultem em um equilÃbrio entre aspectos econÃmicos, sociais e ambientais. A pesquisa utiliza dados primÃrios coletados junto aos piscicultores da comunidade. Estimam-se indicadores de bem-estar econÃmico e social bem como de privaÃÃes das famÃlias envolvidas nas atividades, buscando entender se o padrÃo atual de vida difere daquele que prevalece no municÃpio de Jaguaribara, onde està inserido. O estudo determina a alocaÃÃo econÃmica dos recursos e avalia a conveniÃncia econÃmica da produÃÃo escalonada por trimestre bem como avaliar se à viÃvel, de um ponto de vista econÃmico a retirada das vÃsceras para serem vendidas separadamente. Este Ãltimo elemento tem impacto importante de um ponto de vista ambiental, tendo em vistas que de outra forma esse material altamente poluente, se depositado em lixÃes ou em qualquer outro espaÃo, contaminaria tanto eventuais mananciais aquÃferos de superfÃcie como de subsolo. Para estudar a otimizaÃÃo da produÃÃo escalonada, minimiza-se a funÃÃo de custo de produÃÃo, conhecendo-se os custos unitÃrios trimestrais. Os preÃos de venda do pescado coletado foram levantados junto aos entrevistados. Assim geram-se restriÃÃes de receita mÃnima que, no trabalho foi estabelecida como ao menos um salÃrio mÃnimo por trimestre. Para o caso das vÃsceras estabeleceu-se valores equivalentes a 10% do peso vivo do animal como valor de venda. Os custos obtidos sÃo aqueles associados à utilizaÃÃo da mÃo de obra no trabalho de retirada das vÃsceras. Os resultados mostraram que os criadores de peixes envolvidos na pesquisa tÃm padrÃo de vida bem melhores do que aqueles observados no municÃpio de Jaguaribara em 2010. A pesquisa tambÃm sugere que os custos mÃnimos de produÃÃo acontecem quando a produÃÃo se distribui nos quatro trimestres estudados, mas com maior concentraÃÃo no terceiro. No que se refere à retirada das vÃsceras para venda em separado, os resultados econÃmicos foram satisfatÃrios e mostraram que a maior concentraÃÃo de produÃÃo desses resÃduos, objetivando minimizar custos, deve acontecer no segundo trimestre. A pesquisa conclui que o projeto tem viabilidade econÃmica, proporciona melhores padrÃes de vida para os envolvidos, e tem forte externalidade ambiental positiva, na medida em que utiliza as vÃsceras para produzir biodiesel, que poupa petrÃleo, e nÃo contamina o ambiente.This thesis evaluates the effects of associative pens aquaculture activities in selected communities located in the municipality of Jaguaribara, into the CastanhÃo reservoir, and its capacity into promoting sustainable development for the involved communities into the CastanhÃo. To reach the objectives of this work, a case study was conducted upon pens aquaculture projects into the CastanhÃo reservoir, aiming at evaluating the effects of aquiculture activity and its capacity to promote sustainable development for the communities involved into the production. Hence the importance of researches based on mechanisms that result in a balance between economic, social and environmental aspects. The study uses primary data collected with the communitiesâ fishermen. We estimate economic and social well-being and also deprivation indicators of the families involved into the activities, seeking to understand if the current living pattern is different from the dominant pattern of the municipality of Jaguaribara. The study determinates the economic allocation of resources and evaluates the economic convenience of trimestral scaled production as well as if it is viable, on an economic point of view, to separate and sell viscus. This last subject has an important environmental impact, as it is highly pollutant, and is disposed inappropriately, it would contaminate either superficial reservoirs or underground aquifers. To study the scaled production optimization, we will minimize the production cost function, as we know the trimestral unitary costs. Selling prices of collected fishes were registered through interviews. This way, we generated minimum income restrictions, which was established in this study as at least one minimum wage by trimester. As for the viscus, we established a value equivalent to 10% of the living fish weight as a selling value. Costs considered are those regarding manpower need for viscus extraction. Results show that fishermen involved in this study have a much better standard of living than those observed in the municipality of Jaguaribara in 2010. The study also suggests that minimum production costs occur when production is distributed within the four analyzed trimesters, but with a higher concentration during the third trimester. Regarding the viscus extraction for separate sell, economic results were satisfactory and showed that a higher concentration of production, seeking minimizing costs, should occur during the second trimester. This study concludes that the project is economically viable, offers better living standards for the involved and has a strong environmental positive externality, as it uses viscus to produce biodiesel, saving oil and not contaminating the environment.
32
Forslind, Maja. "Finding the Dollar Language : Drivers and rationales for monetising corporate environmental and social impacts– practices in counting the true value of business operation from ecosystem services perspective." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-85855.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis explores how monetisation of corporate externalities, can be carried out in order to provide investors, policy makers and consumers with accurate pictures of the true costs and benefits of business operations from a resilience and ecosystem services perspective. By drawing conclusions from company cases, and previous research – methods, drivers and monetary values of impacts such as carbon dioxide, water usage, pollutants and land use are analysed. The findings reflect opportunities that open up with monetisation, in terms of tools for guidance and support in internal corporate decision making, by making the actual impacts visualised and understandable. Findings from company cases, show that monetisation of corporate effects has potential to contribute to visualising impacts – and add knowledge that may close information gaps internally as well as externally. It can guide and facilitate strategic choices at corporate level. It may also have a role in bridging information asymmetries in the picture of a firm’s operation, to consumers and investors. Monetising effects may facilitate identification of risks arising from ecosystem services dependencies, visualising the actual impacts by, assed costs in losses in ecosystems’ production (yields e.g.) caused by corporate harm.Providing relevant information to policy makers, on obstacles and where regulative incentives are needed, and investors and consumers with guidance, monetisation of impacts potentially can play a part in bridging market information gaps toward better incentive structures and possibly facilitating effective market transformation in favor of sustainable production and consumption patterns.
33
Lindgren, Emma, and Olivia Wright. "Sätter flygskatten några spår på vårt resande? : En studie om den svenska flygskattens påverkan på det inhemska flyg- och tågresandet." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-433809.
Full textAbstract:
Sveriges regering införde 1 april 2018 en passagerarskatt på flygresor, med målet att flyget ska bära sina egna klimatkostnader och minska flygets miljöpåverkan. Denna studies syfte är att undersöka hur den svenska flygskatten har påverkat antalet inrikesflyg- och tågresor i Sverige. Metoden som används är den kvasi-experimentella metoden difference-in-difference, där Sverige används som behandlingsgrupp och Finland som kontrollgrupp. Perioden som studeras är januari 2013 till december 2019. Resultatet i studien visar att förändringen i antalet tågresor är betydligt större än minskningen i antalet flygresor, vilket beror på den starkare ökande trenden i tågresandet som råder i Sverige. Effekten av flygskatten på det inhemska tågresandet går därför inte att utläsa i studien. En minskning av antalet inrikesflygresor i Sverige med 53 000 resor i månaden kan emellertid utläsas. Detta resultat är statistiskt signifikant på fem procentsnivå och påvisar att flygskatten haft en effekt på inrikesflygresandet.On the 1st of April 2018, the Swedish government introduced a tax on air travel, with the intention that the airlines should bear their own climate costs and to reduce the plane’s environmental impact. The object of this study is to examine how the Swedish aviation tax has affected the amount of total internal flight and train journeys in Sweden. The method used is the quasi-experimental method difference-in-differences, where Sweden is used as the treatment group and Finland as the control group. The period of analysis is from January 2013 to December 2019. The result of this study shows that the increase in the amount of train passengers is considerably larger than the decrease in the amount of flight passengers, which depicts the stronger upgoing trend in train journeys in Sweden. Therefore, it is not possible to see the effect of the aviation tax on the internal train journeys in this study. Yet it is feasible to see a diminishment in the amount of internal flight journeys by 53 000 journeys a month in Sweden. This result is statistically significant on a level of five percent and demonstrates that the aviation tax has had an effect on the amount of internal flight journeys.
34
Lazaro, Lucie. "Estives en partage : une approche relationnelle des externalités du pastoralisme collectif pyrénéen." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20054/document.
Full textAbstract:
Depuis le milieu des années 2000, le champ lexical du discours public de défense et de légitimation du pastoralisme pyrénéen s’est enrichi de notions « empruntées » aux sciences économiques et aux arènes de discussion internationales. Le pastoralisme est depuis lors qualifié de producteur « d’externalités » par certains agents de développement pastoral et représentants de la profession agricole. Le cœur de ce travail de recherche-action est d’interroger l’irruption de ce nouveau paradigme à une échelle locale, en analysant la manière dont les usagers de l’espace montagnard eux-mêmes appréhendent les effets multiples du pastoralisme sur leurs espaces de pratiques. Malgré son utilité potentielle pour la justification d’une action publique dirigée spécifiquement vers l’activité pastorale, l’utilisation de la notion d’externalités en tant que catégorie analytique ne permet pas d’appréhender la réalité des rapports entre la multiplicité d’acteurs investis dans l’utilisation et dans la gouvernance des estives pyrénéennes. En revanche, le recours à une approche relationnelle des effets du pastoralisme permet de reconnecter ces phénomènes à leur contexte spatial, social et temporel d’émergence, mais aussi de faire apparaître la place des acteurs et des organisations locales dans la régulation de la coprésence et des nouvelles proximités. A l’échelle locale, l’étude des effets multiples du pastoralisme renvoie ainsi aux thématiques du multi-usage de l’espace montagnard et à l’action collective des acteurs divers impliqués dans sa gestion et dans son utilisation. La capitalisation et l’interprétation des modalités de gestion collective innovantes des estives ainsi que le transfert des connaissances fondamentales et méthodologiques peuvent alors inciter les acteurs du développement à une prise en compte plus intégrée de l’élargissement et de la complexification de l’espace social constitué par les estives pyrénéennesSince the early 2000’s, the political discourse about defense and legitimization of pastoralism has contained economical terms. Some agriculture representatives and development agents qualify pastoralism as an « externalities producer ». This action-research aims at questioning the appearance of this new paradigm on the local scale by studying the manner by which mountain space users themselves consider the multiple effects of pastoralism on their spaces and practices. Despite their potential utility to justify a specific public action directed to pastoral activity, “externalities” used as an analytical category don’t allow to understand the links between the multiple stakeholders invested in pastures utilization and governance. On the other hand, relational approach of pastoralism multiple effects enables to reconnect these phenomena to their spatial, social and temporal context of emergence. This theoretical approach also reveals the position of local stakeholders and organizations in the proximity regulation. Studying pastoralism multiple effects on the local scale refers to multiple-use of mountain areas and to collective action of those who use and manage Pyrenean pastures. Capitalization and interpretation of innovative forms of governance, but also transfer of scientific and methodological knowledge can lead development agents to a better consideration of the enlargement and the complexification of the social space constituted by Pyrenean pastures
35
Daube, Marc. "Essays on issues in climate change policy." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12023.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis addresses three themes relating to climate change. The first is which types of fossil fuel to leave in the ground when they can differ in both their extraction cost and emissions rate. The analysis shows that without resource constraints there will always be use of at least one fossil fuel in the steady-state. With exhaustion constraints, any fossil fuel that has a lower extraction cost than the marginal cost of the backstop will be extracted in finite time regardless of the emissions rate. The only environmental consideration is the timing of extraction rather than leaving fossil fuel stock in the ground forever. The second theme is how altruistic concern of individuals for the well-being of others influences the socially optimal consumption levels and optimal emissions tax in a global context. If individuals have altruistic concern but believe that their consumption is negligible, they will not change their behaviour. However, non-cooperative governments maximising domestic welfare will internalise some of the damage inflicted on other countries depending on the level of altruistic concern individuals have and the cooperative optimum also changes as altruism leads individuals to effectively experience damage in other countries as well as the direct damage to them. Still, for behaviour to change, individuals need to make their decisions in a different way. The third chapter develops a new theory of moral behaviour whereby individuals balance the cost of not acting in their own self-interest against the hypothetical moral value of adopting a Kantian form of behaviour, asking what would happen if everyone else acted in the same way as they did. If individuals behave this way, then altruism matters and it may induce individuals to cut back their consumption. But nevertheless the optimal environmental tax is exactly the same as the standard Pigovian tax.
36
Herrera, Catalán Pedro, and Oscar Millones. "Estimating the Cost of Mining Pollution on Water Resources: Parametric and Nonparametric Resources." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117289.
Full textAbstract:
This study estimates the economic costs of mining pollution on water resources for the years 2008 and 2009 based on the conceptual framework of Environmental Efficiency. This framework identifies such costs as the mining companies’ trade-off between increasing production that is saleable at market prices (desirable output) and reducing the environmental pollution that emerges from the production process (undesirable output). These economic costs were calculated from parametric and non parametric production possibility frontiers for 28 and 37 mining units in 2008 and 2009, respectively, which were under the purview of the National Campaign for Environmental Monitoring of Effluent and Water Resources, conducted by the Energy and Mining Investment Supervisory Agency (Osinergmin) in those years. The results show that the economic cost of mining pollution on water resources rose to U.S. $ 814.7 million and U.S. $ 448.8 million for 2008 and 2009, respectively. These economic costs were highly concentrated in a few mining units, within a few pollution parameters, and were also higher in mining units with average/low mineral production. Taking into consideration that at present the fine and penalty system in the mining sector is based on administrative criteria, this study proposes a System of Environmentally Efficient Sanctions based on economic criteria so as to establish a preventive mechanism for pollution. It is hoped that this mechanism will generate the necessary incentives for mining companies to address the negative externalities that emerge from their production process.En este estudio se aproximan los costos económicos de la contaminación ambiental minera sobre los recursos hídricos para 2008 y 2009 en el marco conceptual de la Eficiencia Medioambiental, que interpreta dichos costos como el trade-off de los empresarios mineros entre incrementar su producción que es vendible a precios de mercado (output deseable) yreducir la contaminación ambiental que se desprende de su proceso productivo (output no deseable). Dichos costos económicos fueron calculados a partir de fronteras de posibilidades de producción paramétricas y no paramétricas para 28 y 37 unidades mineras en los años 2008 y 2009 respectivamente, las que estuvieron bajo el ámbito de la Campaña Nacional deMonitoreo Ambiental de Efluentes y Recursos Hídricos que realizó el Organismo Supervisor de Inversión Energía y Minería (Osinergmin) en dichos años. Los resultados indican que los costos económicos de la contaminación ambiental minera sobre los recursos hídricos ascendieron, en promedio, para los años 2008 y 2009, a US$ 814,7 millones,y US$ 448,8 millones, respectivamente. Dichos costos estuvieron altamente concentrados en pocas unidades productivas, así como en pocos parámetros de contaminación, y fueron mayores en unidades mineras con producción media/baja de minerales. Dado que en la actualidad el sistema de multas y sanciones en el sector minero se basa en criterios administrativos, el estudio propone un Sistema de Sanciones Ambientalmente Eficiente basado en criterios económicos
37
Sousa, Rita Mafalda Dionísio de. "O funcionamento dos mercados de emissões e análise da possibilidade de aplicação em Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3407.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Economia e Ppolítica da Energia e do AmbienteAssentando-se na prioridade máxima de reduzir as emissões dos seis GEEs, aborda-se a teoria relacionada com a definição de direitos de propriedade de Coase, aferindo ao funcionamento de uma externalidade deste género. Ao nível internacional é seguido o trajecto da UNFCCC, frisando os aspectos referentes ao Protocolo de Quioto. Este pretende uma redução de 5% das emissões em relação aos níveis de 1990, para 2008-2012. O estudo é centralizado num dos mecanismos flexíveis propostos no protocolo, isto é, no mercado de emissões. Com ele consegue-se uma redução nos custos globais de atingir os limites, apenas pelo facto de ser possível incorrer em reduções de emissões noutros locais que não no "nosso" pais se isso se apresentar economicamente mais viável. Por outro lado é permitida uma política doméstica perfeitamente flexível. Estudos sobre mercados do género (SO2 nos EUA), produziram grandes melhorias ambientais a custos muito inferiores, facilitando também a transferência de tecnologias, em relação a outros sistemas baseados em quotas não transferíveis. A definição do "bem" para troca, das modalidades financeiras da troca, como mercados spot ou de futuros, forwards, opções, etc, e da consequente possibilidade temporal de fazer um "banking", implica a existência de uma "clearing house" que garanta a fiabilidade do sistema e que publique regularmente relatórios, imprescindíveis à estabilidade do mercado. Foram analisadas três simulações de mercados de emissões, um deles, o PGETS, em curso em Portugal. Neste país, com as últimas previsões tem-se mostrado um pouco complicado cumprir os limites, estimando-se um desfasamento em 15Mt CO2 eq. As hipóteses que há para cumprir os objectivos a nível doméstico, não muito atractivas pois implicam disponibilidade financeira para investimentos avultados, prendem-se com medidas de melhoria de eficiência energética dos equipamentos, ou então desmantelamento de centrais que funcionem a combustíveis fósseis, favorecendo o uso de energias alternativas, mal esta hipótese seja economicamente viável.
Having a maximum priority goal of reducing the six greenhouse gas's emissions, we take in account the theory related to the definition of property rights by Coase, linking to the behaviour of an externality of this kind. At the international level we follow the UNFCCC's steps, focusing on the related aspects of the Kyoto Protocol, born in COP3. This last one asks for a 5% reduction in 1990's emissions, for 2008-2012. This work focus on one of the flexibility mechanisms proposed in the protocol, the permits market. With this one we achieve emission's reductions in other places other than our own, if that proves to be more cost-efficient. On the other side, a perfectly flexible domestic policy is allowed. Studies about other markets of this kind (USA's Acid Rain Programme), produced huge environmental improvements at much lower costs, easing the transfer of technologies, comparing to other systems based in non-transferable quotas. The definition of "trading good", of financial options (like spot markets, or futures, forwards, options, etc) and the consequent temporal possibility of banking, asks for the functioning of a clearing house, which warrants the system's credibility, and publishes reports, needed for the stability of the market. We analyse three simulation works, one of them (PGETS) still occurring in Portugal. This country has noted some difficulties in achieving the environmental goals, with a gap of 15Mt C02 eq.. The existing possibilities are not attractive because they ask for large sums of investment, but still they are the only ones. These are the improvement equipment's energy efficiency, or as an example, the closing of fossil fuel's electric utilities, favouring alternative energy use.
38
Régis, Adelmar Azevedo. "Externalidades positivas e o pagamento por serviços ambientais : uma promissora ferramenta de política ambiental." Universidade Católica de Santos, 2015. http://biblioteca.unisantos.br:8181/handle/tede/2421.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2016-05-18T18:07:21Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Adelmar Azevedo Regis.pdf: 1651570 bytes, checksum: fea6985b4a975695e6c1917ebcb65ca8 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-18T18:07:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adelmar Azevedo Regis.pdf: 1651570 bytes, checksum: fea6985b4a975695e6c1917ebcb65ca8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-05
This work analyzes the Payment for Environmental Services (PES) as a promising economic instrument to solve some problems related to environmental degradation and the generation of positive externalities. To achieve such goal, firstly the thesis analyzes concepts of externality and public goods and the main existing theories to tackle market failures, citing three specific environmental principles to combat negative and positive externalities: Polluter-Pays Principle, User-Pays Principle and Principle Protector-Receiver, which is the modern promotional function of law. Then, the thesis conducts a comparative analysis between the command and control instruments and economic instruments and their efficaciousness and cost-effectiveness in environmental preservation. With such a basis built, this work then defines environmental services and their types and promotes a literature review on the theoretical aspects that support PES schemes, as well as addresses two foreign case studies of PSA and some experiences in Brazil. This paper contributes to the theoretical development of the subject, still little explored in literature, and intends to demonstrate that the payment of environmental services is not a magical solution to the environmental crisis and did not appear to replace command and control instruments; it has to be added to current instruments of environmental policy, in order to correct market failures, which do not recognize the inherent value of ecosystem services and the benefits they provide to social welfare.
O trabalho analisa os Pagamentos por Serviços Ambientais (PSA) como um instrumento econômico promissor para resolver alguns problemas relacionados à degradação ambiental e à geração de externalidades positivas. Para tanto, parte primeiramente de uma análise dos conceitos de externalidade e de bens públicos e das principais teorias existentes para combater as falhas de mercado, mencionando os três princípios ambientais específicos para combater as externalidades negativas e positivas: Princípio do Poluidor-Pagador, Princípio do Usuário-Pagador e Princípio do Protetor-Recebedor, que representa a moderna função promocional do Direito. Em seguida, promove uma análise comparativa entre os instrumentos de comando e controle e os instrumentos econômicos e sua eficácia e custo-benefício na preservação ambiental. Construída essa base, definem-se, então, os serviços ambientais e seus tipos, e se realiza revisão da literatura sobre os aspectos teóricos que dão suporte aos esquemas de PSA, inclusive abordando dois casos de sucesso de PSA no exterior e algumas experiências no Brasil. O presente trabalho contribui para o desenvolvimento teórico da temática, ainda pouco explorada na literatura, e tem por escopo demonstrar que o pagamento de serviços ambientais não é uma solução mágica para a crise ambiental e não surgiu para substituir instrumentos de comando e controle, mas para se somar aos atuais instrumentos de política ambiental, com a função de corrigir as falhas do mercado, que não reconhece o valor intrínseco dos serviços ecossistêmicos e os benefícios que eles proporcionam ao bem-estar da sociedade.
39
Adam, Mamadou. "La faisabilité économique de la maîtrise de l'érosion hydrique dans un bassin versant partiellement irrigué du fleuve Niger." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10071/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les aménagements hydro-agricoles de la vallée du fleuve Niger se dégradent à cause des externalités négatives des activités agropastorales d’amont. A ces externalités on ne peut pas appliquer la taxe pigouvienne parce qu’elles sont diffuses, difficiles à évaluer en termes monétaires. Par contre, elles peuvent être maitrisées par des aménagements antiérosifs,lesquels ne sont pas spontanément adoptés par les agro-éleveurs. Le mécanisme de paiement pour des services environnementaux a été proposé pour inciter les pratiques antiérosives au niveau local entre agro-éleveurs pauvres situés en amont et riziculteurs dégageant des surplus rizicoles et situé en aval. Dans ce contexte, les paiements pour des services environnementaux sont-ils des outils incitatifs efficaces. Pour analyser cette problématique, tous les flux agronomiques et économiques ont été modélisés. Des scénarii ont été simulés afin d’évaluer la faisabilité et l’efficacité des mécanismes de paiements pour des services antiérosifs. Les simulations suggèrent que le mécanisme de paiement est intéressant. Les paiements permettent une meilleure redistribution des bénéfices et une réduction de la pauvreté. Tous les usagers sont gagnants. Les uns subventionnent les aménagements antiérosifs et les autres les adoptent. Ils créent des services antiérosifs qui améliorent la durabilité des ressources et une amélioration des revenus des exploitantsThe irrigation schemes of the River Niger valley are degrading because of the negative externalities of the agropastoral activities in upstream. To these externalities, we cannot apply the Pigouvian tax because they are diffuse and difficult to be assessed in money terms. Conversely, they can be mastered by erosion control, but that are not spontaneously adopted by agropastoralist. Thus, the mechanism of payment for environmental services has been proposed to study and analyze the possibility for production a sustained services of control erosion at the local level between poor agropastoralists and rice growers who realize production surpluses. Payments for environmental services are incentive tools, which are original and effective in producing sustained services. Flows of agricultural and economic interests have been modeled. Many scenarios have been simulating in order to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of payment mechanisms for erosion control services. The simulations show that the mechanism of payment was interesting between local users. The payment has made a better redistribution of profits and has alleviated poverty. All users are winners. Some users subsidize for an anti-erosion and other users have adopted them. They have created a sustainable anti-erosion service that has supported a more sustainable management of resources and has improved farm incomes
40
Ferrer, Dupuy Plàcida. "Perspectiva jurídico-financiera del medio ambiente." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7287.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabajo plantea el estudio del concepto del medio ambiente y de los principios que lo informan desde el gasto público. El marco teórico es el Derecho financiero constitucional y el Derecho de los gastos públicos. Se analiza ampliamente la concepción de la protección del medio ambiente como necesidad pública y los instrumentos jurídicos para satisfacer esta necesidad.La posibilidad de configurar el medio ambiente como necesidad pública obliga al análisis de la compleja función otorgada al Estado en cuanto obligado a intervenir en la protección y conservación del medio ambiente, que presenta el problema, no tan sólo de tener que adoptar una gran diversidad de medidas de protección en función del elemento a proteger, sino también un elevado coste. Por ello el trabajo se centra en los instrumentos financieros y económicos para la protección del medio ambiente en nuestro país, haciendo hincapié en la problemática de las subvenciones e incentivos fiscales aplicados al medio ambiente.
This work deals with the concept of environment and its legal principles from the perspective of public expenditure. Constitutional Financial Law and the Law of Public Expenditure provide the theoretical framework of the study. The analysis focuses on the conception of environmental protection as a public need, and on the legal instruments to fulfil such need.
Understanding the environment as a public need requires a proper analysis of the State's complex functions. In particular, State intervention in activities of environmental protection and conservation arises problems not only related with the adoption of a wide diversity of protection measures according to the intended element to be protected, but also with the high cost of protection. Therefore, the study focuses on the financial and economic instruments for environmental protection used in our country, and specifically it deals with the use of subsidies and tax incentives for environmental purposes.
41
Bennett, Michael Robert. "Perceptions of sustainability of dairy support land farmers : a case study investigation." Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1219.
Full textAbstract:
This project investigated the business, environmental and social sustainability of dairy farms that include dairy support land. Seventeen farmers were interviewed using Yin’s case study method (Yin, 2003). The interviewees were selected from a list provided during a series of focus groups done with rural professionals prior to continuing with the main body of the research. Those interviewed saw that the primary role of dairy support land is to protect the dairy farm from external factors. Dairy farms are vulnerable to externalities due to high fixed costs and the relationship between cow condition and milk production. The ability of dairy support land to manage externalities relates to quantity of feed grown, therefore feed grown is perceived as the most appropriate measure of performance. For dairy support land to be sustainable, it must be well resourced. On a fully resourced DSL unit, there will be time to plan and carry out essential tasks and environmentally important developments such as riparian fences and stockwater systems are likely to be in place. If the dairy support land unit is not fully resourced it will become a liability to the overall system as the supply of feed becomes unreliable, cows calve in poor condition and dairy farm staff and management are overextended. Poorly resourced dairy support land is also unlikely to have environmentally friendly developments in place. The case studies also demonstrated that the fundamentals of sustainability and practice remain constant across a variety of soil and climatic conditions in Canterbury and Southland.
42
Bocarejo, Juan Pablo. "Évaluation économique de l'impact des politiques publiques liées à la mobilité : les cas de Paris, Londres, Bogotá et Santiago." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00937668.
Full textAbstract:
Bien que les caractéristiques économiques, de l'offre, de la demande et de l'implantation territoriale soient différentes dans chaque cas, les politiques liées à la mobilité à Paris, Londres, Bogotá et Santiago partent de la conviction commune d' un excès de circulation automobile qui est à l'origine d'externalités intolérables ; nuisances environnementales dans le cas de Paris et Santiago et congestion dans les cas de Bogotá et Londres principalement. Les interventions mises en place montrent une forte décision de la part des pouvoirs publics de s'attaquer à ses nuisances. Dans le cas de Londres, l'analyse économique des politiques se centre sur les effets du péage de congestion dans le centre de Londres. Le suivi, très détaillé, de la part des autorités londoniennes permet de confirmer un succès technique et politique. Cependant, le coût de collecte du péage est supérieur aux bénéfices économiques. A Paris, la mise en place des couloirs bus comme mesure de diminution de l'espace de la voiture, supporté par un système de TC de qualité, permet de diminuer son utilisation. Cependant la circulation ralentit. Le bilan économique est négatif, ce qui ne semble pas nuire au succès politique. A Bogota, le bilan économique est mitigé. L'amélioration des TC avec la mise en place de Transmilenio apporte des bénéfices importants. Cependant, l'interdiction de circulation crée une désutilité pour une minorité. Finalement, pour Santiago, les informations disponibles ne permettent pas d'être concluant. Cependant, le succès des autoroutes à péage et les problèmes de Transantiago font que le report modal se soit accentué vers une forte croissance de l'automobile. Des questions sur la pertinence de l'évaluation économique comme instrument d'évaluation de politiques de développement durable et l'utilisation d'autres démarches sont aussi développées dans cette recherche.
43
Boskovic, Branko. "Air Quality, Externalities, and Decentralized Environmental Regulation." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/35780.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation investigates the causes and effects of the decentralization of environmental regulation.
In Chapter 1, I provide an historical overview of air pollution regulation in the U.S., which serves as the context for this dissertation.
Chapter 2 develops a model of interjurisdictional environmental regulation where economic and pollution spillovers may arise. I show that these spillovers may cause local jurisdictions to seek decentralized regulatory control, which in turn generates inefficient outcomes.
Chapter 3 investigates empirically whether the decentralization of air pollution regulation in the U.S. during 1971-1990 caused an increase in transboundary air pollution. I find that the transfer of regulatory authority from the federal government to an individual state generated a significant increase in air pollution observed at monitors in downwind states. These findings vary with distance to those states creating transboundary spillovers and across pollutants with different atmospheric lifetimes. This is consistent with the notion that local governments do not account for externalities that their policies generate.
The final chapter estimates a model of interjurisdictional environmental regulation that allows for transboundary pollution and competition for firms. The interdependence in jurisdictions’ regulatory choices from the spillovers creates a challenging identification problem, which I address using exclusion restrictions derived from the atmospheric physics of pollution propagation. For total suspended particulates, transboundary pollution will typically occur only between contiguous neighbours in the direction of the wind. This implies that exogenous factors affecting pollution dispersion (such as wind velocity) in distant jurisdictions can serve as instruments for neighbours' endogenous policy choices: they do not affect a given jurisdiction's regulatory choice directly, but directly affect the choices of that jurisdiction's neighbours. I find that a shift from centralized to state regulatory control causes significant increases in the number of polluting firms that locate in that state and decreases elsewhere; the same shift increases ambient air pollution at home and in other states. I also find that state regulatory choices respond much more to changes in the number of firms than to pollution. Further, I show that the degree of decentralization and the observed pollution outcomes are far from the counterfactual efficient levels.
44
Curtis, Earnest. "Firm Behavior, Environmental Externalities and Public Policy." 2014. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/econ_diss/100.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation consists of three essays which examine environmental policy, employer mandates and energy consumption. The essays explore how firms respond to government policies such as environmental regulation and employer mandates. Understanding how firms adjust to government policies is crucial to law makers attempting to design optimal policies that maximize net benefits to society.
The first essay, titled Who Loses under Power Plant Cap-and-Trade Programs tests how a major cap-and-trade program, known as the NOx Budget Trading Program (NBP), affected labor markets in the region where it was implemented. The cap-and-trade program dramatically decreased levels of NOx emissions and added substantial costs to energy producers. Using a triple-differences approach that takes advantage of the geographic and time variation of the program as well as variation in industry energy-intensity levels, I examine how employment dynamics changed in manufacturing industries whose production process requires high levels of energy. After accounting for a variety of flexible state, county and industry trends, I find that employment in the manufacturing sector dropped by 1.7% as a result of the NBP. Young workers experienced the largest employment declines and earnings of newly hired workers fell after the regulation began. Employment declines are shown to have occurred primarily through decreased hiring rates rather than increased separation rates, thus mitigating the impact on incumbent workers.
The second essay, titled Evaluating Workplace Mandates with Flows versus Stocks: An Application to California Paid Family Leave uses an underexploited data set to examine the impact of the California Paid Family Leave program on employment outcomes for young women. Most papers on mandated benefits examine labor outcomes by looking at earnings and employment levels of all workers. Examining these levels will be imprecise if the impacts of the program develop over time and firms are wary to immediately adjust employment and wages for existing workers. Using Quarterly Workforce Indicator data, we are able to measure the impact on hires, new hire earnings, separations and extended leaves among young women. Earnings for young female new hires fell in California relative to other workers, but changed little relative to country-wide comparison groups. We find strong evidence that separations (of at least three months) among young women and the number and shares of young female new hires increased. Many young women that separate (leave the payroll) eventually return to the same firm. Increased separation and hiring rates among young women in the labor market (“churning”) may reflect both increased time spent with children and greater job mobility (i.e., reduced job lock) as the result of mandated paid family leave across the labor market.
The third essay, Evidence of an Energy Management Gap in U.S. Manufacturing: Spillovers from Firm Management Practices to Energy Efficiency, merge a well-cited survey of firm management practices into confidential plant level U.S. Census manufacturing data to examine whether generic, i.e. non-energy specific, firm management practices, ”spillover” to enhance energy efficiency in the United States. For U.S. manufacturing plants we find this relationship to be more nuanced than prior research on UK plants. Most management techniques are shown to have beneficial spillovers to energy efficiency, but an emphasis on generic targets, conditional on other management practices, results in spillovers that increase energy intensity. Our specification controls for industry specific effects at a detailed 6-digit NAICS level and finds the relationship between management and energy use to be strongest for firms in energy intensive industries. We interpret the empirical result that generic management practices do not necessarily spillover to improved energy performance as evidence of an “energy management gap.”
45
Missirian, Anouch. "Space matters: Quantifying ecosystem-mediated externalities." Thesis, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-c4vj-x803.
Full textAbstract:
Economic and ecological processes interact with one another over both spatial and temporal dimensions.This dissertation explores four socio-ecological systems where space crucially matters for both economic and ecological outcomes. In the first chapter, a windborne chemical dictates the diffusion in space of a new agricultural technology. The second chapter dissects the notion of landscape complexity to find which of its components matter for the intensity of insect pressure in agriculture, and thus the use of insecticides. In the third chapter, the location of participants in an environmental program seeking to curb deforestation points to additionality problems and anticipates the lack of measurable effects of the program. Knowing where crops are grown and temperatures less well-suited for their thriving is key to identifying in chapter four the effects of weather fluctuations on asylum applications into the European Union. The spatial dimension tends to be hard to apprehend and overlooked, but those four pieces together stress that space matters in the study of sustainable development.
46
HU, CHIA-HSIEN, and 胡家獻. "International Trade, Consumption Externalities, and Optimal Environmental Taxes." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09106871267857099716.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
財政學系
92
The purpose of this thesis is to derive the optimal environmental tax in a bilateral trade framework. We also take transboundary pollution and differentiated goods into consideration. The central question is to investigate the impacts of an exogenous tariff reduction on global environment and global welfare. This study considers the linkage between the environmental policy and trade policy, and models the interaction of the governments and firms in a two-stage game. We find the following several conclusions: First, each government will set the environment tax lower than the marginal damage. The environmental tax increases as its own tariff rate decreases. As the tariff is gradually lowered to zero, the environmental tax is equal to the marginal damage. Second, when the transboudary pollution is not strong, and the propensity to consume of the polluting good is high enough, the government can enhance social welfare by lowering the environmental tax. Third, a mutual tariff reduction will decrease global pollution, and improve environmental quality. Fourth, as transboudary pollution is sufficiently strong, governments can increase the social welfare by engaging in a mutual tariff reduction.
47
LI, Gang, and 綱. 李. "Essays on Production Externalities: Microeconomics, Trade and Environmental Economics." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.15057/27117.
Full text
48
Rajsic, Predrag. "Linking Comparative Advantage, Supply Management and Environmental Externalities: Lessons from an Integrative Economic Approach." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/3239.
Full textAbstract:
Applying the concept of comparative advantage in the allocation of production has been required but ignored in Canadian supply-managed agriculture. There seems to be a lack of consensus among economists on how comparative advantage is to be observed and applied in this context. It is also not clear whether the recent changes in the environmental pressures from agriculture across Canada might have contributed to changes in the patterns of comparative advantage in primary dairy production. Linking the concept of individual comparative advantage with the concept of the market as an information discovery process through comprehensive microeconomic general equilibrium modeling, deductive reasoning, and statistical analysis of recent industry data has shown (1) that changes in individual comparative advantage in supply-managed industries are expressed through quota exchange and revealed through quota prices, and (2) that environmental externalities may change the patterns of comparative advantage. The current provincial quota prices, as the appropriate indicators of comparative advantage, suggest that more quota should be allocated to British Columbia and Alberta.Canadian Dairy Commission, Toronto Milk Producers, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
49
Li, Hsin-Feng, and 李新峰. "The Application of Impact Pathway Approach in Environmental Externalities Caused by SO2 Emission in Tai-chung Metropolitan Area." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/svqhdb.
Full textAbstract:
碩士朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
92
The discussion of external effects associated with economic activities is highly related to the deterioration of local air quality. There are lots of benefits of economic promotion that can be estimated through the production or consumption of the economic individuals (i.e. manufacturers or consumers). However, it is not easy to weigh welfare losses caused by air quality deterioration. In order to identify the external effect, this research performs an assessment of the environmental externalities of SO2 in Tai-chung Metropolitan Area. An impact pathway approach (IPA) based on the European ExternE project was employed to evaluate the environmental impacts caused by SO2 emission. The framework of impact pathway approach has been developed to evaluate the externalities of electricity generation. It is a sequential pathway, so that emissions can be quantified, analyzed and evaluated. Nevertheless, it also needs a large amount of data to input into the model. At first, the quantity of SO2 pollutants in the studied area was estimated and allocated appropriately to each small grid. Then, air quality data was collected from the monitoring station of environmental protection administration. These data was used to estimate the dosage of exposing and the weight of SO2 through the geographic statistics (Ordinary Kriging) of the geographical information system (GIS) method. The results showed that the highest external damage caused by SO2 occurs in Longjing. It causes acute mortality about 681 YOLL and respiratory hospital admission 260 cases in 2002. After the monetary valuation of impacts, the damage cost is 123 NTD per kilogram. Compared with the current pollution fee of 12 NTD per kilogram of SO2, it needs more cost to compensate the damage cased by the power plant. In Tai-chung metropolitan area, the damage cost of SO2 is about 80 NTD per kilogram emitted. This equals the external cost about 1053 NTD per person estimated in 2002. The overall economic benefits losses were more than 4,600 million NTD. The results of this research can be used as the reference for the government to make rational decision in internalization.
50
Wu, Hou-Lian, and 吳厚廉. "The Application of Impact Pathway Approach in Environmental Externalities Caused by SO2, O3＆PM10Emission in Kaoshiung-Pingtung Metropolitan Area." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85695518835678025271.
Full textAbstract:
碩士朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
99
This study utilized the European-based methodology, ie. Impact Pathway Approach, to estimate the health impacts and external costs caused by air pollutants in Kaoshiung-Pingtung Metropolitan Area from 2007 to 2009. Based on the information collected by the air pollution monitoring stations of Environment Protection Administration, the concentrations of the target pollutants, ie. SO2, O3 and PM10, were selected of three kinds. An Ordinary Kriging Method of GIS(Geographic Information System) was employed to estimate the average amounts of exposure per year of air pollutants in each district of Kaoshiung-Pingtung Metropolitan Area . The health impacts were estimated through the selected dose-response functions and a monetary transfer approach based on the European data was conducted to value local damage costs caused by air pollutants. The results indicate that the highest health impacts of SO2 occurred in Sanmin in 2008, which contributed annually 33.83 YOLLS and 12.8 cases for the acute mortality and the respiratory hospital admission, respectively. For O3, the highest ones were estimated as 144.29 YOLLS and 175.12 cases for acute mortality and respiratory hospital admission, respectively, and occurred in Sanmin in 2008. For PM10, the estimated values were 87.03 YOLLS and 60.65 cases for acute mortality and respiratory hospital admission, respectively, and occurred in Sanmin in 2008. Therefore, it could conclude that the residents who live in Sanmin, Cianjhen, Siaogang, Fongshan and Pingtung districts took high risks in the study periods. The simulation of damage costs, the highest damage cost is estimated as 642 million NTD caused by SO2 in 2007, the aspect of city and county, Kaohsiung City is based on the maximum 326 million in 2007. For O3, the highest cost is estimated as 3612 million NTD in 2008, the aspect of city and county, Kaohsiung City is based on the maximum 1521 million in 2008. For PM10, the highest cost is estimated as 2049 million NTD in 2009, the aspect of city and county, Kaohsiung City is based on the maximum 891 million in 2008. In the aspect of unit damage costs, the estimated outcome shows that SO2 caused the most in 2007, which was 146.42 NTD/Kg; and PM10 also caused the most in 2008, which was 114.82 NTD/Kg.